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Background: The shoulder joint has a wide range of motion, but is vulnerable to sport-related injuries. We aimed to evaluate the differences in the proprioception of the shoulder should instability, and shoulder pain in high school baseball players with shoulder instability following a 12-week rehabilitation exercise program. Methods: We enrolled 13 baseball players with shoulder instability who visited the Orthopedics Department at Konkook University Hospital in Seoul, South Korea and 12 controls without shoulder instability. We examined the dominant shoulder and the non-dominant shoulder for both groups. We restricted participation to individuals who had no other orthomechanical disease in the past six months, except for instability of the shoulder, and no physical limitation to participate in the exercise. We measured the proprioception of the shoulder and shoulder instability, and we also evaluated pain with the Visual Analog Scale before and after the rehabilitation program. To verify the differences between groups, we used a two-way analysis of variance, and a two-way analysis of covariance was used when a significant difference was found at the pretest (baseline between groups). Results: Proprioception was associated with shoulder instability. The Visual Analog Scale rating improved in the dominant shoulder with instability; and a positive change was found in the dominant shoulder without instability after the rehabilitation program (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The 12-week rehabilitation exercise program might improve the proprioception and pain of patients with shoulder instability. However, further studies with more participants and a rehabilitation exercise program should be undertaken.

Background: This study evaluated the effects of a 4-week initial rehabilitation program in middle and high school baseball players who underwent removal of a loose body from osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum humerus. Methods: Middle and high school baseball players with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum humerus were enrolled in this study. Each had more than 3 yr of experience and had undergone arthroscopic removal of loose bodies from the same expert at Kim's Orthop Special Clinic in Seoul. The initial exercise rehabilitation program was based on a two-stage program. Body composition, range of motion of flexion and extension in the elbow and wrist joints, grip strength, and subjective pain scale were measured before and after rehabilitation. To assess the differences between groups, we used a two-way analysis of variance. Results: The range of motion for flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist joints, grip strength, and score on the visual analog scale each were significantly improved following the 4-week program (P

Although many baseball players dream of playing professionally, intense training together with psychological pressure and injuries may increase athletes&rsquo, burnout and may lead athletes to quit and pursue alternate careers. Therefore, it is important for athletes to manage their mental toughness on their career paths. Findings from previous psychological capital (PsyCap) studies suggested that PsyCap had a positive influence on stress reduction. Therefore, this study examined PsyCap&rsquo, s effects on athletes&rsquo, performance and career development, particularly under stress. We hope the findings can provide useful suggestions for athletes and coaches. To explore the relationships of PsyCap with athletic performance and career development, a structured questionnaire was distributed to 800 baseball players enrolled in middle and high schools in Taiwan with a valid return rate of 80.9%. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the relationships among PsyCap, performance, and career development. The findings showed that PsyCap had significant influence on both athletic performance and career development of the study subjects. Based on our findings, implications for baseball players and coaches as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

Background:The diagnosis and treatment of Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) tears have been evolving and controversial. The lack of clear diagnostic criteria on physical examination, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and arthroscopic evaluation clouds the issue. The high rate of MRI diagnosed SLAP lesions in the asymptomatic population of athletes and non-athletes warrants consideration when planning treatment for those with shoulder pain.Objective:To provide information on the evaluation, diagnosis and management of SLAP tears in athletes.Methods:The results of a structured non-operative rehabilitation program are discussed and compared to traditional surgical techniques. The evolution of the author’s treatment algorithm is presented. Results: The successful return to overhand throwing is more common with non-operative treatment than with surgical.Conclusion:A rehabilitation program focused on stretching the posterior capsule and correcting scapular posture is more successful than surgery for most throwers with SLAP lesions.

Background: Improvements in ultrasound diagnostic equipment and techniques can enable muscle stiffness to be measured quantitatively as muscle elasticity using ultrasound shear wave elastography (USWE), where high muscle elasticity values represent muscle stiffness. Purpose: To use USWE to analyze the sequential changes in muscle elasticity in the posterior shoulder before and after pitching. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: The authors evaluated 14 baseball players who had played in high school or college at an intermediate level. The elasticity of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus (ISP), middle trapezius, lower trapezius (LT), rhomboideus, and serratus anterior muscles of the throwing shoulder was measured using USWE at 3 time points: before, immediately after, and 24 hours after a throwing session of 100 pitches. The authors analyzed the sequential changes in the mean elasticity values of the respective muscles at the 3 time points. Results: The mean elasticity values before, immediately after, and 24 hours after throwing were as follows: supraspinatus: 32.9, 53.4, 43.8 kPa; ISP: 22.7, 44.8, 43.7 kPa; middle trapezius: 45.1, 70.3, 59.9 kPa; LT: 32.8, 45.5, 46.5 kPa; rhomboideus: 29.1, 47.5, 38.8 kPa; and serratus anterior: 19.2, 36.9, 26.5 kPa, respectively. The mean elasticity values for all tested muscles were significantly higher immediately after throwing compared with before throwing ( P ≤ .0086 for all), and elasticity values in the ISP and LT remained significantly higher 24 hours after throwing compared with before throwing ( P ≤ .019 for both). Conclusion: The study results indicated that pitching significantly increased ISP and LT muscle elasticity even after 24 hours.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With an increase in single-sport specialization, elbow injuries have become increasingly common in the pediatric and adolescent population. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum frequently requires intervention yet can be difficult to treat given high patient activity demands. The purpose of this paper is to review treatment options, understand failure rates, and provide strategies for successful revision surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients at high risk for the development of this condition are involved in high-demand upper extremity activity such as baseball or gymnastics. Treatment options include non-operative management, drilling, fixation, loose body removal/microfracture, osteochondral autograft, and osteochondral allograft. Cartilage preservation procedures (i.e., osteochondral autograft) have a significant advantage in terms of clinical and radiographic healing compared with fixation or microfracture. SUMMARY: Capitellar OCD lesions afflict a large number of adolescent athletes today and will likely continue increasing in number from sports-related injuries. It is critical to recognize and treat these lesions in a timely and appropriate fashion to optimize clinical outcomes. When faced with failure of healing, surgeons must critically analyze reasons for failure including post-operative compliance, return to high-demand sporting activity, fixation of non-viable fragments, utilization of microfracture, alignment, and concomitant pathology.

Background: During shoulder abduction and external rotation, internal impingement can occur when compressive forces between the greater tuberosity and the posterior glenoid rim pinch the undersurface of the rotator cuff. Previous studies on internal impingement have focused on qualitative results such as pathological findings; however, few studies have quantified the area of impingement (AOI) of the rotator cuff muscles between the greater tuberosity and the posterior glenoid rim. Purpose: To compare the AOI between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders of baseball players. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 14 asymptomatic male collegiate baseball players participated in this study. The AOI in both the throwing and the nonthrowing shoulders was calculated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The MRI measurements were collected with the shoulder at 90° of abduction and at 90° and 100° of external rotation. The area, width, and depth of impingement as well as cystic changes in the greater tuberosity and degeneration in the posterior labrum were compared between the throwing and nonthrowing shoulders. Results: The AOI was significantly greater in the throwing shoulders than in the nonthrowing shoulders (90° of external rotation: 32.4 vs 19.1 mm2, respectively; 100° of external rotation, 28.0 vs 15.6 mm2, respectively; P < .001 for both). Compared with the nonthrowing shoulders, there were more positive findings in the throwing shoulders regarding greater tuberosity cystic changes (0 vs 7, respectively; P = .006) and posterior labral degeneration (3 vs 13, respectively; P < .001). Conclusion: The AOI and the number of lesions in the greater tuberosity and posterior labrum were greater in throwing shoulders than in nonthrowing shoulders. Therefore, damage to the insertion of the rotator cuff muscles may affect internal impingement. Clinical Relevance: Lesions in the greater tuberosity and posterior labrum in throwing shoulders may increase the AOI by expanding the joint gap behind the glenohumeral joint. Impingement of the greater tuberosity and the posterior glenoid rim may lead to rotator cuff tears.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to determine the emotional intelligence among Indian female baseball players. Material: For the purpose of present study, two hundred (N=200) senior national female baseball players were selected through purposive sampling technique from different regions of India. They were selected from four different regions: A (North region baseball players=50), B (East region baseball players=50), C (West region baseball players=50) and D (South region baseball players=50). To collect the required data for the present study, the questionnaire developed by Hyde et al. (2001) on emotional intelligence was administered. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the entire regions. Where ‘F’ values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of difference. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the sub-parameters; empathy, selfdevelopment, value orientation and on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total). No significant differences were noticed on the sub-parameters; selfawareness, self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations, integrity, commitment and altruistic behaviour. Conclusion: The outcome of results might be due to the fact that East region female baseball players are able to pay attention to the worries and concerns of others, can listen to someone without the urge to say something, can stay focused under pressure, are able to handle multiple demands and able to identify and separate their emotions. Далвиндер Сингх, Гаурав Дурея, Долли. Эмоциональный интеллект среди девушек бейсболистов: психологическая проба. Цель: настоящее исследование было проведено с целью определения эмоционального интеллекта среди индийских женщин-игроков в бейсбол. Материал: в данном исследовании путем целенаправленной методики выборки были отобраны двести (N = 200) опытных женщин-бейсболисток из разных регионов Индии. Они были отобраны из четырех разных регионов: (Северный регион n = 50), B (Восточный регион n = 50), С (западный регион n = 50) и D (Южный регион n = 50). Для сбора необходимых данных для настоящего исследования была использована анкета эмоционального интеллекта, разработанная Гайд др. (2001). Для сравнения целых регионов был использован однофакторный дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA). Если были обнаружены существенные значения ‘F’, тогда использовался LSD (наименее существенное различие) специальный тест с целью выявления направления и степени различия. Уровень достоверности был установлен на уровне 0,05. Результаты: Наблюдались существенные различия между регионами Север, Восток, запад и Юг у женщин-бейсболисток на подгруппам параметров: сопереживание, саморазвитие, ценностные ориентации и Эмоциональный интеллект (общий). Никаких существенных различий не было замечено у подгрупп параметров: самосознание, самомотивация, эмоциональная устойчивость, управление отношениями, честность, преданность и альтруистическое поведение. Выводы: Исходные результаты могут быть связаны с тем, что женщины бейсболистки Восточного региона были в состоянии обратить внимание на заботы и проблемы других людей. Они может слушать кого-то без стремления что-то сказать и могут сосредоточиться под давлением, а также в состоянии справиться с многочисленными требованиями и способны идентифицировать и разделить их эмоции.

Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions are often observed in the humeral capitellum both in young baseball players and gymnasts. It is generally believed that capitellar OCD in baseball players can be seen on an anteroposterior (AP) radiograph with the elbow in 45° of flexion. However, the mechanism of injury seems to be different in baseball players and gymnasts. Repetitive valgus overload with the elbow in flexion is believed to be the cause of capitellar OCD lesions in baseball players, whereas weightbearing with the elbow in extension may be the cause of OCD in gymnasts. Purpose: To determine the difference in capitellar OCD location between baseball players and gymnasts and to propose the optimal AP radiographic angle of the elbow for visualization of early-stage OCD lesions in adolescent gymnasts. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Subjects consisted of 95 baseball players (95 elbows) and 21 gymnasts (24 elbows) with a mean age of 13.7 years (range, 11-18 years). To localize the lesion, inclination of the affected area in the humeral capitellum against the humeral axis was investigated using sagittal computed tomography images of the elbow. The inclination angle was defined as the angle between the long axis of the humerus and the line perpendicular to a line that connected the anterior and posterior margin of the lesion. The inclination angle in each group was compared and statistically analyzed. Results: The mean inclination angle was 57.6° ± 10.7° in baseball players and 28.0° ± 10.7° in gymnasts. Capitellar OCD lesions were located more anterior in baseball players when compared with gymnasts (P < .01). Conclusion: Due to differences in applied stress, capitellar OCD lesions in baseball players were located more anteriorly compared with those seen in gymnasts. Therefore, although AP radiographs with the elbow in 45° of flexion are optimal for detecting OCD lesions in baseball players, radiographs with less elbow flexion or full extension are more useful in gymnasts, especially in early-stage OCD.

This note explores the past, present, and future of the path for Cuban baseball players into MLB. Specifically, this note will explore the late-2014 agreement between the United States and Cuba to normalize relations and its anticipated impact on MLB. Part I provides an extensive historical context of the relationship between the two countries with a focus on the effect that baseball has had on the relationship. Part II draws attention to MLB’s current policies and the resulting hardships faced by Cuban baseball players embark on the journey from Serie Nacional to MLB. Part III concentrates on the legal issues arising out of the circuitous emigration process for Cuban baseball players to make MLB. Part IV outlines the wealth of literature on Cuban baseball and details the proposed solutions offered by other scholars on the matter. Part V explains the development of the normalization agreement between the United States and Cuba and predicts its impact on MLB. Finally, Part V proposes framework to enhance the safety involved with the emigration process and efficiency of the troubling issue while utilizing the normalized relations platform to align incentives for Cuba and the United States.

We investigated the nutritional support for developing independent dietary management for baseball players with no experience in preparing their own meals. The subjects were nine baseball players who will be entering a university. Support staff provided them with a recommended meal plan and for two weeks assisted in the preparation of their meals, such as shopping for food at supermarkets and cooking. The results of this study are as follows. 1) The players were able to manage their diet with nutritional support to buy food and cook according to a meal plan based on the standard dietary intake. 2) Meal plans should be determined according to roughly 90% of the set monetary amount in advance, in case the players should have to buy more than the amount of food shown in the meal plan. 3) Nutritional support for baseball players in gaining experience in buying food and preparing meals by themselves could increase the players' interest in their diet and be beneficial to the development of follow-up support. 4) At least one month of nutritional support for players is necessary to ensure their independent dietary management.

Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions are often observed in the humeral capitellum both in young baseball players and gymnasts. It is generally believed that capitellar OCD in baseball players can be seen on an anteroposterior (AP) radiograph with the elbow in 45° of flexion. However, the mechanism of injury seems to be different in baseball players and gymnasts. Repetitive valgus overload with the elbow in flexion is believed to be the cause of capitellar OCD lesions in baseball players, whereas weightbearing with the elbow in extension may be the cause of OCD in gymnasts. Purpose: To determine the difference in capitellar OCD location between baseball players and gymnasts and to propose the optimal AP radiographic angle of the elbow for visualization of early-stage OCD lesions in adolescent gymnasts. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Subjects consisted of 95 baseball players (95 elbows) and 21 gymnasts (24 elbows) with a mean age of 13.7 years (range, 11-18 years). To localize the lesion, inclination of the affected area in the humeral capitellum against the humeral axis was investigated using sagittal computed tomography images of the elbow. The inclination angle was defined as the angle between the long axis of the humerus and the line perpendicular to a line that connected the anterior and posterior margin of the lesion. The inclination angle in each group was compared and statistically analyzed. Results: The mean inclination angle was 57.6° ± 10.7° in baseball players and 28.0° ± 10.7° in gymnasts. Capitellar OCD lesions were located more anterior in baseball players when compared with gymnasts (P < .01). Conclusion: Due to differences in applied stress, capitellar OCD lesions in baseball players were located more anteriorly compared with those seen in gymnasts. Therefore, although AP radiographs with the elbow in 45° of flexion are optimal for detecting OCD lesions in baseball players, radiographs with less elbow flexion or full extension are more useful in gymnasts, especially in early-stage OCD., Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(3), 2325967117692513; 2017

This study was designed to clarify the characteristics of height, body weight, body composition and grip strength in Chinese baseball players, and also to examine whether the differences in physical profiles existed by position as the basic data in the country developing a baseball. The subjects were 35 baseball players (19.8±2.3 years) consisting of the champion and the upper distinguished teams in the highest level of baseball tournament in China. The survey was carried out in July and August of 1996 in Tianjin City, China. The mean values of height, body weight and lean body weight (LBW) of Chinese baseball players were 179.7±4.7cm, 77.3±8.6kg and 67.0±6.5kg. Those values were significantly taller and heavier than the average of 20-year-old male persons which lived in Beijing City, China; that is 6.9cm, 18.7kg and 16.1kg, respectively (P

The purpose of this study was to determine the type of Twitter usage by MLB players that has the greatest impact on the fan experience, ultimately leading to an improvement in the practices of players with regard to their use of Twitter in such a way that fans feel a greater sense of connection. With the rise in usage of the social networking site Twitter by Major League Baseball (MLB) players and fans comes a new avenue for connectivity on a level never seen before. This valuable tool for improving the fan experience has grown so quickly that studies of Twitter are scarce, despite more than 33 percent of active MLB players having verified Twitter accounts.The tweets of 20 MLB players were observed and categorized for a period of one week in order to track the current habits of players who use Twitter and determine what players are currently doing on the site that contributes to a gain in followers. Through the distribution of a survey link using Twitter, 215 respondents made up the representative sample whose answers were used in the data analysis that answered research questions about what types of tweets fans prefer, with what frequency fans want the players to tweet, and whether or not a players' Twitter use can affect their popularity as much, or more so, than their performance on the field.Some of the quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Likert Scale, while for yes/no questions a normal approximation to the binomial theorem was used, generating a confidence interval for the true mean.Specific acts of fan engagement by MLB players on Twitter proved to enhance the fan experience for those involved, and also led to an increase in followers for that player. While Twitter users who follow MLB players did indicate some varied levels of preference for certain types of tweets, those results were inconclusive. Above all, respondents indicated a preference for information-sharing by the players, which includes any insights by the player into games, teammates or any facet of their professional life. An abundant quantity of tweets proved to be a likely detriment to fans' level of interest when following MLB players. Finally, the examples of players who gained a substantial number of followers in one week proved that their Twitter use over that week made a difference in their level of popularity.With so many Twitter users indicating the desire for responses from MLB players, future research could examine the types of fan tweets to which the players are most likely to respond, or the types of tweets athletes send seeking responses from fans.Future research might also look at whether burnout as well as saturation will come into play as more and more athletes begin using Twitter to connect with fans. The interactions and connections can no doubt be rewarding, but demand a large chunk of time from both parties.

The medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) of the elbow is primary static constraint of the ulnohumeral joint to valgus force.1,2) The anterior bundle of the MUCL is the major stabilizing structure of the elbow.3,4) Repeated throwing can lead to microtrauma or rupture of the MUCL.5) The injuries to MUCL of the elbow are most common in the overhead athletes, particularly the baseball players.2,4,6,7,8,9,10) The players with partial tears of the MUCL may return to play after proper rehabilitation. However, those with complete tears, which induce considerable valgus laxity or persistent medial elbow pain, need to have the operation in order to return to sports activities. Several studies have reported outcomes regarding returning to the preinjury level after MUCL reconstruction, in the throwing athletes. In 1986, Jobe et al.11) firstly described a MUCL reconstruction, reporting 62.5% of return rate in the overhead athletes. The return rates reported in the recent clinical studies vary from 33% to 92%.4,6,12,13,14,15,16) One of the probable reasons for the inconsistent return rate is the innate drawback of the figure eight technique. The previous article reported that the disadvantage of MUCL reconstruction, using figure of eight technique, was difficult to maintain tension because of the high number of holes in medial epicondyle.17) However, as far as we are aware, no study has evaluated on the integrity of the incorporated grafts, which would validate the success of the surgical treatment. The aim of this study is to report the clinical and image outcomes after MUCL reconstruction, using the figure of eight fashion in high school and elite baseball players. The primary measure for the outcomes was the graft integrity evaluated with ultrasonography, and the secondary measures for the outcomes were postoperative pain, range of motion (ROM), and the Conway scale.

To clarify the influence of the introduction of metal bats on the physique and batting records of the players in the National Summer High School Baseball Tournaments, a comparative analysis was conducted between height, body weight, body-weight ratio (body weight/height), batting average and home run average of the best four teams' players (n = 493) and those of the other teams' players (n = 4,590) in three periods: the period of the use of wooden bats, that of the use of both wooden and metal bats and that of the use of metal bats. In the period of metal bat use, the mean values of physique of the best four teams' players were significantly larger (P < 0.05) and their average number of home runs was significantly higher than those of the other teams' players (P < 0.01). The only significant differences between the two groups in those indices for each time period were for height in the wood and metal/wood periods. This study demonstrated that the differences between the home run average and physique, including height, body weight and body-weight ratio of the best four teams and the rest of the teams were the greatest after the use of metal bats. These findings suggest that the importance of the home run average increased and was associated with large-size of physique after the use of metal bats in the National Summer High School Baseball Tournaments.

This image shows the East Hampton High School baseball team, circa 1950-1960, seated on the steps of East Hampton Middle School.

This image shows a crowd of spectators watching a baseball game., The date range for this image has been estimated based upon both the attire of the photo subjects and this image's similarity to another taken in the same spot in 1910.

This image shows Coach Kiernan with the East Hampton High School Baseball Team, circa 1950.

This photograph shows the Maidstone Club Baseball Team on October 24, 1946. The men in the front row are, from left to right: S. F. Connick, Robert P. Edwards, I. F. Farrington, P. Leddy, S. S. Skodes and I. B. Solenck. The men in the back row are, from left to right: Richard Andre Steele, L. F. Steat, O. F. Sheerer, R. F. Cole, C. F. Jewel, B. B. Meddaugh, P. Alcott Andre and Andy Cornish Scorer.

This photograph shows Maidstone Club Men's Baseball Team in uniform.

These images show the Maidstone Club Baseball Team gathered for a team photo.