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1. Le mélange des espèces réduit la sensibilité à la sécheresse du pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) et du chêne (Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) - L'approvisionnement en eau et la fertilité du site modifient l'effet de mélange

Author

Steckel, M., del Río, Macarena, Heym, M., Aldea, J., Bielak, K., Brazaitis, G., Cerny, J., Coll, L., Collet, Catherine, Ehbrecht, M., Jansons, A., Nothdurft, A., Pach, M., Pardos, M., Ponette, Quentin, Reventlow, D.O.J., Sitko, R., Svoboda, M., Vallet, Patrick, Wolff, B., Pretzsch, Hans, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH DEU, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), UNIVERSITY OF VALLADOLID AND INIA MADRID ESP, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SGGW WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES POL, Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), FORESTRY AND GAME MANAGEMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE JILOVISTE CZE, UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA ESP, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), GEORG AUGUST UNIVERSITAT GOTTINGEN DEU, LATVIAN STATE FOREST RESARCH INSTITUTE SILAVA SALASPILS LVA, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE KRAKOW POL, Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN DNK, Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), CZECH UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES SUCHDOL CZE, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), European Union as part of the ERA-Net SUMFOREST project REFORM -Mixed species forest management, German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) through the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE) : 2816ERA02S, Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT): S-SUMFOREST-17-1, Ecofor, Allenvi, French national research infrastructure ANAEE-F, European Project: 778322,H2020-EU.1.3.3.,CARE4C (2018), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), and Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNE)

Subjects
Drought stress, SPEI, Resilience, Recovery, education, fungi, Resistance, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, food and beverages, Complementarity, Facilitation, Ecological gradient
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; Tree species mixing has been widely promoted as a promising silvicultural tool for reducing drought stress. However, so far only a limited number of species combinations have been studied in detail, revealing inconsistent results. In this study, we analysed the effect of mixing Scots pine and oak (pedunculate oak and sessile oak) trees on their drought response along a comprehensive ecological gradient across Europe. The objective was to improve our knowledge of general drought response patterns of two fundamental European tree species in mixed versus monospecific stands. We focused on three null hypotheses: (HI) tree drought response does not differ between Scots pine and oak, (HII) tree drought response of Scots pine and oak is not affected by stand composition (mixture versus monoculture) and (HIII) tree drought response of Scots pine and oak in mixtures and monocultures is not modified by tree size or site conditions. To test the hypotheses, we analysed increment cores of Scots pine and oak, sampled in mixed and monospecific stands, covering a wide range of site conditions. We investigated resistance (the ability to maintain growth levels during drought), recovery (the ability to restore a level of growth after drought) and resilience (the capacity to recover to pre-drought growth levels), involving sitespecific drought events that occurred between 1976 and 2015. In monocultures, oak showed a higher resistance and resilience than Scots pine, while recovery was lower. Scots pine in mixed stands exhibited a higher resistance, but also a lower recovery compared with Scots pine in monocultures. Mixing increased the resistance and resilience of oak. Ecological factors such as tree size, site water supply and site fertility were found to have significant effects on the drought response. In the case of Scots pine, resistance was increased by tree size, while recovery was lowered. Resistance of oak increased with site water supply. The observed mixing effect on the tree drought response of Scots pine and oak was in some cases modified by the site conditions studied. Positive mixing effects in terms of resistance and resilience of oak increased with site water supply, while the opposite was found regarding recovery. In contrast, site fertility lessened the positive mixing effect on the resistance of Scots pine. We hypothesise that the observed positive mixing effects under drought mainly result from waterand/or light-related species interactions that improve resource availability and uptake according to temporal and spatial variations in environmental conditions.

Published
2020
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2. Is multifunctionality greater in mixed than in pure forests? A metaanalysis of a latitudinal network of European forest triplets

Author

Poeydebat, C., Ponette, Q., Bravo, F., Barbati, A., Avdagic, A., Barbeito, I., Bielak, K., Brazaitis, G., Černy, J., Coll, L., Collet, C., Del Río, M., Granhus, A., Heym, M., Jansone, L., Jansons, A., La Porta, N., Löf, M., Mestlaid, M., Motta, M., Nothdurft, A., Ordoñez, C., Pach, M., Pardos, M., Ruiz-Peinado, R., Pretzsch, H., Sitko, R., Svodoba, M., Ugrekhelidze, M.K., Zlatanov, T., and Jactel, H.

Subjects
Settore AGR/05 - ASSESTAMENTO FORESTALE E SELVICOLTURA
Published
2020

3. Stand growth and structure of mixed-species and monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe

Author

Pretzsch, H., Steckel, M., Biber, P., Ammer, C., Ehbrecht, M., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Ordonez, C., Vast, F., Drossler, L., Brazaitis, G., Godvod, K., Jansons, A., de-Dios-Garcia, J., Löf, Magnus, Aldea, Jorge, Korboulewsky, N., Reventlow, D. O. J., Nothdurft, A., Enge, M., Skrzyszewski, J., Pardos, M., Ponette, Q., Sitko, R., Fabrika, M., Cerny, J., Wolff, B., Ruiz-Peinado, R., and del Rio, M.

Subjects
Forest Science
Abstract

Past failures of monocultures, caused by wind-throw or insect damages, and ongoing climate change currently strongly stimulate research into mixed-species stands. So far, the focus has mainly been on combinations of species with obvious complementary functional traits. However, for any generalization, a broad overview of the mixing reactions of functionally different tree species in different mixing proportions, patterns and under different site conditions is needed, including assemblages of species with rather similar demands on resources such as light. Here, we studied the growth of Scots pine and oak in mixed versus monospecific stands on 36 triplets located along a productivity gradient across Europe, reaching from Sweden to Spain and from France to Georgia. The set-up represents a wide variation in precipitation (456-1250 mm year(-1)), mean annual temperature (6.7-11.5 degrees C) and drought index by de Martonne (21-63 mm degrees C-1). Stand inventories and increment cores of trees stemming from 40- to 132-year-old, fully stocked stands on 0.04-0.94-ha-sized plots provided insight into how species mixing modifies stand growth and structure compared with neighbouring monospecific stands. On average, the standing stem volume was 436 and 360 m(3) ha(-1) in the monocultures of Scots pine and oak, respectively, and 418 m(3) ha(-1) in the mixed stands. The corresponding periodical annual volume increment amounted to 10.5 and 9.1 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) in the monocultures and 10.5 m(3) ha(-1) year(-1) in the mixed stands. Scots pine showed a 10% larger quadratic mean diameter (p < 0.05), a 7% larger dominant diameter (p < 0.01) and a 9% higher growth of basal area and volume in mixed stands compared with neighbouring monocultures. For Scots pine, the productivity advantages of growing in mixture increased with site index (p < 0.01) and water supply (p < 0.01), while for oak they decreased with site index (p < 0.01). In total, the superior productivity of mixed stands compared to monocultures increased with water supply (p < 0.10). Based on 7843 measured crowns, we found that in mixture both species, but especially oak, had significantly wider crowns (p < 0.001) than in monocultures. On average, we found relatively small effects of species mixing on stand growth and structure. Scots pine benefiting on rich, and oak on poor sites, allows for a mixture that is productive and most likely climate resistant all along a wide ecological gradient. We discuss the potential of this mixture in view of climate change.

Published
2020

4. Estimation and Uncertainty of the Mixing Effects on Scots Pine

Author

Condés, S., Sterba, H., Aguirre, A., Bielak, K., Bravo Oviedo, A., Coll, L., Pach, M., Pretzsch, Hans, Vallet, Patrick, Del Río, Macarena, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MADRID SCHOOL OF FORESTRY MADRID ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESSOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF FOREST AND SOIL SCIENCES VIENNA AUT, WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE WARSAW POL, MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES MADRID ESP, UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREST ENGINEERING LLEIDA ESP, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE IN KRAKOW KRAKOW POL, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH CENTER OF LIFE AND FOOD SCIENCES FREISING DEU, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA)

Subjects
fungi, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, food and beverages
Abstract

International audience; An increasing amount of research is focusing on comparing productivity in monospecific versus mixed stands, although it is difficult to reach a general consensus as mixing effects differ both in sign (over-yielding or under-yielding) and magnitude depending on species composition as well as on site and stand conditions. While long-term experimental plots provide the best option for disentangling the mixing effects, these datasets are not available for all the existing mixtures nor do they cover large gradients of site factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and uncertainties of tree species mixing on the productivity of Scots pine-European beech stands along the gradient of site conditions in Europe, using models developed from National and Regional Forest Inventory data. We found a positive effect of pine on beech basal area growth, which was slightly greater for the more humid sites. In contrast, beech negatively affected pine basal area growth, although the effects switched to positive in the more humid sites. However, the uncertainty analysis revealed that the effect on pine at mid- and more humid sites was not-significant. Our results agree with studies developed from a European transect of temporal triplets in the same pine-beech mixtures, confirming the suitability of these datasets and methodology for evaluating mixing effects at large scale.

Published
2018
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5. Analyse de l'effet du mélange sur la croissance des peuplements de Hêtre et de Pin sylvestre à partir des données d'inventaires forestiers nationaux

Author

Condés, S., Sterba, H., Bielak, K., Bravo, A., Coll, L., Pach, M., Pretzsch, Hans, Vallet, Patrick, Vayreda, J., Del Río, Macarena, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MADRID ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), INIA MADRID ESP, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE KRAKOW POL, TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITAT MUNCHEN FREISING DEU, Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)

Subjects
POLOGNE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, FRANCE, ALLEMAGNE, ESPAGNE, AUTRICHE
Abstract

International audience; Les données des inventaires nationaux de l'Espagne, la France, l'Autriche, l'Allemagne et la Pologne ont été combinées pour analyser l'effet du mélange sur la croissance des peuplements de hêtre et de pin sylvestre. L'objectif est une comparaison avec les données d'un transect Européen de triplets de ces mêmes essences.

Published
2016

6. DVFFA - Sektion Ertragskunde 95 Beiträge zur Jahre stagung 2015 Produktivität von Kiefer und Buche in Mischung im Vergleich zu benachbarten Reinbeständen. Untersuchung entlang e ines Produktivitätsgradienten durch Europa

Author

Pretzsch, H., del Rio, M., Ammer, Ch., Avdagic, A., Barbeito, I., Bielak, K., Brazaitis, G., Coll, L., Dirnberger, G., Drössler, L., Fabrika, M., Forrester, D., Godvod, K., Heym, M., Hurt, V., Kurylyak, V., Löf, M., Lombardi, F., Matovic, B., Mohren, F., Motta, R., den Ouden,J., Pach, M., Ponette, Q., Schütze, G., Schweig, J., Skrzyszewski, J., Sramek, V., Sterba, H., Stojanovic, D., Svoboda, M., Vanhellemont, M., Verheyen, K., Wellhausen, K., Zlatanov, T., Bravo-Oviedo, A.

Subjects
ddc:630, ddc
Published
2014

14. The greater resilience of mixed forests to drought mainly depends on their composition: Analysis along a climate gradient across Europe

Author

Maciej Pach, Kamil Bielak, Xavier Morin, Hervé Jactel, Rafael Calama, Antonio Tomao, M. del Río, Marta Pardos, Quentin Ponette, Arne Nothdurft, L. Jansone, Kristoffel Jacobs, José Riofrío, Loredana Oreti, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Markus Engel, Enno Uhl, Aris Jansons, Felipe Bravo, Hans Pretzsch, Kšištof Godvod, Gediminas Brazaitis, Emmanuel Defossez, Centro de Investigacion Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universidad de Valladolid [Valladolid] (UVa), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Institute of Biology of the University of Neuchâtel, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Latvian State Forest Research Institute 'Silava', Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department for Innovation in Biological Agrofood and Forest Systems (DiBAF), Tuscia University, AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL] (AGH UST), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft - Bavarian State Institute of Forestry (LWF), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Pardos, M. [0000-0002-5567-5406], del Río, M. [0000-0001-7496-3713], Pretzsch, H. [0000-0002-4958-1868], Jactel, H. [0000-0002-8106-5310], Bielak, K. [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, F. [0000-0001-7348-6695], Brazaitis, G. [0000-0003-0234-9292], Defossez, E. [0000-0002-3279-9190], Godvod, K. [0000-0002-9736-1544], Jacobs, K. [0000-0002-9693-729X], Jansons, A. [0000-0001-7981-4346], Nothdurft, A. [0000-0002-7065-7601], Ponette, Q. [0000-0002-2726-7392], Pach, M. [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruíz-Peinado, R. [0000-0003-0126-1651], Calama, R. [0000-0002-2598-9594], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Pardos, M., del Río, M., Pretzsch, H., Jactel, H., Bielak, K., Bravo, F., Brazaitis, G., Defossez, E., Godvod, K., Jacobs, K., Jansons, A., Nothdurft, A., Ponette, Q., Pach, M., Ruíz-Peinado, R., and Calama, R.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Monitoring, Lloret indices, Range (biology), Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, Functional diversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Ecosystem services, Mixing effects, ddc:630, Ecosystem, Resilience (network), Nature and Landscape Conservation, Policy and Law, Hemiboreal, Resistance (ecology), Ecology, floret indices, treer-ring data, Forestry, Drought event, 15. Life on land, Management, ddc, Tree-ring data, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Despite growing evidence that diverse forests play an important role in ecosystem functioning, ensuring the provision of different ecosystem services, whether such diversity improves their response to drought events remains unclear. In this study, we use a large tree-ring database from thirty case studies across nine European countries and eleven species, covering from Mediterranean to hemiboreal forests, to test if the growth response to site specific drought events that occurred between 1975 and 2015 varied between mixed and monospecific stands. In particular, we quantify how stands resist those specific drought events and recover after them, thus analyzing their resilience. For each drought event and forest stand we calculated resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience and we related the variation in these indices between monospecific and mixed stands with type of admixture, tree species identity, site aridity gradient, stand basal area and stand age. We found a large variability among case studies, even for those that share similar species composition and have similar climates. On average, mixed stands showed higher resistance, resilience and relative resilience to drought events than monospecific stands. However, the beneficial effect of mixtures could not be generalized, being greatly modulated by the type of admixture and tree species identity, and depending on site water supply and stand characteristics, such as basal area and age. The increase in resilience in mixtures compared with monocultures was greater on the conifer-broadleaved admixtures, and to a lesser extent in the broadleaved-broadleaved combinations. The observed response patterns to drought largely varied among the eleven studied species, thus revealing the importance of functional traits for understanding a species’ response to drought across its distribution range. Along the site aridity gradient, resilience and relative resilience to drought increased in drier sites for both monospecific and mixed stands, with an observed trend towards higher resilience in mixed stands in the drier and hotter sites. Our results confirm the complexity of the relationships found of resistance, recovery, resilience and relative resilience with drought when comparing pure vs mixed stands., The study was supported by the ERA-Net SUMFOREST project REFORM “Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience” (PCIN2017-026) and Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions-RISE , CARE4C . Special thankW117/H2020/2018s to Nuria Simón and Guillermo Madrigal for their assistance building up the common database. All coauthors thank their national funding institutions for supporting the establishment, measure and analysis of core data in the studied plots. Research at the Polish case studies was additionally supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland (No W117/H2020/2018 )., 15 Pág.

Published
2020
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