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Traumatic lesions are commonly found in archaeological skeletal samples and provide useful information about various behavioral and cultural aspects of the populations. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the distribution and types of skeletal traumatic lesions and the different life-styles of past populations. We examined three necropolises in central Italy. Pozzilli (VI-IV century BC) and Quadrella (I-IV century AD) are from the same geographical area (Molise) but belong to different periods; Novilara (IX-VI century BC) is located in Marche but belongs to the Iron Age like Pozzilli. The lesions observed at Pozzilli seem not to be accidental, whereas the traumas observed at Quadrella can be attributed to occasional, unintentional events. Cranial injuries observed at Novilara strengthen the hypothesis that the population was composed, at least in part, of warriors. Our results suggest the presence of a relationship between skeletal traumatic lesions and life-styles of populations.

The aims of the present study were to investigate if the physical characteristics of adult basketball players are already present in teenage players, and to identify the anthropometric features that characterize the different playing positions. The sample consists of 40 teenage athletes and 40 adult athletes playing in the same basketball league and on teams occupying the same position in the standings. By analyzing and comparing subjects grouped by age and playing position, it was possible to identify characters present at a young age and also in adulthood, as well as those present in one sample but not in the other. This allowed us to establish the reliability of a character as a predictor of a certain playing position. In the young athletes, the centers have larger dimensions than the other three positions. The differences among the latter are smaller, although the forwards have a longer-limbed structure than the guards and better memorization and associative abilities than the playmakers. In the adults, the playmakers have the smallest dimensions while the centers have the largest ones. The values of the forwards and guards are intermediate, although the former are taller and have a wider pelvis. In adulthood, there seems to be a closer relationship between the physical characteristics and the playing position. This could be due to the fact that the developing body structure determines a choice of position most suitable to the player's physical characteristics. On the other hand, the body structure is also influenced by the requirements of the position.

Among the methodological aspects of the studies of ancient populations the sex diagnosis is still an open problem. In our study we developed sex discriminant functions for craniometric variables in different Italian reference populations (Sardinians and Bologneses). Separate discriminant functions were calculated for the different populations and sexes and for the whole of the two populations. The highest percentage of correct classification of sex is obtained with the equations for facial dimensions in the Sardinians (93.9%) and of those for the mandible in the Bologneses (96.5%). The cross-application of the equations indicates that the discrimination of sex is markedly influenced by the different body proportions of the two populations. We also assessed the application in ancient skeletal remains of the populations of Monte Bibele (Bologna, 4th to 2nd c.BC) and Montericco (Imola, 6th to 4th c.BC), for which there are reliable diagnosis of sex. This underlines the necessity of using equations based on populations that are biologically similar to those being studied.

Aim of this study was to investigate leaping ability and morphological characteristics in rhythmic gymnastics, in order to verify which parameters are useful indicators for the talent identification.Twenty-five national gymnasts of international level (age 14.7+/-2.2 years) underwent three testing sessions: anthropometric measurements, vertical jumps (counter movement jump and hopping test), and three technical split leaps with stretched legs (SL), with ring (RG) and with back bend of the trunk (BBT).Elite had significantly different values (P0.05) of stature (1.65+/-0.03 vs 1.55+/-0.09 m), thigh length (0.42+/-0.03 vs 0.39+/-0.02 m) and FFM(42.42+/-2.81 vs 35.84+/-5.66 kg) compared to sub-elite. The height of hopping test was significantly higher in elite than sub-elite gymnasts (0.34+/-0.05 vs 0.27+/-0.04 m; P0.05), but no significant differences in counter movement jump between two groups were found. Ground contact time of hopping test was significantly correlated (P0.01) with SL (r = 0.613), RG (r = 0.632), and BBT (r = 0.542) values. By multiple regression analysis, among anthropometric and vertical jump variables, the hopping ground contact time was the strongest predictor of ground contact time of the three technical leaps (SL, RG, BBT) accounting for 26-37% of variance.Some anthropometric measurements are good indicators for the better performance in rhythmic gymnastics. Level of muscle compliance (stiffness) evaluated by hopping test is a good parameter for athletes selection and for monitoring leaps training.

Weight disorders are rapidly increasing in childhood. In Italy a strong geographic North-South gradient of overweight and obesity has been reported. The purpose of this study is to examine anthropometric variables, physical activity and lifestyles in school-age children in the cities of Bologna and Crotone. The sample consists of 963 children attending primary schools, aged 6–10 years. Height, weight, triceps, and subscapular skinfolds were measured for each child; body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass were calculated. Physical activity was determined through an interview with each child. Another questionnaire was submitted to parents, in order to obtain information on sleep duration, means of transport and type of physical activity. In the city of Bologna, the mean values of anthropometric variables were: height (boys – 1335 mm, girls – 1332 mm), BMI (boys – 17.8 kg/m2, girls – 17.3 kg/m2), and the proportion of overweight and obese individuals was: boys – 20.6%, girls – 12.7%. In Crotone the mean values were: height (boys – 1275 mm, girls – 1265 mm), BMI (boys – 19.4 kg/m2, girls – 19.3 kg/m2), and the proportion of overweight and obese individuals was: boys – 46.7%, girls – 49.0%. The results have demonstrated significant correlations of lifestyle and physical activity with children's weight status. In Crotone there is a larger variation of weight disorders with higher percentages of overweight children than in Bologna. The children in Crotone are engaged in sedentary activities for a significantly longer time than children in Bologna, who are more physically active. The data show a strong North-South gradient concerning not only distribution of weight status, but also lifestyles especially including participation in sports and sedentary behavior. Our study also provides meaningful suggestions how to define lifestyles in order to achieve an optimal health status during growth.

The present study aimed to analyze, in Italian children and adolescents, the beliefs about which foods are fattening, the appreciation of fattening foods, and the perception of some socio-cultural attributes of them. 244 children (F: 125, M: 119, aged 8–11) and 305 adolescents (F: 153; M: 152, aged 11–14) from Bologna, Northern Italy, were asked to indicate five fattening foods. For each of the indicated foods, a yes-no answer was required to the question: “is this food special for you?”, and to six questions concerning socio-cultural attributes of the food, which were modelled using a latent variable with two classes named “traditional” and “modern”. Pearson’s chi square tests revealed, both in boys and girls, significant associations between the age class and the foods indicated as fattening: lean meat, condiments, non-sweet fruit and vegetables were more often indicated as fattening by children than by adolescents. Overall, boys showed higher appreciation and perception of fashionability of fattening foods. Girls appreciated less bread and pasta, and indicated more often than boys these foods as fattening. The different food perception of between age classes and sexes can be respectively explained by a better dietary awareness of adolescents, and by girls worrying about their look more than boys.

La corruzione è una piaga dalle conseguenze nefaste per la collettività. Oltre a rappresentare una vera e propria sfida intellettuale per coloro che la analizzano da un punto di vista scientifico, la sua rilevanza sociale obbliga a sforzi straordinari perché i suoi effetti devastanti siano ben compresi da tutti, non solo dagli addetti ai lavori. "Alla ricerca della legalità perduta. Gioca il tuo ruolo" è un'iniziativa di un gruppo di studiosi della corruzione volta a diffondere l'attività di ricerca attraverso un gioco di ruolo che replica le reali dinamiche del fenomeno corruttivo. Illustrando la rilevanza e la convenienza di un ambiente sociale ed economico improntato alla legalità e introducendo ai principali strumenti di contrasto alla corruzione, tra cui una cittadinanza attiva e partecipata, il progetto aspira ad essere il primo tassello di un percorso di educazione alla legalità. Il volume, introdotto dal magistrato Piercamillo Davigo, si divide in due parti. La prima è dedicata al gioco di ruolo, ambientato in una città immaginaria do-ve cittadini onesti fronteggiano una minoranza di corrotti. La seconda, "Corruzione in pillole", è costituita da nove capitoli nei quali storie di vittime della corruzione, ispirate a vicende realmente avvenute, forniscono lo spunto per alcune riflessioni sulle cause e sugli effetti della corruzione negli ambiti più rilevanti del-la vita economica, sociale e individuale.

Questo studio ha lo scopo di valutare in che modo la distribuzione di grasso è influenzata dalla pratica di attività fisica durante l'infanzia. Il campione è costituito da 757 bambini di età compresa tra 5,3-11,2 anni. Un indice di distribuzione del grasso è stato calcolato a partire dallo spessore delle pliche cutanee e, tramite questionari, sono state raccolte informazioni relative alle ore di attività fisica extra-scolastica settimanale (PA). Dai risultati emerge che, a parità di età, lo svolgimento di 2 ore o meno di PA settimanali non ha un effetto significativo sulla distribuzione del grasso, mentre la pratica di PA per più di 2 ore alla settimana determina, in media, una riduzione dell' 1,22% dell'indice di distribuzione del grasso. Inoltre, anche se la distribuzione del grasso e il BMI risultano correlati (r = 0,41, p

La corruzione è una piaga dalle conseguenze nefaste per la collettività. Oltre a rappresentare una vera e propria sfida intellettuale per coloro che la analizzano da un punto di vista scientifico, la sua rilevanza sociale obbliga a sforzi straordinari perché i suoi effetti devastanti siano ben compresi da tutti, non solo dagli addetti ai lavori. "Alla ricerca della legalità perduta. Gioca il tuo ruolo" è un'iniziativa di un gruppo di studiosi della corruzione volta a diffondere l'attività di ricerca attraverso un gioco di ruolo che replica le reali dinamiche del fenomeno corruttivo. Illustrando la rilevanza e la convenienza di un ambiente sociale ed economico improntato alla legalità e introducendo ai principali strumenti di contrasto alla corruzione, tra cui una cittadinanza attiva e partecipata, il progetto aspira ad essere il primo tassello di un percorso di educazione alla legalità. Il volume, introdotto dal magistrato Piercamillo Davigo, si divide in due parti. La prima è dedicata al gioco di ruolo, ambientato in una città immaginaria do-ve cittadini onesti fronteggiano una minoranza di corrotti. La seconda, "Corruzione in pillole", è costituita da nove capitoli nei quali storie di vittime della corruzione, ispirate a vicende realmente avvenute, forniscono lo spunto per alcune riflessioni sulle cause e sugli effetti della corruzione negli ambiti più rilevanti del-la vita economica, sociale e individuale.

La corruzione è una piaga dalle conseguenze nefaste per la collettività. Oltre a rappresentare una vera e propria sfida intellettuale per coloro che la analizzano da un punto di vista scientifico, la sua rilevanza sociale obbliga a sforzi straordinari perché i suoi effetti devastanti siano ben compresi da tutti, non solo dagli addetti ai lavori. "Alla ricerca della legalità perduta. Gioca il tuo ruolo" è un'iniziativa di un gruppo di studiosi della corruzione volta a diffondere l'attività di ricerca attraverso un gioco di ruolo che replica le reali dinamiche del fenomeno corruttivo. Illustrando la rilevanza e la convenienza di un ambiente sociale ed economico improntato alla legalità e introducendo ai principali strumenti di contrasto alla corruzione, tra cui una cittadinanza attiva e partecipata, il progetto aspira ad essere il primo tassello di un percorso di educazione alla legalità. Il volume, introdotto dal magistrato Piercamillo Davigo, si divide in due parti. La prima è dedicata al gioco di ruolo, ambientato in una città immaginaria do-ve cittadini onesti fronteggiano una minoranza di corrotti. La seconda, "Corruzione in pillole", è costituita da nove capitoli nei quali storie di vittime della corruzione, ispirate a vicende realmente avvenute, forniscono lo spunto per alcune riflessioni sulle cause e sugli effetti della corruzione negli ambiti più rilevanti del-la vita economica, sociale e individuale.

La corruzione è una piaga dalle conseguenze nefaste per la collettività. Oltre a rappresentare una vera e propria sfida intellettuale per coloro che la analizzano da un punto di vista scientifico, la sua rilevanza sociale obbliga a sforzi straordinari perché i suoi effetti devastanti siano ben compresi da tutti, non solo dagli addetti ai lavori. "Alla ricerca della legalità perduta. Gioca il tuo ruolo" è un'iniziativa di un gruppo di studiosi della corruzione volta a diffondere l'attività di ricerca attraverso un gioco di ruolo che replica le reali dinamiche del fenomeno corruttivo. Illustrando la rilevanza e la convenienza di un ambiente sociale ed economico improntato alla legalità e introducendo ai principali strumenti di contrasto alla corruzione, tra cui una cittadinanza attiva e partecipata, il progetto aspira ad essere il primo tassello di un percorso di educazione alla legalità. Il volume, introdotto dal magistrato Piercamillo Davigo, si divide in due parti. La prima è dedicata al gioco di ruolo, ambientato in una città immaginaria do-ve cittadini onesti fronteggiano una minoranza di corrotti. La seconda, "Corruzione in pillole", è costituita da nove capitoli nei quali storie di vittime della corruzione, ispirate a vicende realmente avvenute, forniscono lo spunto per alcune riflessioni sulle cause e sugli effetti della corruzione negli ambiti più rilevanti della vita economica, sociale e individuale.

Cross-sectional study among immigrant and native children from Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Aim: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relative contribution of weight status, ethnicity and sex on body dissatisfaction in a sample of children from Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Subjects and methods: Primary school children (226 immigrants and 1206 Italians) aged 6-11 years were measured: immigrant children were divided into Asians, Africans, Latin Americans and East Europeans. Height and weight were measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Body image perception was assessed using Body Silhouette Charts. A body dissatisfaction score (BDS) was derived by subtracting the "ideal self" from the "self" score. Results: Weight status disorders were higher in immigrants than in native-born males; Italian females had higher prevalence of underweight and overweight and lower prevalence of obesity than immigrants peers. BDS rose with the increase of weight status categories. Conclusions: Awareness of body image size and increasing body dissatisfaction with higher weight status is established in childhood, regardless of ethnicity and gender.

The prevalence of weight disorders among school-aged children is an increasing phenomenon and it is of great importance to identify the characteristics of individuals at risk of gaining or retaining weight. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of weight disorders and their tracking over a 3-year period in a sample of Italian children. Body mass, body height and selected skinfold thicknesses were assessed in 355 children at the age of 7 and 10 years. Tracking of body mass index (BMI), inverted BMI (iBMI) and skinfold-based body fat were analyzed and the relationships between changes in BMI and body fat were examined. Children presenting with overweight or obesity at 7 years old showed a trend toward lower weight categories at 10 years old. Conversely, a trend to become overweight was observed among normal weight boys, and a trend to become underweight was observed among normal weight girls. BMI, iBMI and body fat showed good levels of tracking, with high correlations between measurements performed at 7 and 10 years of age. Furthermore, BMI and iBMI changes were correlated to body fatness changes. The present study shows the importance of carefully following children’s development over time because weight disorders may appear even in previously normal weight children.

The present study is aimed to investigate anthropometrics and body composition characteristics in pre and post menarcheal Italian adolescent girls. A cross sectional survey was carried out with 844 girls aged 11 to 14 years old, recruited from May, 2006 to May, 2012. Height, weight, circumference (hip and waist) and skinfolds (triceps and subscapolar) were measured; BMI and waist hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Percentage of body fat mass was deduced by skinfold equations (Slaughter et al. 1988). The status quo method was used to evaluate the age at menarche. We found that menarcheal girls were taller and heavier than non menarcheal ones in all ages, and often with significant differences (p

Introduction The prevalence of weight status disorders and body dissatisfaction is continually increasing in adolescents from European countries (Sanchez Cruz et al, 2013) (Eisenberg, Neumark-Sztainer, & Paxton, 2006). Physical capacities are related to body size. In particular, the weight status affects some motor and strength performances (Graf et al, 2004). Little is known, however, on how one’s physical fitness affects the perception of his/her own body image. The objective of the present study was to determine the interrelationships among body mass index, body image perception and motor performance in Italian second grade school students. Methods The sample included 61 adolescents (35 boys and 26 girls) from Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, aged 16-17 years. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Body image perception was assessed using Body Silhouette Charts (Collins, 1991). Physical assessments included a standing broad jump, hand grip dynamometer test, sit and reach flexibility test, gross motor skill test, and shuttle run endurance test. Results The BMI was similar in girls (21.4 kg/m2, SD: 2.0) and boys (22.4, kg/m2; SD: 2.9). However, girls overestimated their actual figure, and showed a higher body dissatisfaction , as revealed by a larger difference between their desired and perceived body image. Boys performed better than girls in the standing broad jump, dynamometer, and shuttle run tests, while girls had a higher flexibility. When controlling for gender, BMI was negatively related to performance in the standing broad jump and gross motor skill tests. When controlling for both gender and BMI, performing better in the standing broad jump and shuttle run involved a thinner body perception. Discussion Self-perception of body image is affected, apart from the actual body size, even by one’s aerobic and explosive strength capacity. Therefore, improving physical fitness may contribute to reduce body dissatisfaction in adolescents, by means of both loss of weight and change of perceived body image. References Sanchez Cruz et al. (2013). Rev Esp Cardiol. Doi: 10.1016/j.recesp.2012.10.016. Eisenberg, M. E., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Paxton, S. J. (2006). J Psychosomatic Res, 61, 521–527. Graf et al. (2004). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 22-6. Collins M.E. (1991). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10, 199-208.

Lo scopo del presente studio consiste nell’analizzare le caratteristiche antropometriche e la composizione corporea di ragazze Italiane adolescenti, in età pre e post puberale. Il campione comprende 844 ragazze di età compresa tra 11 e 14 anni, analizzate a partire dal mese di maggio 2006 fino a maggio 2012. Sono state misurate statura, peso, circonferenza vita, circonferenza fianchi, plica tricipitale e plica sottoscapolare. Sono stati calcolati BMI e WHR. La percentuale di massa grassa corporea è stata ricavata dalle equazioni di Slaughter et al. 1988. Per valutare l’età al menarca è stato utilizzato il metodo dello status quo. Le ragazze che hanno già raggiunto il menarca presentano valori superiori di statura e peso rispetto alle coetanee in tutte le età, e spesso con differenze significative (p

Aim: The prevalence of weight status disorders and body dissatisfaction is continually increasing in adolescents from European countries. Overweight and obesity affect the physical self perception of children entering adolescence, especially girls. In Western cultures, where the idealised female physique is ultra thin, body dissatisfaction tends to be proportional to one’s body size. The mediating role of perceived competence on physical activity is an other important causal mechanism partially responsible for physical inactivity and obesity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between weight status, body dissatisfaction and physical self efficacy, in Italian adolescents. Method: The sample consists of 151 subjects (78 M and 73 F) attending second grade school in the city of Bologna, aged 13/15 years old. The main anthropometric analysis concerned weight status and body dissatisfaction index. Physical self perception has been valuated through a Self Efficacy Questionnaire. Results: The percentage of overweight and obese subjects was higher in males (M = 30.6 %; F = 26.0 %); on the contrary females presented a higher percentage of underweight (F = 4.1 %; M = 0 %). The body dissatisfaction index showed, in both genders, the desire to be thinner, with higher mean values of dissatisfaction in females [F = 0.7 (sd = 1.5); M = 0.5 (sd = 1.2)] the mean value of self efficacy was higher in males [8.6 (sd = 1.7)] than in females [7.3 (sd = 1.7)]. Self perception of physical skills was negatively related [p\0.05 (r = -0.3)] with weight status: overweight and obese subjects perceived themselves as less physically skilled than normal weight and underweight counterparts, in both genders. Self efficacy was also negatively related [p\0.05 (r = -0.3)] to body dissatisfaction, in both genders. Conclusion: In summary, males show a lower body dissatisfaction and a higher physical self efficacy. The relationships between weight status, body dissatisfaction and self efficacy are relevant and emphasize the influence of body size and body image on self perception of physical skills. References Sanchez Cruz et al (2013) Prevalence of child and youth obesity in Spain in 2012. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2012.10.016 Morano et al (2011) Body image, perceived and actual physical abilities in normal-weight and overweight boys involved in individual and team sports. J Sport Sci 29(4):355–362 Collins ME (1991) Body figure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children. Int J Eat Disord 10:199–208 Cole et al (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. Br Med J 320:1240–1243 Cole et al (2007) Body mass index to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. Br Med J 335:194–198

Aim: This study aimed to compare a traditional physical education (PE) program and an innovative program based on highly emotional activities, concerning their effects on physical fitness, self-perception, physical activity enjoyment and psychobiosocial states in high-school students. Methods: 165 students (aged 15–17 years) from 8 classes of a Liceo Scientifico in Bologna participated to the study. 4 classes (46 M, 34 F) attended a traditional PE program (TR), while the other 4 classes (50 M, 35 F) attended a program including innovative activities (IN) with emotional impact such as climbing, underwater diving, sailing, in-line skating and ultimate frisbee. Both the programs included two weekly hours, and had a total duration of 6 months. Pre- and post-intervention, the participants completed three motor tests (handgrip strength, dynamic balance, flexibility) and four questionnaires: self-efficacy (one-item 1–11 scale), psychobiosocial states (PBS, 20-item scale), physical activity enjoyment (PACES, 16-item scale), and physical self-description (PSDQ, 40-item scale). Two-way (time 9 group) repeated measures ANOVAs were performed for each outcome variable, separately for boys and girls. Results: In boys, a significant interaction between group and time was observed for the dynamic balance and flexibility tests, and for self-efficacy. In both these motor tests, the TR group showed an improvement (pre- 0.62 (0.18) vs. post- 0.70 (0.16) m/s; 1.0 (9.9) vs. 3.0 (10.6) cm), while the IN group showed only trivial changes. The self-efficacy decreased in the IN group (8.4 (1.6) vs. 8.0 (1.3)), while it was almost unchanged in the TR group. Conversely, in both the groups there was an improvement in the hand grip strength and PBS test score, whereas the PSDQ score remained almost unchanged. In girls, the group 9 time interaction was significant for handgrip strength, flexibility, self-efficacy, and PSDQ. In the first three of these evaluations, the TR group showed an improvement (28.1 (5.0) vs. 29.6 (4.2) kg; 8.0 (9.4) vs. 11 (9.8) cm; 7.0 (1.9) vs. 7.4 (1.6)), while the IN group showed almost unchanged mean values. In the PSDQ, the IN group showed an improvement (3.9 (0.8) vs. 3.8 (0.6)), while there was no actual change in the TR group. Both the groups showed an improvement in the balance test (TR: 0.60 (0.18) vs. 0.67 (0.13) m/s; IN: 0.53 (0.13) vs. 0.58 (0.14)), and no changes in the PBS score. Conclusion: Students of the IN group did not experience the same improvements in motor tests as those attending traditional PE lessons. It can be argued that complex sports such as sailing, diving, etc. require long set-up phases, thus reducing the actual exercising time. Moreover, performing difficult and challenging sports may lead to lowered physical self perception, as demonstrated by the decreased self-efficacy in boys of the TR group. Instead, improving psychobiosocial states seems a typical response of boys, independent from the performed activity.

Introduction Enjoyment of physical education (PE) is important to develop a positive attitude towards physical activity and sports practice. A variety of physical, psychological, and educational factors have been reported to affect PE class enjoyment, including body mass index (BMI), self-efficacy, perceived competence, and curriculum content (Fairclough, 2003; Barr-Anderson et al., 2008). This study aimed to analyse, in Italian adolescents, the effect of two different physical education programmes on PE enjoyment while considering the moderating effect of BMI, physical performance and selected self-perception variables. Methods 37 Italian high-school students (M:18, F:19), aged 15 to 17 years, participated to two-month PE interventions. A group (M:8, F:10) attended a non-traditional team sports program oriented towards fun and motivation, while another group (M:10, F:9) attended a program focused on individual fitness activities. Before intervention, the BMI, self-efficacy, perceived competence, explosive strength, and aerobic fitness were assessed. A physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) (Kendzierski and De Carlo, 1991) was administered pre- and post-intervention. Results The mean preintervention PACES score was not significantly different between the team sports (61.6, SD:8.1), and the fitness (63.4, SD:7.8) groups. A significant effect PE programs was observed, with a mean score increase of 2.4 (5.9) in the team sports program, and a mean decrease of 2.9 (4.4) in the fitness group. This outcome was similar in boys and girls, and no moderating effect was noticed for physical performance, self-efficacy, and perceived competence. BMI only showed an effect, though limited, with a 1-unit higher BMI associated to a 0.5 lower difference in the PACES score change, for each given group. Discussion The present results show that a highly motivating PE program may increase PE enjoyment in adolescents independently from their perceived competence, self-efficacy and performance level. This emphasizes the usefulness to include, in high-school PE curricula, activities focusing on fun and entertainment rather than on performance enhancement. References Barr-Anderson DJ, Neumark-Sztainer D, Schmitz KH, Ward DS, Conway TL, Pratt C, Baggett CD, Lytle L, Pate RR (2008). Res Q Exerc Sport, 79(1), 18-27. Fairclough S (2003). Eur J Phys Educ, 8(1), 5-18. Kendzierski D, De Carlo KJ (1991). J Sport Exerc Psychol,13(1), 50-64.

Aim: It was previously shown that motor proficiency is positively associated with physical activity (PA) and inversely associated with sedentary activity. Furthermore, children with higher self-efficacy (SE) are more likely to participate in PA than those with lower SE. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between PA level and motor capacity, self-efficacy and PA enjoyment in children from Northern Italy. Methods: 231 children attending the primary school in Bologna were involved [F: 108, 9.3 years (0.71); M: 123, 9.4 years (0.67)]. The children completed a PA questionnaire (PAQc), a PA enjoyment questionnaire, a SE scale, and a battery of motor tests. The children with a PAQc score higher than the median value were classified as active, while the others were classified as moderately active. Results: When compared to moderately active, active children showed higher scores in SE [18.9 (1.5) vs. 17.2 (1.5) and PACES [71.9 (4.09) vs. 69.39 (5.2)] and better performances in the standing broad jump [138.3 (16.6)cmvs. 130.6 (17.5) cm], Harre circuit [15.4 (2.3) s vs. 16.9 (2.6) s), and dynamic balance [5.5 (1.8) s vs. 6.9 (1.9) s]. Differences between genders were observed for some tests only in moderately active children. A further analysis was carried out by including in the PAQc questionnaire an additional itemon PAperformed during the after-lunch break. It was observed that boys performed a higher amount of PA compared to girls during that break. This finding was corroborated by preliminary PA data collected by accelerometers. Conclusion: Overall, this study confirms that more active children have better motor capacities, and higher SE and PA enjoyment. The fact that no gender differences were observed in active children demonstrates a uniformity between boys and girls when practicing a high amount of PA. Conversely, differences observed in favor of boys in moderately active children indicate that girls of this group are poorly efficient and lack motivations towards PA. Finally gender differences about PA performed during the after-lunch break place the attention on how schools institution have to plan the timetable to ensure that all children can perform 1 h of PA per day. References Carraro A et al (2008) A contribution to the validation of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Questionnaire. Soc Behav Pers Int J 36(7): 911–918 Castelli JA, Valley DM (2007) The relationship of physical fitness and motor competence to physical activity. J Teach Phys Educ 26(4):358–374 Colella D et al (2008) A physical self-efficacy scale for children. Soc Behav Pers Int J 36(6):841–848 Wrotniak BH et al (2006) The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children. Pediatrics 118(6):e1758–1765

In rugby there is a close relationship between body size of athletes, body composition and sporting success, both individually and as a team. The determination of anthropometric characteristics may then become an important instrument for the selection of athletes by managers and coaches. The analysis presented here aims to investigate the variability of body composition in athletes of professional and amateur level, taking into account the differences determined by role played by players. The results are evaluated considering also frequency and duration of training sessions conducted weekly by professionals and by amateurs. The sample consists of 66 athletes, aged between 18 and 35 years. Professional athletes are 38 (28 Forwards and 10 Backs) and amateur athletes 28 (17 Forwards and 11 Backs). The anthropometric characteristics presented here are height, weight and those that are useful to calculate body composition (skifolds: triceps, pectoral, axillary, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and thigh) using the equations of Jackson & Pollock (1978), suggested as valid for athletes (Sinning 1996), and Siri. Through a questionnaire has been possible to determine number and hours of weekly training. Professional athletes show higher heights, less body fat and more muscular mass in comparison with amateur athletes. The differences between the roles denote higher values of height, weight, lean mass and also fat mass in forwards than backs. In conclusion, we can detect a similar trend in anthropometric characteristics and body composition in the comparison of roles in the two grade levels. These differences are more pronounced in professional athletes suggesting a guideline in considering the character issues and selective for the success of the discovery of new talents.

Obesity has been widely described as the latest epidemic, and in some areas obesity co-exists with undernutrition. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability of weight status of a cohort of 279 Italian primary school students followed longitudinally for three years. Overweight was the most common weight status disorder in both sexes and generally prevailed in females. Underweight was also more frequent in females than males, while males generally showed a higher incidence of obesity. Overweight showed the highest stability in females. In males, tracking of overweight was 62.5%, while that of normal weight was 89.36%. Overweight tracks through the three consecutive years in a high percentage of both sexes. In the whole sample (regardless of sex and weight category), overweight shows the highest increase over the three-year period. This study provides public health professionals with useful data for policy planning in regard to childhood obesity.

Introduction ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms have been associated with elite athletic status, and recently with differences in muscle strength and power, body fat and bone mineral density in human (Puthucheary et al. 2011; Yang et al. 2011). Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on body composition and somatotype of elite Italian gymnasts. Methods Nineteen athletes of the Artistic Gymnastic Italian National Team (n=10 males, n=9 females) who were competitive at Olympic levels were genotyped for ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X. The athletes had been gymnasts for an average of 14.3 years, and they trained for 31.2±2.5 h/week. The analysis was computed for each gender separately. Correlations were computed by mean of Pearson’s r test. Differences between genotypes and phenotypes were determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results None of the tested athletes was deficient for the α-actinin-3 protein (XX genotype). In females, we found a significant negative correlation between ACTN-3 and triceps skinfold (r=-.92), and endomorphy (r=-0.83). Gymnasts carrying RR genotype showed higher values of body fat parameters than those with RX genotype (P=0.41). ACE polymorphism was significantly correlated with tight (r=.91) and triceps (r=.84) skinfolds. Athletes carrying DD genotype showed higher values of skinfolds thickness than those with ID and II genotypes (P=0.17). In males, only the R577X polymorphism displayed a significant correlation with arm (r=.74) and tight (r=.80) muscle area (TMA and AMA, respectively), mesomorphy (r=.83) and femur diameter (r=.81). Particularly, gymnasts with RR genotype showed significant higher values of AMA (RR=85.7±8.7 vs RX=72.6±9.1 cm2; P=0.04) and TMA (RR=200.2±8.7 vs RX=178.4±10.8 cm2; P=0.008), mesomorphy (RR=7.0±0.5 vs RX=5.6±0.5; P=0.002) and femur diameter (RR=9.5±0.2 vs RX=8.9 mm; P=0.02) with respect to those with RX genotype. Discussion Our results suggested a possible effect of ACTN3 on muscle mass in males, while in female gymnasts both genes seem to have a small influence on body fat. In line with other previous researches (Massidda et al. 2009), it can be confirmed that the presence of a functional ACTN3 in fast-twitch muscle fibers might improve the potential to achieve better performance level in male and possibly female gymnasts, while ACE does not seem beneficial for gymnastic performance in both sex.

The predominant sedentary lifestyle of the present child population involves a reduction of the motor capacities and variations of the weight status. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between motor performance and weight status in primary school children from Bologna (Emilia Romagna, Italy). The body weight (BW) and height (H) was assessed in 717 children (M: 368; F: 349), aged 6 to 11 yrs. The weight status was classified according to cut offs proposed by Cole et al. (2007). All the children performed then 8 motor tests: Handgrip Test for Maximal Isometric Strength (HG), Sit and Reach (SR), Dynamic Balance Test (DBT), Eye-hand Coordination Test (ECT), Standing Long Jump (SLJ), Upper Limb Explosive Strength Test (UST), Dotting Test (DT), Comma Test (CT). Three way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the differences in each test performance between genders, age groups (6,7,8,9,10,11 yrs), and weight status groups (underweight, normal-weight, overweight). Gender differences have been found in 7 out of 8 tests. Overweight children performed better than the other groups in 2 strength tests and worse in 1 strength test, whereas no differences were observed in the coordination ability test between the normal-weight and underweighted children. Normal-weight children performed better only in 1 test out of 8. Generally the score of the tests showed a trend to improve with increasing age. Some tests showed a trend to stabilize at the age of 8 and 9. The results showed that overweight children were disadvantaged in activities where the subject is engaged to develop force against gravity. Conversely, in static tests where it is not demanded an action against gravity; the overweight children show better performances. Normally the males perform better compared to females, with the exception of the SR test, and in CT, where greater precision and executive rhythm are required. The results suggest the presence of a sensible phase, for given capacities, up to 7-8 yrs and, in a less extent, in the following years. It is worth noting the different outcome of the strength capacity: the upper limbs explosive strength shows a constant increase up to 10 years, whereas for the lower limb strength and the maximum isometric strength, the increasing trend seems to restart after the stabilization in the 8-9 yrs class . These outcomes, if confirmed by the longitudinal study, will allow more precise interpretations of the interrelationships between somatic growth, weight status and motor performance. In static or segmental activities, obese children show similar performances compared to normal-weight children. This supports the idea that, for overweight and obese children, motor programs involving dynamic activities and whole-body displacement are needed. This kind of activities should stimulate appreciable energy consumption and facilitate weight loss. Parents and educators have to consider these indications to entice the children to practice, in the extra-school time, simple activities involving high energy consumption such as walking, running, and cycling.

The performance levels achieved in different motor skills change from early childhood through adolescence. Motor and strength performance are related with body size and composition. In particular, weight status have important implications in affecting the performance. Aim of this study is to evaluate the motor performance in children of different gender, age and weight status. The sample included 391 children (M 193; F 198) from Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, aged 12-13 years. Height and weight were measured and the BMI was derived. BMI was categorized into normal, overweight and obese using International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) thresholds for gender and exact age. Underweight was assessed using the thresholds of Cole et al. (2007). The following tests (Adam et al., 1988; Carbonaro et al., 1988) were carried out: sit and reach (SR), backward dynamic balance walking on a square beam (BDB), 10-m dash run (DR), hand grip (HG), standing broad jump (SBJ) and sitting basketball throw (SBT). Three way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in each performance test between genders, age and weight status group. Gender differences (p0.01) among any groups according to the considered classifications. Differences among age, gender and weight status were noted in tests requiring both absolute (handgrip and throw) and relative (speed run and standing broad jump) strength. Overweight subjects obtained better results in upper limb strength tests, and worse results in weight-bearing tests. Flexibility and coordination tasks (BDB and SR) did not show significant differences according to age and weight status. In conclusion, weight status influences functional characteristics requiring strength, but are not related to balance and flexibility.

Many studies have examined the development of the motor skills during the evolutive age. So far, conditional tests have been mainly considered (Babin et al., 2001; Cintas et al. 2003), while there is a lack of information about coordinative capabilities tests. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a battery of motor tests commonly used to evaluate children and adolescent people. 478 subjects aged 11 to 14 yrs (M:236; F: 242) performed six motor skills test (Carbonaro et al., 1988): dynamic balance test on a square beam (DBT), 10-m dash sprint (DS), standing long jump (SLJ), throwing of the basketball ball to assess explosive strength of upper limbs (SBT), sit and reach flexibility test (SRC), handgrip (HG). Body height (BH) and weight (BW) were also measured. The reliability was studied with the test-retest method, calculating the Pearson’s r correlation coefficient between trials of the same test, and the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. To assess the structural validity, hierarchical cluster analysis and a factor analysis (with MCA and VARIMAX rotation) were performed with the SPSS Software. Four tests (DS, SLJ, SRC, SBT) showed a very good test-retest correlation (r>0.90). Good correlation was observed for the HG (r=0.83) and the DBT (r=0.76). Separate analysis were conducted on subsamples divided by gender and age (11-12 yrs and 13-14 yrs), obtaining results similar, for both the test-retest correlation and Cronbach’s Alpha, to those observed in the aggregate sample. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed a first group of tests including HG, SBT together with BH and BW. The SLJ and DS tests were highly related each other and in a weaker way with the previous variables. Conversely, independence between the SRC and DBT and the other tests were observed. Factor analysis revealed three factors, explaining about 76% of the total variability. In the first factor (36% of var), anthropometric data, HG and DBT are highly saturated. In the second factor (27% var), the SLJ and DS are the most saturated variables. 13% of variability is explained by the third factor, correlated mostly to DBT and HG. The reliability of tests, assessed on a scholar population, showed good to very good levels. The structural validity analyses showed that the upper limb strength test is strictly related with BH and BW and then with the physical development of the boys. Strength tests involving a body displacement are instead less related to anthropometric characteristics. Coordinative tests as SRC and DBT are independent from both the strength tests and the physical development.

INTRODUCTION Anthropometric characteristics of rugby players are very important for their performance. Aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between anthropometric parameters and selected motor tests indicative of rugby performance. METHODS 70 young rugby players (15,3  0,52 yr; 183,9  4,3 cm 91,02  15,84 kg) participating to meetings of the Italian Rugby Federation were recruited. They were assessed with a battery of 6 motor tests (squat- and countermovement jump, 30m running speed, 35 m shuttle running test, sit and reach, shuttle endurance test) and 26 anthropometric measurements (height, weight, 7 linear trunk and limbs lengths, 8 girths, 2 bone diameters and 7 skinfolds). Pearsons’ r correlation coefficient, cluster and factor analysis were used to study the relationships between variables. RESULTS 6 clusters were obtained from the correlation matrix including motor tests and anthropometric variables. The first one includes weight, waist, some skinfolds and girths. Other trunk and limbs girths are covered by the second cluster. In the third one motor strength and speed motor tests are included. The fourth cluster covers the endurance test linked to thigh, triceps and sural skinfolds. The fifth includes height and upper limb linear measurements. Humerus and wrist diameters are connected with flexibility test in the sixth cluster. 12 variables among the most representative of each cluster were selected. From the factor solution with varimax rotation 3 factors were extracted. The first factor, accounting for 42% of total variability, includes mass measures (body weight, chest and arm girths, and 3 skinfolds) and femur diameter. Motor tests are weakly and negatively saturated with this factor. The second factor, accounting for 23% of total variability, covers especially strength and speed tests. Endurance test is weakly but positively saturated with this factor, while 3 skinfolds are negatively saturated with motor performance. The third factor accounts for 12% of total variability and includes above all height, femur diameter and, negatively correlated, endurance test and shuttle running test. CONCLUSIONS It is important in rugby players to monitor body mass parameters and skinfolds because they may have a negative influence on performance. Highest players have to train agility because they tend to have the worst performances in agility tests.

The study of somatotypes can contribute to the understanding of variability in human body build. The aim of this study was to compare the somatotypes of Italian and Estonian schoolchildren in order to evaluate factors that might lead to variability in somatotypes. The sample consisted of 762 Italian and 366 Estonian children aged 6-11 years. They were somatotyped by the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Data on organised extra-curricular physical activity and hours of weekly training were also collected. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate country-related variations of somatotype in each age/sex group, while factorial ANOVA was used to test the influence of country and organised physical activity on the variability of the anthropometric characteristics and somatotype components. There are significant differences in mean somatotypes between the Italian and Estonian children in many age classes and a different constitutional trend in children from the two different countries is observed. The Italian children are more endomorphic and less mesomorphic and ectomorphic than the Estonian children. On the other hand, it emerges from factorial ANOVA, that the somatotype components do not present significant variations related to organised physical activity and to the interaction between the country of origin and sport practice. Moreover, the results of the forward stepwise discriminant analyses show that mesomorphy is the best discriminator between the two countries, followed by ectomorphy. Our findings suggest that the observed differences between Italian and Estonian children could be related mainly to country rather than to the practice of organised physical activity in the two countries.

Viene presentata una proposta di elaborazione di dati(test motori e misure antropometriche) rilevabili durante le ore di educazione fisica con lo scopo di adattare al meglio la programmazione didattica alle esigenze del gruppo classe e dei singoli alunni. Attraverso l'utilizzo di software di uso comune (excel) è possibile infatti confrontare i risultati attuali dei singoli studenti con quelli precedenti , oppure con quelli di altri gruppi di riferimento. Le informazioni scaturite risultano utili inoltre per insegnamenti interdisciplinari e per fornire precise e specifiche indicazioni agli alunni e ai genitori riguardo l'attività curriculare ed extracurriculare.

Scopo della Ricerca. Lo scopo del presente studio è stato quello di individuare le variabili antropometriche correlate alla performance delle ginnaste italiane d’elite e di delineare un modello di regressione che includesse le variabili antropometriche in grado di predire il punteggio della performance delle ginnaste italiane d’elite. Materiali e Metodi. Disegno sperimentale: sono state utilizzate l’analisi di correlazione e la regressione multipla stepwise. Campione: I soggetti analizzati erano le componenti delle Squadre Nazionali Italiane Juniores e Seniores di Ginnastica Artistica Femminile che nel corso degli anni 2006 e 2007 avevano preso parte ai Campionati Italiani a Squadre di Serie A, Campionato Italiano Assoluto, Tornei Internazionali, Campionati Europei e Campionati del Mondo. Sono state considerate un totale 16 competizioni per ogni ginnasta. Tra le ginnaste analizzate vi erano le componenti della Squadra Campione d’Europa (Volos 2006) e la Campionessa Mondiale (Arhus, 2006) Assoluta. E’ stato analizzato tutto il campione rappresentativo della popolazione di riferimento per un totale di 19 Ginnaste studiate. Per ciascuna ginnasta sono stati rilevati sia i punteggi totali che i punteggi parziali per ogni singola specialità ottenuti nelle 16 competizioni. Misure: E’ stato attuato un protocollo di misurazione antropometrica consistente nella rilevazione di 21 dimensioni corporee per ogni soggetto. E’ stato determinato il Somatotipo. I punteggi medi ottenuti nelle 16 competizioni in ogni singola specialità (Volteggio, Parallele Asimmetriche, Trave e Corpo Libero) e nell’All around (somma dei punteggi parziali nelle 4 specialità) per ciascuna ginnasta erano le variabili dipendenti. Risultati. Le correlazioni più significative (p

Growth parameters were surveyed in a sample of 296 Italian children, 6–9 years old, from Cento (Ferrara, Emilia- -Romagna). The comparison with children from the same town measured in 1974–75 show changes in some parameters, suggesting an ongoing secular trend. To better understand the observed weight increase and the sex difference, we also evaluated body composition and motricity. The analysis of the present sample is a preliminary part of a longitudinal study dealing with modifications of body composition and motor capacity induced by growth. In our sample the children are growing according to the Italian reference standard. The females present weight, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) values comparable to the 50th centile, while the males present higher values of weight, skinfold thicknesses and BMI. Sex differences in the motor performance were noted. A methodological comparison of obesity assessments based on BMI an percentage of body fat (%F) shows similar conclusions but somewhat different results

Body image patterns, self awareness and physical growth. Preliminary notes. Argnani L.1, Ventrella A.R.1, Toselli S.1, Brasili P.1 1Department of Evolutionary Experimental Biology-Unit of Anthropology-University of Bologna, Italy A close connection between distorted body image perception and some nutritional disorders as anorexia nervosa, bulimia and obesity is fully documented (Guarino et al., 2005; McCabe et al., 2005). Overtaking this distorted perception could be an important step in the care and/or prevention of those disorders. Our purpose is to provide to children objective anthropometric indications on body dimensions for helping them to modify their self perception. For this aim we considered 464 children aged 6-11 years of North Italy (Bologna) measured in 2006 in the context of a wider semi-longitudinal study on children for assessing the variability of growth and the nutritional status. For this report, to supply an objective complete somatic profile of the subject, body mass index (kg/m2) and somatotype (Heath-Carter, 1967) were considered. Students’ self-reported Perceived Actual and Ideal self figure using Collins’ (1991) pictorial instrument scale of seven children body images were analysed, taking also into account trends with sex and age. The relation of children’s body characteristics with self body image perception and with the ideas which parents have of their children is investigated too. Methodology of silhouettes chart application is also discussed. In this study results show that children begin to develop gender based stereotypes of attractiveness early in life, but do not present particular body image distortion. Few parents of children with nutritional problems seem to be aware of the situation of their children, especially in the case of underweight subjects. These are preliminary notes of a research that could answering to the typical call for longitudinal study, to value the tracking of one’s own image perception over time.

The prevalence of childhood obesity and its associated morbidities are increasing worldwide and evidence exists that childhood obesity increases risk of obesity in adulthood. Beside total body fat, numerous Authors have underlined, in children as in adults, the importance of fat distribution, especially abdominal obesity, as a risk factor for several metabolic diseases. As a consequence, the identification of children with elevated risk factor profiles is of great interest. The purpose of our study was twofold: 1) to detect weight status, percentage of body fat (Slaughter et al., 1988) and body fat distribution in two samples from different environment and 2) to evaluate the concordance of BMI (an indicator of overall adiposity) and waist circumference (an indicator of central fat distribution) as predictors of risk factor. The sample studied comprehends 460 Italian and 191 Spanish school-children aged 6-11. Height, weight, several skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Overweight and obesity were defined on the basis of BMI’s cut-off limits proposed by Cole et al. (2000) while waist circumference levels at which risk factors become elevated were those proposed by Katzmarzyk et al. (2004). Overall, Italian and Spanish children do not differ significantly in BMI and %BF but in fat distribution, Spanish children generally showing greater hip circumference and thickness of calf and thigh skinfolds and Italian children greater waist girth. The percentage of overweight and obesity is slight higher in Spain than in Italy both in girls (20.93%vs18.30%; 5.81%vs4.91%) and boys (25.71%vs19.92; 8.57%vs7.63%). From a methodological point of view, there is not a precise concordance between the percentages of subjects classified as having an elevate risk factor profile evaluated using the two methods. In conclusion, our study indicate that the prediction of obesity-related health risk is improved by the joined use of the two methods.

Attained levels of performance in a variety of motor skill change from early childhood through adolescence. Strength and motor performance are related with body size, physique and composition. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the characteristics of Italian children from Bologna (Emilia-Romagna) in the context of growth, body composition and functional characteristics, and the relationship among these components. The sample included 97 males and 66 females, aged 6-11 years. This study is a preliminary phase of a broader longitudinal project dealing with modifications in somatic and motor characteristics. The anthropometric dimensions included weight, height, sitting height, breadths, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses. Percentage fat was estimated with the procedures of Slaughter et al.(1988). Functional characteristics included lower back/upper thigh flexibility and strength tests: hand grip, standing board jump, ball throwing and shuttle run. In addition, tasks were performed in order to the degree of “coordination” (eye-hand coordination with a tennis ball throw test and kinaesthetic differentiation trough weight estimation test). The growth status of children from Bologna is congruent with Italian standards (Cacciari et al., 2002). Males are fatter than females and present an higher incidence of overweight, but they generally show better motor performance. Only flexibility is higher in females. Overweight subjects generally have poorer performances than normal weight subjects, in both sexes. Multivariate statistic allows to identify different cluster variables: one for anthropometric and one other for motor performance data. Height is the most correlated to motor tests variable and represent a link with both variable groups. The ball throwing test is the most correlated (test) with anthropometric data. From stepwise multiple regression analysis on motor parameters emerges that a substantial portion of the variance can be explained by somatic characteristics.

Middle childhood appears fundamental in the development of strength and motor performance, with differences among specific skills. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of Italian children in the context of growth, body composition and functional characteristics. The sample included 163 school children (97m,66f), from Bologna(Italy) aged 6-11y. This study is the first phase of a broader longitudinal project dealing with modifications in somatic and motor characteristics. The anthropometric dimensions included weight, height, sitting height, breadths, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses. Percentage fat was estimated with the procedures of Slaughter et al.(1988); fat-free mass(FFM) and fat mass(FM) were derived. Functional characteristics included lower back/upper thigh flexibility (sit and reach) and strength tests: hand grip, standing board jump, pinches and ball throwing. In addition, tests were performed in order to evaluate the dominant side of the body and the degree of “coordination” (eye-hand coordination with a tennis ball throw test and kinaesthetic differentiation trough weight estimation test).The growth status of children from Bologna is congruent with Italian standards (Cacciari et al., 2002). Males are fatter than females, but they generally show better motor performance. Only flexibility is higher in females. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis for motor characteristics show that a substantial portion of the variance can be explained by somatic characteristics. Multivariate statistic allows to identify different cluster variables: one for anthropometric and one other for motor performance data. Height is the most correlated to motor tests variable and represent a link with both variable groups. The ball throwing test is the most correlated (test) with anthropometric data. Our results confirm the importance of the relationships between anthropometric characters and performance during growth.

In questa indagine si analizza il somatotipo in 762 bambini (6_11 anni) di Cento (Ferrara) al fine di : 1) valutarne le modificazioni durante la crescita, 2) Verificare la possibile relazione tra somatotipo rilevato e percezione della propria immagine corporea. Il Somatotipo è stato calcolato utilizzando il metodo antropometrico di Heath e Carter e i dati relativi alla percezione della propria immagine corporea sono stati ottenuti somministrando ai bambini le sagome proposte da Collins (1991). Dai nostri dati emerge una forte componente endomorfica e un accumulo di adipe in entrambi i sessi. Inoltre, i bambini esaminati sono più endomorfi e meno ectomorfi rispetto ai bambini europei d'età comparabile. Riguardo all'immagine corporea, si evidenzia una certa discrepanza tra somatotipo rilevato e percezione dela propria immagine corporea, che, tuttavia, migliora con l'età e sembra essere più coerente nelle bambine.

Nel presente studio si sono analizzati accrescimento, stato nutrizionale e capacità motoria in bambini di Bologna e Cento (Fe) (6-11 anni). A tal fine sono stati valutati statura, peso, BMI, %F, FM, FFM, forza della mano e flessibilità, come pure i disordini nutrizionali secondo Cacciari e coll (2002). Statura e peso risultano in linea con gli standard nazionali (Cacciari e coll., 2002) e non differiscono tra i bambini delle due località. BMI e %F risultano maggiori nei bambini di Cento, mentre la FFM e la forza muscolare risultano inferiori. I disordini nutrizionali prevalgono nel campione di Cento e nel sesso maschile. Eccezione è costituita dalle bambine di Bologna in cui il sottopeso è percentualmente più elevato rispetto a quelle di Cento. Le differenze osservate tra le due località potrebbero in parte attribuirsi alla diversa frequenza di attività fisica extrascolastica, che risulta essere superiore a Bologna, come pure a differenze nello stile di vita e nell’alimentazione.

E’ stata condotta un’indagine nutrizionale presso il I e il II Circolo Didattico del Comune di Cento (Ferrara) in collaborazione con gli Assessorati alla Pubblica Istruzione e alla Sanità, con lo scopo di calcolare gli introiti e i dispendi calorici dei bambini, valutarli dal punto di vista nutrizionale e correlarli con gli indici di massa corporea. Si è delineata una situazione nutrizionale sostanzialmente in linea con le indicazioni raccomandate per gli apporti calorici e le percentuali in nutrienti; sono state tuttavia evidenziate basse percentuali di bambini e soprattutto bambine sottopeso in cui l’introito calorico è risultato mediamente più basso e gruppi di bambini sovrappeso nei quali si è riscontrata una assunzione giornaliera di 200-500 calorie in eccesso. Generalmente insufficiente è risultata, in tutto il campione esaminato, l’attività fisica svolta e conseguentemente il relativo dispendio energetico giornaliero. L’indice di massa corporea è risultato direttamente correlato con l’introito calorico, mentre si è evidenziata una correlazione inversa con il dispendio energetico. La disparità tra apporto e consumo energetico, particolarmente evidente nei gruppi sovrappeso, può essere considerata una delle cause primarie delle anomalie ponderali, da cui la necessità di una maggior sensibilizzazione dei bambini e delle famiglie nei riguardi non solo dell’alimentazione, ma anche degli stili di vita corretti.