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Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-jmq-10.1177_10776990221109235 for The Influence of Visual Frame Combinations in Solutions Journalism Stories by Jennifer Midberry, Danielle K. Brown, Robert F. Potter and Ryan N. Comfort in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jmq-10.1177_10776990221124944 for Facing the Competition: Gender Differences in Facial Emotion and Prominence in Visual News Coverage of Democratic Presidential Primary Candidates by Mike Gruszczynski, Danielle K. Brown, Haley Pierce and Maria E. Grabe in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-jmq-10.1177_10776990221109235 for The Influence of Visual Frame Combinations in Solutions Journalism Stories by Jennifer Midberry, Danielle K. Brown, Robert F. Potter and Ryan N. Comfort in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jmq-10.1177_10776990221109235 for The Influence of Visual Frame Combinations in Solutions Journalism Stories by Jennifer Midberry, Danielle K. Brown, Robert F. Potter and Ryan N. Comfort in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jmq-10.1177_10776990221109235 for The Influence of Visual Frame Combinations in Solutions Journalism Stories by Jennifer Midberry, Danielle K. Brown, Robert F. Potter and Ryan N. Comfort in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly

Current evidence from published systematic reviews indicate that oral intake of vitamin C may assist with symptoms of acute viral respiratory infections (ARI) by reducing fever and chills, relieving chest pain and assist in reducing symptoms of common cold-induced asthma. Intravenous (IV) vitamin C administration may reduce the need for vasopressor support and the duration of mechanical ventilations in critically ill patients in hospital. COVID-19 has similar signs and symptoms of ARI. Further studies involving patients with COVID-19, either through administration of oral vitamin C in mild cases or IV vitamin C in critical cases, would be advantageous to examine if it is safe and efficacious.

Abnormalities in responses to human facial emotions are associated with a range of psychiatric disorders. Addressing these abnormalities may therefore have significant clinical applications. Previous meta-analyses have demonstrated effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin on behavioural response to facial emotions, and effects on brain, as measured by functional MRI. Evidence suggests that these effects may be mediated by sex and the role of eye gaze. However, the specific effect of oxytocin on brain response to facial emotions in healthy adults has not been systematically analysed. To address this question, this further systematic review was conducted. Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. In men, oxytocin consistently attenuated brain activity in response to negative emotional faces, particularly fear, compared with placebo, while in women, oxytocin enhanced activity. Brain regions consistently involved included the amygdala, fusiform gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex. In some studies, oxytocin increased fixation changes towards the eyes with enhanced amygdala and/or fusiform gyrus activation. By enhancing understanding of emotion processing in healthy subjects, these pharmacoimaging studies provide a theoretical basis for studying deficits in clinical populations. However, progress to date has been limited by low statistical power, methodological heterogeneity, and a lack of multimodal studies.

Animal movement is fundamental for ecosystem functioning and species survival, yet the effects of the anthropogenic footprint on animal movements have not been estimated across species. Using a unique GPS-tracking database of 803 individuals across 57 species, we found that movements of mammals in areas with a comparatively high human footprint were on average one-half to one-third the extent of their movements in areas with a low human footprint. We attribute this reduction to behavioral changes of individual animals and to the exclusion of species with long-range movements from areas with higher human impact. Global loss of vagility alters a key ecological trait of animals that affects not only population persistence but also ecosystem processes such as predator-prey interactions, nutrient cycling, and disease transmission.

The Odor Span Task is an incrementing non-matching-to-sample procedure that permits the study of behavior under the control of multiple stimuli. Rats are exposed to a series of odor stimuli and selection of new stimuli is reinforced. Successful performance thus requires remembering which stimuli have previously been presented during a given session. This procedure has been frequently used in neurobiological studies as a rodent model of working memory; however, only a few studies have examined the effects of drugs on performance in this task. The present experiments explored the behavioral pharmacology of a modified version of the Odor Span Task by determining the effects of stimulant drugs methylphenidate and methamphetamine, NMDA antagonist ketamine, and positive GABAA modulator flunitrazepam. All four drugs produced dose-dependent impairment of performances on the Odor Span Task, but for methylphenidate and methamphetamine, these occurred only at doses that had similar effects on performance of a simple odor discrimination. Generally, these disruptions were based on omission of responding at the effective doses. The effects of ketamine and flunitrazepam were more selective in some rats. That is, some rats tested under flunitrazepam and ketamine showed decreases in accuracy on the Odor Span Task at doses that did not affect simple discrimination performance. These selective effects indicate disruption of within-session stimulus control. Overall, these findings support the potential of the Odor Span Task as a baseline for the behavioral pharmacological analysis of remembering.

The search for symmetry in nonhuman subjects has been successful in recent studies in pigeons (e.g., Urcuioli, 2008). The key to these successes has been the use of successive discrimination procedures and combined training on identity, as well as arbitrary, baseline relations. The present study was an effort to extend the findings and theoretical analysis developed by Urcuioli and his colleagues to rats using olfactory rather than visual stimuli. Experiment 1 was a systematic replication of Urcuioli's (2008) demonstration of symmetry in pigeons. Rats were exposed to unreinforced symmetry probes following training with two arbitrary and four identity conditional discriminations. Response rates on symmetry probe trials were low and provided little evidence for emergent symmetry in any of the seven rats tested. In Experiment 2, a separate group of six rats was trained on four identity relations and was then exposed to probe trials with four novel odor stimuli. Response rates were high on identity probe trials, and low on nonmatching probe trials. The similar patterns of responding on baseline and probe trials that were shown by most rats provided a demonstration of generalized identity matching. These findings suggest that the development of stimulus control topographies in rats with olfactory stimuli may differ from those that emerge in pigeons with visual stimuli. Urcuioli's (2008) theory has been highly successful in predicting conditions necessary for stimulus class formation in pigeons, but may not be sufficient to fully understand determinants of emergent behaviors in other nonhuman species.

Research with native Italian people with aphasia (PWA) argues that syllabic complexity effects in phonological speech errors are based in articulatory encoding impairments [1, 2]. This important claim has yet to be substantiated for English. Indeed, one influential study reported no effects of syllabic complexity (a.k.a, “markedness”) on phonological error production [3]. We present evidence from an ongoing study that corroborates and extends the main claims of the Italian studies. In [1], markedness effects were contrasted in PWA with high vs. low proportions of phonetic-articulatory errors in single word repetition. We measured this “phonetic error proportion” (PEP) in 121 diverse, English-speaking PWA and found a graded distribution ranging from .00 to .55 with Mn = .10 and SD = .12. PEP scores correlated positively with apraxia of speech (AOS), WAB AQ, and lesion size (all r > .35; p < .001). From the sample of 121, we identified those who made > 20% phonological errors on the Philadelphia Naming Test. This identified 22 PWA, with a suitable range in PEP (.03-.55), AQ (25-84), and lesion volume (8-376 cc) and ample phonological naming errors to analyze (Mn. 47; range18-94). Half had AOS (measured as in [4]). For each individual, we calculated several structure-change proportions: we counted how many of their phonological errors instantiated a particular syllable-structure change and divided the number by the opportunities for that change present in the PNT targets. We report on two changes affecting the pre-vocalic (onset) position of a syllable: • fills an empty onset (onset creation) (e.g., VC→CVC) – decreases complexity • deletes a filled onset (e.g., CVC→_VC) – increases complexity and two changes affecting consonant clusters: • deletes a consonant cluster (e.g., CVCC→CVC_) – decreases complexity • creates a consonant cluster (e.g., CV→CCV) – increases complexity Fig. 1 shows the median change proportions, broken down by locus of change (1st, 2nd, or 3rd syllable). Predictably, there were far fewer opportunities for changes that decrease syllable complexity (see insert), yet the corresponding change proportions (onset creation; cluster deletion) were found to be high relative to those that increase complexity. Moreover, onset creation and cluster deletion proportions correlated strongly (r=.66), suggesting a common underlying mechanism. To investigate this mechanism, we computed an overall effect size for complexity reduction, reflecting the difference between structure decreasing and structure increasing changes: (onset creation + cluster deletion) – (onset deletion + cluster creation) We then used simultaneous multiple regression to predict this effect size from PEP, WAB AQ and lesion volume. Adjusted R2 for the model was .50 (F = 7.8; p = .001), and the strongest predictor was PEP (beta = .73; t = 4.43; p < .001). WAB was marginally significant (p=.05). In conclusion, our study corroborates the influence of syllabic complexity on phonological errors in naming and shows that the tendency for errors to transform marked structures to unmarked ones correlates with the severity of the phonetic-articulatory involvement, after controlling for aphasia severity and lesion size. This has implications for the theoretical treatment of phonological error production and its relation to AOS. Figure legend Fig. 1. Median proportion of phonological naming errors that create or delete an onset or a cluster, relative to the opportunities (shown in insert) afforded by the naming targets.

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer among Americans. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is the major risk factor for the development of NMSC. Dietary AOs may prevent free radical-mediated DNA damage and tumorigenesis secondary to UV radiation. Numerous laboratory studies have found that certain dietary AOs show significant promise in skin cancer prevention. These results have been substantiated by animal studies. In human studies, researchers have evaluated both oral AO supplements and dietary intake of AOs via whole foods. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of AOs in preventing tumorigenesis and outline four targeted dietary AOs. We review the results of research evaluating oral AOs supplements as compared to dietary AOs intake via whole foods. While these specific supplements have not shown efficacy, intake of AOs via consumption of whole foods has shown some promise. Lessons learned from the field of hypertension research may provide important guidance in future study design. Further research on the role of dietary AOs in the prevention of NMSC is warranted and should focus on intake via whole food consumption.

An unresolved question in research on executive control in language production is whether the processes responsible for inhibiting a dominant, prepotent response in order to comply with task goals is the same or different from control processes that bias intrinsic competition during lexical selection. Heretofore, these processes have been studied with different paradigms, such as the Stroop task and semantic blocking paradigm [1], respectively. The present study introduces a new paradigm to study both mechanisms as they impact word retrieval in neuropsychological and neurotypical populations. The task included several blocks of trials, where within a block two pictures were named repeatedly in random order. Two manipulated factors were: (1) relatedness of the pair of names, which bore either a semantic (duck/pig) or phonological relationship (ball/bag); or were unrelated (map/gun); (2) canonicity, where participants named each picture either with the canonical name (e.g., say “pig” for pig, “duck” for duck) or reversed the labels (e.g., say “duck” for pig, “pig” for duck). The names were closely matched for length, frequency, and other variables. Crossing the factors created six conditions (semantic-canonical, semantic-reverse, phonological-canonical, phonological-reverse, unrelated-canonical, unrelated-reverse), with each condition administered in one block of 16 trials (8 trials per picture). The task was administered to 12 participants with aphasia (PWA) with mild to severe naming impairment and 25 neurotypical controls. The dependent variables were naming latency (calculated for correct naming trials only) and naming accuracy, defined as a binary variable (correct versus error), which were analyzed with mixed linear and logistic regression analysis, respectively. For each dependent variable in each participant group, contrasting each related condition with the unrelated condition permitted measurement of three effects--a main effect of relatedness, canonicity, and their interaction. For example, focusing on the semantic and unrelated conditions, a main effect of relatedness (collapsing across canonicity) provided an index of difficulty in resolving intrinsic semantic competition. A main effect of canonicity (collapsing across relatedness) provided an index of difficulty in inhibiting a prepotent response. Presence of an interaction (unrelated/semantic X canonical/reverse) would suggest that the two control mechanisms are interdependent. Parallel effects were measured in a comparison of the phonological and unrelated condition as well. An a priori expectation was for poorer performance in the semantic condition versus unrelated, similar to semantic blocking effects in prior work [1]. This expectation was confirmed with a main effect of relatedness, with the PWA group showing lower accuracy (p