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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Viability of LAB strains when growing for 24 h in presence of 48-h old biofilms of pathogenic bacteria. After 24 h CFUs of bacteria were calculated by seeding on MRS. Asterisks denote statistically significant difference with monocultures of corresponding LAB (p

Although anomalous episodical warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific, dubbed El Ni��o by Peruvian fishermen, has major (and occasionally devastating) impacts around the globe, robust forecasting is still limited to about six months ahead. A significant extension of the pre-warming time would be instrumental for avoiding some of the worst damages such as harvest failures in developing countries. Here we introduce a novel avenue towards El Ni��o-prediction based on network methods inspecting emerging teleconnections. Our approach starts from the evidence that a large-scale cooperative mode - linking the El Ni��o-basin (equatorial Pacific corridor) and the rest of the ocean - builds up in the calendar year before the warming event. On this basis, we can develop an efficient 12 months-forecasting scheme, i.e., achieve some doubling of the early-warning period. Our method is based on high-quality observational data as available since 1950 and yields hit rates above 0.5, while false-alarm rates are below 0.1., 7 pages, 3 figures