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Aquaculture production is projected to surpass wild-capture fisheries as the primary source of aquatic animal protein in the near future. Farmed shrimp—which are amongst the most valuable aquaculture commodities—are raised predominantly in Southeast Asia and Latin America in a variety of production systems, spanning from extensive to intensive farming. Shrimp aquaculture has been widely criticized for causing mangrove forest degradation and loss, leading to calls for more sustainable aquaculture approaches that protect mangroves. Here we examine an approach promoted as more sustainable—integrated mangrove aquaculture (IMA): a type of farming where mangroves are planted in or alongside shrimp ponds. We argue that mangroves within IMA shrimp systems provide biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services that are, at best, compromised, especially when compared to intact mangrove forests. Given the rapid adoption of IMA approaches, including advocacy for uptake from many governments and non-governmental organizations, there is an urgent need to ensure that these and other aquaculture systems do not result in any conversion of intact mangrove ecosystems into aquaculture ponds, and to identify any benefits (or lack thereof) provided by IMA systems. The increasing adoption of IMA may offer false promises for managing trade-offs between increasing aquaculture productivity and mangrove forest conservation.

Geochemical exploration has been utilized in Queensland for 70 years, targeting mainly the outcropping geology that covers approximately 30% of the State. The Geological Survey of Queensland has compiled and released 5.6 million geochemical and drill-hole data that have been extracted from exploration reports and academic publications. Although these data were intended to expedite exploration in Queensland, they have also led to a common misconception that all near-surface economic deposits within the well-exposed and explored areas have been discovered, effectively and indirectly sterilising these grounds from further exploratory work. A thorough appraisal of the current exploration data demonstrates that most of the well-sampled areas in Queensland are under-explored. Past exploration techniques applied mineralisation models of the time, targeting narrow search corridors in which samples were analysed for a limited number of targeted elements. Identifying data gaps and the removal of poor-quality data expose extensive greenfield areas within the broader brownfield areas. The latter therefore remain essentially under-explored for such commodities. This fact necessitates exploration focus on these under-explored regions, considering the current demands for rare-earth, battery and technology metals. An effective discriminant for data quality is to use the baseline elemental concentrations of geologic units as the normalising factor to establish whether the geochemical results are sensitive enough for geochemical exploration. Low-precision data have detection limits few magnitudes above their rock background concentrations and are inappropriate for exploration. Re-sampling and/or re-assaying is/are necessary if existing samples have not been analysed for the desired commodity, if target areas have not been sampled, or if the current data are of low quality. As all data in the Queensland geochemical database are referenced to a company or report, it is possible to track archival samples to previous explorers. If these samples are not available, a new field campaign will be required to acquire new samples of high data quality., Open-Access Online Publication: May 29, 2023

Well-resourced marine protected areas (MPA) are better managed, leading to improved ecological outcomes. Tourism is often cited as an important source of financial support for MPA management, yet it is unclear whether funding from visitor entry fees improves the effectiveness of the world's MPAs. Here we ask whether fees to enter MPAs associate with enhanced fish biomass, a key ecological goal of many MPAs, and whether relations exist among entry fees and management effectiveness. In an analysis of 86 MPAs, we found entry fees were associated with greater fish biomass when compared to parks without entry fees, but only for parks with lower scores for management effectiveness. A global assessment of management survey responses from 214 MPAs suggested the hypothesis that MPA entry fees benefit budget security and staff capacity to carry out critical management activities. Together, the results suggest a mechanism whereby entry fees support greater capacity to educate parks users on rules and enforce those rules. Future work should look at the details of MPA budgets to unravel the relationship between funding, management activities and ecological outcomes. Dependency on tourism also comes with the important implication that declines in tourism caused by socio-economic shocks and geopolitical events may have affected the financial security and therefore possibly the ecological effectiveness of MPAs.

The overall aim of ROADMAP is to foster transitions towards prudent use of antimicrobials (AMs) in animal production in different contexts to manage antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Prudent antimicrobial use (AMU) will be achieved by enhancing antimicrobial decision-systems along the food and drug supply chains. ROADMAP will focus on supporting animal health and welfare through prevention and health promotion actions. AMR is recognized as a significant threat to global public health and food security. Overuse and improper use of AMs in many parts of the world contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR. Although human and animal health require AMs, it has been estimated that two thirds of the future AMU growth worldwide will be in animal production. Improving the management of AMU in farm animals is therefore a critical component of dealing with AMR and optimizing production in the livestock sector. Nevertheless, the variety of contexts of AMU in the livestock sector is a major challenge to managing AMR. There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution to improve AMU and strategies must be contextually developed (for instance, strategies used in the Danish pig industry would be difficult to adapt and adopt in French free-range poultry farming). Successful solutions must be combined and tailored to the production systems and the social and economic context in which they operate. ROADMAP will meet three general objectives, in line with the EU AMR Action plan: i) Rethink AM decision-systems and animal health management; ii) Develop options for encouraging prudent AMU in animal production; iii) Engage all actors in the food and drug supply chains in fostering a more prudent use of AMs.

Atypical small acinar proliferation is a histopathological diagnosis of unspecified importance in prostate needle-biopsy reports, suggestive but not definitive for cancer. The terminology corresponds to some uncertainty in the biopsy report, as the finding might represent an underlying non-cancerous pathology mimicking cancer or an under-sampled prostate cancer site. Therefore, traditional practice favors an immediate repeat biopsy. However, in modern urological times, the need of urgent repeat biopsy is being challenged by some authors as in the majority of cases, the grade of cancer found in subsequent biopsy is reported to be low or the disease to be non-significant. On the other hand, high risk disease cannot be excluded, whereas no clinical or pathological factors can predict the final outcome. In this review, we discuss the significance of the diagnosis of atypical small acinar proliferation in the biopsy report, commenting on its importance in modern urological practice. (c) 2022 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The Great Sea Reef (GSR) region in Fiji stretches across an arc over 450 km long from the western coast of Viti Levu to the north eastern point of Vanua Levu. During September-October 2019 the most comprehensive ecological survey of the GSR conducted to date was completed. The survey spanned 74 sites, extending along the full length of the GSR, from the Mamanuca Islands in the south west to Udu point in the north east. Of the sites surveyed, 48 had historic survey data available, allowing trends in coral reef health to be calculated. Survey results are reported for the GSR by province and by individual qoliqoli. Across the GSR hard coral cover was found to be high at 34%, with the highest found in the northern GSR. For example, Bua province had exceptionally high coral cover at 45%, followed by 36% in Macuata province. Reefs in the south of the GSR had lower coral cover; 26% in Ba province and 23% in Nadroga-Navosa province – though this is still high relative to many reefs in the global context. Analysis of survey results suggests it was very unlikely that hard coral cover changed since the early 2000s across much of the reef, with past surveys indicating historic GSR regional coral cover of 31%. Algae cover was low across the GSR, though it was extremely likely there was a small increase – from 4% in historic surveys to 5% in 2019. However, there was evidence of recent disturbance to some reefs, with it virtually certain that rubble increased on reefs across the GSR (from 5% to 17%). These results suggest that while coral reef benthic communities remain generally healthy, there have been some recent disturbance to reefs. Fish abundance and biomass were generally low across the GSR, with overall abundance of fish on the target family/species list of 2,878 ± 189 ind/ha, while biomass was at 421 ± 60 kg/ha. Reef fish communities were dominated by herbivores, with high abundance and biomass of Acanthuridae (surgeonfish) and Scaridae (parrotfish). It was very likely that key fisheries family abundance (Haemulidae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, and Serranidae) declined by 33% across the GSR since historic surveys in the early 2000s. It was virtually certain that key fisheries family biomass declined 80%, with historic surveys previously recording biomass of these fish families at 1,198 kg/ha. These results therefore show that there has been a severe decline in fis abundance and biomass for the majority of sites with historical data available across the GSR. Rare species showed mixed trends. Serranidae (grouper) abundance and biomass were 28 ind/ha and 9 kg/ha in 2019, with it virtually certain that Serranidae abundance increased since the early 2000s at the coral reef sites with historical data. However, while an increase in grouper abundance was detected, grouper populations in 2019 remained very low across all sites, an some sites experienced declines in grouper abundance. This overall trend also hides variation between different grouper species, and also that very few large-bodied grouper were observed in the survey. Shark abundance and biomass across all species in Carcharhinidae in 2019 was 2.54 ind/ha and 66 kg/ha. The surveys indicated it was extremely likely that shark abundance increased. However, futher analysis is required to identify species-specific patterns, as most shark species remained at very low population levels. In addition to blacktip (Carcharhinus melanopterus), whitetip (Triaenodon obesus), and grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), we also observed several bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and silvertip sharks (Carcharhinus albimarginatus). Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) were recorded at 1.55 ind/ha, suggesting it was unlikely their abundance changed since historic surveys. Only one bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) was recorded during the 2019 survey, though bumphead parrotfish have been exceptionally rare since the early 2000s in the GSR. Work is required to rebuild populations of rare species groups. Benthic habitat results are encouraging in the context of global trends in coral reef cover, where many reefs are declining globally. GSR benthic communities in 2019 compare favorably with other remote and protected reef systems in the Indo-Pacific region. Reef fish abundance and biomass were declining and low compared to global reference values for reef fish abundance and biomass required to maintain key ecological functions. Results suggest an urgent need to increase fisheries management and sustainability in the region to reverse these declines. Previous work has indicated that locally managed marine area networks set up within qoliqoli can increase fish abundance and biomass while being equitable for local communities. It is suggested these approaches be replicated across the GSR region.

Identificar sitios y acciones con el mayor potencial de restauración de manglares en la Reserva de la Biósfera Marismas Nacionales, México.

Highly fractionated peralkaline rocks are globally important sources of rare earth elements and other critical or new economy metals. Such metals are vital for technological advancement and a transition to a clean energy future and are therefore predicted to rise in demand. These are non-traditional commodities in Queensland and it is therefore important to gain a greater understanding of the distribution of peralkaline rocks and the potential for igneous suites to host highly fractionated, enriched components. A critical first step is to compile an inventory of the distribution, geochemistry, mineralogy and geochronology of these rocks. Rocks units that include peralkaline compositions were emplaced in post orogenic, rifting or plume-related settings during late Triassic or younger magmatic events. These crop out in a broad belt between the Bowen-Mackay area and the southern Border Ranges. They include large A- and I-type plutons, pyroclastic deposits and clusters of smaller rhyolitic to trachytic domes, lavas and shallow intrusions. Three broad age categories are recognised: late Triassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic (dominantly Paleogene). Some of the Cretaceous units, and many of the Cenozoic units exhibit enrichment in high field strength and rare earth elements. The Peak Range Volcanics are the most highly enriched but significant potential exists in other units if more thorough sampling can be completed and more highly fractionated rocks found. More detailed geological mapping, combined with expansion of the geochemical, geochronological and isotopic database is required to understand the distribution and crustal-scale controls on peralkaline magmatism., Open-Access Online Publication: March 03, 2023

Objective: To investigate the usage and the efficacy of vitamins as primary or adjuvant treatment in infertile men with varicocele. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed, the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Cochrane Library with the terms (varicocele) AND (vitamins) was performed. We searched for studies: a) reporting the administration of vitamins (individually or as part of a complex) in men with varicocele and infertility, b) primarily or adjuvant to invasive treatment, and c) reporting the impact on semen parameters and/or pregnancy rates. Exclusion criteria were animal, adolescent and non-English studies, grey literature and trials reporting abstracts only. Results: Seven studies were identified eligible for qualitative analysis. All studies were randomised except one (case series). Vitamins were administered dominantly as part of antioxidant complex and only two studies used vitamins (C and E, respectively) as sole agent. In two studies, vitamin monotherapy resulted in improvement in semen quality, but the effect on pregnancy rates is unknown. One study reported no efficacy of adjuvant multivitamin treatment after embolisation in terms of both semen quality and pregnancy rates. Finally, four studies reported a positive effect of vitamins on semen parameters after varicocelectomy, but the effect on pregnancy rates is conflicting; one study reported improved pregnancy rates with adjuvant treatment, two studies did not evaluate the pregnancy rates, and in one study the outcome was unclear due to missing data. Conclusions: Vitamins have been used mostly as part of an antioxidant panel for the management of infertile men with varicocele. Most studies have found a positive impact on semen parameters in selected men with varicocele and infertility, as primary or adjuvant treatment. However, the clinical benefit of vitamins administration on pregnancy rate is under-evaluated and should be the target of future research.

Objective: The increasing use of scrotal ultrasonography (US) for non-cancerous indications has led to greater detection of incidental, small testicular masses. Operative intervention is currently the mainstay of treatment for all testicular tumours; however, despite the low malignant potential of small, incidental masses, little is known about conservative management using radiological surveillance. Methods: A systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed for patient outcomes. Results: A total of 293 patients across six studies underwent radiological surveillance for an incidental small testicular mass. Infertility was the main indication for investigation and all studies used US as the surveillance modality. A total of 37 patients (12.6%) underwent surgical exploration during follow-up, with only 10 (3.4%) found to have malignant disease at histology. Conclusions: Radiological surveillance of incidental small testicular masses is safe when used for select patient groups due to the high probability of benign disease, although optimal patient selection criteria and a well-defined protocol are lacking. This approach could be considered in patients with incidental, impalpable testicular masses of

Additional file 8. Factor level effects. Predictions of community overlap between shallow and mesophotic reefs by taxon and location, as visualised in Fig. 4. Values are reported as per computer output and in descending order of estimate. The number of studies for each factor level contributing to the model is provided. Reference level indicates which factor level was held constant as the factor of interest was changed. The use of different reference levels should not affect the analysis in the absence of an interaction term in the model.

Additional file 2. Test library—a list of all papers used to determine the effectiveness of trialled search strings.

Additional file 2. Outcome framework.

Additional file 1. Intervention framework.

Introduction: In comparison to its clinical analogue, the subclinical varicocele represents a questionable entity and specific guidelines for the optimal management are lacking. In our previous study of patients with subclinical varicocele, we showed that bilateral condition is associated with risk of dyspermia. In the present study, we evaluated the risk of deterioration of semen quality in men with bilateral disease and impaired motility according to WHO criteria. Materials and methods: Men with bilateral subclinical varicocele, not desiring fatherhood at the time of presentation, were included in study. During initial evaluation, the number of Total Motile Sperm Count (TMSC) was calculated and the patients' age, total testicular volume (TTV), maximum venous size and mean resistive index (RI) of the intratesticular arteries were recorded. We classified the participants in five classes according to the TMSC reading: class A-: TMSC < 5 x 10(6), class A: TMSC between 5-10 x 10(6), class B: TMSC between 10-15 x 10(6), class C: TMSC between 15-20 x 10(6), and class D: TMSC > 20 x 10(6) per ejaculate. The participants were seen after 6 months for a repeat spermiogram and physical examination. If clinical varicocele was diagnosed or a new abnormality in the spermiogram was noted, the participants were excluded from the study. The remaining patients were allocated to two groups according to the repeat TMSC, reading: patients sub-classified into a lower class (group 1), and patients remaining at the same class (group 2). A comparative analysis was performed between two groups. Results: Nineteen men were included. Nine patients were subclassified (group 1). Three patients moved to A- class (< 5 x 10(6)). Ten patients remained in the same class having no deterioration (group 2). Comparing the two groups, no statistically significant difference was recognized for age, TTV, maximum venous size on both sides, and mean RI (p > 0.05). However, the initial reading for TMSC was 14.57 x 10(6) in group 1, and 22.84 x 10(6) in group 2, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Additionally, in a paired analysis there was a significant difference in TMSC after 6 months (p < 0.05), too. Conclusions: Young men with bilateral varicocele and asthenospermia seem to be at risk of deterioration in their semen quality after a follow-up of 6 months. The measurement of TMSC, can unmask patients at risk, whereas men with the lowest readings seem to be at highest risk for deterioration. The possibility of a worsening sperm quality should be considered in she appropriate clinical context.

This report reviews the ecological and environmental conditions around the Vunato Dump Lautoka, Viti Levu, Fiji. We find that:· The waste site has expanded into mangrove areas over the past two decades.· There have been over 15 ha of mangroves lost and additional mangrove forest degradation (tree thinning) adjacent to the Lautoka Waste Site.· Reefs adjacent to the Lautoka Waste Site are highly degraded, with low coral cover and fish biomass relative to other reefs in the region.· We recommend that the waste site be closed, and a new waste site be established inland following best practice waste management guidelines.

Additional file 5. Unavailable full texts report. List of articles screened at abstract level and assigned an eco tag, which we could not retrieve a full text for.

Additional file 1. Scoping exercise—a short report of the scoping exercise used to generate search strings. The number of returned hits for trialled search strings and the explicit decision making process of term inclusion are recorded. Uncaptured test library papers are looked at in more detail.

Additional file 5. Article test library.

Additional file 2. Data extraction report. All articles included in the final meta-analysis are reported. We also report all articles identified during full text screening as containing data of interest. The comments column provides explanations for articles which did not contribute data for the final meta-analysis, studies which were assigned to the low validity group, as well as whether the authors were contacted.

Additional file 6. Distribution of studies across factor levels. The number of studies included in the full meta-analysis of 52 studies is reported for each combination of taxon and location. The total number of studies for a given factor level is in brackets after the level name. Many combinations are not represented, prompting the decision not to include an interaction term in the statistical analysis.

Additional file 4. Full text report. All studies with full texts retrieved and identified during the screening process as ecological are listed. Code details the screening decision for the entry based on full text screening.

Additional file 1. Google Scholar Web-Scraping. The following outlines the process used to extract search results from Google Scholar. The lack of a ‘download results’ feature on Google Scholar results pages makes the generation of a workflow necessary. This was pieced together from a number of online help files, papers, and conversations, referred to when available. We are grateful to the multiple sources of help.

Additional file 3. Full database list—an expanded database list detailing all sub resources the review intends to search.

Summary of mesophotic coral ecosystems in the Bay Islands Marine National Park. Submission prepared for the BINMP Management Plan Revision in July 2019.

Mangroves are commonly found near river-ocean outlets because rivers transport sediments and nutrients that support mangrove formation and habitat sustenance. Yet mangrove and river conservation efforts are often disjointed, minimizing the effectiveness of conservation efforts We argue that the extent and nature of the linkages between mangroves and rivers is a step forward in mangrove conservation and will promote the integrated management approaches mangroves require. This project demonstrates the importance of assessing river-mangrove linkages through a world-first combination of global datasets on rivers and their natural connectivity status (Grill et al. 2019) and global mangrove extent (Bunting et al. 2018) to identify and explore the effect of pressures in the river system on mangrove decline using spatial and statistical models.

The Sunda Banda Seascape (SBS) in Indonesia’s Coral Triangle is considered one of the top priority marine ecoregions for conservation by the Indonesian government. The region is divided into three subseascapes, which includes the Lesser Sunda Subseascape (LSS), the Southern-Eastern Sulawesi Subseascape (SESS), and the Inner Banda Arc Subseascape (IBAS). The SBS dashboard provides a science-based assessment of the status of 22 indicators grouped within five domains, which includes: (1) enabling conditions, (2) human well-being, (3) ecosystem health, (4) fish and fisheries, and (5) governance, across marine protected areas (MPAs) in the SBS region for 2017. Each indicator is evaluated at MPA level and then scored at the subseascape level using three categories: ‘above average/optimal’, ‘average/ acceptable’, and ‘below average/below optimal’.

Additional file 2. Data extraction report. All articles included in the final meta-analysis are reported. We also report all articles identified during full text screening as containing data of interest. The comments column provides explanations for articles which did not contribute data for the final meta-analysis, studies which were assigned to the low validity group, as well as whether the authors were contacted.

Additional file 6. Distribution of studies across factor levels. The number of studies included in the full meta-analysis of 52 studies is reported for each combination of taxon and location. The total number of studies for a given factor level is in brackets after the level name. Many combinations are not represented, prompting the decision not to include an interaction term in the statistical analysis.

Additional file 4. Full text report. All studies with full texts retrieved and identified during the screening process as ecological are listed. Code details the screening decision for the entry based on full text screening.

Widespread shallow coral reef loss has led to calls for more holistic approaches to coral reef management, requiring inclusion of ecosystems interacting with shallow coral reefs in management plans. Yet, almost all current reef management is biased towards shallow reefs, and overlooks that coral reefs extend beyond shallow waters to mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; 30–150 m). We present the first detailed quantitative characterization of MCEs off Cozumel, Mexico, on the northern Mesoamerican Reef in the Mexican Caribbean, and provide insights into their general state. We documented MCE biodiversity, and assessed whether MCEs adjacent to a major town and port, where coastal development has caused shallow reef damage, have similar benthic and fish communities to MCEs within a National Park. Our results show that overall MCE communities are similar regardless of protection, though some taxa-specific differences exist in benthic communities between sites within the MPA and areas outside. Regardless of protection and location, and in contrast to shallow reefs, all observed Cozumel MCEs were continuous reefs with the main structural habitat complexity provided by calcareous macroalgae, sponges, gorgonians and black corals. Hard corals were present on MCEs, although at low abundance. We found that 42.5% of fish species recorded on Cozumel could be found on both shallow reefs and MCEs, including 39.6% of commercially valuable fish species. These results suggest that MCEs could play an important role in supporting fish populations. However, regardless of protection and depth, we found few large-body fishes (greater than 500 mm), which were nearly absent at all studied sites. Cozumel MCEs contain diverse benthic and fish assemblages, including commercially valuable fisheries species and ecosystem engineers, such as black corals. Because of their inherent biodiversity and identified threats, MCEs may be incorporated into shallow-reef-focused Cozumel National Park management plan.

Widespread shallow coral reef loss has led to calls for more holistic approaches to coral reef management, requiring inclusion of ecosystems interacting with shallow coral reefs in management plans. Yet, almost all current reef management is biased towards shallow reefs, and overlooks that coral reefs extend beyond shallow waters to mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; 30–150 m). We present the first detailed quantitative characterization of MCEs off Cozumel, Mexico, on the northern Mesoamerican Reef in the Mexican Caribbean, and provide insights into their general state. We documented MCE biodiversity, and assessed whether MCEs adjacent to a major town and port, where coastal development has caused shallow reef damage, have similar benthic and fish communities to MCEs within a National Park. Our results show that overall MCE communities are similar regardless of protection, though some taxa-specific differences exist in benthic communities between sites within the MPA and areas outside. Regardless of protection and location, and in contrast to shallow reefs, all observed Cozumel MCEs were continuous reefs with the main structural habitat complexity provided by calcareous macroalgae, sponges, gorgonians and black corals. Hard corals were present on MCEs, although at low abundance. We found that 42.5% of fish species recorded on Cozumel could be found on both shallow reefs and MCEs, including 39.6% of commercially valuable fish species. These results suggest that MCEs could play an important role in supporting fish populations. However, regardless of protection and depth, we found few large-body fishes (greater than 500 mm), which were nearly absent at all studied sites. Cozumel MCEs contain diverse benthic and fish assemblages, including commercially valuable fisheries species and ecosystem engineers, such as black corals. Because of their inherent biodiversity and identified threats, MCEs may be incorporated into shallow-reef-focused Cozumel National Park management plan.

Additional file 1. Google Scholar Web-Scraping. The following outlines the process used to extract search results from Google Scholar. The lack of a â download resultsâ feature on Google Scholar results pages makes the generation of a workflow necessary. This was pieced together from a number of online help files, papers, and conversations, referred to when available. We are grateful to the multiple sources of help.

The Sunda Banda Seascape (SBS) in Indonesia’s Coral Triangle is considered one of the top priority marine ecoregions for conservation by the Indonesian government. The region is divided into three subseascapes, which includes the Lesser Sunda Subseascape (LSS), the Southern-Eastern Sulawesi Subseascape (SESS), and the Inner Banda Arc Subseascape (IBAS). The SBS dashboard provides a science-based assessment of the status of 22 indicators grouped within five domains, which includes: (1) enabling conditions, (2) human well-being, (3) ecosystem health, (4) fish and fisheries, and (5) governance, across marine protected areas (MPAs) in the SBS region for 2017. Each indicator is evaluated at MPA level and then scored at the subseascape level using three categories: ‘above average/optimal’, ‘average/ acceptable’, and ‘below average/below optimal’.

Additional file 8. Factor level effects. Predictions of community overlap between shallow and mesophotic reefs by taxon and location, as visualised in Fig. 4. Values are reported as per computer output and in descending order of estimate. The number of studies for each factor level contributing to the model is provided. Reference level indicates which factor level was held constant as the factor of interest was changed. The use of different reference levels should not affect the analysis in the absence of an interaction term in the model.

Additional file 5. Unavailable full texts report. List of articles screened at abstract level and assigned an eco tag, which we could not retrieve a full text for.

The emergence of modern many-core architectures that offer an extreme level of parallelism makes methods that were previously infeasible due to computational expense now achievable. Particle-in-Cell (PIC) codes often fail to fully leverage this increased performance\ud potential due to their high use of memory bandwidth. The use of higher order PIC methods may offer a solution to this by improving simulation accuracy significantly for an increase in computational intensity when compared to their first order counterparts. This greater expense is accompanied with only a minor increase in the amount of memory throughput required during the simulation.\ud In this presentation we will show the performance of a second order PIC algorithm. Our implementation uses second order finite elements and particles that are represented with a collection of surrounding ghost particles. These ghost particles each have associated weights\ud and offsets around the true particle position and therefore represent a charge distribution.\ud We test our PIC implementation against a first order algorithm on various modern compute architectures including Intel’s Knights Landing (KNL) and NVIDIA’s Tesla P100.\ud Our preliminary results show the viability of second order methods for PIC applications on these architectures when compared to previous generations of many-core hardware.\ud Specifically, we see an order of magnitude improvement in performance for second order methods between the Pascal and Kepler GPU architectures, despite only a 4× improvement in theoretical peak performance between the architectures. Although these initial results\ud show a large increase in runtime over first order methods, we hope to be able to show improved scaling behaviour and increased simulation accuracy in the future.

Non-native lionfish have been recorded throughout the western Atlantic on both shallow and mesophotic reefs, where they have been linked to declines in reef health. In this study we report the first lionfish observations from the deep sea (>200 m) in Bermuda and Roatan, Honduras, with lionfish observed to a maximum depth of 304m off the Bermuda platform, and 250 m off West End, Roatan. Placed in the context of other deeper lionfish observations and records, our results imply that lionfish may be present in the 200-300 m depth range of the upper-bathyal zone across many locations in the western Atlantic, but currently are under-sampled compared to shallow habitats. We highlight the need for considering deep-sea lionfish populations in future invasive lionfish management.

Non-native lionfish have been widely recorded throughout the western Atlantic on both shallow and mesophotic reefs, where they have been linked to declines in reef health. In this study we report the first lionfish observations from the deep sea (>200 m) in Bermuda and Roatan, Honduras, with lionfish observed to a maximum depth of 304 m off the Bermuda platform, and 250 m off West End, Roatan. Placed in the context of other deeper lionfish observations and records, our results imply that lionfish may be found more widely in the 200-300 m depth range of the upper bathyal zone across the western Atlantic, but currently are under sampled compared to shallow habitats. We highlight the need for considering deep-sea lionfish populations in future invasive lionfish management.

Summary of sources of lionfish Utila data used in analysis.

Results of pairwise Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to compare lionfish (A) length and (B) weight distributions shown in Figure 2B and 2C.

ANCOVA results for the effect of proportion of body fat, maturity and depth on female lionfish gonad weight.

Additional file 2. Test libraryâ a list of all papers used to determine the effectiveness of trialled search strings.

Additional file 1. Scoping exerciseâ a short report of the scoping exercise used to generate search strings. The number of returned hits for trialled search strings and the explicit decision making process of term inclusion are recorded. Uncaptured test library papers are looked at in more detail.

Additional file 3. Full database listâ an expanded database list detailing all sub resources the review intends to search.

How to design the relationship between a performer’s actions and an instrument’s sound response has been a consistent theme in Digital Musical Instrument (DMI) research. Previously, mapping was seen purely as an activity for DMI creators, but more recent work has exposed mapping design to DMI musicians, with many in the field introducing soware to facilitate end-user mapping, democratising this aspect of the DMI design process. This end-user mapping process provides musicians with a novel avenue for creative expression, and offers a unique opportunity to examine how practising musicians approach mapping design.Most DMIs suffer from a lack of practitioners beyond their initial designer, and there are few that are used by professional musicians over extended periods. The Mi.Mu Gloves are one of the few examples of a DMI that is used by a dedicated group of practising musicians, many of whom use the instrument in their professional practice, with a significant aspect of creative practice with the gloves being end-user mapping design. The research presented in this dissertation investigates end-user mapping practice with the Mi.Mu Gloves, and what influences glove musicians’ design decisions based on the context of their music performance practice, examining the question: How do end-users of a glove-based mid-air DMI design action–sound mapping strategies for musical performance?In the first study, the mapping practice of existing members of the Mi.Mu Glove community is examined. Glove musicians performed a mapping design task, which revealed marked differences in the mapping designs of expert and novice glove musicians, with novices designing mappings that evoked conceptual metaphors of spatial relationships between movement and music, while more experienced musicians focused on designing ergonomic mappings that minimised performer error.The second study examined the initial development period of glove mapping practice. A group of novice glove musicians were tracked in a longitudinal study. The findings supported the previous observation that novices designed mappings using established conceptual metaphors, and revealed that transparency and the audience’s ability to perceive their mappings was important to novice glove musicians. However, creative mapping was hindered by system reliability and the novices’ poorly trained posture recognition.The third study examined the mapping practice of expert glove musicians, who took part in a series of interviews. Findings from this study supported earlier observations that expert glove musicians focus on error minimisation and ergonomic, simple controls, but also revealed that the expert musicians embellished these simple controls with performative ancillary gestures to communicate aesthetic meaning. The expert musicians also suffered from system reliability, and had developed a series of gestural techniques to mitigate accidental triggering.The fourth study examined the effects of system-related error in depth. A laboratory study was used to investigate how system-related errors impacted a musician’s ability to acquire skill with the gloves, finding that a 5% rate of system error had a significant effect on skill acquisition.Learning from these findings, a series of design heuristics are presented, applicable for use in the fields of DMI design, mid-air interaction design and end-user mapping design.

These documents correspond to Chapter 4 of the IPBES methodological assessment of the diverse values and valuation of nature and its supplementary material., Suggested citation: Barton, D.N., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Lazos, E., Van Noordwijk, M., Engel, S., Girvan, A., Hahn, T., Leimona, B., Lele, S., Niamir, A., Özkaynak, B., Pawlowska-Mainville, A., Muradian, R., Ungar, P., Aydin, C., Iranah, P., Nelson, S., Cantú-Fernández M., and González-Jiménez, D. (2022). Chapter 4: Value expression in decision-making. In: Methodological Assessment Report on the Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Balvanera, P., Pascual, U., Christie, M., Baptiste, B., and González-Jiménez, D. (eds). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6522261