Search

With this volume - Conversations with TeMA - the Journal opens a new editorial line specifically dedicated to promoting and disseminating the discussion between worldwide researchers on specific issues concerning the contents, methods and timing of our work. This first experience is dedicated to a deepening, in an interview formula, on the future of spatial planning in Italy both from a regulatory and technical-disciplinary perspective, also concerning what is happening in other countries. In line with the aims we had set, we decided to involve, in this first phase, both colleagues working in Italian universities and those working in foreign universities and research centres. This contribution is by Roberto Busi, Emeritus professor, University of Brescia, TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, No 1 (2023): Conversations with TeMA. For the evolution of spatial planning

Critically narrating some impacts on the civitas and urbs of the pandemic, the paper argues how the relative pathos of death and poverty unleashed on Milan is, in fact, a contingency on the endless flux of the urban body in the long history of the city. The text, divided into five paragraphs - then (May 2019), yesterday (March 2020), today (April 2020), tomorrow (May 2020) and later (May 2030) -, in addition to the bibliography, develops as in a Gaussian curve, the two extremes being (“then” and “later”) in points before and after the beginning of the curvature, respectively (i.e., describing situations “at full throttle”), the centre (“today”) the peak of the curve and the two intermediates (“yesterday” and “tomorrow”) in its ascending and descending sections, respectively. The style varies from calmness at the extremes (with mainly hypotactic periods) to the unease of the intermediates, namely, at its peak (with mainly paratactic periods)., TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 2020: Special Issue. Covid-19 vs City-20

Herbicides classified as synthetic auxins have been most commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in a variety of crops and in non-cropland areas since the first synthetic auxin herbicide (SAH), 2,4-D, was introduced to the market in the mid-1940s. The incidence of weed species resistant to SAHs is relatively low considering their long-term global application with 29 broadleaf weed species confirmed resistant to date. An understanding of the context and mechanisms of SAH resistance evolution can inform management practices to sustain the longevity and utility of this important class of herbicides. A symposium was convened during the 2nd Global Herbicide Resistance Challenge (May 2017 in Denver, CO, USA) to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of SAH resistance mechanisms including case studies of weed species resistant to SAHs and perspectives on mitigating resistance development in SAH-tolerant crops. The authors are arrayed in alphabetical order because each made substantive contributions to the success of the Weed Resistance to Synthetic Auxin Herbicides symposium convened on May 15, 2017 during the Global Herbicide Resistance Challenge meeting in Denver, Colorado,USA. The symposium organizers and speakerswould like to thank the Global Herbicide Resistance Committee (www .hracglobal.com) for their financial support that made the symposium possible. The authors wish to thank Katrina Nelson, Dow AgroSciences, LLC, for her assistance in manuscript preparation. ™ Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (‘Dow’) or an affiliated company of Dow. ® Trademark of Monsanto Company.

Weed control failures due to herbicide resistance are an increasing and worldwide problem significantly impacting crop yields. Herbicide resistance due to increased herbicide metabolism in weeds is not well characterized at the genetic level. An RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was used to identify genes conferring metabolism-based herbicide resistance (MBHR) in a population (R) of a major global weed (Lolium rigidum), in which resistance to the herbicide diclofop-methyl was experimentally evolved through recurrent selection from a susceptible (S) progenitor population. A reference transcriptome of 19,623 contigs was assembled using 454 sequencing technology on a cDNA library and annotated using UniProt and Pfam databases. Transcriptomic-level gene expression was measured using Illumina 100 bp reads from untreated control, mock, and diclofop-methyl treatments of R and S. Due to the established importance of cytochrome P450 (CytP450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glucosyltransferase (GT) genes in MBHR, 11 contigs with these annotations and higher constitutive expression in untreated R than in untreated S were selected as candidate genes for hypothesis testing, along with 17 additional differentially expressed contigs with annotations related to metabolism or signal transduction. In a forward genetics validation experiment, higher constitutive expression of nine contigs co-segregated with the resistance phenotype in an F2 population, including 3 CytP450, 3 GST, and 1 GT. At least nine genes with heritable increased constitutive expression are associated with MBHR trait. In a physiological validation experiment where 2, 4-D pre-treatment induced diclofop-methyl protection in S individuals due to increased metabolism, seven of the nine genetically-validated contigs were significantly induced. These data help explain accumulation of resistance-endowing genes and rapid evolution of MBHR, and provide the opportunity to improve diagnostics of MBHR using molecular tools such as transcriptional markers.

BACKGROUND: A population of Echinochloa colona infesting agricultural fields in the northern region of Western Australia evolved glyphosate resistance after 10 years of glyphosate selection. This study identified two phenotypic (susceptible S versus resistant R) lines from within a segregating glyphosate-resistant population. Estimation of survival, growth and reproductive rates of the phenotypes in response to glyphosate selection helped to characterise the level of resistance, fitness and the selection intensity for glyphosate in this species. RESULTS: Estimations of LD50 (lethal dose) and GR50 (growth rate) showed an eightfold glyphosate resistance in this population. The resistant index based on the estimation of seed number (SYn50) showed a 13-fold resistance. As a result of linear combination of plant survival and fecundity rates, plant fitness values of 0.2 and 0.8 were estimated for the S and R phenotypes when exposed to the low dose of 270 g glyphosate ha−1. At the recommended dose of 540 g glyphosate ha−1, fitness significantly decreased (fivefold) in S plants but remained markedly similar (0.7) in plants of the R phenotype. Thus, the calculated selection intensity (SI) at 540 g glyphosate ha−1 was much greater (SI = 17) than at 270 g glyphosate ha−1 (SI = 4). CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of plant survival and fecundity in response to glyphosate selection in the S and R phenotypes allowed a greater accuracy in the estimation of population fitness of both phenotypes and thus of glyphosate selection intensity in E. colona. The estimation of seed number or mass of phenotypes under herbicide selection is a true ecological measure of resistance with implications for herbicide resistance evolution. Fil: Sheng Goh, Sou. University of Western Australia; Australia Fil: Vila Aiub, Martin Miguel. University of Western Australia; Australia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Busi, Roberto. University of Western Australia; Australia Fil: Powles, Stephen B.. University of Western Australia; Australia

Nella scuola bresciana di urbanistica da più di un ventennio l’attenzione scientifica è incentrata sull’elevazione della qualità della vita, cui sono primariamente riconducibili sia le tematiche ambientali che quelle della sicurezza orientata alla socialità. Il trinomio ambiente, sicurezza e società induce a riflettere sulla ricchezza e centralità del concetto di luogo. A tal fine il dottore di ricerca in “Luoghi e tempi della città e del territorio” ha acquisito una formazione e una competenza nella progettazione architettonica e urbana con approccio spazio-temporale e interdisciplinare, finalizzata a valutare la qualità urbana su una combinazione equilibrata di valori integrati, Territorio della Ricerca su Insediamenti e Ambiente. Rivista internazionale di cultura urbanistica, No 6 (2010): The transversal play of different forms of knowledge in the city design and promotion

The issue of the safety of mobility in the urban environment has been emerging as a primary social topic for some time now due to the number of casualties and, more generally, due to the impact on living conditions in the city. If correctly formulated, in fact, this subject has implications primarily and fundamentally with regard to the quality of urban life, as the citizen, and the vulnerable road user in particular, is severely restricted in their use of urban public paces. Consequently, an increasingly greater focus is being placed on acquiring methods, techniques and strategies for addressing the issue of planning, constructing and managing roads, squares and urban green spaces (and above all, applying the logic of reclaiming the historic and consolidated city) in order that the city can be used to its full potential by the citizen. The subject itself therefore presents an opportunity to re-establish urban planning regulations (and, more generally, city regulations) in accordance with the renewed interest in public spaces. The article discusses this matter and includes supporting elements and examples, also referring to the implications on the urban landscape., Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 2 (2009): Selected Papers 2009