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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X211025447 for Cortical cerebral microinfarcts on 7T MRI: Risk factors, neuroimaging correlates and cognitive functioning – The Medea-7T study by Maarten HT Zwartbol, Ina Rissanen, Rashid Ghaznawi, Jeroen de Bresser, Hugo J Kuijf, Kim Blom, Theo D Witkamp, Huiberdina L Koek, Geert Jan Biessels, Jeroen Hendrikse and Mirjam I Geerlings in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

Heterologous primary immunization against SARS-CoV-2 is part of applied recommendations. However, little is known about duration of immune responses after heterologous vaccine regimens. To evaluate duration of immune responses after primary vaccination with homologous adeno-vectored ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (ChAd) or heterologous ChAd/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (BNT), anti-spike-IgG and SARS-CoV-2 VOC-neutralizing antibody responses were measured in 354 healthcare workers (HCW) at 2 weeks, 3 months, 5 months and 6 months after the second vaccine dose. T-cell responses were investigated using a whole blood interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) release assay 2 weeks and 3 months post second vaccine dose. Two hundred and ten HCW immunized with homologous BNT were enrolled for comparison of antibody responses. In study participants naive to SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination, heterologous ChAd/BNT resulted in 6-fold higher peak anti-spike IgG antibody titers compared to homologous ChAd vaccination. The half-life of antibody titers was 3.1 months (95% CI 2.8-3.6) following homologous ChAd vaccination and 1.9 months (95% CI 1.7-2.1) after heterologous vaccination, reducing the GMT difference between the groups to 3-fold 6 months post vaccination. Peak T-cell responses were stronger in ChAd/BNT vaccinees, but no significant difference was observed 3 months post vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination resulted in substantially higher peak GMTs and IFN-gamma levels and enhanced SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody and T cell responses over time. Heterologous primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization with ChAd and BNT elicits a stronger initial immune response compared to homologous vaccination with ChAd. However, although the differences in humoral responses remain over 6 months, the difference in SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are no longer significant three months after vaccination.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcb-10.1177_0271678X211025447 for Cortical cerebral microinfarcts on 7T MRI: Risk factors, neuroimaging correlates and cognitive functioning – The Medea-7T study by Maarten HT Zwartbol, Ina Rissanen, Rashid Ghaznawi, Jeroen de Bresser, Hugo J Kuijf, Kim Blom, Theo D Witkamp, Huiberdina L Koek, Geert Jan Biessels, Jeroen Hendrikse and Mirjam I Geerlings in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism

People with dementia have problems with cognitive functions, including their memory. The risk of dementia is greater in people with vascular risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Underlying brain damage can often be visualized with a brain scan. In this thesis, we researched in people without dementia if vascular risk factors are associated with brain changes and if these changes are associated with cognitive functions that may precede dementia. Furthermore, we researched if these risk factors were associated with progression of cognitive decline in patients with dementia. We describe that vascular risk factors are associated with subfields of the hippocampus, an important brain structure for memory, but we did not find that specific subfields were vulnerable. We also researched the presence of small cavities in the hippocampus and found that these were not associated with vascular risk factors or cognitive functioning. Their presence is most likely due to normal anatomical variation of the hippocampus. In this thesis we also describe that if people with a history of vascular disease experience cognitive problems, this may be associated with small infarctions of the brain, but not with other brain changes such as shrinkage of brain tissue. These people performed less on cognitive tests at first, but after an average of eight years we did not find this difference in performance anymore. We also describe that vascular risk factors have no or limited influence on progression of cognitive decline in patients with dementia.

We estimated associations of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) with neuroimaging markers of dementia and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease without objective cognitive impairment. Within the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Memory, depression and aging study, 599 patients (62 ± 9 years) had 1.5 T brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive testing at the baseline and after 8 years of follow-up. Using multiple regression analyses, we estimated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of SCD according to research criteria with volumes of total brain, hippocampus, white matter hyperintensities, and presence of lacunes and with memory, executive functioning, information processing speed, and working memory. SCD was associated with increased risk of lacunes at the baseline (relative risk = 1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.03; 2.12) but not during follow-up. No significant associations with volumes of white matter hyperintensities, total brain, or hippocampus were observed. SCD was cross-sectionally associated with poorer executive functioning and speed but not during follow-up. More prospective studies are needed to further elucidate the relationship between SCD, brain imaging markers, and cognitive decline and the role of SCD in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.

Denna studies inledning ger en övergripande bild av att svenska ungdomar generellt skattar sin hälsa som hög, däremot skattas den psykosociala hälsan lägre vilken innefattas av att vara nöjd med sig själv. Att vara nöjd med sig själv och sin kropp omfattas av kroppsbildsuppfattningen. Sociala medier tar allt mer tid i anspråk och används i större utsträckning som ett kommunikationsmedel. Levnadsvanor, miljö och det tidiga livets villkor har en betydelse för individens hälsa. Denna studies syfte var att undersöka ungdomars kroppsbildsuppfattning och användande av sociala medier samt undersöka relationen mellan dem. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie utfördes. Enkäter användes som datainsamlingsmetod bland skånska elever i åk 1-3 på gymnasiet, där 249 elever besvarade enkäten. Resultatet visade att 33 procent av flickor hade högre kroppsuppfattning än pojkar (14%) och att 38 procent av pojkarna hade lägre kroppsuppfattning än flickorna (18%) (p=0,001). Flickor använder sociala medier i större utsträckning än pojkar. Sättet flickor och pojkar använde sociala medier på skiljde sig åt. Flickor hade fler olika roller på sociala medier än pojkar, samt pojkar spelade mer onlinspel än flickor. Konklusion: Eftersom pojkarna i denna studie hade lägre kroppsbildsuppfattning och spelade mer onlinespel än flickorna är det utifrån ett genus och jämställdhetsperspektiv lämpligt att studera pojkars kroppsbildsuppfattning i relation till onlinespelande. Därför bör ytterligare forskning med inriktning på pojkars kroppsbildsuppfattning bedrivas utifrån både en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metodaspekt, med ändamål att försöka förstå vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för deras kroppsbildsuppfattning., The study's introduction is given as an overall picture of the fact that Swedish youth generally estimate their health as high but the psychosocial health is estimated to be lower, which includes being satisfied with themselves. Being content with yourself and your body is covered by the body image perception. Social media takes more time and it's used to a greater extent as a communication medium. Living habits, the environment and the conditions of early life have a bearing on the individual's health.The aim of this study was to investigate the body image of young people and the use of social media and to investigate the relationship between them. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed. The survey was used as a data collection method among Scanian students in grades 1-3 in high school, where 249 students answered questionnaires. The result showed that 33 percent of girls had a higher body image than boys (14 percent) and that 38 percent of boys had a lower body image than girls (18 percent) (p = 0.001). The way girls and boys used social media differs. Girls use social media to a greater extent than boys. The way girls and boys used social media differed. Girls had more different roles on social media than boys, and boys played more online games than girls. Conclusion: Since the boys in this study had lower body image perception and played more online games than girls, it is appropriate from a gender and gender perspective to study boys' body image perception in relation to online gaming. Therefore, further research with a focus on boys' body image should be conducted on the basis of both a qualitative and quantitative method aspect, with the aim of trying to understand which factors underlie their body image perception.

• Treatment options for patients with dementia are limited. This article provides an overview of possible interventions, both pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical, for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia. • Pharmaceutical treatment options include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine and experimental medication. Cholinesterase inhibitors are only recommended for Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia, not for vascular dementia or mild cognitive impairment. There is no proof of effectiveness for the other pharmaceutical options. • Interventions towards cardiovascular risk factors do not slow down cognitive decline. • Evidence is still lacking for other nonpharmaceutical interventions such as memory training and dietary supplements. Physical exercise may have a positive effect on dementia, but research is still ongoing. • Many patients with dementia exhibit behavioural changes such as agitation and depression. We recommend nonpharmaceutical interventions as a first step to lower the burden of this behaviour for both patients and caregivers.

HIV-1 subtype D is associated with faster disease progression compared with subtype A. Immunological correlates of this difference remain undefined. We investigated invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Ugandans infected with either subtype. Loss of iNKT cells was pronounced in subtype D, whereas Tregs displayed more profound loss in subtype A infection. The iNKT cell levels were associated with CD4 T-cell interleukin-2 production in subtype A, but not in D, infection. Thus, these viral subtypes are associated with differential loss of iNKT cells and Tregs that may influence the quality of the adaptive immune response.

Extinction learning refers to the phenomenon that a previously learned response to an environmental stimulus, for example, the expression of an aversive behaviour upon exposure to a specific context, is reduced when the stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of a previously paired aversive event. Extinction of fear memories has been implicated with the treatment of anxiety disease but the molecular processes that underlie fear extinction are only beginning to emerge. Here, we show that fear extinction initiates upregulation of hippocampal insulin-growth factor 2 (Igf2) and downregulation of insulin-growth factor binding protein 7 (Igfbp7). In line with this observation, we demonstrate that IGF2 facilitates fear extinction, while IGFBP7 impairs fear extinction in an IGF2-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identify one cellular substrate of altered IGF2 signalling during fear extinction. To this end, we show that fear extinction-induced IGF2/IGFBP7 signalling promotes the survival of 17-19-day-old newborn hippocampal neurons. In conclusion, our data suggest that therapeutic strategies that enhance IGF2 signalling and adult neurogenesis might be suitable to treat disease linked to excessive fear memory.