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PURPOSE: To extend magnitude-based PDFF (Proton Density Fat Fraction) and $R_2^*$ mapping with resolved water-fat ambiguity to calculate field inhomogeneity (field map) using the phase images. THEORY: The estimation is formulated in matrix form, resolving the field map in a least-squares sense. PDFF and $R_2^*$ from magnitude fitting may be updated using the estimated field maps. METHODS: The limits of quantification of our voxel-independent implementation were assessed. Bland-Altman was used to compare PDFF and field maps from our method against a reference complex-based method on 152 UK Biobank subjects (1.5 T Siemens). A separate acquisition (3 T Siemens) presenting field inhomogeneities was also used. RESULTS: The proposed field mapping was accurate beyond double the complex-based limit range. High agreement was obtained between the proposed method and the reference in UK Biobank (PDFF bias = -0.03 %, LoA (limits of agreement) [-0.1,0.1] %; Field map bias = 0.06 Hz, LoA = [-0.2,0.3] Hz). Robust field mapping was observed at 3 T, for inhomogeneities over 300 Hz including rapid variation across edges. CONCLUSION: Field mapping following magnitude-based water-fat separation with resolved water-fat ambiguity was demonstrated in-vivo and showed potential at high field., 14 pages, 11 figures

This investigation (1) elucidates genuine interest in the context of learning from Dewey’s perspective, (2) assesses construct validity evidence for a genuine interest conceptual model using data from the Factors Effecting Ethics Learning survey, and (3) assesses measurement invariance of the genuine interest constructs between male ( n = 352) and female ( n = 188) Taiwan high school students. Results provide support for genuine interest as a two-dimensional construct. Second-order factor analysis shows that latent variables of genuine interest in learning socio-scientific issues and interpersonal communication ethics-related issues are represented by sub-latent constructs of learning interest and learning enjoyment. Assessment of gender invariance in the conceptual model provides evidence of measurement equivalence.

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) frequently have challenges engaging in social and communication skills due to lack of availability and safe opportunities to practice these skills. The ability to successfully engage in ���small talk,��� or simple social conversational exchanges, can be beneficial in educational, professional, and social environments. Covert audio coaching (CAC) has been used to teach skills to individuals with IDD, but only a few studies have investigated CAC to teach social skills. In this study, a withdrawal design was used to examine the impact of CAC to teach a young woman with IDD to engage in small talk with a confederate on a university campus. Results demonstrated a functional relation between CAC and the student���s on-topic small talk conversational exchanges. Implications and future research are discussed., Journal of Inclusive Postsecondary Education, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2022): Journal of Inclusive Postsecondary Education

The organic farm sector in Washington State experienced rapid growth from 2005-2009. Acres and number of farms have declined since, while farmgate sales reached new yearly highs in 2010-2013. Specialty crops appear to make up at least 70% of the $355 million in farmgate sales (2012). Market average organic yields were generally below NASS yields for the state, but higher prices often offset lower yields and led to greater gross revenue per acre. A number of organic growers are achieving yields ��� the NASS averages, with higher yields correlated with larger farm size for some crops. In analyzing entry and exit trends of certified organic farms, scale, region, crop choice, and market (direct vs. wholesale) were important determinants of success. Entry rates were strongly positively correlated with total organic acres and varied widely, while exit rates were very stable over time whether in a period of expansion (2005-2009) or of decline (2009-2013).

This is an introduction to the FTA Highlights of a Decade series, which showcases the main findings, results and achievements of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) from 2011 to 2021. FTA, the world’s largest research-for-development partnership on forests, trees and agroforestry, started in 2011. This series features the work undertaken under the FTA program by its strategic partners: Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), The Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Tropenbos International and International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation (INBAR); and other national and international partners.

The purpose of this paper is to present research results relative to impacts of Climate Change on natural rubber production, potential means of adaptation and contribution of rubber to livelihoods resilience to climate change following a recent workshop organized by IRSG in collaboration with CIFOR/FTA, IRRDB and CIRAD. Climate change already impacts rubber production. In some regions longer dry seasons and more variable precipitations threaten the survival of young plants. Rubber has never been planted in areas with an average temperature higher than 28°C; as latex flow after tapping depends on temperature, higher temperatures may have a severe impact on production. Abnormal rains can also disrupt tapping. These modifications will drive a shift of climatically favourable areas. Most pests and diseases affecting rubber are strongly influenced by climate conditions. Climate change is thus likely to modify their distribution and impacts. Without adaptation natural rubber production is projected to decline, in a context of otherwise increasing rubber demand. Three types of adaptation measures can be mobilized: management, breeding, and medium-term planning of plantation renewals and expansion in marginal areas. Management measures include partially shading young plants, mulching them, partial irrigation and life-saving irrigation to address increased risks of drought as well as adopting measures that reduce runoff. Systematic use of rain guards can address impacts of heavy rains on tapping. Better monitoring, prevention and early intervention can reduce damage by pests and diseases. Genomic assisted selection and collection of wild germplasm can support breeding progress towards high yielding, climate resilient and disease resistant clones. Such measures need to be supported by policies promoting the renewal of plantations and changes of practice. As shown by Sri Lanka the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) can offer opportunities to develop an integrated approach to adaptation of rubber to climate change and to contribute to the adaptation of smallholders.

Presentation 23107

The potential of natural rubber to contribute to climate change mitigation is often overlooked. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize available research, mainly from the results of a recent workshop organised by IRSG in collaboration with CIFOR/FTA, IRRDB and CIRAD. Studies have been conducted on the potential contribution of rubber plantations to climate change mitigation in diverse situations, generally focusing on carbon stocked in tree biomass above and below ground. 2 They show that rubber plantations constitute carbon stocks that can be compared to some agroforestry or forestry systems. However, the global GHG emissions balance needs to take into account the effects of conversion to rubber plantation, which is strictly dependent on the previous land use. Conversion of forests or swidden agriculture can lead to substantial carbon emissions especially if swidden agriculture displaced by rubber in turn translates to an area where it converts natural forest. Such studies show the importance of promoting the renewal of existing plantations and to increase productivity, in rubber and associated crops, to reduce the need for additional land. Rubber plantations can also be an effective mitigation measure on degraded lands. There is a considerable potential in use of rubber wood, largely untapped, that would reduce the need for additional wood collection in forests and for timber plantations. Finally, natural rubber and rubber wood can substitute other products highly dependent of fossil energies and are themselves carbon sinks.

Nearly everyone agrees that physical pain is bad. Indeed, if anything merits the status of a platitude in our everyday thinking about value, the idea that pain is bad surely does. Equally, it seems clearly true that emotional suffering – despair, loneliness, grief, disappointment, guilt, shame, lovesickness, and the like – are all bad as well. We are strongly inclined to pity and feel sorry for those who suffer emotionally in these ways; we are motivated, at least some of the time, to do what we can to alleviate their suffering. Given this, it might seem curious that pain and suffering are so integral to sport – whether one is a participant or a spectator. There’s nothing particularly puzzling about pain and suffering that is inadvertently related to sport – as when an athlete injures her hamstring and has to miss her chance at Olympic glory, or when supporters face the misery of getting up at 6am because an away game has been scheduled to start at noon. But there does seem to be something curious about the extent to which pain and suffering are voluntarily embraced by participants and spectators, as the quotation from Nick Hornby aptly illustrates. Why do people willingly engage in something that brings about so much suffering? In this paper, I’ll attempt to answer this question.

This study investigates how affective dispositions influencing students’ moral judgments can both shape their response to individual enjoyment from learning ethics (IE-LE) and predict their individ...

Supplemental Material, Executive_Summary_ASI-18-015_121019_v3 for Feeling Manipulated: How Tip Request Sequence Impacts Customers and Service Providers? by Nathan Warren, Sara Hanson and Hong Yuan in Journal of Service Research

Supplemental Material, Please_share_with_ten_academics_ASI-18-015_120819 for Feeling Manipulated: How Tip Request Sequence Impacts Customers and Service Providers? by Nathan Warren, Sara Hanson and Hong Yuan in Journal of Service Research

This paper offers a defence of the Communicative Theory of Punishment against recent criticisms due to Matt Matravers. According to the Communicative Theory, the intentional imposition of suffering by the judiciary is justified because it is intrinsic to the condemnation and censure that an offender deserves as a result of wrongdoing. Matravers raises a number of worries about this idea – grounded in his thought that suffering isn’t necessary for censure, and as a consequence sometimes the imposition of suffering can be unjust. I respond by arguing that the imposition of suffering is an essential part of a suite of emotional responses that wrongdoing merits. As a result, and contrary to what Matravers suggests, words are not enough for censure and condemnation.

Generations of students are graduating from secondary school disinterested in post-secondary study of science or pursuing careers in science-related fields beyond formal education. We propose that destabilising such disinterest among future students requires science educators to begin listening to secondary school students regarding their views of how science learning is made interesting within the science classroom. Studies on students’ interest in response to instructional strategies applied in the classroom communicate the opinions (i.e. the ‘voice’) of students about the strategies they believe make their classroom learning interesting. To this end, this scoping study (1) collects empirical studies that present from various science and non-science academic domains students’ views about how to make classroom learning interesting; (2) identifies common instructional strategies across these domains that make learning interesting; and (3) forwards an instructional framework called TEDI ([T]ransdisciplinary Connections; Mediated [E]ngagement; Meaningful [D]iscovery; and Self-determined [I]nquiry), which may provide secondary school science teachers with a practical instructional approach for making learning science genuinely interesting among their students within the secondary school science classroom context.

No abstract available.

Presentation ID 16351

It is a commonplace that natural or intellectual curiosity is valuable: it is encouraged in children, esteemed in scientists, protected in academia. But this view might seem problematic, since curiosity doesn’t seem to be directed to anything of particular importance or significance. Indeed, there are good reasons to think that the questions or subjects that trigger curiosity are not themselves ones that it is intrinsically valuable for us to answer or understand. If so, we might wonder whether curiosity ought to be regarded as valuable. In this paper I want to resolve this problem by invoking an analogy between curiosity and pleasure. An examination of the nature of pleasure suggests that it too consists in a desire for something that it is not, in itself, intrinsically valuable, and the achievement of which does not, by itself, constitute an important goal. Nevertheless, pleasure is (rightly) regarded as intrinsically valuable, and the desires that partly constitute pleasure are ones that it makes sense for us to have. And what is true of pleasure is also true of curiosity – or so, at least, I want to argue.

Background: The BIRADS score for mammographic density does not currently indicate which breast has the higher density, and may be at higher risk of developing (or having) cancer. A focal density (‘developing’) is a region that is apparent on a recent mammogram, is present in both CC and MLO views, but can only be seen in one breast. Using focal density (FD) quantification, we assign a density score to each breast separately in order to assess breast asymmetry. Method: Our method, which substantially improves our previous method (RICE) [1], suppresses normal breast parenchyma in order to highlight ROIs (see Figure 1). It embodies the reasonable assumption that the neighborhood typically has a similar tissue density to that of the tissue encompassing the candidate masked tumor. In this preliminary study, the method was applied to 11 patient cases of very dense mammograms, each of which contained at least one cancer. Our method produces a density score for each individual breast and determines asymmetry as a percentage score. Results: Table 1 summaries our results. Except for a single instance (CL0081 – a marginal case), all asymmetric FD scores indicate the laterality of the cancer. All mammograms were pre-processed with Volpara breast density quantification software [2]. We note that in some cases (i.e. CL0037, CL0077, CL0090) where the volumetric density grade percentage VGD% is very similar for both the left and right breast, our method effectively produces distinct FD scores confirming to the laterality of cancer. Conclusion: We assessed asymmetric FD in bilateral mammograms using a method based on the actual composition of the breast. In initial experiments, our method shows a promising potential for quantifying breast asymmetry with respect to the laterality of cancer. It works very well in all BIRADS classes, including BIRADS-D.

The traditional desire view of painfulness maintains that pain sensations are painful because the subject desires that they not be occurring. A significant criticism of this view is that it apparently succumbs to a version of the Euthyphro Dilemma: the desire view, it is argued, is committed to an implausible answer to the question of why pain sensations are painful. In this paper, I explain and defend a new desire view, and one which can avoid the Euthyphro Dilemma. This new view maintains that painfulness is a property, not of pain sensations, but of a pain experience, understood as a relational state constituted by a pain sensation and a desire that the sensation not be occurring.

Background: Regular testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important to maintain sexual health. Self-sampling kits ordered online and delivered in the post may increase access, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Sexual health economies may target limited resources more effectively by signposting users toward Web-based or face-to-face services according to clinical need. Objective: The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of two interventions on testing activity across a whole sexual health economy: (1) the introduction of open access Web-based STI testing services and (2) a clinic policy of triage and signpost online where users without symptoms who attended clinics for STI testing were supported to access the Web-based service instead. Methods: Data on attendances at all specialist public sexual health providers in an inner-London area were collated into a single database. Each record included information on user demographics, service type accessed, and clinical activity provided, including test results. Clinical activity was categorized as a simple STI test (could be done in a clinic or online), a complex visit (requiring face-to-face consultation), or other. Results: Introduction of Web-based services increased total testing activity across the whole sexual health economy by 18.47% (from 36,373 to 43,091 in the same 6-month period—2014-2015 and 2015-2016), suggesting unmet need for testing in the area. Triage and signposting shifted activity out of the clinic onto the Web-based service, with simple STI testing in the clinic decreasing from 16.90% (920/5443) to 12.25% (511/4172) of total activity, P

Supplemental Material, Web_Appendix for A Customer Scorned: Effects of Employee Reprimands in Frontline Service Encounters by Harrison B. Pugh, Michael K. Brady, and Lucas M. Hopkins in Journal of Service Research

Supplemental Material, Executive_Summary for A Customer Scorned: Effects of Employee Reprimands in Frontline Service Encounters by Harrison B. Pugh, Michael K. Brady, and Lucas M. Hopkins in Journal of Service Research

Utilizing PISA 2006/2015 datasets for Japan and Taiwan, the multi-group analysis results show significant predictive increases in science interest and scientific competency, and for science interest and environmental awareness; however, revealed significant predictive decreases for science enjoyment and scientific competency, and for science enjoyment and environmental awareness between PISA cycles for both countries. Results signal divergent predictive trends regarding how interest and enjoyment impact students’ scientific competency, which may reflect instructional approaches that impede students from experiencing genuine interest in learning science. Why these results should sound an alarm to science and environment educators and policy makers is also forwarded.

We synthesized a two-dimensional (2D) crystalline covalent organic framework (sp2c-COF) that was designed to be fully π-conjugated and constructed from all sp2 carbons by C=C condensation reactions of tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)pyrene and 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile. The C=C linkages topologically connect pyrene knots at regular intervals into a 2D lattice with π conjugations extended along both x and y directions and develop an eclipsed layer framework rather than the more conventionally obtained disordered structures. The sp2c-COF is a semiconductor with a discrete band gap of 1.9 electron volts and can be chemically oxidized to enhance conductivity by 12 orders of magnitude. The generated radicals are confined on the pyrene knots, enabling the formation of a paramagnetic carbon structure with high spin density. The sp2 carbon framework induces ferromagnetic phase transition to develop spin-spin coherence and align spins unidirectionally across the material.

We synthesized a two-dimensional (2D) crystalline covalent organic framework (sp2c-COF) that was designed to be fully π-conjugated and constructed from all sp2 carbons by C=C condensation reactions of tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)pyrene and 1,4-phenylenediacetonitrile. The C=C linkages topologically connect pyrene knots at regular intervals into a 2D lattice with π conjugations extended along both x and y directions and develop an eclipsed layer framework rather than the more conventionally obtained disordered structures. The sp2c-COF is a semiconductor with a discrete band gap of 1.9 electron volts and can be chemically oxidized to enhance conductivity by 12 orders of magnitude. The generated radicals are confined on the pyrene knots, enabling the formation of a paramagnetic carbon structure with high spin density. The sp2 carbon framework induces ferromagnetic phase transition to develop spin-spin coherence and align spins unidirectionally across the material.

This study showcases the Science for Citizenship Model (SCM) as a new instructional methodology for presenting, to secondary students, science-related technology content related to the use of science in society not taught in the science curriculum, and a new approach for assessing the intercorrelations among three independent variables (benefits, risks, and trust) to predict the dependent variable of triggered interest in learning science. Utilizing a 50-minute instructional presentation on nanotechnology for citizenship, data were collected from 301 Taiwanese high school students. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and paired-samples t-tests were used to analyze the fitness of data to SCM and the extent to which a 50-minute class presentation of nanotechnology for citizenship affected students’ awareness of benefits, risks, trust, and triggered interest in learning science. Results of SCM on pre-tests and post-tests revealed acceptable model fit to data and demonstrated that the strongest predictor of students’ triggered interest in nanotechnology was their trust in science. Paired-samples t-test results on students’ understanding of nanotechnology and their self-evaluated awareness of the benefits and risks of nanotechology, trust in scientists, and interest in learning science revealed low significant differences between pre-test and post-test. These results provide evidence that a short 50-minute presentation on an emerging science not normally addressed within traditional science curriculum had a significant yet limited impact on students’ learning of nanotechnology in the classroom. Finally, we suggest why the results of this study may be important to science education instruction and research for understanding how the integration into classroom science education of short presentations of cutting-edge science and emerging technologies in support of the science for citizenship enterprise might be accomplished through future investigations.

In the wake of interest-study research in science education over the past 10 years, investigators have published many articles on how to define, measure, and develop students’ interest in learning science. This present study approaches empirical investigations on students’ interest in learning science from a different perspective. We argue that when three specific instructional strategies are combined, they form the Interest Combustion Triangle (ICT), which ignites and sustains interest in learning science among students who have grown cold toward science content. A future research agenda proposing a newly modified instructional strategy called the K-W-L2-R Strategy Tool for providing science teachers and research investigators with a practical method for operationalizing and testing the ICT within the classroom context is also proposed.

This study investigates how affective and self-related factors impact participation in science learning and environmental awareness and responsibility. Using PISA 2006 datasets from Taiwan and Canada having similar level of science competency, the model for this study verifies and expands an earlier model by examining the relationships among science-related interest, enjoyment, self-efficacy, self-concept, leisure time engagement, and future intended interest in science and how these relationships synergistically interact with environmental awareness and responsibility. The most consistent finding revealed that students' science self-concept in both groups was weakly associated with future intended interest and engagement in science learning and with their sense of environmental awareness and responsibility. Reasons for this phenomenon and possible causes underlying why students' science self-concept was weakly connected to their future intended interest in science learning are also presented. Finally, how the results of this study are important to science education instruction and research are forwarded in which students' identity and beliefs about self in science need to part of the next generation of science education reforms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1084–1101, 2014

Compare your pain when immersing your hand in freezing water and your pleasure when you taste your favourite wine. The relationship seems obvious. Your pain experience is unpleasant, aversive, negative, and bad. Your experience of the wine is pleasant, attractive, positive, and good. Pain and pleasure are straightforwardly opposites. Or that, at any rate, can seem beyond doubt, and to leave little more to be said. But, in fact, it is not beyond doubt. And, true or false, it leaves a good deal more to be said: about the nature of sensory affect; its relations to perception, motivation, and rationality; its value; and the mechanisms underlying it. Much is said about these matters in the contributions that follow. Here, in this introductory essay, we map the dialectical landscape and locate our contributors’ papers within it.

BACKGROUND: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has proven biological efficacy to reduce the sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The PROUD study found that PrEP conferred higher protection than in placebo-controlled trials, reducing HIV incidence by 86 % in a population with seven-fold higher HIV incidence than expected. We present the baseline characteristics of the PROUD study population and place the findings in the context of national sexual health clinic data. METHODS: The PROUD study was designed to explore the real-world effectiveness of PrEP (tenofovir-emtricitabine) by randomising HIV-negative gay and other men who have sex with men (GMSM) to receive open-label PrEP immediately or after a deferral period of 12 months. At enrolment, participants self-completed two baseline questionnaires collecting information on demographics, sexual behaviour and lifestyle in the last 30 and 90 days. These data were compared to data from HIV-negative GMSM attending sexual health clinics in 2013, collated by Public Health England using the genitourinary medicine clinic activity database (GUMCAD). RESULTS: The median age of participants was 35 (IQR: 29-43). Typically participants were white (81 %), educated at a university level (61 %) and in full-time employment (72 %). Of all participants, 217 (40 %) were born outside the UK. A sexually transmitted infection (STI) was reported to have been diagnosed in the previous 12 months in 330/515 (64 %) and 473/544 (87 %) participants reported ever having being diagnosed with an STI. At enrolment, 47/280 (17 %) participants were diagnosed with an STI. Participants reported a median (IQR) of 10 (5-20) partners in the last 90 days, a median (IQR) of 2 (1-5) were condomless sex acts where the participant was receptive and 2 (1-6) were condomless where the participant was insertive. Post-exposure prophylaxis had been prescribed to 184 (34 %) participants in the past 12 months. The number of STI diagnoses was high compared to those reported in GUMCAD attendees. CONCLUSIONS: The PROUD study population are at substantially higher risk of acquiring HIV infection sexually than the overall population of GMSM attending sexual health clinics in England. These findings contribute to explaining the extraordinary HIV incidence rate during follow-up and demonstrate that, despite broad eligibility criteria, the population interested in PrEP was highly selective. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN94465371 . Date of registration: 28 February 2013.

Background Randomised placebo-controlled trials have shown that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir-emtricitabine reduces the risk of HIV infection. However, this benefit could be counteracted by risk compensation in users of PrEP. We did the PROUD study to assess this effect. Methods PROUD is an open-label randomised trial done at 13 sexual health clinics in England. We enrolled HIV-negative gay and other men who have sex with men who had had anal intercourse without a condom in the previous 90 days. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive daily combined tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (245 mg) and emtricitabine (200 mg) either immediately or after a deferral period of 1 year. Randomisation was done via web-based access to a central computer-generated list with variable block sizes (stratified by clinical site). Follow-up was quarterly. The primary outcomes for the pilot phase were time to accrue 500 participants and retention; secondary outcomes included incident HIV infection during the deferral period, safety, adherence, and risk compensation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (number ISRCTN94465371) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02065986). Findings We enrolled 544 participants (275 in the immediate group, 269 in the deferred group) between Nov 29, 2012, and April 30, 2014. Based on early evidence of effectiveness, the trial steering committee recommended on Oct 13, 2014, that all deferred participants be offered PrEP. Follow-up for HIV incidence was complete for 243 (94%) of 259 patient-years in the immediate group versus 222 (90%) of 245 patient-years in the deferred group. Three HIV infections occurred in the immediate group (1·2/100 person-years) versus 20 in the deferred group (9·0/100 person-years) despite 174 prescriptions of post-exposure prophylaxis in the deferred group (relative reduction 86%, 90% CI 64-96, p=0·0001; absolute difference 7·8/100 person-years, 90% CI 4·3-11·3). 13 men (90% CI 9-23) in a similar population would need access to 1 year of PrEP to avert one HIV infection. We recorded no serious adverse drug reactions; 28 adverse events, most commonly nausea, headache, and arthralgia, resulted in interruption of PrEp. We detected no difference in the occurrence of sexually transmitted infections, including rectal gonorrhoea and chlamydia, between groups, despite a suggestion of risk compensation among some PrEP recipients. Interpretation In this high incidence population, daily tenofovir-emtricitabine conferred even higher protection against HIV than in placebo-controlled trials, refuting concerns that effectiveness would be less in a real-world setting. There was no evidence of an increase in other sexually transmitted infections. Our findings strongly support the addition of PrEP to the standard of prevention for men who have sex with men at risk of HIV infection. Funding MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Public Health England, and Gilead Sciences.

Baseline Sexual Behaviour Questionnaire. (DOC 155 kb)

Adherence and Sexual Behaviour Questionnaire. (DOC 95 kb)

This study uses the Taiwan Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 Main Survey and Taiwan PISA 2015 Field Trial survey datasets to investigate how self-evaluated values (i.e. personal and general) and cognitive factors (i.e. self-efficacy and self-concept) of two groups of Taiwanese 15-year-old students separated by 8 years of classroom-presented science instruction experience impact leisure engagement in science learning activities. To compare differences between these two groups, we verified the statistical fitness of a newly created five-factor model called the self-evaluated values and cognition, and engagement, which revealed a good model fit to both PISA datasets. Results from critical ratio for differences analyses showed a significant increase in pathway parameter strength for students’ personal value of science, and a significant decrease in pathway parameter strength for students’ science self-efficacy between the two PISA survey cycles. Examination of results and their importance for science educators, investigators, and policy-makers is also offered.