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O câncer de pênis é uma patologia que, apesar de rara, resulta em profundos impactos emocionais e físicos no paciente. Ademais, a incidência na região Nordeste do Brasil é elevada, especialmente no estado do Maranhão, cuja incidência é a mais alta no contexto global. Nesse sentido, considerando o exposto, esse trabalho objetiva a revisão integrativa dos fatores de risco e da etiologia do câncer de pênis e destaca as particularidades de estados da região brasileira nordestina. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados PubMed e BVS no intervalo temporal de 2000 a 2020, usando os seguintes descritores na língua inglesa: “etiology”, “risk factors”, “penis”, “cancer”, “Brazil” e “Maranhao”. Como resultados, foram selecionados 20 artigos para compor a discussão do tema e fatores de risco do câncer de pênis foram identificados como os mais proeminentes e destacados nos estudos. Como exemplo, pode-se citar a ausência de circuncisão, hábitos inadequados de higiene, fatores socioeconômicos, fimose, condições inflamatórias (líquen escleroso e atrófico e balanite), infecção por papilomavírus humano e hábito de fumar. Dessa forma, foram detalhados cada um desses tópicos visando o futuro delineamento de políticas públicas pelos governantes brasileiros no enfrentamento do câncer de pênis no Brasil, em especial, na região Nordeste brasileira. Assim, espera-se que futuramente hajam menos casos dessa enfermidade no país e melhoria da perspectiva de saúde dos brasileiros.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) within the bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) support normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the heterogeneity of human MSCs has limited the understanding of their contribution to clonal dynamics and evolution to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We combined three MSC cell surface markers, CD271, VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) and CD146, to isolate distinct subsets of human MSCs from bone marrow aspirates of healthy controls (Control BM). Based on transcriptional and functional analysis, CD271+CD106+CD146+ (NGFR+/VCAM1+/MCAM+/Lin-; NVML) cells display stem cell characteristics, are compatible with murine BM-derived Leptin receptor positive MSCs and provide superior support for normal HSPCs. MSC subsets from 17 patients with MDS demonstrated shared transcriptional changes in spite of mutational heterogeneity in the MDS clones, with loss of preferential support of normal HSPCs by MDS-derived NVML cells. Our data provide a new approach to dissect microenvironment-dependent mechanisms regulating clonal dynamics and progression of MDS.

Glioblastoma (GBM) heterogeneity, aggressiveness and infiltrative growth drastically limit success of current standard of care drugs and efficacy of various new therapeutic approaches. There is a need for new therapies and models reflecting the complex biology of these tumors to analyze the molecular mechanisms of tumor formation and resistance, as well as to identify new therapeutic targets. We established and screened a panel of 26 patient-derived subcutaneous (s.c.) xenograft (PDX) GBM models on immunodeficient mice, of which 15 were also established as orthotopic models. Sensitivity toward a drug panel, selected for their different modes of action, was determined. Best treatment responses were observed for standard of care temozolomide, irinotecan and bevacizumab. Matching orthotopic models frequently show reduced sensitivity, as the blood-brain barrier limits crossing of the drugs to the GBM. Molecular characterization of 23 PDX identified all of them as IDH-wt (R132) with frequent mutations in EGFR, TP53, FAT1, and within the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Their expression profiles resemble proposed molecular GBM subtypes mesenchymal, proneural and classical, with pronounced clustering for gene sets related to angiogenesis and MAPK signaling. Subsequent gene set enrichment analysis identified hallmark gene sets of hypoxia and mTORC1 signaling as enriched in temozolomide resistant PDX. In models sensitive for mTOR inhibitor everolimus, hypoxia-related gene sets reactive oxygen species pathway and angiogenesis were enriched. Our results highlight how our platform of s.c. GBM PDX can reflect the complex, heterogeneous biology of GBM. Combined with transcriptome analyses, it is a valuable tool in identification of molecular signatures correlating with monitored responses. Available matching orthotopic PDX models can be used to assess the impact of the tumor microenvironment and blood-brain barrier on efficacy. Our GBM PDX panel therefore represents a valuable platform for screening regarding molecular markers and pharmacologically active drugs, as well as optimizing delivery of active drugs to the tumor.

This project will examine how attitudes towards gender roles in young adulthood entail long-term consequences for occupational success and familiar divisions around 10 and 18 years later.

Potassium ion (K+) plays a critical role as an essential electrolyte in all biological systems. Genetically-encoded fluorescent K+ biosensors are promising tools to further improve our understanding of K+-dependent processes under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we report the crystal structure of a previously reported genetically-encoded fluorescent K+ biosensor, GINKO1, in the K+-bound state. Using structure-guided optimization and directed evolution, we have engineered an improved K+ biosensor, designated GINKO2, with higher sensitivity and specificity. We have demonstrated the utility of GINKO2 for in vivo detection and imaging of K+ dynamics in multiple model organisms, including bacteria, plants, and mice.

Potassium ion (K+) plays a critical role as an essential electrolyte in all biological systems. Genetically encoded fluorescent K+biosensors are promising tools to further improve our understanding of K+-dependent processes under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we report the crystal structure of a previously reported genetically encoded fluorescent K+biosensor, GINKO1, in the K+-bound state. Using structure-guided optimization and directed evolution, we have engineered an improved K+biosensor, designated GINKO2, with higher sensitivity and specificity. We have demonstrated the utility of GINKO2 for in vivo detection and imaging of K+dynamics in multiple model organisms, including bacteria, plants, and mice.

Neben den Kohlenstoffdioxid-Emissionen tragen sogenannte Nicht-CO2-Effekte erheblich zur anthropogenen Gesamtklimawirkung der Luftfahrt bei. Zu diesen Effekten zählt unter anderem die Bildung von Kondensstreifen, die sich zu Kondensstreifen-Zirren entwickeln können, die die lokale Strahlungsbilanz unter anderem durch Albedo-Effekte beeinflussen. Da technologische Adaptionen zur Reduktion der Klimawirkung nicht kurzfristig implementierbar sind, werden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit betriebliche Ansätze und deren Umsetzbarkeit untersucht. Mithilfe bereits publizierter Studien zum Thema operationeller Mitigation werden weitere Anforderungen und Ansätze abgeleitet, wodurch Strategien mit gezielten Adaptionen der vierdimensionalen Trajektorien einer Flugmission erarbeitet werden. Hierfür wird der primäre Fokus auf eine vertikale Flughöhenadaption und eine zeitliche Verschiebung der Flugtrajektorie gesetzt. Um die Wirkung der Strategien zu quantifizieren, folgt die Bildung einer Flugverkehrssimulation mit Bezugnahme von meteorologischen Bedingungen und Trajektoriendaten, welches eine Approximation hinsichtlich der Klimawirkung unter Beachtung der Lebensdauer erzeugt. Die Strategien und das zugehörige Reduktionspotenzial werden abschließend im Rahmen einer Verkehrssimulation über dem Nordatlantik untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass wenige Flüge den Großteil der anthropogenen Klimawirkung erzeugen, wodurch mit gezielten Adaptionen weniger Flüge klimawärmende Segmente explizit vermieden werden kann.

When establishing a career in adulthood, two major socioemotional ingredients are expected to affect people’s success: how people act (personality) and what motivates them to act this way (motivation). However, little is known about whether and how personality and motivation change together and how their possible dynamic interplay predicts success. We investigated the roles that changes in personality and expectancy beliefs played in explaining occupational success in 4,121 participants assessed after high school (Mage = 22.80, SDage = 0.70; 63% female) and about 20 years later. We used latent change models and moderated structural equation modeling to investigate correlated change and latent change interactions of personality and expectancy beliefs in predicting success. Besides being related in a nomological net, they also illustrated a strong interrelatedness in change across time. We found the clearest joint change dynamics between emotional stability, conscientiousness, self-concept, and self-efficacy. Changes in personality and expectancy beliefs were furthermore associated with objective and subjective occupational success. The results call for a more integrative view on personality-motivation dynamics across time for understanding the long-term adaptive ingredients of occupational success stories in adulthood.

Ultraschallsysteme werden seit über fünfzehn Jahren zur Bestimmung der Vorspannkraft in Schrauben bei der Montage genutzt. Die kommerziell verfügbaren industriellen Systeme basieren auf Longitudinalwellen. Bei der Nutzung dieser Ein-Moden-Methode ist jedoch die Kenntnis der Referenzlaufzeit jeder Schraube im nicht verspannten Zustand und eine material- und schraubfallspezifische Kalibrierung erforderlich [1]. Ziel des vorgestellten Projekts war die Weiterentwicklung und Validierung einer Methode, mit der die Vorspannkraft in Schrauben auch ohne Kenntnis der Referenzlaufzeit jeder Schraube im nicht verspannten Zustand sowohl für ein dauerhaftes Monitoring als auch für stichprobenartiges Überprüfen möglich ist. Hierfür wurde die konventionelle Ultraschall-Laufzeitbestimmung um eine zweite Wellenart ergänzt. Bei der Zwei-Moden-Methode wird zusätzlich zur Longitudinalwelle auch die Transversalwelle verwendet [2]. Durch Anwendung analytischer Berechnungsverfahren kann zudem auch auf die aufwendige experimentelle Kalibrierung verzichtet werden. Hierzu wurden im Rahmen des Projekts verschiedene Schraubenwerkstoffe unterschiedlicher Festigkeitsklassen, Oberflächenschutzsysteme und Durchmesser charakterisiert. Die Bewertung erfolgte mit zunehmender Komplexität. Zunächst wurden die Einflüsse auf die akustoelastischen Konstanten an zylindrischen Werkstoffproben ermittelt. Hierfür wurde eine umfangreiche Grundcharakterisierung durchgeführt, um auch werkstoffabhängige Einflüsse zu identifizieren. Ferner wurden zur Validierung der Zwei-Moden-Methode zahlreiche experimentelle Untersuchungen an Schrauben und Schraubenverbindungen durchgeführt. Hierbei wurden Einflüsse wie Montageverfahren (drehende und ziehende Montage), Oberflächenzustand (Korrosion), Temperatur und Belastungsart (Axial- bzw. Biegebelastung) und schraubfallspezifische Randbedingungen (Variation der Klemm-, Gewinde- und Schaftlänge) untersucht. Neben den möglichen schraubenbezogenen Einflussfaktoren existieren im Rahmen der Ultraschall-Laufzeitmessung ebenfalls mögliche Störquellen, die sich im Rahmen der Zwei-Moden-Methode nachteilig auf die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse auswirken können. Aus diesem Grund wurden im Rahmen des Projekts Methoden zur Datenverarbeitung und Erzeugung robuster Ultraschallsignale zur Optimierung hochpräziser Laufzeitmessungen entwickelt.

Expectancy-value theory (EVT) proposes that students’ appraisals of success expectancy and task value are the main drivers of their study and career choices. Dimensional comparison theory proposes that these beliefs are themselves affected by students comparing their ability across different domains. However, only a few studies have aimed to integrate these approaches and clarify the role of dimensional comparisons within EVT. Using longitudinal data, we aimed to fill this gap by studying within- and cross-domain effects of achievement (grades and test scores), academic self-concept (as a surrogate for expectancy beliefs), and values on German adolescents’ (N = 519) high school course choices and their intentions to major in a STEM subject at university. We show that (a) self-concepts predicted course choices, whereas values predicted STEM study intentions; (b) dimensional comparison patterns (positive within-domain and negative across-domain relations) were present; (c) gender differences in course choices were mediated by differences in achievement, self-concept, and value; and (d) there was an incremental gender effect on STEM study intentions above and beyond achievement, self-concept, value, and previous course choices. Furthermore, overall, a model incorporating cross-domain paths representing dimensional comparisons fit the data better than a model without these paths. We conclude that direct and indirect dimensional comparison effects contribute to predicting choices of high school courses and university majors and to understanding gender differences in these choices. We recommend that studies in the EVT framework include cross-domain effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Scanning probe microscopes scan and manipulate a sharp tip in the immediate vicinity of a sample surface. The limited bandwidth of the feedback mechanism used for stabilizing the separation between the tip and the sample makes the fragile nanoscopic tip very susceptible to mechanical instabilities. We propose, demonstrate and characterize a new alternative device based on bulging a thin substrate against a second substrate and rolling them with respect each other. We showcase the power of this method by placing gold nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots on the two opposite substrates and positioning them with nanometer precision to enhance the fluorescence intensity and emission rate. We exhibit the passive mechanical stability of the system over more than one hour. The design concept presented in this work holds promise in a variety of other contexts, where nanoscopic features have to be positioned and kept near contact with each other.

This research examines whether the quality of officers commissioned under the Reserve Officer Commissioning Program (ROCP) differs from those officers who entered the reserve component with a prior period of active service. As the ROCP matures, more officers serve in the Selected Marine Corps Reserve (SMCR) without serving their initial service obligation in the active component. Officers commissioned via the ROCP will not have the same saturation of active service. I seek to determine whether the concept that active component service improves an officer’s performance is true. Using measures of performance and retention, I analyze whether there is a difference between ROCP officers when compared to reserve officers with prior active service. The results show that while certain variables contribute to a statistically significant difference in relative values between the two groups of officers, the value of these differences is too small to be economically meaningful. Ultimately, I find that the performance of ROCP officers and officers with prior active service is similar. Major, United States Marine Corps Reserve Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Strength training in youth soccer has both a preventive and a sports-specific component. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) could represent an interesting time-saving add-on to classical strength exercises in performance-oriented soccer. The objective of this study was to find out whether a 10-week superimposed WB-EMS training might have a more positive impact on strength parameters in male youth elite soccer players than regular athletic strength exercises alone. A total of 30 male youth soccer players from a youth academy aged 15 to 17 years participated in the study. Before and after the intervention, the isometric extension and flexion forces of trunk and knee, and the hip abduction and adduction forces were tested. Twelve players (control group) absolved a conventional 20-minute strength training once a week for a period of ten weeks. Eighteen players absolved the same exercises but with superimposed WB-EMS. Blood creatine kinase concentration was measured for training control. ANOVAs, Friedman tests and post hoc t-tests were calculated (p = 0.05) to examine the strength development during the training period between the groups. While we could not find significant strength increases in the leg, hip and trunk muscles in the control group (

Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2022). doi:10.5761/atcs.ra.22-00125, Published by Medical Tribune, Tokyo

Includes Supplementary Material A study of the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) in the Central Arctic was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in 2014. This experiment used clusters of buoys equipped with autonomous sensors. As the 2014 arctic season progressed, the buoy GPS locations were collected to produce estimates of local divergence of the ice field, and a resulting measurement of equivalent Open Water Fraction (eOWF). In this research, changes in eOWF within the MIZ were compared with local two-dimensional 10 m wind fields extracted from the local European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis wind products. A cross-correlation analysis between the mean field surface stresses (wind stress, divergence, and curl) and eOWF ice divergence was conducted along the buoy GPS tracks using a Lagrangian sampling method. OWF from the NASA Team Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSMI) satellite measurements algorithm was compared with the eOWF ice divergence calculation method. Results revealed that wind stress goes through a relaxation period of about one day prior to large eOWF changes. For convergent events starting with high eOWF, changes are seen < 24 hours after a relaxation period. A strong cross correlation between eOWF and wind stress was confirmed with mean r-values of 0.91 and 0.89 across two clusters of buoy data. Timelag between the maximum wind stress and the point of lowest wind stress when eOWF rate of change is highest is about 60 hours. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-erp-10.1177_0890207021996965 for The joint power of personality and motivation dynamics for occupational success: Bridging two largely separated fields by Naemi D Brandt, Anne Israel, Michael Becker and Jenny Wagner in European Journal of Personality

Clinical cardiology 44(3), 386-391 (2021). doi:10.1002/clc.23548, Published by Wiley, Weinheim [u.a.]

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-erp-10.1177_0890207020988436 for What teachers and parents can add to personality ratings of children: Unique associations with academic performance in elementary school by Naemi D Brandt, Michael Becker, Julia Tetzner, Martin Brunner and Poldi Kuhl in European Journal of Personality

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-erp-10.1177_0890207021996965 for The joint power of personality and motivation dynamics for occupational success: Bridging two largely separated fields by Naemi D Brandt, Anne Israel, Michael Becker and Jenny Wagner in European Journal of Personality

The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has caused over 21 million infections and 770,000 deaths as of mid-August 2020. Despite the rapid identification of the SARS-cov-2 pathogen and the development of diagnostic tools, the lack of ability to deploy diagnostics, including reagent shortages, has contributed to underestimates of local disease prevalence, and delayed implementation of interventions. This chapter will provide an overview of the more commonly used molecular and serological tests for diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-cov-2 infection with a special focus on the challenges associated with the design and execution of laboratory testing protocols including sample collection and processing, target selection, technical limitations, and differential diagnosis.

The emission of fully inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, where X = I,Br,Cl) perovskite-type nanocrystals is tunable over a wide energy range with ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 90%[1] and exhibits narrow emission lines. Due to their facile solution processability and their potential for high-efficiency photovoltaics and light sources they have gained enormous interest.Experiments on single perovskite quantum dots reveal a unique energetic level structure with a lowest bright triplet state[2], thus enabling photon emission rates ~20 and ~1000 times higher compared to any other conventional semiconductor nanocrystals at room and cryogenic temperatures, respectively. We investigate the nature of this exceptionally fast photon emission by temperature dependent quantum yield measurements. Furthermore we discriminate it from composition dependent “A-type” blinking behaviour in intensity-decay time correlation measurements and demonstrate stable, narrowband emission, with suppressed blinking and small spectral diffusion[3] for single CsPbBr2Cl nanocrystals. By means of polarization dependent high resolution spectroscopy, the complex nature of the exciton fine structure splitting and charged exciton emission has been characterized.Based on these measurements, supported by effective-mass models and group theory calculations, we conclude that the triplet exciton state is responsible for the extraordinary photon emission properties of lead halide perovskites. Our results can assist to identify other semiconductors that exhibit bright triplet excitons, with potential implications for improved optoelectronic devices.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-erp-10.1177_0890207020988436 for What teachers and parents can add to personality ratings of children: Unique associations with academic performance in elementary school by Naemi D Brandt, Michael Becker, Julia Tetzner, Martin Brunner and Poldi Kuhl in European Journal of Personality

On Christmas eve of 1959, the newly consecrated synagogue of Cologne was daubed with antisemitic slogans and swastikas. While this act was strongly denounced throughout the political spectrum, it triggered a wave of anti-Semitic incidents in Germany and beyond during the beginning of the following year. The article argues that the sociopolitical discussions on anti-Semitism conducted 60 years ago established patterns of debate that still shape present discussions. Fundamental contradictions of post-fascist society become visible within these patterns of debate. We outline six aspects: the contradiction between the legacy of National Socialism on the one hand and the acknowledgment of Jewish life within Germany on the other; the authoritarian handling of expressions of anti-Semitism; the inferiorization of the perpetrators; the pedagogization of societal contradictions; the dethematization of anti-Semitism; and protest against anti-Semitism as a medium for the critique of society., Sozial.Geschichte Online: Zeitschrift für historische Analyse des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts, vol. 2020, no. 28, p. 119

Secondary education is characterised by a sequence of transitions that are linked to educational inequality. Regarding social background effects, inequalities relate to disparities in educational achievement (primary effects) and educational decisions (secondary effects). In the present study, both primary and secondary effects are analysed based on an entire student cohort in the Hamburg school system (KESS study) across the course of secondary education, i.e. from entering secondary school to aiming for higher education. The KHB method is applied in order to decompose the effects, including transitions to upper secondary education. In line with previous research, total social background effects decrease across educational trajectories. No clear pattern emerges concerning an assumed increase in the relative importance of secondary effects. Primary effects operationalised by school grades are slightly predominant in the transition to lower secondary education, and nearly the same ratio is found for the transition to upper secondary education. However, regarding the aim to enter higher education, the relative importance of secondary effects is more clearly discernible. Die Sekundarstufe ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Sequenz von Übergängen, an denen Ungleichheiten durch Leistungsdisparitäten (primäre Effekte) und Bildungsentscheidungen (sekundäre Effekte) nach sozialer Herkunft relevant werden. Diese Herkunftseffekte werden mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag erstmals anhand von Daten einer vollständigen Schülerkohorte (Hamburger KESS-Studie) über den gesamten Verlauf der Sekundarstufe vom Übergang ins Gymnasium bis zur Studienintention analysiert. Eine Dekomposition und Quantifizierung primärer und sekundärer Effekte mit der KHB-Methode erfolgt dabei erstmals auch für den Eintritt in die Oberstufe. Abnehmende absolute Herkunftseffekte über den Bildungsverlauf, auf die bisherige Befunde verschiedener Stichproben verweisen, können mit dieser Studie zum Teil bestätigt werden. Zum vermuteten relativen Bedeutungszuwachs sekundärer Effekte zeigen die Ergebnisse kein eindeutiges Muster: Beim Wechsel ins Gymnasium überwiegen primäre Effekte leicht, wenn Noten als Leistungsindikator verwendet werden. Beim Eintritt in die Oberstufe bleibt die Relation nahezu unverändert. Erst bei der Studienintention fällt die relative Bedeutung sekundärer Effekte größer aus.

Archäologie in Westfalen-Lippe, ARCHÄOLOGIE IN WESTFALEN-LIPPE 2018 (2019)

Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) are atomically flat, quasi-two-dimensional particles of a semiconductor. Despite intense interest in their optical properties, several observations concerning the emission of CdSe NPLs remain puzzling. While their ensemble photoluminescence spectrum consists of a single narrow peak at room temperature, two distinct emission features appear at temperatures below ∼160 K. Several competing explanations for the origin of this two-color emission have been proposed. Here, we present temperature- and time-dependent experiments demonstrating that the two emission colors are due to two subpopulations of uncharged and charged NPLs. We study dilute films of isolated NPLs, thus excluding any explanation relying on collective effects due to NPL stacking. Temperature-dependent measurements explain that trion emission from charged NPLs is bright at cryogenic temperatures, while temperature activation of nonradiative Auger recombination quenches the trion emission above 160 K. Our findings clarify many of the questions surrounding the photoluminescence of CdSe NPLs., Nano Letters, 20 (8), ISSN:1530-6984, ISSN:1530-6992

Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) are atomically flat, quasi-two-dimensional particles of a semiconductor. Despite intense interest in their optical properties, several observations concerning the emission of CdSe NPLs remain puzzling. While their ensemble photoluminescence spectrum consists of a single narrow peak at room temperature, two distinct emission features appear at temperatures below ∼160 K. Several competing explanations for the origin of this two-color emission have been proposed. Here, we present temperature- and time-dependent experiments demonstrating that the two emission colors are due to two subpopulations of uncharged and charged NPLs. We study dilute films of isolated NPLs, thus excluding any explanation relying on collective effects due to NPL stacking. Temperature-dependent measurements explain that trion emission from charged NPLs is bright at cryogenic temperatures, while temperature activation of nonradiative Auger recombination quenches the trion emission above 160 K. Our findings clarify many of the questions surrounding the photoluminescence of CdSe NPLs.

Warming in the high Arctic is occurring at the fastest rate on the planet, raising concerns over how this global change driver will influence plant community composition, the timing of vegetation phenological events, and the wildlife that rely on them. In this region, as much as 50% of near-surface permafrost is composed of thermally sensitive ground ice that when melted produces substantial changes in topography and microbiome conditions. We take advantage of natural variations in permafrost melt to conduct a space-for-time study on Ellesmere Island in northern Canada. We demonstrate that phenological timing can be delayed in thermokarst areas when compared to stable ground, and that this change is a function of shifting species composition in these vegetation communities as well as delayed timing within species. These findings suggest that a warming climate could result in an overall broadening of blooming and leafing windows at the landscape level when these delayed timings are taken into consideration with the projected advance of phenological timings in ice-poor areas. We emphasize that the impacts of geomorphic processes on key phenological drivers are essential for enhancing our understanding of community response to climate warming in the high Arctic, with implications for ecosystem functioning and trophic interactions., Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, ISSN:1664-462X

Contemporary educational psychology 63 (2020) 101893, 36 S., The present study investigates whether teacher perceptions of students' cognitive skills, their learning motivation, and their classroom behavior differ according to students' socioeconomic status, immigrant background, and gender. Data from N = 4746 German fourth graders and data from their parents and teachers were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Controlling for student achievement as measured in a standardized achievement test and student motivation as measured by student and parent reports, we found that teachers overestimated the cognitive skills of high-SES students and girls in comparison to those of low-SES students and boys. Similarly, teachers perceived high-SES students, students who are not from an immigrant background, and girls as having a higher learning motivation and as having more cognitive skills. Finally, we found that teachers' perceptions of students' learning motivation and classroom behavior mediated the relationship between student characteristics and cognitive skills as perceived by the teacher. (DIPF/Orig.)

In diesem Beitrag wird eine agile Vorgehensweise zur Implementierung von aufsichtsrechtlichen Anforderungen anhand einer Regulatory Technology Lösung vorgestellt. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst ausgewählte Applikationen präsentiert, die Banken und andere Finanzinstitute bei dieser Aufgabe unterstützen können. Anschließend wird ein beispielhaftes Implementierungsmodell auf Basis eines agilen Projektmanagement Zyklus dargestellt. Bei dem vorgestellten iterativen Implementierungsprozess ist insbesondere das Zusammenspiel zwischen Technik und menschlichen Experten erfolgsentscheidend. Dieser Beitrag zeigt, dass zur Analyse und Implementierungaufsichtsrechtlicher Anforderungen mit Hilfe einer Regulatory Technology Applikation einiteratives Vorgehen notwendig ist.

Die Sekundarstufe ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Sequenz von ��berg��ngen, an denen Ungleichheiten durch Leistungsdisparit��ten (prim��re Effekte) und Bildungsentscheidungen (sekund��re Effekte) nach sozialer Herkunft relevant werden. Diese Herkunftseffekte werden mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag erstmals anhand von Daten einer vollst��ndigen Sch��lerkohorte (Hamburger KESS-Studie) ��ber den gesamten Verlauf der Sekundarstufe vom ��bergang ins Gymnasium bis zur Studienintention analysiert. Eine Dekomposition und Quantifizierung prim��rer und sekund��rer Effekte mit der KHB-Methode erfolgt dabei erstmals auch f��r den Eintritt in die Oberstufe. Abnehmende absolute Herkunftseffekte ��ber den Bildungsverlauf, auf die bisherige Befunde verschiedener Stichproben verweisen, k��nnen mit dieser Studie zum Teil best��tigt werden. Zum vermuteten relativen Bedeutungszuwachs sekund��rer Effekte zeigen die Ergebnisse kein eindeutiges Muster: Beim Wechsel ins Gymnasium ��berwiegen prim��re Effekte leicht, wenn Noten als Leistungsindikator verwendet werden. Beim Eintritt in die Oberstufe bleibt die Relation nahezu unver��ndert. Erst bei der Studienintention f��llt die relative Bedeutung sekund��rer Effekte gr����er aus. (DIPF/Orig.), Secondary education is characterised by a sequence of transitions that are linked to educational inequality. Regarding social background effects, inequalities relate to disparities in educational achievement (primary effects) and educational decisions (secondary effects). In the present study, both primary and secondary effects are analysed based on an entire student cohort in the Hamburg school system (KESS study) across the course of secondary education, i.e. from entering secondary school to aiming for higher education. The KHB method is applied in order to decompose the effects, including transitions to upper secondary education. In line with previous research, total social background effects decrease across educational trajectories. No clear pattern emerges concerning an assumed increase in the relative importance of secondary effects. Primary effects operationalised by school grades are slightly predominant in the transition to lower secondary education, and nearly the same ratio is found for the transition to upper secondary education. However, regarding the aim to enter higher education, the relative importance of secondary effects is more clearly discernible. (DIPF/Orig.)

This study examines the relationship between social background and the transition to a doctoral degree, based on data from a longitudinal study (N?=?2214) conducted in Germany. Drawing on theoretical concepts developed by Boudon (1974) and Erikson and Jonsson (1996), the study investigates what proportion of the social background effect is transmitted via performance differences (primary effect) and the degree to which mechanisms of a cost-benefit analysis (secondary effect) and educational biographical factors can contribute to the explanation. Tertiary graduates from more highly educated family backgrounds are found to have a higher probability of transitioning to a doctoral programme, especially if they have at least one parent who holds a doctoral degree. The effect decomposition shows that nearly half of the social background effect can be attributed to differences in final secondary school and university marks and to performance on standardised tests. On closer examination, the social background effect can mainly be traced back to differences in final marks and in the choice of subject and type of tertiary institution. (DIPF/Orig.)

The present study builds on two strands of research: (1) the recently established generalized internal/external frame of reference (GI/E) model assuming social (comparing one's achievement in one domain with the achievement of one's peers in the same domain) and dimensional (comparing one's achievement in one domain with one's achievement in another domain) comparison processes in the formation of motivational constructs and self-perceptions, and (2) research on domain-specific facets of test anxiety. Using a sample of 5135 German seventh grade students, it is tested whether and how both comparison processes are involved in the formation of domain-specific facets of test anxiety when considering both the emotionality and worry components of test anxiety, and whether the relation between achievement and test anxiety is mediated through academic self-concept. When applying the GI/E model to test anxiety, the results showed negative relations between achievement and test anxiety within math and verbal (German) domains, but partially positive relations across domains. This pattern of relations emerged for both the worry and emotionality components while stronger achievement relations were found for worry. These findings indicate that dimensional achievement comparison processes operate in the formation of domain-specific test anxiety. Domain-specific academic self-concepts were found to mediate the relations between achievement and test anxiety within and across domains, the mediation being stronger for worry than for emotionality as an outcome. Boys and girls did not differ regarding direct and indirect relations among constructs. Implications for research on dimensional comparison processes and test anxiety are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.)

Die 3ω-Methode ist ein weit verbreitetes Verfahren zur Bestimmung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit von Volumenmaterialien als auch von dünnen Schichten. Jedoch ist es für den letzten Fall erforderlich, einige Randbedingungen bei der Messung so festzulegen, dass im Allgemeinem von einem eindimensionalem Wärmefluss ausgegangen werden kann. Naturgemäß ist es nicht möglich, diese Randbedingungen immer zu erfüllen, weswegen verbesserte zweidimensionale Modelle entwickelt wurden. Jedoch werden all diese Modelle meist für den Fall einer thermisch isolierenden Schicht auf einem Substrat angewendet. Für den Fall einer Schicht, welche thermisch besser leitet als das Substrat auf welchem sie sich befindet, bleibt meist nur die Möglichkeit das Substrat zu entfernen, um so die Schicht allein vermessen zu können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode vorgestellt um für den Fall einer anisotropen Schicht, welche thermisch besser oder gleich leitend ist wie das Substrat, eine 3ω-Messungen durchzuführen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein 3ω-Messplatz aufgebaut und getestet. Nach der Vermessung verschiedener nanokristalliner Diamantschichten und einiger DLC-Schichten wird anhand einer mikrokristallinen Diamantschicht das neue Verfahren demonstriert, welches auf einer Kopplung zweier 3ω-Messungen über einer Phasenverschiebung beruht. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass mit dieser Methode weitere Messdaten von der Schicht extrahiert werden können, welche mit einer einfachen 3ω-Messung nicht zugänglich wären., The 3ω-method is a widely used technique for determining the thermal conductivity of bulk materials as well as thin films. However, for thin films it is required to set some boundary conditions, so that an one-dimensional heat flow can be assumed during the measurement. Naturally, it is not always possible to fulfill these boundary conditions, that is why improved two-dimensional models have been developed. However, all these models are usually applied in the case of a thermal insulating film on a substrate. In case of a thin film which is thermally a better conductor than the substrate it is usually not possible to define any anisotropic thermal behavior of the film using this technique. In this work a possible method for the case of a thermally better conducting anisotropic film on a substrate is presented. A different approach based on the 3ω-method introducing a seperated thermometer in the form of a second 3ω measuring system is used. By coupling both systems and introducing a phase shift to the two currents, the thermal damping of the thin film can be extracted and thus, the thermal conductivity can be defined. For this purpose a complete 3ω-device is built up from scratch and several different types of thin films are measured. The new method is finally introduced and applied for a microcrystalline diamond film on a silicon substrate. It is shown how further data can be acquired by this method making it possible to measure an anisotropic thermal behavior even on a silicon substrate.

Detailed structural and electrical properties of ultra-nano-crystalline diamond (UNCD) films grown in H$_\text{2}$/CH$_\text{4}$/N$_\text{2}$ plasma were systematically studied as a function of deposition temperature ($T_d$) and nitrogen content ($\%$ N$_2$) to thoroughly evaluate their effects on conductivity. $T_d$ was scanned from 1000 to 1300 K for N$_2$ fixed at 0, 5, 10 and 20 $\%$. It was found that even the films grown in the synthetic gas mixture with no nitrogen could be made as conductive as 1$-$10$^{-2}$ $\Omega$ cm with overall resistivity of all the films tuned over 4 orders of magnitude through varying growth parameters. On a set of 27 samples, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy show a progressive and highly reproducible film material phase transformation, from ultra-nano-crystalline diamond to nano-crystalline graphite as deposition temperature increases. The rate of this transformation is heavily dependent on N$_2$ content. Addition of nitrogen greatly increases the amount of $sp^2$ bonded carbon in the films thus enhancing the physical connectivity in the GB network that have high electronic density of states. However, addition of nitrogen greatly slows down crystallization of $sp^2$ phase in the GBs. Therefore, proper balance between GB connectivity and crystallinity is the key in conductivity engineering of (N)UNCD.

[Einleitung] Nachdem insbesondere in der Bildungsökonomie viele Jahre Bildungserträge vorrangig als mo-netäre Erträge im Sinne höherer Löhne oder Lebenseinkommen analysiert wurden, finden sich in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Studien, welche sich mit nicht-monetären Erträgen von Bildung befassen. Dabei werden nicht-monetäre Erträge in unterschiedlichen Bereichen untersucht, wie z.B. Gesundheit, Wohlbefinden, Persönlichkeit oder gesellschaftlicher und politischer Partizipation (für einen Überblick aus bildungsökonomischer Perspektive vgl. z.B. Oreopoulos und Salvanes 2011, Lochner 2011)1. Auch wenn nicht-monetäre Erträge von Bildung primär ein aus der Ökonomie stammendes Konzept darstellen, befassen sich auch die Bildungssoziologie, Politikwissenschaft, Psychologie und Erziehungswissenschaften mit entsprechenden Bildungserträgen. Für die Psychologie trifft dies beispielsweise dann zu, wenn es um eine Operationalisierung von Ertragskonzepten, wie nicht-kognitiven Fähigkeiten oder subjektivem Wohlbefinden, geht. Während die Forschung zu monetären Bildungserträgen Bildungsprozesse weitgehend als eine "Black Box" betrachtet, befasst sich die Forschung zu nicht-monetären Bildungserträgen auch mit diesen Prozessen und dem Befund, dass die Nutzung von Bildungsangeboten mit der Entwicklung von unterschiedlichen Fähigkeiten einhergeht, die wiederum den "Input" für weitere Bildungsphasen darstellen. Im Fokus eines vom BMBF geförderten Verbundprojektes, welches im Rahmen des Förderschwerpunkts "Nicht-monetäre Erträge von Bildung" gefördert wurde, haben WissenschaftlerInnen des DIPF Berlin/Frankfurt, des DIW Berlin, der Forschungsinfrastruktureinrichtung SOEP/DIW, der Universität Hamburg und der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin sich mit drei zentralen Bereichen nicht-monetärer Bildungserträge befasst 2: 1. Bereich: physische und psychische Gesundheit, 2. Bereich: nicht-kognitive Fähigkeiten sowie 3. Bereich: gesellschaftliche und politische Partizipation. Die drei Bereiche wurden in unterschiedlichen Teilprojekten bearbeitet. In mehreren Arbeitsmodulen der Teilprojekte wurden unterschiedliche Fragestellungen, welche diesen Ertragskategorien zuzuordnen sind, aus unterschiedlichen disziplinären Perspektiven bearbeitet. In dem vorliegenden Endbericht werden Kurzzusammenfassungen der Arbeitsergebnisse aller Arbeitsmodule zusammengestellt (Kapitel 2). Darüber hinaus wurden zu den jeweiligen Fragestellungen in den einzelnen Teilprojekten systematische Literaturüberblicke über den Stand der bisherigen Forschungsliteratur erstellt. Diese Literaturüberblicke sind dem Bericht zu entnehmen (Kapitel 3). Die in diesem Verbundprojekt entstandenen Forschungspapiere und Transferpublikationen sind teilweise bereits veröffentlicht oder im Veröffentlichungsprozess. Eine Zusammenstellung derselben findet sich am Ende dieses Berichts mit den entsprechenden Hinweisen, wo die Publikationen zu finden sind (Kapitel 4). Endbericht des gleichnamigen Forschungsprojektes gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF).

This white paper is the first of a two-part series highlighting the most well-known high-energy cosmic accelerators and contributions that MeV astronomy will bring to understanding their energetic particle phenomena. The paper discusses galactic cosmic rays, supernova remnants, protostellar jets and superbubbles, and colliding wind binaries.

Um den Gesamtprozess der Nährstoffkartierung im Precision Farming (PF) zu optimieren, wurde im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes eine IT-Unterstützung für die jeweiligen Dienstleistungsprozesse entwickelt. Im Projekt IPS (Informations-Produktionssystem im Precision Farming) wurde mit Methoden des Service Engineerings, der systematischen Strukturierung eines Dienstleistungsangebots, ein Werkzeug geschaffen, mit dem die angebotene PF-Dienstleistung effizient und für alle beteiligten Akteure transparent durchgeführt werden kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt das methodische Vorgehen und das Innovationspotenzial des entwickelten Softwaresystems und diskutiert die Ergebnisse. Der Beitrag kann dabei als exemplarische Anwendung des Service Engineerings gesehen werden, welche auch für andere dienstleistungsorientierte Bereiche der Landwirtschaft vorteilsbringend sein kann., LANDTECHNIK, Bd. 71 Nr. 2 (2016)

Zusammenfassung. Es ist ein vielfach replizierter Befund, dass Jungen im Durchschnitt über geringere Lesekompetenzen verfügen als Mädchen. Bezogen auf die Entwicklung von Leseleistungen stellt sich allerdings die Frage, ob und wie Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern im Laufe der Sekundarstufe zunehmen, abnehmen oder eher stabil bleiben. Vor allem aus dem englischsprachigen Raum liegen Hinweise dafür vor, dass eine Zunahme der Leistungsunterschiede zwischen Jungen und Mädchen auf Schülerinnen und Schülern mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status zurückgeht. Auch der Migrationsstatus und die besuchte Schulform werden als Moderatoren diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde den genannten Fragestellungen mit Daten von 2.505 Schülerinnen und Schülern aus Baden-Württemberg nachgegangen. Auf Basis von Daten von vier Testzeitpunkten (5. – 8. Schuljahresstufe) wurden latente Wachstumskurvenmodelle für die Kompetenzbereiche Lesegeschwindigkeit und -verständnis modelliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Schereneffekt zu Ungunsten der Jungen sowohl in der Lesegeschwindigkeit als auch im Leseverständnis auftrat. Für den sozioökonomischen Status und den Migrationsstatus zeigten sich hingegen keine Schereneffekte der Leseleistungen. Des Weiteren ergaben die Analysen, dass der geschlechterbezogene Schereneffekt nicht durch den sozioökonomischen Status oder den Migrationshintergrund moderiert wird. Die besuchte Schulform stellte sich nicht als bedeutsamer Moderator heraus.

Intermittent therapy treatment for prostate cancer allows scientists to approximate the growth of the cancer and attempt to control the growth. However, currently, scientists rely on multiple differential equations to model this. The study of time scales could potentially allow scientists to consider both on and off treatment periods simultaneously. This paper will begin to approach the Intermittent Therapy models using time scales to answer the question `Is there an optimal treatment plan for prostate cancer patients?'

This longitudinal study of N = 1,566 adolescents investigated the protective role of optimism in adjustment to parental separation, focusing on two salient challenges faced by adolescents, namely academic achievement and self-esteem. Based on latent change models, the results indicated associations between parental separation and short-term declines in academic achievement as well as short-term and longer term declines in self-esteem. Although optimism in general showed positive associations with academic achievement and self-esteem, its role as a protective factor proved to be particularly important for academic achievement in adjustment following parental separation.

Particle-in-cell (PIC) methods are widely used to simulate the motion of charged particles but are limited in their applicability by the increasing computational costs related to systems that are scaled up both in size and particle number/density. Parallelizing the simulation is, therefore, a necessity to expand the range of application. Since the readily available HPC clusters gradually increase in size, increasingly larger systems with more and more particles can then be simulated by utilizing correspondingly more processors for computation. This, however, is only practical in the absence of any significant bottleneck restricting the parallel (weak) scaling of the simulation. I.e., all underlying algorithms of the particle-in-cell method need to be optimized for parallel performance. For this very reason, a new field solver, responsible for calculating the electromagnetic fields in the simulated plasma, needed to be developed and implemented in "PlasmaPIC", a fully three-dimensional parallel plasma simulation code developed in Giessen. This new field solver is based on the geometric multigrid method and is tailored specifically for the requirements of "PlasmaPIC", offering almost ideal weak scaling over a wide range of system sizes and processor numbers.

Additional Methods. Figure S1. Region used for the MSP of LRP12. Figure S2. MeDIP-Seq statistics of 54 samples including primary tumor tissues (P) and PDXs (X). Table S3. MeDIP-Sequencing statistics. Table S4 Methyl-Sequencing statistics. Figure S3. Correlation of methylation of overlapping DMRs in primary NSCLC and patient-derived xenografts. Table S5. Tumor content of primary tumors and genome-wide Spearman correlation of DMRs of primary tissue to the PDXs. Figure S4. Patientwise circos plots of overlapping DMRs of primary NSCLC and PDX. Figure S5. Comparison of methylation values of primary NSCLCs and PDXs. Figure S6. Methylation differences between non-responders and responders in large hypomethylated blocks (LHBs) on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 as examples. Table S6. Histopathologic evaluation of primary tumor and PDX tumor. Figure S7. Ingenuity pathway and upstream regulator analyses of the 2380 genes differentially methylated. Figure S8. LRP12 knockdown induces carboplatin resistance. Table S9. Patient’s data and clinical characteristics of the validation cohort. Figure S9. LRP12 DNA hypermethylation as independent factor predictive for clinical outcome in NSCLC. Figure S10 LRP12 DNA hypermethylation as independent predictive factor for clinical outcome in 449 NSCLC patients from the TCGA data set. Additional references. (XLSX 141 kb)

Particle-in-cell (PIC) methods are widely used to simulate the motion of charged particles but are limited in their applicability by the increasing computational costs related to systems that are scaled up both in size and particle number/density. Parallelizing the simulation is, therefore, a necessity to expand the range of application. Since the readily available HPC clusters gradually increase in size, increasingly larger systems with more and more particles can then be simulated by utilizing correspondingly more processors for computation. This, however, is only practical in the absence of any significant bottleneck restricting the parallel (weak) scaling of the simulation. I.e., all underlying algorithms of the particle-in-cell method need to be optimized for parallel performance.For this very reason, a new field solver, responsible for calculating the electromagnetic fields in the simulated plasma, needed to be developed and implemented in "PlasmaPIC", a fully three-dimensional parallel plasma simulation code developed in Giessen.This new field solver is based on the geometric multigrid method and is tailored specifically for the requirements of "PlasmaPIC", offering almost ideal weak scaling over a wide range of system sizes and processor numbers.