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En esta presentación se dieron a conocer los resultados obtenidos en la investigación sobre el impacto de los Parques Científicos y Tecnológicos en el rendimiento innovador de las empresas ubicadas en los mismos. Dado los primeros resultados y los estudios recientes sobre el tema, se muestran tanto el impacto medio para las empresas como el impacto teniendo en cuenta las características de las propias empresas. Mostrando la heterogeneidad de los resultados, en línea con la reciente literatura sobre los Parques Científicos y Tecnológicos. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

This paper aims to identify genuine technological spillovers from multinational firms (MNEs). To this end, we use data on R&D from MNEs to measure spillovers, while most of the existing literature uses output to measure the foreign presence in an industry (what we call output-based spillovers). In line with the existing literature, we distinguish between horizontal spillovers (i.e., intra-industry linkages) and vertical spillovers (i.e., backward ?or downstream? and forward ?or upstream? inter-industry linkages). Our results show that the three types of technological spillovers from MNEs are positive, with the horizontal spillovers the larger ones, followed by backward spillovers. The effect of forward spillovers is much smaller in magnitude. Moreover, we find that not controlling for industry size (i.e., technological spillovers from all firms in an industry) leads to underestimating both horizontal and backward spillovers from MNEs, and to overestimating forward spillovers from MNEs. Finally, we find that the distinction between technological and output-based spillovers is of great relevance. The size of backward technological spillovers is approximately 44% of the size of output-based backward spillovers, while for horizontal spillovers both types of spillovers are quite similar. Importantly, output-based forward spillovers are negative while technological forward spillovers are positive.

Las prácticas en empresas que realizan los estudiantes a lo largo de sus estudios universitarios han sido prácticamente inexploradas en la investigación académica, sobre todo en el ámbito español. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar qué características de las prácticas en empresas y qué competencias adquiridas en las mismas determinan la empleabilidad actual y la calidad salarial de aquellos estudiantes que las han realizado. Adicionalmente, se examina el grado de satisfacción y de utilidad percibido con la realización de las prácticas. La investigación se basa en información recopilada por medio de una encuesta realizada a estudiantes de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) que han realizado prácticas entre 2012-2013 y 2015-2016. En base a la estimación de modelos lineales de probabilidad y probit, encontramos que aquellas prácticas en empresas que permiten desarrollar las competencias de comunicación y de gestión de problemas mejoran, respectivamente, la probabilidad de estar empleado y la de situarse en tramos salariales elevados. Asimismo, el uso de nuevas tecnologías de comunicación e información (TICs) emerge como la competencia adquirida más importante, tanto en lo relativo a la satisfacción de los estudiantes con las PAE como a la utilidad de las mismas como medio de inserción laboral.

This paper is the chapter 18 of the Handbook of Game Theory and Industrial Organization (Vo. II). This chapter is devoted to the empirical models of firms’ R&D. This literature is still growing due to the increasing availability of micro-data. Taking this fact into account, the main purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of three important topics covered by the recent literature: the determinants of firms’ R&D investment, the link between R&D, innovation and productivity, and the analysis of the R&D black box. This chapter is presented as an invitation to industrial organization practitioners, both theorists and applied, to cross the bridge (and to change sides) between theory and applications.

The effectiveness of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) as instruments of innovation policy has generated thriving debate among academics, practitioners and policy makers. However, research mostly does not consider STPs’ heterogeneity. The present paper analyses the influence of different STP characteristics on their tenants'performance. Using data on 849 firms and 25 STPs from the 2009 Community Innovation Survey for Spain and a survey of STP managers respectively, we find that: (i) firms located in very new or longer established STPs show better innovative performance; (ii) the size of the STP and its management company positively affects the innovative performance of tenants while services provision has no effect on firms’ achieving better results; and (iii) firms in less technologically developed regions benefit more from location in an STP.

We present a theory that examines the optimal match between firm R&D units and external partners for projects that involve problem solving. We have a firm selecting an external partner conditional on the learning costs of its internal R&D unit. We show that there exists a matching equilibrium with property that external partners with low learning costs for a project work with R\&D units that also have low learning costs for the same project. Empirically, we use a dataset of Spanish R\&D firms and relate their share of R&D outsourcing to universities to the composition of their R&D units, described by the presence of staff with a PhD. Our main finding is that, controlling for endogeneity, firms that employ R\&D staff with a PhD outsource relatively more to universities than to firms. We interpret this result as evidence that R&D units with relatively low learning costs for basic projects tend to match with external partners, universities, with relatively low learning costs for the same projects.

The effectiveness of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) as instruments of innovation policy has generated thriving debate among academics, practitioners and policy makers. However, research mostly does not consider STPs’ heterogeneity. The present paper analyses the influence of different STP characteristics on their tenants' performance. Using data on 849 firms and 25 STPs from the 2009 Community Innovation Survey for Spain and a survey of STP managers respectively, we find that: (i) firms located in very new or longer established STPs show better innovative performance; (ii) the size of the STP and its management company positively affects the innovative performance of tenants while services provision has no effect on firms’ achieving better results; and (iii) firms in less technologically developed regions benefit more from location in an STP.

The link between R&D and productivity has been widely analyzed. However, these innovation activities have been considered as a whole. This paper analyzes the differentiated effect of research and development on productivity and tests the existence of complementarity between these activities. We find evidence supporting the existence of a direct effect of both innovation activities. Most interesting, our results suggest that there is complementarity between research and development in determining productivity.

This study summarizes the main conclusions from a systematic review of the empirical literature regarding the impact on firms of the use of knowledge providers (universities, research institutes and knowledge intensive business services). With the aim to organize the literature, we classify the different works according to the research question addressed: (i) Which firms use knowledge providers?; (ii) Do firms using knowledge providers achieve better results?; (iii) Which firms benefit more from using knowledge providers? Stylized facts are that larger, more R&D intensive and high tech firms are more likely to use knowledge providers and that use of knowledge providers is associated to firms higher technical results. Less attention has been paid to the third question and no stylized facts can be developed on it. Several recommendations for future research emerge. First, to take in greater consideration methodological issues so that potential biases in the results, caused by sample selection and endogeneity, are handled properly. Second, to develop comparative analysis of the differential features of different knowledge providers. Third, to pay more attention to the determinants of impact, and fourth, to take into account depth and breadth of collaborations.

The determinants of R&D are an important topic of industrial economics. The classical Schumpeterian hypotheses about the influence of size and market power have been complemented with the role played by industry determinants, such as demand pull, technological opportunity and appropriability, in determining R&D investments. However, R&D has always been considered as a whole, even though research and development are different activities with different purposes, knowledge bases, people involved and management styles. We take advantage of a new panel database of innovative Spanish firms (PITEC) to distinguish between research and development efforts of firms. We analyze the role jointly played by traditional R&D determinants in driving research and development, accounting for the differences between both activities. Results show that demand pull and appropriability have a higher effect on development, while technological opportunity is more influential for research. Differences are statistically significant, important in magnitude, and robust to the use of different indicators for demand pull, technological opportunity and appropriability and to several robustness checks.

This study summarizes the main conclusions from a systematic review of the empirical literature regarding the impact on firms of the use of knowledge providers, including universities, technology institutes or knowledge intensive business firms. We use a criteria to classify the literature according to the research question addressed: (i) Which firms use knowledge providers?; (ii) Do firms using them achieve better results?; (iii) Which firms benefit more from using knowledge providers? Stylized facts are that larger, more R&D intensive and high tech firms are more likely to use knowledge providers and that use of knowledge providers is associated to firms higher technical results. Less attention has been paid to the third question so that no stylized facts can be developed on it. Three important recommendations for future research emerge. First, to pay more attention to methodological issues, such as sample selection and endogeneity, which may potentially bias the results. Second, to develop comparative analysis of the differential features of different knowledge providers. Third, to take depth and breadth of collaborations into account.

R&D is considered to be the main source of innovation. We argue that R&D is too broad a measure, including activities differing in purposes, culture, people, management and other features. However, empirical studies have not analyzed them separately, mainly due to the lack of data. Using firm-level data, the aim of this paper is to estimate the differentiated effect of research and development on different innovation outputs. Results show that both research and development activities are important. However, we find that development activities are more important for product innovation, while the effect of research activities is higher on process innovation. Moreover, we analyze differences by technological intensity of the sector. When analyzing product and process innovations, we find evidence supporting the existence of higher payoffs to development and, especially to research in low-tech sectors when compared with high-tech ones.

The relationship between science and economy is a trendy issue, both in the scientific field as in the entrepreneurial and political arena. The main purpose of this work is to show in a synthetic way the state of the art of this matter. To this aim, we put forward the analysis of science developed by economists, focusing in the controversies between the neoclassical and the evolutionary perspective. We also review the empirical evidence offered by different works and sum up the main arguments of the present debate about how science should be organized. Main conclusions show that science and economy are closely related and that their links are complex and dynamic, so that flexible approaches are required in the management and evaluation of the relationship. La relación entre ciencia y economía es un tema de gran actualidad, atrae la atención tanto en el mundo científico como en el empresarial y el político. El principal objetivo de este trabajo consiste en mostrar de forma sintética el estado del arte sobre esta cuestión. Para ello, se presenta el análisis de la ciencia realizado por los economistas, prestando especial atención a las controversias existentes entre la perspectiva neoclásica y evolucionista, se repasa la evidencia empírica existente a partir de trabajos de muy distinta naturaleza y se resumen las líneas principales del debate actual acerca el modelo de organización de la ciencia. Las principales conclusiones del estudio muestran que ciencia y economía se hallan íntimamente relacionadas y que sus vínculos son complejos y dinámicos, por lo que se requieren planteamientos flexibles en la gestión y evaluación de dicha relación.

Aunque la I+D se ha resaltado como la principal e indiscutible fuente de las innovaciones empresariales, un importante conjunto de empresas alcanzan resultados innovadores sin llevar a cabo actividades de I+D. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es entender cuáles son las fuentes de innovación de estas empresas. Para ello se analizará el rol adoptado por otras actividades distintas a los procesos de I+D (como el diseño, la formación, la vigilancia tecnológica y el uso de tecnología avanzada) y que también contribuyen a la consecución de innovaciones.

Las prácticas académicas externas (PAEs) han ganado mucha popularidad entre los estudiantes, universidades, gobiernos y empresas desde la creación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica acerca de la relación entre las PAEs y la inserción laboral de los graduados es todavía muy escasa, particularmente en España. Este trabajo analiza si las PAEs mejoran los resultados en el mercado laboral tanto en el corto plazo (primer empleo después de graduarse) como en el medio/largo plazo (empleo 4 años después de la graduación). Para ello, se estiman modelos de probabilidad lineal y modelos probit a partir de los datos de la Encuesta de Inserción Laboral de los Titulados Universitarios 2014 del INE. Adicionalmente se implementa una técnica econométrica novedosa para evaluar la sensibilidad de los resultados al sesgo de variables omitidas en las estimaciones. En concreto, se analiza el efecto de las PAEs en: (i) la velocidad de encontrar el primer empleo; (ii) la adecuación horizontal, vertical y de habilidades técnicas con el primer empleo; (iii) la probabilidad de estar empleado en el medio y largo plazo; (iv) la adecuación horizontal y vertical con el empleo actual; y (v) los quintiles de salario del empleo actual. Los resultados muestran que las prácticas académicas en empresas suavizan y favorecen la transición de la universidad al mercado laboral de los graduados españoles. Aunque los efectos de las PAEs no desaparecen totalmente en el medio y largo plazo, existe una débil evidencia de efectos positivos en la adecuación al trabajo actual y en los salarios de los graduados tras 4 años de graduación.

Tésis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Estructura Económica y Economía del Desarrollo, Fecha de lectura 27-03-2019, Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 27-09-2020

Historically, sharp contradictions have marked the discussion about the effects of innovation on unemployment. It is easy to see that new industries created a large number of jobs. Autor (2015) argues that, historically, new industries have hired far more people than they have put out of work. Although follow the Schumpeter's (1947) idea of creative destruction jobs frequently associated with process innovation are destroyed, but at the same time, others generally related to product innovation are created (see Vivarelli, 2014). The creative destruction theory also applies to the types of workers. Innovation often negatively affects the demand for unskilled work, but it is complementary with skilled workers, according to Skill-Biased Technology Change (SBTC).Nowadays, robotization generates an intense debate on employment effects. It allows, in conjunction with artificial intelligence, a substantial intensification of the automation process and therefore implies a drastic impact on labor productivity, generating a different effect on overall employment demand (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2017; Arntz, Gregory, & Zierahn, 2017; Dorn, 2015). However, these studies do not take into account the potential positive effects of the introduction of new products, which could generate new markets and stimulate employment again...

La literatura que analiza los determinantes del gasto empresarial en I+D ha destacado que el óptimo privado es inferior al óptimo social debido a la imperfecta apropiabilidad de los resultados de las inversiones en I+D. Ante ello, las ayudas públicas constituyen una solución, especialmente a la hora de invertir en los proyectos “alejados del mercado”, los cuales son más intangibles en comparación con los “cercanos al mercado”. El objetivo es determinar el efecto causal de las subvenciones en los gastos de las corporaciones destinados a I+D, así como en el peso que representa cada componente del esfuerzo innovador. Para ello, utilizamos modelos de regresión con controles y testamos la robustez de los resultados al uso exclusivamente de la variación “within” (al interior de cada empresa en diferentes momentos del tiempo). Obtenemos como principales resultados que la elasticidad de los subsidios sobre los gastos (tanto individual como conjuntamente) es positiva y convexa, así como su no significancia ante la proporción destinada a invertir en investigación o en desarrollo.

Los Parques Científicos y Tecnológicos garantizan la proximidad geográfica entre las empresas, las universidades y otras organizaciones científico-tecnológicas, por lo que pueden brindar a las empresas que se ubican en ellos beneficios, asociados a este tipo de proximidad, que tienen gran repercusión sobre la innovación. Entre estos beneficios de la proximidad geográfica se encuentra la disponibilidad de insumos a la producción, especialmente de recursos humanos; la facilidad para generar vínculos entre las empresas y de estas con otras organizaciones; y los spillovers de conocimiento. El primer objetivo específico de este estudio es probar empíricamente si las empresas que se ubican en los parques obtienen un mejor resultado innovador y en qué medida este resultado se debe a su ubicación. El segundo objetivo específico del estudio es analizar si el mejor resultado innovador de las empresas de los parques, debido a su ubicación, se obtiene de manera diferenciada y de qué características de las empresas depende esta diferencia. Adicionalmente, se trata de establecer para qué tipo de empresas el efecto de los parques sobre el resultado innovador es mayor. El tercer objetivo específico del estudio consiste en analizar si las empresas que se ubican en los parques emprenden más relaciones de cooperación para la innovación con otras entidades y si obtienen un mayor aprovechamiento de esta cooperación, y en qué medida estos aspectos se deben a su ubicación.