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This chapter revisits the debate on the South-North divide on migration regimes by comparing the cases of Spain and the Netherlands with regard to migrant seasonal workers in agriculture, with a particular attention to their situation before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Starting from Pastore’s (Comp Migr Stud 2(4):385–415, 2014) concept of the governance of Migrant Labour Supply (MLS), we consider to what extent Spain and the Netherlands are as different as expected. Based on the research conducted for the EC funded H2020 project ADMIGOV, we conclude that differences are not as relevant. Indeed, in both cases seasonal labour demands were covered initially by recently arrived immigrants, in a later stage by immigrants already in the country and in the last years also by Eastern European workers that can go back and forth without the constraints imposed by international borders. In both cases, we see convergence towards a major de-regulation of the sector, particularly due to the increasing use of temp agencies. The conclusions address the role of the state (and the different actors involved) in the governance of MLS in agriculture and whether the Covid-19 pandemic has brought significant structural changes in this field.

The COVID-19 has made the structural deficiencies of the global agri-food system more visible than ever. The agricultural enclave of Huelva is no exception. Departing from the pre-COVID scenario and adding the effects of the pandemic, this paper analyses the processes of discrimination and abuse embedded in the rationale andmodus operandiof the Spanish temporary workers’ programme (GECCO). In particular, it examines how such processes of discrimination are reflected in three key aspects of the programme: recruitment, working conditions and living conditions. Thanks to the intersectional perspective and the feminist contributions to the world-ecology capitalism, the analysis sheds light on the mutual constitution of different axes of inequality (e.g. motherhood, ethnicity, rural origin) in the practices of discrimination and exploitation suffered by Moroccan women. In turn, it examines how such intersecting inequalities are geographically located in a specific temporal and spatial context that plays a role in the construction of power relationships at a structural level. The paper is fed by recent fieldwork based on in-depth interviews with stakeholders as part of a European research project on schemes of governance and circular migration (ADMIGOV)., El COVID-19 ha visibilizado más que nunca las deficiencias estructurales del sistema agroalimentario mundial. El enclave agrícola de Huelva no es ninguna excepción. Partiendo del escenario pre-COVID y añadiendo los efectos de la pandemia, este artículo analiza los procesos de discriminación y abuso enraizados en la naturaleza y elmodus operandidel programa español de trabajadores temporales (GECCO). En particular, examina cómo estos procesos de discriminación se reflejan en tres aspectos clave del programa: contratación, condiciones de trabajo y condiciones de vida. Gracias a la perspectiva interseccional y a las aportaciones feministas al capitalismo ecología-mundo, el análisis arroja luz sobre la mutua constitución de diferentes ejes de desigualdad (p.e. maternidad, etnicidad, origen rural) en las prácticas de discriminación y explotación que sufren las mujeres marroquíes. A su vez, examina cómo estas desigualdades entrecruzadas se ubican geográficamente en un contexto temporal y espacial específico que juega un papel en la construcción de relaciones de poder a nivel estructural. El artículo se nutre de un reciente trabajo de campo basado en entrevistas en profundidad con distintos actores clave como parte de un proyecto de investigación europeo sobre esquemas de gobernanza y migración circular (ADMIGOV).

espanolLos temporeros agricolas en Espana son noticia ano tras ano. En 2020, los mismos problemas se repitieron una y otra vez, agravados por el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19. Este articulo analiza cuatro casos que fueron noticia: las condiciones de los asentamientos irregulares en Andalucia; la situacion de las temporeras marroquies contratadas en origen que quedaron atrapadas en Huelva; las duras condiciones laborales del campo a la luz de la muerte de un solicitante de asilo en Lorca; y la presencia de temporeros en las calles de Lleida, que genero nuevamente un debate sobre sus condiciones de alojamiento en medio de los primeros brotes de COVID-19 del verano. El objetivo final del articulo es ilustrar con casos concretos problemas estructurales que vienen de lejos y, con ello, apuntar posibles soluciones a corto, medio y largo plazo. EnglishYear after year Spain’s seasonal agricultural workers are in the news. In 2020, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the same problems were repeated over and over again. This paper analyses four cases that made the news: the conditions of the informal settlements in Andalusia; the Moroccan temporary workers hired in their country of origin who ended up trapped in Huelva; the death of an asylum seeker in Lorca and what it reveals about harsh rural working conditions; and seasonal workers living on the street in Lleida, which once again prompted debate overtheir housing conditions in the midst of the first COVID-19 outbreaks of the summer. The final objective of the paper is to use specific cases to illustrate longstanding structural problems and suggest possible solutions in the short, medium and long term. >> The full text articles of this issue are available only in Spanish language

Year after year Spain’s seasonal agricultural workers are in the news. In 2020, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the same problems were repeated over and over again. This paper analyses four cases that made the news: the conditions of the informal settlements in Andalusia; the Moroccan temporary workers hired in their country of origin who ended up trapped in Huelva; the death of an asylum seeker in Lorca and what it reveals about harsh rural working conditions; and seasonal workers living on the street in Lleida, which once again prompted debate over their housing conditions in the midst of the first COVID-19 outbreaks of the summer. The final objective of the paper is to use specific cases to illustrate longstanding structural problems and suggest possible solutions in the short, medium and long term.

Las mujeres migrantes y musulmanas se enfrentan a una imagen estereotipada de amas de casa y sujetas pasivas en sus procesos de incorporación a la sociedad receptora, que asume su invisibilidad en el mercado laboral como un atributo intrínseco y “natural”. El presente artículo pretende cuestionar esta imagen y arrojar luz sobre los procesos de agencia en el ámbito de la economía productiva y reproductiva del colectivo de mujeres de origen pakistaní en Barcelona. En particular, se examinan los obstáculos de carácter estructural y cultural que las mujeres experimentan para acceder al mercado laboral, así como las estrategias de agencia y empoderamiento que despliegan para sortearlos. A partir de dos investigaciones recientes centradas en este colectivo, los resultados muestran cómo la agencia se encuentra imbricada (“embedded”) (Khurshid, 2015) en los constreñimientos estructurales de la sociedad receptora, así como en el sistema de valores e ideologías de género patriarcales de la comunidad pakistaní.

Over the last 25 years, Spain has experienced a significant increase of Latin American immigrants, which has raised questions about their children’s adaptation process. Yet, there is little evidence on the factors that explain school success or failure among this group. This paper aims to fill this gap by using data from the Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation in Spain (ILSEG is its Spanish acronym). The findings show that the children of Latin American immigrants are more likely to attain lower educational levels than the children of Spanish natives. However, concentrating on the national origin variable risks obscuring some underlying adaptive processes—associated with generational age cohorts—involved in differential educational outcomes among immigrant children. The data analyzed show that Latin American immigrant children born in Spain are likely to attain the same educational levels as their native Spanish peers. This finding highlights the importance of being raised in the host country in easing adaptation to the new society and the school system. The paper concludes with some policy suggestions in the field of education. Instead of treating all child migrants uniformly, public policies should address the specific needs of the target groups, emphasizing later arrivals.

This research paper focuses on the key challenge that poses the sudden and massive reception of immigrants to build inclusive societies that guarantee peaceful coexistence between natives and newcomers. Some Latin American countries are experiencing unexpected changes in population models, resulting in receiving states of international migration flows. Yet, both the underdevelopment of legislation on immigration and the absence of public integration policies show the need to pursue successful management models as an example. This paper presents an analysis of the Spanish case study between 1998 and 2008, highlighting the driving factors that enabled the integration of newcomers in that decade. Considering the cultural proximity to Latin America and other matching contextual aspects, the article concludes with some recommendations for adopting similar migration and integration policies inspired by the Spanish case.

Pakistani businesses now form an essential part of Barcelona’s commercial landscape. Businesses of this type existed before the crisis, but have grown exponentially over the past decade, thanks to a series of changes in the city’s structure of opportunities. In a context in which many local traders have had to close down, this expansion has prompted many questions in the host society due to a lack of knowledge about the group’s internal organisation strategies. This paper analyses the effects of the crisis (post-2008) on the development of the ethnic economy led by Pakistani residents using the theory of “mixed embeddedness”, a multilevel analysis method and a mixed methods design.

The term ‘ethnic enclave economy’, defined as a special case of ethnic economy, was formulated more than 25 years ago and since then has been subject to a great debate. Spatially concentrated businesses have for a long time been viewed as particularly anomalous and their economic significance for the society has been overlooked. Yet, recent processes of economic globalisation have generated growing demands for small and flexible businesses in urban cities, with the effect of an increasing number of ethnic entrepreneurial activities. This paper revisits the mainstream definitions of ‘ethnic enclave’, by taking into account new approaches that can be used to adapt the term to the dynamics of global economy and to disassociate it from a territorially fixed and circumscribed place. At the same time, these approaches provide a strong foundation to shape the enclave as a form of economic resilience in times of crisis. Most of the defining characteristics of the enclave explain how businesses are able to adapt and expand taking advantage of their competitiveness in spite of the economic recession. Such a line of argument is illustrated and discussed through empirical data from two case studies: Pakistani businesses in the neighborhood of Raval (Barcelona), and the Indian souvenir business in the Catalan coast (Girona).

This research paper focuses on the key challenge that poses the sudden and massive reception of immigrants to build inclusive societies that guarantee peaceful coexistence between natives and newcomers. Some Latin American countries are experiencing unexpected changes in population models, resulting in receiving states of international migration flows. Yet, both the underdevelopment of legislation on immigration and the absence of public integration policies show the need to pursue successful management models as an example. This paper presents an analysis of the Spanish case study between 1998 and 2008, highlighting the driving factors that enabled the integration of newcomers in that decade. Considering the cultural proximity to Latin America and other matching contextual aspects, the article concludes with some recommendations for adopting similar migration and integration policies inspired by the Spanish case., Este artículo de investigación se centra en el desafío que plantea la recepción masiva y repentina de inmigrantes para construir sociedades inclusivas que garanticen la coexistencia pacífica entre los nativos y los recién llegados. Algunos países de América Latina están experimentando cambios inesperados en sus modelos de población, habiéndose convertido en receptores de flujos migratorios internacionales. Sin embargo, tanto la falta de desarrollo en las legislaciones migratorias como la ausencia de políticas públicas de integración de inmigrantes en la región han revelado la urgencia de buscar modelos de gestión que hayan resultado exitosos y que puedan ser trasladables. Este artículo presenta un análisis del caso español entre 1998 y 2008, destacando aquellos aspectos que fueron clave para que la integración de millones de migrantes internacionales se diera de forma pacífica y cohesionada. Teniendo en cuenta la proximidad cultural con América Latina y otros factores contextuales coincidentes, el artículo concluye que el modelo español es un ejemplo a tener en cuenta y proporciona algunas recomendaciones para la construcción de políticas públicas de integración., Este artigo de pesquisa concentra-se no desafio colocado pela recepção massiva e súbita de imigrantes para construir sociedades inclusivas que garantam a coexistência pacífica entre nativos e recém-chegados. Alguns países latino-americanos estão experimentando mudanças inesperadas em seus modelos populacionais, tendo se tornado receptores de fluxos migratórios internacionais. No entanto, tanto a falta de desenvolvimento da legislação migratória quanto a ausência de políticas públicas para a integração de imigrantes na região revelam a urgência de buscar modelos de gestão que tenham sido bem-sucedidos e possam ser transferidos. Este artigo apresenta uma análise do caso espanhol entre 1998 e 2008, destacando os aspectos fundamentais para a integração de milhões de migrantes internacionais de maneira pacífica e coesa. Levando em conta a proximidade cultural com a América Latina e outros fatores contextuais coincidentes, o artigo conclui que o modelo espanhol é um exemplo a ser levado em conta e fornece algumas recomendações para a construção de políticas públicas de integração.

The category of space is essential in migration studies and it is implicitly present in the literature about migrant entrepreneurs. However, there is a lack of understanding of how the shifting nature of space as a result of the transnational dynamics of late capitalism’s work developments has affected the way migrant economies are framed and apprehended. Whilst initial debates tended to present a static, bidirectional, circumscribed notion of space considering migrant businesses within the logics of inclusion/exclusion in ethnic neighbourhoods, the latest approaches usually illustrate it as dynamic, ductile and liquid thanks to the influence of globalisation and the paradigms of mobility and circulation. This article seeks to synthesize and critically review mainstream literature on migrant entrepreneurship from a spatial perspective and reflect on the shifting nature of the ontology of space. It highlights the context in which each theoretical approach was coined with empirical case studies and points out its own limitations in dialogue with the evolution of migrant economies’ debates. Finally, the conclusions present both a summary and a proposal for constructing a more accurate theoretical framework for the study of future migrant economies through new spatial lenses., Sociologica, Vol 12, No 2 (2018)

Los negocios pakistanies actualmente constituyen un elemento indispensable del paisaje comercial de Barcelona. Aunque este tipo de iniciativas ya existian antes de la crisis, ha sido en esta ultima decada cuando han crecido exponencialmente a raiz de una serie de cambios en la estructura de oportunidades de la ciudad. En un contexto en el que muchos comerciantes locales han tenido que cerrar sus establecimientos, esta expansion ha abierto muchos interrogantes en la sociedad receptora, fruto del desconocimiento de las estrategias de organizacion internas del colectivo. Este articulo analiza los efectos de la crisis (post 2008) en el desarrollo de la economia etnica liderada por residentes pakistanies desde la teoria del mixed embeddedness (imbricacion mixta), un modelo de analisis multinivel y un diseno de metodos mixtos.

The emergence of ethnic economies owned by migrant communities is changing the urban landscape of many cities around the world. In Barcelona, the Pakistani community has developed an ethnic economy based on small businesses in different trade sectors which are spreading all over the city, taking advantage of vacancies and exploring new markets. This article contributes to ascertaining the scope and internal functioning of businesses owned by Pakistani immigrants, taking the neighbourhood of Raval in Barcelona as a case study. The research concludes that the high concentration and rapid development of Pakistani enterprises in this area are explained by the interplay of contextual and ethnic strategies which are connected to a favourable structure of opportunities in the current context of economic crisis and the sharing of ethnic resources through the networks of the community.

The introduction of integration tests on a pre-entry or post-arrival basis has drawn attention to changing national integration policies. Yet, at the local level, language and civic culture courses have often been implemented before the development of national programmes. The way these policies came into place and the extent to which they responded to similar challenges has often been overlooked. This article explores the development of these measures in four cities – Stuttgart, Vienna, Barcelona and Turin – to find out which mechanisms account for convergence in policymaking. Integration courses present traits of similarity in their contents and target groups; however, this does not imply a consistent process towards convergence. Local introduction initiatives are the product of local policy arenas, which display different policy frames of migrant integration. On the other hand, new legislation and changes in the available financial resources for integration appear to be crucial factors that trig...

In analysing and understanding discrimination in our globalised society, the intersectional approach becomes fundamental to move beyond presumed collective classifications and adopt a conceptual framework inclusive of all forms of discrimination and their intersections. However, this does not only relate to the existence of different forms of the discriminatory experience, but also to the diversity in resistance and to the ways in which individuals stand up to it. By presenting an in-depth exploration of the case of Spain, this paper illustrates the key elements that play a role in the use of resources to complain against experiences of discrimination as a means of resistance. This is analysed through a multi-dimensional approach which reveals the existence of a breach between the prominent application of the intersectional concept at the academic level and its minimal use by individuals experiencing discrimination and those dealing with discrimination complaints. It is by linking the results of an empirical investigation with the arguments outlined at the wider academic sphere that this paper attempts to bridge the gap between the everyday experiences and the conceptual debate.En analysant et en comprenant la discrimination à l’aune de notre société globalisée, l’approche intersectionnelle devient fondamentale pour dépasser les classifications collectives présumées et pour adopter un cadre conceptuel incluant toutes les formes de discrimination et leurs intersections. Cela renvoie non seulement à l’existence de différentes formes d’expérience discriminatoire mais aussi aux différentes manières dont les individus y font face et y résistent. À partir d’une exploration approfondie du cas espagnol, cet article montre les éléments-clés qui jouent un rôle dans l’usage des ressources mobilisées comme moyen de résistance en cas d’expériences discriminatoires. Grâce à une approche multi-dimensionnelle, l’analyse révèle l’existence d’un écart entre l’application importante du concept d’intersectionalité au niveau académique et son usage minimal par les individus victimes de discriminations et les personnes traitant les plaintes. C’est en reliant les résultats d’une enquête empirique aux arguments déployés par le milieu académique que cet article tente de combler l’écart entre les expériences quotidiennes et le débat conceptuel.

La noción de economía étnica ha sido ampliamente discutida en la literatura sobre actividades económicas, migraciones y asentamientos urbanos multiculturales. Aquí se pretende realizar un análisis sistemático de las diferentes aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas, afín de contextualizar su evolución y problematizar el uso de ciertos términos propios del debate académico en torno a la economía étnica en el contexto de la ciudad global. El análisis se circunscribe en dos ejes: la relación entre economía formal e informal, y la naturaleza cambiante del espacio. The notion of ethnic economy has been widely discussed in literature on economic activities, migrations and multicultural urban establishments. This paper carries out a systematic analysis of the different theoretical and methodological approaches, in order to provide a context to its evolution and put into question the use of certain terms used in the academic debate on ethnic economy in the context of the global city. The analysis is restricted to two axes: the relation between formal and informal economy, and the changing nature of the space.

In analysing and understanding discrimination in our globalised society, the intersectional approach becomes fundamental to move beyond presumed collective classifications and adopt a conceptual framework inclusive of all forms of discrimination and their intersections. However, this does not only relate to the existence of different forms of the discriminatory experience, but also to the diversity in resistance and to the ways in which individuals stand up to it. By presenting an in-depth exploration of the case of Spain, this paper illustrates the key elements that play a role in the use of resources to complain against experiences of discrimination as a means of resistance. This is analysed through a multi-dimensional approach which reveals the existence of a breach between the prominent application of the intersectional concept at the academic level and its minimal use by individuals experiencing discrimination and those dealing with discrimination complaints. It is by linking the results of an empirical investigation with the arguments outlined at the wider academic sphere that this paper attempts to bridge the gap between the everyday experiences and the conceptual debate. En analysant et en comprenant la discrimination à l’aune de notre société globalisée, l’approche intersectionnelle devient fondamentale pour dépasser les classifications collectives présumées et pour adopter un cadre conceptuel incluant toutes les formes de discrimination et leurs intersections. Cela renvoie non seulement à l’existence de différentes formes d’expérience discriminatoire mais aussi aux différentes manières dont les individus y font face et y résistent. À partir d’une exploration approfondie du cas espagnol, cet article montre les éléments-clés qui jouent un rôle dans l’usage des ressources mobilisées comme moyen de résistance en cas d’expériences discriminatoires. Grâce à une approche multi-dimensionnelle, l’analyse révèle l’existence d’un écart entre l’application importante du concept d’intersectionalité au niveau académique et son usage minimal par les individus victimes de discriminations et les personnes traitant les plaintes. C’est en reliant les résultats d’une enquête empirique aux arguments déployés par le milieu académique que cet article tente de combler l’écart entre les expériences quotidiennes et le débat conceptuel.