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We propose using handcrafted features extracted from small datasets to classify the conditions of the construction materials. We hypothesize that features such as the color, roughness, and reflectance of a material surface can be used to identify details of the material. To test the hypothesis, we have developed a pre-trained model to classify material conditions based on reflectance, roughness and color features extracted from image data collected in a controlled (lab) environment. The knowledge learned in the pre-trained model is finally transferred to classify material conditions from a construction site (i.e., an uncontrolled environment). To demonstrate the proposed method, 80 data points were produced from the images collected under a controlled environment and used to develop a pre-trained model. The pre-trained model was re-trained to adapt to the real construction environment using 33 new data points generated through a separate process using images collected from a construction site. The pre-trained model achieved 93%; after retraining the model with the data from the actual site, the accuracy had a small decrease as expected, but still was promising with an 83% accuracy.

International audience; Thermal treatments can be considered as an accelerated ageing, bringing partly similar changes in properties as naturally aged wood. Thermal treatment was applied on white mulberry (Morus alba L.), a dominant species for making musical instruments from middle-East to Far-East, to investigate the effects on the vibro-mechanical and physical properties of this wood, and the results compared to previously published data on spruce (Picea abies Karst.) as a reference for the soundboard of Western string instruments. Thermal treatment (TT) at 150 °C and 0% of relative humidity was applied to five analogous groups of specimens with five different durations (2.5, 8, 24, 72, 261 hours). Humidity reconditioning of specimens was done to explore the reversibility of TT effects. Physical and vibrational properties such as specific gravity (γ), equilibrium moisture content (EMC), CIELab colorimetric values, specific modulus of elasticity (E'/γ) and damping coefficient (tanδ) in longitudinal (L) and radial (R) directions, have been measured after stabilisation of samples in standard conditions (20 °C, 65% RH), before and after TT and then after reconditioning. Untreated mulberry had a low EMC, very low L/R anisotropy and low E'L/γ, and relatively low tanδ. Weight loss (WL) and CIELab values evolved similarly during TT for mulberry and for previous results on spruce, however, their EMC and vibrational properties were affected differently. This could be explained in part by the low anisotropy of mulberry, and in part by its particular extractives. The parts of irreversible effects, linked to chemical modification or degradation, and of reversible effects, linked to physical configuration, were different between mulberry and spruce. The applied treatments did not bring permanent "improvements" in vibrational properties of mulberry, yet its colour appearance was enhanced.

Twenty oenotannins from different botanical origins were studied in model wine solution (1 g/L, 12% ethanol, pH 3.5). An original device was created for measuring Oxidation–Reduction potential (ORp) of the solutions at 20 °C in strict anoxic condition by the electrochemical method of the platinum electrode zero-current potential. Reactivity against proteins and antioxidant properties were related to the chemical structure and, consequently, to the botanical origin of the oenotannins. The highest turbidity after BSA addition (ΔNTU > 1000) values were measured for the gallic hydrolysable tannins. The ORp versus standard hydrogen electrode ranged from 420 to 260 mV. The ellagitannins had the highest antioxidant power (AP%), followed by condensed tannins and gallotannins, highlighting a correlation with the phenolic profile. Based on these findings, two formulations were prepared as a blend of some of the tested oenotannins, with the ability to increase (MIX1) and decrease (MIX2) the ORp of the model wine.

Sour cherry is one of the most important horticultural crops in the Hungarian market. Its flavour combination makes it ideal for fresh consumption as well as canned products. The Hungarian and European markets have requested for new varieties to be introduced, making the evaluation of breeding and prebreeding material a crucial point. A total of 30 sour cherry accessions from the genebank collection were investigated for their potential inclusion into the breeding program. The main aim of the study was to identify candidates for future breeding programs, selecting their colour profiling and total polyphenolic content (TPC). This study follows the antioxidant activity of cherry species by determining the total content in polyphenols. Polyphenols are found in higher concentration in cherries when compared to other plants and have been identified as free radical scavengers, which are useful to prevent the occurrence of several diseases. Furthermore, TPC has been observed as a contributor of bitterness, acidity, colour, flavour, odour, and oxidative stability. The accessions were evaluated for their colour, fruit weight, flavour profile, firmness, and TPC. Colorimetric data were compared among four methods to illustrate to the Hungarian breeders which of the available approaches is the most accurate for sour cherry breeding. Results suggested that several accessions appear relevant for the breeding program, such as ‘Pipacs 10 , ‘Bosnyák’, ‘Hortenzia Királyn˝oje’, and ‘Mogyoródi Kései’. The total polyphenolic content was highest in ‘Pipacs10 and lowest in ‘Kántorjánosi 30 . ‘Pipacs 10 and ‘Hortenzia Királyn˝oje’ had interestingly high acidity content and light to very light fruit colours. ‘Bosnyák’ had a deep and dark colour with high soluble sugar content. ‘Mogyoródi Kései’ appears to have the biggest fruit. All mentioned varieties will be included in future breeding programs. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 27. 6. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 13-14. Abstract.

Sour cherry is one of the most important horticultural crops in the Hungarian market. Its flavour combination makes it ideal for fresh consumption as well as canned products. The Hungarian and European markets have requested for new varieties to be introduced, making the evaluation of breeding and prebreeding material a crucial point. A total of 30 sour cherry accessions from the genebank collection were investigated for their potential inclusion into the breeding program. The main aim of the study was to identify candidates for future breeding programs, selecting their colour profiling and total polyphenolic content (TPC). This study follows the antioxidant activity of cherry species by determining the total content in polyphenols. Polyphenols are found in higher concentration in cherries when compared to other plants and have been identified as free radical scavengers, which are useful to prevent the occurrence of several diseases. Furthermore, TPC has been observed as a contributor of bitterness, acidity, colour, flavour, odour, and oxidative stability. The accessions were evaluated for their colour, fruit weight, flavour profile, firmness, and TPC. Colorimetric data were compared among four methods to illustrate to the Hungarian breeders which of the available approaches is the most accurate for sour cherry breeding. Results suggested that several accessions appear relevant for the breeding program, such as ‘Pipacs 1′, ‘Bosnyák’, ‘Hortenzia Királynője’, and ‘Mogyoródi Kései’. The total polyphenolic content was highest in ‘Pipacs1′ and lowest in ‘Kántorjánosi 3′. ‘Pipacs 1′ and ‘Hortenzia Királynője’ had interestingly high acidity content and light to very light fruit colours. ‘Bosnyák’ had a deep and dark colour with high soluble sugar content. ‘Mogyoródi Kései’ appears to have the biggest fruit. All mentioned varieties will be included in future breeding programs.

The pomegranate is an emerging functional food which is nowadays becoming more and more commercially attractive. Each part of this fruit (peels, arils and seeds) has a specific phytocomplex, rich in anti-oxidant and anti-radical compounds. Among these, punicalagin and ellagic acid continue to be widely studied for their numerous beneficial effects on human health (anti-inflammatory effects, anti-diabetes activity, cardio-protection, cancer prevention). Despite their exceptionally valuable composition and high adaptability to different climatic conditions, pomegranate fruits are highly susceptible to splitting during different stages of ripening, so much so that an estimated 65% of the production may be lost. A “zero-kilometer” approach should therefore be adopted to utilize such a valuable product otherwise destined to be downgraded or even incinerated, with a very high environmental impact. The aim of this work is to highlight and compare the compositional differences between whole and split pomegranates belonging to the cultivar Dente di Cavallo, grown in Apulia (Italy), to assess a valuable role for this split fruit usually considered as waste. The arils and peels are subjected to extraction procedures and the extracts analyzed by CIEL*a*b*, HPLC-DAD and HS-SPME/GC-MS. Moreover, an assessment of the inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymes has also been applied. The data show a better chemical profile in split fruits (namely 60% more anthocyanin content than intact fruit) with very interesting results in terms of α-glucosidase inhibition. The juices obtained by squeezing are also compared to commercial juices (“Salus Melagrana” and “La Marianna”) processed from the same cultivar and subjected to the same protocol analysis.

Flower color not only determines the quality and commercial value of ornamental plants, but it also plays a vital role in ecological processes such as pollinator attraction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between flower color and the cellular physicochemical factors of Bletilla striata. The color space values of 21 samples were initially determined, followed by a selection of five samples with significant color differences for testing cell shape, total flavonoid content (ranging from 1.86 to 5.42 mg/g), total anthocyanin content (ranging from 0.52 to 292.62 (A530 − 0.25 ∗ A657)/g), cell pH (varying between 5.03 and 5.74), and metal ion content (including Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, P5+, Zn2+, Mo6+, Cu2+, and Mn2+). The flowers of Bletilla were predominantly purple, pink, and yellow; and distributed in quadrants I, II, and IV on the a* and b* rectangular coordinate. The a* value was identified as the primary color indicator for this species. Total anthocyanin content and Zn2+ showed a significant positive correlation with a*, while Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Na+, and Mn2+ demonstrated negative correlations. Cell shape, flavonoid content, and pH had nonsignificant correlations with a*. In conclusion, the total anthocyanin content and metal ions play crucial roles in determining the flower color of B. striata, which can have implications for pollinator attraction. Future research should focus on understanding the complex interactions between these factors to develop novel ornamental plant varieties with desirable flower colors and enhanced ecological functions.

The sensory properties of fruit and vegetables are a result of taste and aroma caused by many volatile and nonvolatile compounds. The sum of organic acids (malic and citric acids) and soluble sugars (fructose and glucose), as well as their balanced combination and interaction, contributes to the characterization of the tomato flavour. The ratio of sugars and organic acids is the key to the sweetness and sourness of tomatoes. This study aimed to determine the sugar and organic acid content, as well as several physicochemical parameters, of eight tomato landraces from Croatia. All the parameters investigated differed between the tomato landraces. The PLS-DA analysis showed that the most important parameters in tomato landrace discriminatory character are malic acid, fructooligosaccharide content, citric acid, dry matter. The results obtained show a significant positive correlation between tomato dry matter and sugar content. At the same time, fructose and sucrose content is negatively correlated with the green to red hue of tomato peel, as well as positively with the blue to yellow hue, indicating that the sugar content increases with yellow color intensity. The blue to yellow hue of the peel color also positively correlates with citric acid content.

Generations of sensors have been developed for predicting food sensory profiles to circumvent the use of a human sensory panel, but a technology that can rapidly predict a suite of sensory attributes from one spectral measurement remains unavailable. Using spectra from grape extracts, this novel study aimed to address this challenge by exploring the use of a machine learning algorithm, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), to predict twenty-two wine sensory attribute scores from five sensory stimuli: aroma, colour, taste, flavour, and mouthfeel. Two datasets were obtained from absorbance-transmission and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (A-TEEM) spectroscopy with different fusion methods: variable-level data fusion of absorbance and fluorescence spectral fingerprints, and feature-level data fusion of A-TEEM and CIELAB datasets. The results for externally validated models showed slightly better performance using only A-TEEM data, predicting five out of twenty-two wine sensory attributes with R2 values above 0.7 and fifteen with R2 values above 0.5. Considering the complex biotransformation involved in processing grapes to wine, the ability to predict sensory properties based on underlying chemical composition in this way suggests that the approach could be more broadly applicable to the agri-food sector and other transformed foodstuffs to predict a product’s sensory characteristics from raw material spectral attributes.

Purpose: To verify the color change and contrast ratio of resin composites after curing and after 30 days of storage in water. Methods: Dentin A2 shades of different light-cured dental resin composites (Vittra APS, FGM, Brazil; Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, EUA; Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein, and Charisma Diamond, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany) were tested. Ten rounded specimens (8 mm × 2 mm) were prepared for each material. Reflectance for all samples was obtained using a spectrophotometer (Minolta CM 3700d, Konica Minolta, Japan) before curing, immediately after curing, and after 30 days of storage in water. The color change (ΔE*lab) and contrast ratio (CR) data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's and paired t-tests (α = 1%). Results: For all materials tested, significant color changes were noticeable after curing and after 30 days in water (p 0.01). Conclusion: The CR values and color changes after curing and 30 days of storage in water varied depending on the material tested. This study corroborates the clinical practice of curing a small amount of unpolymerized resin composite on the tooth surface to select the desired shade before undertaking esthetic restorative procedures.

In this study, the silk fabrics mordanted at the ratio of 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% of aluminum potassium sulfate (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O) and 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%, of iron sulfate (FeSO₄) were separately dyed 50% w...

Wood colour metrics are increasingly being used in wood technology and ecology studies. Researchers usually determine the colours of the wood after treatment or in different habitats. There is very little research dedicated to the problem of colour variations among one specific species harvested in different forests or regions. The main purpose of the current research is to reveal and estimate the colour variability of oak species. For this study, a total of 89 samples were taken from the heartwood of seven oak species (Quercus robur L., Quercus cerris L., Quercus rubra L., Quercus pedunculiflora K. Koch., Quercus pubescens Willd., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., and Quercus palustris Muenchh.). The CIELAB system was used for the assessment of the colour differences. To determine the colour groups and variations, K-means clustering was used. The results show that colour variations do exist. According to the cluster analysis, at least five types of oak wood can be distinguished (because in some clusters, very few samples were present) in the investigated forests. The differences are mainly observed in terms of the lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). Redness is not a feature by which oak wood differs, but the wood can be brighter or more yellow in some of the samples. The density of the Romanian oaks in the sample does not influence the colour coordinates. The only coordinate affected is a*, but with a very small probability.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not specific stimuli can affect people's perceptions of others (their first impressions in particular) through the use of eye-tracking technology, as well as to test their recognition capabilities.

Investigating functional traits is an important tool for understanding fungal communities, yet ecological functions of fungal pigmentation remain poorly investigated. Recent studies support the thermal-melanism hypothesis for fungal color lightness in relation to macroclimate, but it remains unclear if microclimate also affects fungal pigmentation. In this study I use fruit bodies of wood-living polypores to further investigate this subject. While previous studies have used database-derived color lightness from photos often taken under unknown and non-standardized conditions, here I extract all color values from standardized photos taken in situ. In contrast to previous studies that have only examined fungal color lightness, I also studied the other components of the CIE L*a*b* color space, which may be related to e.g. protection, thermoregulation or signaling. I investigated community-level fungal pigmentation of pore surfaces and caps of polypores in fragmented forest patches in northern Sweden, in relation to microclimate proxies, deadwood availability and surrounding landscape structure. Two types of multiple linear regression models were used, one for community weighted means (CWM) and one for the coefficient of variance (CV) of patch level pigmentation. While no support was found for the thermal-melanism hypothesis in this study, saturation in the yellow spectrum was positively related to canopy cover and forest patch size. Variance in lightness of pore surfaces and in saturation in the red spectrum of caps was also positively related to diversity of decay stages and forest patch size respectively. These results indicate previously unknown relationships between fungal pigmentation and environment which warrant further research.

This study analyzes the color combinations composed by the Russian avant-garde artist Mikhail Matyushin and his disciples for the Reference Book of Color (1932), summarizing their experimental research on the psychophysiology of color perception. Having extracted 90 colors from the 34 hand-painted charts of the book’s first edition, we mapped these colors into CIELAB and CIELCh color space to identify their chromatic characteristics (hue, lightness, and chroma) and their combination criteria. We demonstrate graphically that each of Matyushin’s color triads has a similar “geometry” in CIELAB color space and on the color circle, with the “intermediary” color much closer to the environment background color than to the main color. We conclude that the revealed patterns of these relationships are identical in all four sections of the Reference Book and reflect underlying principles of Mathyshin’s theory of color as well as fundamental aspects of human perception. The analysis presented in this paper will facilitate opportunities for artists, architects, designers, and other color professionals to use Matyushin’s original color charts and incorporate Matyushin’s style in creating their own triads.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic and multifactorial inflammatory conditions of the colonic mucosa (ulcerative colitis), characterized by increased and unbalanced immune response to external stimuli. Garlic and its bioactive constituents were reported to exert various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. We aimed to evaluate the protective effects of a hydroalcoholic (GHE) and a water (GWE) extract from a Sicilian variety of garlic, known as Nubia red garlic, on an ex vivo experimental model of ulcerative colitis, involving isolated LPS-treated mouse colon specimens. Both extracts were able to counteract LPS-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), and interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression in mouse colon. Moreover, the same extracts inhibited prostaglandin (PG)E2, 8-iso-PGF2α, and increased the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/serotonin ratio following treatment with LPS. In particular, GHE showed a better anti-inflammatory profile. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects induced by both extracts could be related, at least partially, to their polyphenolic composition, with particular regards to catechin. Concluding, our results showed that GHE and GWE exhibited protective effects in colon, thus suggesting their potential use in the prevention and management of ulcerative colitis.

The aim of this study is to measure color changes caused by two regenerative protocols over 3 months, and the effectiveness of internal bleaching. Twenty extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were used. The apex and canal were prepared to reproduce immature teeth. Teeth were divided: group 1: Triple-antibiotic-paste was applied for 3 weeks and then changed for blood until 3 months. Group 2: Blood was inoculated and sealed at cemento-enamel junction level with Biodentine for 3 months. Both groups were subjected to three sessions of internal bleaching. Color assessments were taken at baseline and at 2 and 3 weeks, 2 and 3 months, and 1, 2, and 3 weeks from the beginning the bleaching phase. Statistical significance was considered at P = .05. Both techniques produce color changes above the acceptability limit at 2 weeks. Chromatic variation caused by Triple-antibiotic-paste was intense and progressive over time. Replacement of the Triple-antibiotic-paste with blood made the color change more intense and progressive, with significant statistical differences at 2 and 3 months (T4 > T3; P = .028). The internal bleaching technique was statistically more effective in the Triple-antibiotic-paste group at 1 week (P = .002). Both techniques cause unacceptable color changes, causing Triple-antibiotic-paste more staining than Biodentine. Two sessions of internal bleaching recovered clinically perceptible color in both regenerative endodontic procedures without returning the original color.

The determination of leaf nitrogen content (LNC) by indirect methods is essential for silvicultural management of forest crops. The application of photography or rapid measurement equipment, such as chlorophyll index (soil-plant analysis development-SPAD), is increasingly used due to its low-cost, ease of estimation and accuracy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate foliar nitrogen content from nondestructive methods in plantations of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus saligna using three urea treatments (120 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1 and a control treatment without urea). For each treatment, 10 trees were selected, including four for the validation of the equations. The LNC was directly evaluated for color with the CIEL*a*b* model, photographic measurement with the RGB model, SPAD measurement and destructive estimation of nitrogen in leaves. The results showed negative relationships with the L* (luminosity) and b* (trend from yellow to green) indices, while the a* (red to green trend) index was discarded, with SPAD positive relationships were found with LNC and RGB space. In the R and B indices, the greatest negative relationships were found. It was determined that the multivariate equation Y=a+b1x1+b2x2+…+bnxn can be used for this type of study. It was also determined that the LNC=0.389+0.026SPAD model was the optimum for E. tereticornis and the LNC=3.826- 0.001R- 0.10B equation was the optimum for E. saligna. RESUMEN La determinación del contenido de nitrógeno foliar (LNC) por métodos indirectos es esencial para el manejo silvícola de cultivos forestales. La aplicación de fotografía o equipos de medición rápida, como el índice de clorofila (SPAD), se utiliza cada vez más debido a su bajo costo, facilidad de estimación y precisión. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio consistió en estimar el LNC a partir de métodos no destructivos en plantaciones de Eucalyptus tereticornis y Eucalyptus saligna utilizando tres tratamientos de urea (120 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1 y un tratamiento testigo sin urea). Para cada tratamiento, se seleccionaron 10 árboles, incluidos cuatro utilizados para la validación de las ecuaciones. El LNC se evaluó directamente en cuanto a color con el modelo CIEL*a*b*, medición fotográfica con el modelo RGB, medición SPAD y estimación destructiva de nitrógeno en hojas. Los resultados mostraron relaciones negativas con los índices L* (luminosidad) y b* (tendencia de amarillo a verde), mientras que se descartó el índice a* (tendencia de rojo a verde), encontrándose SPAD relaciones positivas con el espacio LNC y RGB. En los índices R y B, mostraron las mayores relaciones negativas. Se determinó que la ecuación multivariada Y=a+b1x1+b2x2+…+bnxn se puede utilizar para este tipo de estudio. También se determinó que el modelo LNC=0,389+0,026SPAD fue el óptimo para E. tereticornis y la ecuación LNC=3,826-0,001R-0,10B fue la óptima para E. saligna.

This doctoral thesis delves into the knowledge of Venetian glass known as smalti, a unique material with a long history whose main application has been as a tesserae of mosaic cladding. During the Modernism period architecture paid great interest to discontinuous coatings; techniques, such as mosaic, had a revival that came hand in hand with an interest in the materials that traditionally composed it, so the smalti is introduced in this context and also adapts to the new techniques that emerged in this period as the trencadís. The main objectives of this thesis were: to carry out a study to understand the surface characteristics of the material, to review its behavior as part of the trencadis coating and to understand the surface aging of the material. It is developed in two main parts in order to approach the subject from a global perspective. The first was made possible through the study of a set of current glass samples from one of the reference workshops for the manufacture of smalti; based on these samples, a study of their primary surface anomalies and a color characterization was carried out. This material, which is still manufactured today in an artisanal way, is characterized by allowing a wide variation of shades; with the use of a portable spectrocolorimeter a color catalog was made, using the CIE L*C*hº and CIE L*a*b* color spaces, as a tool that allows the subsequent identification and comparison of colors in non-industrialized materials. In a second part, using trencadis specimens made with smalti tesserae, the secondary and tertiary anomalies generated later during the coating process were identified and classified. Subsequently, durability studies of these specimens were carried out with accelerated aging tests that allowed periodic monitoring of the progression of damage to the specimens and the identification of the quaternary anomalies that occurred at this stage. Smalti has proven to be a handcrafted material capable of meeting the requirements of trencadis cladding; for its correct selection, conservation or restoration, a thorough understanding of the advantages and limitations it offers is needed. It was confirmed that the durability of this glass depends on an adequate protection of its surface, that it is crucial to make a correct initial selection of the pieces that present a lower amount of first anomalies and to use the face with the highest quality of the glass as the face side. Esta tesis doctoral profundiza en el conocimiento del vidrio veneciano conocido como smalti, un material singular y con un amplio recorrido histórico cuya aplicación principal ha sido como tesela de revestimientos de mosaico. Durante el período del Modernismo la arquitectura prestó un gran interés a los revestimientos discontinuos; técnicas como el mosaico tuvieron un renacer que vino de la mano con un interés por los materiales que tradicionalmente lo componían, así el smalti se introduce en este contexto y, además, se adapta a las nuevas técnicas que surgieron en este período como el trencadís. Los objetivos principales de esta tesis fueron: realizar un estudio que permita comprender las características superficiales del material, revisar su comportamiento como parte del conjunto del trencadís y comprender el envejecimiento superficial del material. Se desarrolla en dos grandes partes para abordar el tema desde una perspectiva global. La primera se hizo posible mediante el estudio de un conjunto de muestras actuales de vidrio provenientes de uno de los talleres de referencia para la fabricación del smalti; basándose en esas muestras se realizó un estudio de sus anomalías superficiales primarias y una caracterización del color. Este material, que aún se fabrica hoy en día de forma artesanal, se caracteriza por permitir una amplia variación de tonalidades; con el uso de un espectrocolorímetro portátil se hizo un catálogo de color, utilizando los espacios de color CIE L*C*hº y CIE L*a*b*, como una herramienta que permite la posterior identificación y comparación de colores en materiales no industrializados. En una segunda parte, con la utilización de probetas de trencadís realizadas con teselas de smalti, se identificaron y clasificaron las nuevas anomalías secundarias y terciarias generadas posteriormente durante el proceso de elaboración del revestimiento. Posteriormente, se llevaron a cabo estudios de durabilidad de estas probetas con ensayos de envejecimiento acelerado que permitieron hacer un seguimiento periódico de la progresión de los daños en las probetas y la identificación de las anomalías cuaternarias que se presentaron en esta fase. El smalti ha demostrado ser un material artesanal capaz de cumplir con los requerimientos del revestimiento de trencadís; para su correcta selección, conservación o restauración se necesita comprender a fondo las ventajas y limitaciones que ofrece. Se confirmó que la durabilidad de este vidrio depende de una adecuada protección de su superficie, que es crucial realizar una correcta selección inicial de las piezas que presentan una menor cantidad de anomalías primeras y utilizar como cara vista la cara de mayor calidad del vidrio.

Some color images primarily comprise specific hues, for example, food images predominantly contain a warm hue. Therefore, these hues are essential for creating delicious impressions of food images. This paper proposes a color image enhancement method that can select hues to be enhanced arbitrarily. The current chroma is considered such that near achromatic colors are not over-enhanced. The effectiveness of the proposed method was confirmed through experiments using several food images.

In this study, at different ratios mordanted with iron (II) sulfate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) and potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO₄)₂12.H₂O] cotton fabrics were dyed gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier). Laser radiation firstly was used on raw cotton fabrics and secondly, cotton fabrics with different ratios of metallic mordanted and dyed with gall oak were irradiated to examine the laser radiation effects on textile color using several combinations of the two main laser parameters namely the number of pulses and energy density at 1064 nm. Colorimetric analysis of the cotton fabrics was measured by CIEL*a*b* spectrophotometer and examined surface alterations. Morphological analysis was performed using optical microscopy Bu çalışmada, farklı oranlarda potasyum alüminyum sülfat [KAl(SO₄)₂12.H₂O] ve demir sülfat (FeSO₄.7H₂O) metal tuzlarıyla mordanlanan pamuklu kumaşlara mazı gomalağı bitkisiyle (Quercus infectoria Olivier) doğal boyama işlemi yapılmıştır. 1064 nm’de lazer radyasyonun farklı puls sayısı ve enerji yoğunluğu kombinasyonları kullanılarak ilk olarak ham pamuklu kumaşlarda ve ikinci olarak, farklı oranlarda metalik mordanlanmış ve mazı gomalağı ile boyanmış pamuklu kumaşlarda ışınlama yapılarak renk üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Pamuklu kumaşların kolorimetrik analizi CIEL*a*b* spektrofotometre ile ölçülmüş ve pamuklu kumaşların yüzey değişimleri incelenmiştir. Morfolojik incelemelerd

The early stages of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Louisiana commercial sugarcane breeding program involve planting large numbers of genetically unique seedlings that require time and resources to evaluate. Selection is made quickly, is subjective, and related to the appearance of yield and vigor. Remote sensing techniques have been used to predict yield of several crops over large areas using areal images. To understand selection preferences better and if remote sensing techniques could be used to increase efficiency, twelve sugarcane seedling families each having approximately 263 seedlings were planted in two replications at the USDA-ARS Ardoyne farm. Stalk height, number and diameter ratings were taken on 50 stools of each replication of each family. Red-Green-Blue images were taken of the seedling field in plant cane and first ratoon before selection. Spectral indices were derived from the images for each plot. Height had the largest influence on visual selections of the field measurements evaluated. Several spectral indices such as the Green Area (GA) correlated highly with important traits including Height (>0.80), selection rates (>0.70), and Brix (>0.60). The results show the potential for seedling evaluation by remote sensing methods.

The classification of color is important in the management and evaluation of red wine color. Nevertheless, current reports have not given a sound solution. A novel scheme for the quantitative classification of red wine color from the perspective of micro and macro levels was proposed in this work. The overall color performance of 119 representative red wine samples was visualized and classified into 125 micro-classifications according to the partition of the chromaticity and lightness of the wine color. Considering the evolution of red wine color, quantitative macro-classification of the color of the wine samples was explored, and six macro-classifications were obtained. These few classifications determine the extent of aging and aging potential of colors between different red wines well. The performance of this approach was further verified by another set of 56 red wine samples. This efficient and easy-to-implement approach is expected to be helpful in the digital and visual color management, control, evaluation, comparison, and prediction of red wines.

The potential use of colorimetric sensors has received significant attention due to its feasibility for use in various applications. After reacting with a sample, the image of the colorimetric sensor can be captured and converted into digital data using several different color models. The analytical data can then be processed with various chemometric methods. This research study investigated the predictive performance of calibration models established using color models commonly used in analytical chemistry including RGB, CMYK, HSV and CIELAB. A total of eight commercially available colorimetric sensors were used to determine the presence of manganese (Mn2+), copper (Cu2+), iron (Fe2+/Fe3+), nitrate (NO3–), phosphate (PO43–), sulfate (SO42–), as well as total hardness and pH values. As external validation tests, real water samples collected in Chiang Mai, Thailand were used. Based on the resulting data obtained using the synthetic test samples, the color that was most similar to the appearing color of the chemical sensor could offer satisfactory results. However, it was not always the case especially when the strips composed of multiple colorimetric sensors or sensor array were used. When tested with external validation, the predictive performance could be improved using appropriate data preprocessing and, in this research study, a normalization method was recommended to guarantee the accuracy of the calibration models.

RESUMEN La industria de bebidas alcohólicas ha crecido exponencialmente en cuanto a la elaboración de productos con contenido de alcohol de forma artesanal. Así, se propone implementar una alternativa de producción agroindustrial mediante la elaboración de vino de frutas a base de curuba (Passiflora mollissima) usando una cepa de levadura Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Var. Bayanus). Se desarrollaron tres fases, la primera consistió en la obtención y fermentación de la pulpa de curuba; la segunda fase comprendió la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica, evaluando parámetros como pH, titulación acido-base, solidos solubles, color, viscosidad, conteo de levaduras mediante la siembra en profundidad en agar YGC y recuento de BAL en agar MRS para verificar la fermentación maloláctica; finalmente, se realizó el análisis sensorial a través de un análisis cuantitativo descriptivo (QDA) en solitario y maridado. El resultado obtenido fue una bebida con un pH de 3,14±0,02, una viscosidad de 2,31±0,02 cP, contenido de solidos solubles de 7,65±0,07 °Brix y un contenido de alcohol de 12,91±0,19 v/v. De esta manera, el estudio demuestra que la curuba tiene un alto potencial biotecnológico en la elaboración de bebidas fermentadas, ofreciendo una alternativa adicional para la elaboración y comercialización de nuevos productos en el departamento del Huila (Colombia). ABSTRACT The alcoholic beverage industry has grown exponentially in terms of the production of alcohol-containing products in an artisanal manner. Thus, it is proposed to implement an agroindustrial production alternative by making fruit wine from curuba (Passiflora mollissima) using a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Var. Bayanus) yeast strain. Three phases were developed; the first consisted of obtaining and fermenting the curuba pulp; the second phase included physicochemical and microbiological characterization, evaluating parameters such as pH, acid-base titration, soluble solids, color, viscosity, yeast count by deep seeding on YGC agar and LAB count on MRS agar to verify malolactic fermentation; finally, sensory analysis was performed through a quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) in solitary and paired. The result obtained was a beverage with a pH of 3,14±0,02, a viscosity of 2,31±0,02 cP, soluble solids content of 7,65±0,07 °Brix and an alcohol content of 12,91±0,19 v/v. Thus, the study demonstrates that curuba has a high biotechnological potential in the elaboration of fermented beverages, offering an additional alternative for the elaboration and commercialization of new products in the department of Huila (Colombia).

Photosynthesis is an important factor in determining the yield of rice. In particular, the size and efficiency of the photosynthetic system after the heading has a great impact on the yield. Research related to high-efficiency photosynthesis is essential to meet the growing demands of crops for the growing population. Chlorophyll is a key molecule in photosynthesis, a pigment that acts as an antenna to absorb light energy. Improvement of chlorophyll content characteristics has been emphasized in rice breeding for several decades. It is expected that an increase in chlorophyll content may increase photosynthetic efficiency, and understanding the genetic basis involved is important. In this study, we measured leaf color (CIELAB), chlorophyll content (SPAD), and chlorophyll fluorescence, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was performed using 120 Cheongcheong/Nagdong double haploid (CNDH) line after the heading date. A major QTL related to chlorophyll content was detected in the RM26981-RM287 region of chromosome 11. OsbHLHq11 was finally selected through screening of genes related to chlorophyll content in the RM26981-RM287 region. The relative expression level of the gene of OsbHLHq11 was highly expressed in cultivars with low chlorophyll content, and is expected to have a similar function to BHLH62 of the Gramineae genus. OsbHLHq11 is expected to increase photosynthetic efficiency by being involved in the chlorophyll content, and is expected to be utilized as a new genetic resource for breeding high-yield rice.

In this study, at different ratios mordanted with iron (II) sulfate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) and potassium aluminum sulfate [KAl(SO₄)₂12.H₂O] cotton fabrics were dyed gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier). Laser radiation firstly was used on raw cotton fabrics and secondly, cotton fabrics with different ratios of metallic mordanted and dyed with gall oak were irradiated to examine the laser radiation effects on textile color using several combinations of the two main laser parameters namely the number of pulses and energy density at 1064 nm. Colorimetric analysis of the cotton fabrics was measured by CIEL*a*b* spectrophotometer and examined surface alterations. Morphological analysis was performed using optical microscopy. The color coordinates and fastness values of washing rubbing, and light were investigated by comparing them with each other., Bu çalışmada, farklı oranlarda potasyum alüminyum sülfat [KAl(SO₄)₂12.H₂O] ve demir sülfat (FeSO₄.7H₂O) metal tuzlarıyla mordanlanan pamuklu kumaşlara mazı gomalağı bitkisiyle (Quercus infectoria Olivier) doğal boyama işlemi yapılmıştır. 1064 nm’de lazer radyasyonun farklı puls sayısı ve enerji yoğunluğu kombinasyonları kullanılarak ilk olarak ham pamuklu kumaşlarda ve ikinci olarak, farklı oranlarda metalik mordanlanmış ve mazı gomalağı ile boyanmış pamuklu kumaşlarda ışınlama yapılarak renk üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Pamuklu kumaşların kolorimetrik analizi CIEL*a*b* spektrofotometre ile ölçülmüş ve pamuklu kumaşların yüzey değişimleri incelenmiştir. Morfolojik incelemelerde optik mikroskop kullanılmıştır. Boyanmış örneklerin yıkama, sürtme, ışık haslık değerleri ve renk koordinatları karşılaştırılmıştır.

Data visualization is essential to discover patterns and anomalies in large high-dimensional datasets. New dimensionality reduction techniques have thus been developed for visualizing omics data, in particular from single-cell studies. However, jointly showing several types of data, e.g. single-cell expression and gene networks, remains a challenge. Here, we present ‘U-CIE, a visualization method that encodes arbitrary high-dimensional data as colors using a combination of dimensionality reduction and the CIELAB color space to retain the original structure to the extent possible. U-CIE first uses UMAP to reduce high-dimensional data to three dimensions, partially preserving distances between entities. Next, it embeds the resulting three-dimensional representation within the CIELAB color space. This color model was designed to be perceptually uniform, meaning that the Euclidean distance between any two points should correspond to their relative perceptual difference. Therefore, the combination of UMAP and CIELAB thus results in a color encoding that captures much of the structure of the original high-dimensional data. We illustrate its broad applicability by visualizing single-cell data on a protein network and metagenomic data on a world map and on scatter plots.

According to the current legal regulations, the flags of 8 of the 19 autonomous communities and cities in Spain have only qualitative specifications of their colors. We have performed quantitative color measurements under fixed experimental conditions (e.g. illuminant D65, CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer) for 3 collections of the 19 mentioned flags: One acquired by internet and two existing in high institutions of the Spanish State in Madrid (Supreme Court and Constitutional Court). The 52 main colors of the flags of the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court are relatively similar (average color difference of 6.2 CIELAB units). Therefore, we propose their average colors (with the exception of the blue color of the diagonal stripe of the flag of Galicia and the red and green stripes of the flag of La Rioja), with a tolerance of 10 CIELAB units, as a reference for future studies and standardization. The average color difference between our proposal and the colors of the purchased flags or those specified in current legislation is very high (about 20 CIELAB units). Most colors of the flags in the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court are located in 6 regions of the CIELAB color space we can name as white, black, red, yellow, green and blue. In all our color comparisons of flags from different collections, hue difference was the smallest component (, Según la normativa legal vigente, las banderas de 8 de las 19 comunidades y ciudades autónomas existentes en España tienen sólo especificaciones cualitativas de sus colores. Hemos realizado medidas cuantitativas de color bajo unas mismas condiciones experimentales (e.g. iluminante D65, observador patrón CIE 1964) para 3 colecciones de estas 19 banderas: Una adquirida por internet y dos existentes en altas instituciones del Estado en Madrid (Tribunal Supremo y Tribunal Constitucional). Los 52 colores principales de las banderas del Tribunal Supremo y Tribunal Constitucional son relativamente similares (diferencia de color promedio de 6.2 unidades CIELAB). Por tanto, proponemos su color promedio (con la excepción del color azul de la franja diagonal de la bandera de Galicia y las franjas roja y verde de la bandera de La Rioja), con una tolerancia de 10 unidades CIELAB, como referencia cuantitativa para futuros estudios y estandarización. La diferencia de color promedio entre nuestra propuesta y los colores de las banderas compradas o los especificados en la legislación vigente es muy alta (del orden de 20 unidades CIELAB). La mayor parte de los colores de las banderas del Tribunal Supremo y Tribunal Constitucional se agrupan en 6 regiones del espacio CIELAB, que podemos denominar blanco, negro, rojo, amarillo, verde y azul. La diferencia de tono es la componente más pequeña (

Hyperspectral and colorimetric patterns were determined from anatomical and physical aspects for the characterization of dry Peltogyne purpurea Pittier wood from natural forest trees. A sample of 24 P. purpurea wood discs was taken and anatomical characteristics (density and diameter of vessels, percentage of solitary vessels), wood density, colour (CIELab) and hyperspectral reflectance in the range of 310 to 1 100 nm in the dry wood, both in sapwood and heartwood section, were determined. Significant anatomical differences were found between sapwood and heartwood; a higher presence of solitary vessels was found in sapwood (34.28%) but with a vessel density of 27.07 pores mm-2 and diameter of 148.53 μm In the colorimetry analysis, brightness and b* (yellowing) were higher in sapwood, but with significantly lower values in a* (redness), thus generating a total color difference (higher than 14.55). As regards reflectance, three significant differentiation points were found between both sections, which were at 460, 580 and 1 020 nm; when correlating these three segments, no correlation was found with the anatomical aspects, but with the density of the wood (higher than 0.69), at the color level no relationship was found with the color parameter L* (brightness), while a* only showed inverse correlations at 580 nm and linear ones with b* at 580 nm. In this study no colorimetric relationships with anatomical aspects were found.

Althea (Hibiscus syriacus) is an ornamental shrub prized for its winterhardiness, flower colors, and unique flower forms, including single-flowered and double-flowered types. Although floral traits are most important for breeders of althea, little is known about their segregation patterns. The objective of this study was to determine segregation patterns in flower color, including eyespot, among hybrid seedlings of elite taxa. Over 4 years, more than 3100 flowering seedlings were produced for observation of F1, F2, and backcross families. For each plant, data were collected including presence of eyespot and petal body color (CIEL*a*b*) using a colorimeter. Recessive testcrosses and χ2 analyses were performed among three taxa (‘Buddha Belly’, ‘Diana’, and White Chiffon®), and between this recessive group and a suite of colorful taxa. Self-pollination and intercrosses within homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive groups further confirmed their genotypes. Based on these results, we propose that eyespot is controlled by a single gene called spotless, named for the recessive allele that results in a complete elimination of color in flowers. Crosses that resulted in seedlings that all produced eyespots were observed to segregate for color in the petal body. Of these, one group produced white to blush pink petals, which was recessive to full color. Recessive testcrosses and χ2 analyses were performed among nine taxa exhibiting eyespots with white to blush petal bodies, and between taxa with full-color petal bodies. These testcrosses resulted in a putative homozygous dominant group composed mostly of blue and dark pink taxa, whereas the heterozygous group was composed mostly of pink taxa. Spotless taxa were also added to these two groups, suggesting an epistatic interaction with the spotless allele. Based on these results, we propose that petal body color is controlled by a single gene called geisha, named for the recessive allele that produces white to blush-pink petal bodies and dark red eyespot. This trait exhibits incomplete dominance and is under epistatic control by spotless. Geisha-type flowers lack pigment in the petal body, or exhibit a blush pink, likely produced by low levels of cyanidin, peonidin, and pelargonidin. The interaction and segregation of these two genes was confirmed in F1, F2, and backcross families from two crosses: Lil’ Kim™ × Blue Chiffon™ and Fiji™ × White Chiffon®. This study on segregation of flower color in H. syriacus contributes substantial and useful information on inheritance of color and will facilitate targeted breeding to improve this vibrant ornamental shrub.

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysregulated proliferation and expansion of one or more of the myeloid lineages. The initial symptoms of MPN is a bone marrow abnormalities when producing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in large numbers and uncontrolled. An automatic and accurate white blood cell abnormality classification system is needed. This research uses digital image processing techniques such as conversion to the modified CIELab color space, segmentation techniques based on threshold values and feature extraction processes that produce four morphological features consisting of area, perimeter, metric and compactness. then the four features become input to the K-Nearest Neighborr (KNN) method. The testing process is based on variations in the value of K to get the best accuracy percentage of 94.3% tested on 159 test data.

The layer of aerogel was applied to the surface of basalt fabric due to the possibility of improving a fabric protecting against the influence of hot environmental factors. The analysis of aerogel surface roughness and thickness of the obtained sample, resistance to contact heat for the contact temperature between 100°C and 250°C, and tests of resistance to the penetration of thermal radiation were carried out. In addition, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal diffusion, thermal absorption, and surface roughness were determined. The obtained results indicate the unevenness of aerogel application on the surface of basalt fabric. For this reason, work should be carried out on an appropriate technology that will allow them to be applied evenly on the surface of the fabric. The parameters tested and the results obtained are promising in terms of the possibility of using the fabric obtained in protective gloves.

Resumen El estudio se validó de un protocolo fotográfico para la digitalización de muestras de herbario a partir de análisis de colorimetría digital. Para lo cual se utilizaron diez especies arbóreas en condición de herbario y se evaluó cinto tipos de velocidad de obturación, apertura de objetivo e ISO con fin identificar mejor ajuste y luego identificar el mejor protocolo fotográfico a partir de las variables L*, a *, b*, diferencial de color (ΔE*) y chroma (ΔC*). Los resultados mostraron que las velocidades de obturación de 1/3”, 1/5” y 1” mostraron ΔE* inferiores a 5, considerados como visibles, la a apertura de objetivo f/ 5.6 y f/7.1 mostraron valores ΔE* menores a 5,5 siendo mejor se adaptaron, mientras en ISO, los valores 100, 200 y 320 presentaron valores ΔE* visibles y menores a 5,3. En cuanto la determinación del mejor protocolo para las 10 especies fue CP1 con una velocidad de 1/3”, con apertura de f/5.5 e ISO 100 que presentó un ΔE* promedio de 4,1 considerado como visible y significativamente menor al resto de los tratamientos que variaron de 5,1 a 29,8, siendo cambios de visibles a totales de color y evidenciando con acumulaciones de color de 6 a 12 (ΔC*). Finalmente, IRF mostró los usuarios percibieron que CP1 mostró mejor ajuste al material físico (0,95) con respeto a los demás protocolos (promedio 0,71). Abstract The study was validated of a photographic protocol for the digitalization of herbarium samples from digital colorimetry analysis. For which ten tree species were used in herbarium condition and belt types of shutter speed, objective aperture and ISO were evaluated in order to identify better fit and then identify the best photographic protocol from the variables L *, a *, b *, color differential (ΔE *) and chroma (ΔC *). The results showed that the shutter speeds of 1/3 ”, 1/5” and 1 ”showed ΔE * less than 5, considered as visible, the aperture of objective f / 5.6 and f / 7.1 showed ΔE * values less than 5, 5 being better adapted, while in ISO, values 100, 200 and 320 showed visible ΔE * values and less than 5.3. As soon as the determination of the best protocol for the 10 species was CP1 with a speed of 1/3 ”, with an aperture of f / 5.5 and ISO 100 that presented an average ΔE * of 4.1 considered as visible and significantly lower than the rest of treatments that varied from 5.1 to 29.8, being changes from visible to total color and evidencing with color accumulations of 6 to 12 (ΔC *). Finally, IRF showed the users perceived that CP1 showed a better fit to the physical material (0.95) with respect to the other protocols (average 0.71). Resumo O estudo foi validado de um protocolo fotográfico para a digitalização de amostras de herbário a partir de análises de colorimetria digital. Para as quais dez espécies de árvores foram utilizadas na condição de herbário e os tipos de correia da velocidade do obturador, a abertura objetiva e a ISO foram avaliadas para identificar melhor ajuste e, em seguida, identificar o melhor protocolo fotográfico das variáveis L *, a *, b *, diferencial de cor (ΔE *) e croma (ΔC *). Os resultados mostraram que as velocidades do obturador de 1/3 ”, 1/5” e 1 ”apresentaram ΔE * menor que 5, considerada visível, a abertura da objetiva f / 5.6 ef / 7.1 apresentou valores ΔE * inferiores a 5 5 sendo melhor adaptados, enquanto na ISO, os valores 100, 200 e 320 apresentaram valores visíveis de ΔE * e menores que 5,3. Assim que a determinação do melhor protocolo para as 10 espécies foi CP1 com velocidade de 1/3 ”, com uma abertura de f / 5.5 e ISO 100 que apresentou um ΔE * médio de 4,1 considerado como visível e significativamente menor que o restante tratamentos que variaram de 5,1 a 29,8, sendo alterações de visível para total e evidenciando acúmulos de 6 a 12 (ΔC *). Por fim, a IRF mostrou que os usuários perceberam que o CP1 apresentava melhor ajuste ao material físico (0,95) em relação aos demais protocolos (média 0,71).

Eye fundus images are used in clinical diagnosis for the detection and assessment of retinal disorders. When retinal images are degraded by scattering due to opacities of the eye tissues, the precise detection of abnormalities is complicated depending on the grading of the opacity. This paper presents a concept proof study on the use of the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) technique for better visualization of eye fundus images for different levels of blurring due to different stages of cataracts. Processing is performed in three different color spaces: RGB, CIELAB and HSV, with the aim of finding which one better enhances the missed diagnostic features due to blur. The experimental results show that some fundus features not observable by naked eye can be detected in some of the space color processed with the proposed method. In this work, we also develop and provide an online image process, which allows clinicians to tune the default parameters of the algorithm for a better visualization of the characteristics of fundus images. It also allows the choice of a region of interest (ROI) within the images that provide better visualization of some features than those enhanced by the processing of the full picture.

In this paper, the investigation on the occurrence of cyanosis’s blue colouration in newborn babies will be focused on a more detailed version of the oxyhaemoglobin’s (HbO2) and deoxyhaemoglobin’s (Hb) transmission and reflectance spectrum in the blood vessel. A quantitative analysis of cyanosis colour is based on the theory of an observer model of cyanotic skin. The proposed method formed a basis of work of colour changes to be implemented in the future cyanosis baby manikin for baby simulation area. A series of transfer functions were adopted and described by the relationship of the light propagation in human skin. As expected, results showed that the colouration of HbO2 is less saturated (bright red) in comparison to Hb (darker red) and the colouration depends on the HbO2’s and Hb’s reflectance spectrum in the blood. Meaning that, the correct CIEL_a_b_ colour values of cyanosis in real newborn babies will be quantified and later to be implemented in a cyanosis baby manikin. Despite of non-experimental methodology implemented, it is based on putting together existing knowledge from literature. In particular, the database of the absorbance spectra of HbO2 and Hb and the three-cone pigments with three different absorption spectra of the colour receptors in the human retina. The data from Scott Prahl’s Assorted Spectra and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology’s Colour Matching Functions were retrieved with the spectral values are depending on the light’s wavelength, (_). The results of newborn’s cyanosis colour was obtained and determined both in a two- dimensional International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 xy and a three-dimensional CIE L_a_b_ colour space.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biológica, A cor do vinho é um fator de extrema importância para a perceção da qualidade, por parte do consumidor. Tendo o peso desta característica em mente, os objetivos da presente dissertação centraram-se no acompanhamento da evolução da cor durante o processo produtivo, bem como o impacto provocado pela adição de alguns produtos enológicos. A evolução da cor não cessa com o engarrafamento, revelando-se importante fazer o acompanhamento durante o armazenamento, realizando-se ainda análises sensoriais, com o objetivo de criar um limite que permita à empresa detetar diferenças notórias na cor do seu produto. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, foram acompanhados três vinhos rosés, dois brancos e um tinto. Estes vinhos foram acompanhados durante o processo produtivo, nas etapas de conservação, estabilização, filtração e enchimento, sendo depois armazenados e analisados ao longo de 18 semanas. As amostras foram sujeitas a análises à concentração de O2 dissolvido, concentração de SO2 livre e total e ao pH, sendo também caracterizadas colorimetricamente pelo método CIELAB. Foram ainda realizados ensaios visando caracterizar o impacto na cor do vinho rosé, provocado pela adição dos produtos enológicos e efetuadas análises sensoriais, para estabelecer um limite sensorial de cor para o vinho rosé. Verificou-se que, quanto à avaliação da cor dos vinhos rosés, as maiores diferenças encontradas ao longo do processo produtivo foram geradas pelas etapas de filtração e enchimento, onde se atingiram valores de diferença de cor (ΔE*) de 1,17 ± 0,29 e 1,67 ± 0,41, respetivamente. Durante o tempo de armazenamento a diferença de cor atingiu valores de 1,79 ± 0,22. Relativamente ao impacto na cor provocado pelos produtos enológicos, constatou-se que, essa diferença pode chegar a valores de 3. Por fim, a criação de um limite sensorial para a cor do vinho rosé, permitiu definir um limite de 2 para ΔE*, a partir do qual os provadores consideram as diferenças inaceitáveis. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram concluir que as etapas com maior alteração na cor do vinho são a filtração e o enchimento. Durante o armazenamento, a cor continuou a evoluir, não tendo atingido o limite sensorial de aceitabilidade definido. Conclui-se ainda que dos produtos utilizados, os que possuem maior impacto na cor são o dióxido de enxofre e os taninos condensados, provocando diferenças de cor entre 2 e 3., The colour of wine is an extremely important factor for the consumer's perception of quality. With the importance of this characteristic in mind, the objectives of this dissertation focused on monitoring the evolution of colour during the production process, as well as the impact caused by the addition of some oenological products. The evolution of colour does not stop with bottling, so it is important to follow it during storage. Sensorial analyses are also carried out in order to create a threshold that allows the company to detect notorious differences in the colour of its product. To achieve the proposed objectives, three rosé wines, two white wines and one red wine were monitored. These wines were monitored during the production process, at the conservation, stabilisation, filtration and filling stages, and then stored and analysed over an 18-week period. The samples were analysed for dissolved O2 concentration, free and total SO2 concentration and pH, and were also colour metrically characterised using the CIELAB method. Tests were also carried out to characterise the impact on the colour of rosé wine caused by the addition of oenological products and sensory analyses were carried out to establish a sensory colour threshold for rosé wine. It was found that, regarding the colour of rosé wines, the greatest differences found throughout the production process were generated by the filtration and filling stages, where colour difference values (ΔE*) of 1.17 ± 0.29 and 1.67 ± 0.41 were reached, respectively. During the storage time the colour difference reached values of 1.79 ± 0.22. Regarding the impact on colour caused by oenological products, it was found that this difference can reach values of 3. Finally, the creation of a sensory threshold for the colour of rosé wine made it possible to define a limit of 2 for ΔE*, above which the tasters consider the differences to be unacceptable. The results obtained made it possible to conclude that the stages with the greatest change in the colour of the wine are filtration and filling. During storage, the colour continued to evolve, but did not reach the defined sensorial limit of acceptability. It is also concluded that, considering the products used, those with the greatest impact on colour are sulphur dioxide and condensed tannins, causing differences of colour between 2 and 3.

A visual and easy-to-implement representation approach of red wine color is proposed in this work. The wine color under standard conditions, called feature color, was reproduced in the form of a circular spot. The feature color was further decomposed into two orthogonal aspects, the chromatic and light–dark components, characterized in the form of chromaticity distribution plane and lightness distribution plane, respectively. The color characterization of wine samples showed that this method well represented the color characteristics and can provide intuitive visual perception of wine color, in a way that is more reliable and convenient than the photographic method. The applications for monitoring the color evolution during winery and laboratory fermentation and the age discrimination of 175 commercial red wines suggest that this visual method is effective for color management and control of wine during fermentation and aging. The proposed method is a convenient way to present, store, convey, understand, analyze and compare the color information of wines.

The paper investigates the visual color change that occurs on a sample screen-printed with printing paste of identical composition containing pigment CHT Colormatch 740 Schwarz in the mass of 30 g of pigment per 100 g of total printing paste mass. After applying the same printing paste on textile substrate coloured in black and magenta hues, a visual difference in color appearance occurred between the samples. While on a magenta background the print looks completely black, on a black background the visual appearance of the color is much lighter. Screen-printing was carried out for the purpose of patterning the materials for the designer collection of backpacks, and a similar effect was achieved when applying printing pastes in magenta hue. In addition to visual analysis, color objectification was performed on the samples based on spectrophotometric measurement and presentation of results according to the CIELAB evaluation system and through the values of color depth K/S. Microscopic imaging of the surface was performed to assess surface coverage and layer uniformity, and in the process of visual analysis, not only the impact of the substrate was assessed, but also of the surrounding colors (contours).

The agro-industrial processing of fruits generates a significant volume of by-products, which can be valued as a source of natural ingredients in the food industry. The objective of this research was to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of total carotenoids in papaya epicarp and to use the extract as an ingredient during the storage of the Frankfurter sausage. The maximum assisted extraction of total carotenoids (66.03 ± 0.60 mg of β-carotene/100g) in the papaya epicarp by ultrasound is achieved when working at temperatures of 30 °C, for 60 min and a solid-liquid ratio 0.0064 g/ml oil. The temperature presented the highest effect of extraction of total carotenoids, followed by solid-liquid ratio, and time in the UAE. Frankfurt-type sausages made from carotenoid lipid extract show a significant reduction in nitrites (p

The pinking phenomenon has been known in the wine world for the past 50 years. The phenomenonoccurs when a white wine turns pink under certain conditions. Since then, a Portuguese study foundmalvidin-3-O-glucoside in Siria grapes making a connection to anthocyanin as the causing agent. Control(K), naturally pinked (NP) and pink induced (PI) Sauvignon blanc wine samples were analysed by LCMSand WineScanTM (Fourier Transform Infrared – FTIR) after Solid Phase Extraction. The monomericanthocyanins were analysed by a pH differential method, and CieLab was used to differentiate colourdifferences between the control and pinked samples. It was found that malvidin-3-O-glucoside was belowthe threshold values to facilitate pinking in Sauvignon blanc wines. Petunidin-3-O-glucoside showed aslight peak in the LC-MS analysis, and together with the malvidin-3-O-glucoside, the potential to pinkthe white wines increased. FTIR results showed that phenols and anthocyanins absorption could not bedistinguished and that there were possibly other compounds involved in the pinking of white wines. Analysisby CieLab expressed the PI wines as a darker pink colour than the control wine and the absorbency valueat 500 nm was at least three times higher for PI than the control, showing the aggressive oxidative natureof H2O2 on wine.

This in vitro study investigated the extrinsic tooth-whitening effect of bleaching products containing polyphosphates on the dental enamel surface compared to 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). Eighty human molars were randomly allocated into four whitening-products groups. Group A (control) was treated with 10% CP (Opalescence). The other groups with non-CP over-the-counter (OTC) products were group B = polyphosphates (iWhiteWhitening-Kit); group C = polyphosphates+fluoride (iWhite-toothpaste); and group D = sodium bicarbonate (24K-Whitening-Pen). L*, a*, b* color-parameters were spectrophotometer-recorded at baseline (T0), one day (T1), and one month (T2) post-treatment. Changes in teeth color (ΔEab) were calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). Groups A, B, and D showed significant differences in ΔL*&Δa* parameters at T1, but not in Δb* at T0. Group C showed no difference for ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* at T0 and T1. Group A showed differences for ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, at T2, while groups B, C, and D had no difference in any parameters at T0. At T1, ΔEab values = A > D> B > C (ΔEab = 13.4 > 2.4 > 2.1 > 1.2). At T2, ΔEab values increased = A > B > C > D (ΔEab = 12.2 > 10.6 > 9.2 > 2.4). In conclusion, the 10% CP and Biomimetic polyphosphate extrinsic whitening kit demonstrated the highest color change, while simulated brushing with dark stain toothpaste and a whitening pen demonstrated the lowest color change at both measurement intervals.

Our aim in this study was to outline phenolic and color characteristic that characterize the labeled unifloral resin spurge (Euphorbia resinifera) honey. With respect to phenolic composition, 17 phenolic compounds have been analyzed in the 29 honey samples. The proposed markers (syringic acid, ethyl gallate, m-coumaric acid and naringenin) might help to the enhancement of this honey type and thus, guarantee its commercial value. The color characterization by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry revealed typical values of light amber honey (lightness ranged from 36 to 70 units, and chroma from 18 to 30 units). On the other hand, many correlations between the color attributes and phenolic acids, total phenolic compounds, caffeic acid, p- and m-coumaric acids and hesperidin have been demonstrated, also, correlation between phenols, color parameters and percentage of pollen of E. resinifera has been found. This study is one of the rare researches which have correlated the CIELAB color parameters with the individual phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds within the same unifloral honey.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biológica, A cor dos vinhos é a primeira característica a ser avaliada, e, desta forma, é a que mais influencia a aceitação por parte dos comerciantes e consumidores. A análise visual da cor está relacionada com as restantes sensações organoléticas, como o aroma, a textura e o sabor. Desta forma, relaciona-se a cor do vinho com a qualidade do mesmo. Antigamente a avaliação da cor dos vinhos era feita através da visão humana, no entanto, a perceção é diferente de pessoa para pessoa, tornando essa avaliação falível. Surge assim, a necessidade de desenvolver um método de identificação e avaliação objetiva da cor do vinho. Os objetivos deste trabalho dividem-se em várias partes. Numa primeira abordagem formou-se um painel interno de provadores da Adega Cooperativa de Ponte da Barca e Arcos de Valdevez (ACPBAV), tendo efetuado, para tal, provas de recrutamento garantindo que apenas os candidatos aptos passariam a integrar o painel. Em paralelo, a fim de padronizar a cor pretendida pela empresa para o seu Vinho Verde rosé, desenvolveu-se e caracterizou-se uma cor de referência no espaço tridimensional CIELAB. Este método utiliza o espaço tridimensional de cores L*, a* e b*, representando distinções entre luz e escuridão, vermelho e verde, azul e amarelo, respetivamente. Este método foi implementado através do desenvolvimento de um algoritmo em Excel. Posteriormente, recorrendo à cor de referência e ao algoritmo desenvolvido, estudou-se o limite de perceção do painel de provadores para variações colorimétricas. Para tal, efetuaram-se testes triangulares. Por último, avaliou-se a evolução da cor do Vinho Verde rosé durante 25 semanas de armazenamento. Em simultâneo, estudaram-se os espetros de absorvância de Vinho Verde rosé e amostras de vinhos previamente selecionados, na tentativa de os diferenciar pelas características dos seus espectros de absorção na região do visível. Para as condições estudadas, o valor máximo do limite de perceção do painel de provadores foi igual a 2 para a diferença de cor no espaço CIELAB. O tempo máximo de armazenamento, até as alterações colorimétricas serem indiscutivelmente diferentes, foi de 17 semanas. Não só existe repetibilidade no comportamento dos espetros de absorvância comparados, como também se observam diferenças entre as curvas dos vinhos., The color of the wines is the first characteristic to be evaluated, and, it is the one that most influences the acceptance by merchants and consumers. A visual analysis of the color is related to other organoleptic sensations, such as aroma, texture and taste. The color of the wine is related to its quality. Previously, the evaluation of the color of wines was done through the human vision, however, perception is different from person to person, making this evaluation fallible. Thus, there is a need to develop a method for identifying and objectively evaluating the color of wine. The objectives of this work are divided into several parts. In a first approach, an internal panel of tasters was formed, having carried out, for this purpose, recruitment tests, ensuring that only suitable candidates were part of the panel. In parallel, in order to standardize the colour of Vinho Verde rosé intended by the company, it developed and characterized itself as a standard color in the three dimensional CIELAB space. This method uses the three-dimensional space of nuclei L*, a* and b*, representing distinctions between light and dark, red and green, blue and yellow, respectively. This method was implemented through the development of an Excel algorithm. Subsequently, using the standard color and the developed algorithm, the perception limit of the panel of tasters for colorimetric variations was studied. To this end, triangular tests were performed. Finally, the evolution of the color of the Vinho Verde rosé was evaluated during 25 weeks of storage. Simultaneously, the absorbance spectra of Vinho Verde Rosé and those of selected wines were studied, in an attempt to differentiate them by the characteristics of their absorption spectra in the visible region. For the conditions studied, the maximum value of the panel of tasters' perception threshold was equal to 2. The maximum storage time until the colorimetric changes were indisputably different was 17 weeks. Not only is there repeatability in the behavior of the compared absorbance spectra, but they also show differences between the curves of wines.

Rapid, low-cost methods for large-scale assessments of soil organic carbon (SOC) are essential for climate change mitigation. Our work explores the potential for citizen scientists to gather soil colour data as a cost-effective proxy of SOC instead of conventional lab analyses. The research took place during a 2-year period using topsoil data gathered by citizen scientists and scientists from urban parks in the UK and France. We evaluated the accuracy and consistency of colour identification by comparing “observed” Munsell soil colour estimates to “measured” colour derived from reflectance spectroscopy, and calibrated colour observations to ensure data robustness. Statistical relationships between carbon content obtained by loss on ignition (LOI) and (i) observed and (ii) measured soil colour were derived for SOC prediction using three colour components: hue, lightness, and chroma. Results demonstrate that although the spectrophotometer offers higher precision, there was a correlation between observed and measured colour for both scientists (R2 = 0.42; R2 = 0.26) and citizen scientists (R2 = 0.39; R2 = 0.19) for lightness and chroma, respectively. Foremost, a slightly stronger relationship was found for predicted SOC using the spectrophotometer (R2 = 0.69), and citizen scientists produced comparable results (R2 = 0.58), highlighting the potential of a large-scale citizen-based approach for SOC monitoring.

In 2019–2020, a study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of willow composts as a substrate or substrate component in tomato transplant cultivation. In 2019, 4-year-old chopped willow biomass (mostly chips &lt, 2 cm long) was formed into four compost prisms: S0—willow compost without additives, SN—willow compost with the addition of nitrogen, SF—willow compost with the addition of wood-decaying mycelium, and SFN—willow compost with the addition of wood-decaying mycelium and nitrogen. Willow compost was rated as a homogeneous substrate (S0, SN, SF, and SFN) and as a substrate component with peat (P), mixed in willow:peat ratios such as 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25, in the variants S0:P, SN:P, SF:P, and SFN:P. For reference, deacidified peat was used as a homogeneous substrate. The study showed that willow compost could be used as a renewable plant material replacing peat. The best parameters (plant height, leaf span, number of leaves, and especially the highest weight) were found in tomato transplants grown in the SF:P and SFN:P substrates and at a 25:75 ratio. It was found that the addition of nitrogen to the compost, in order to obtain a wide C:N ratio, negatively affected the initial growth of tomato plants.

Não recebi financiamento This work aimed to evaluate the use of colorimetric properties (L*, a* and b*) of the CIELAB system and apparent density as estimators of physical and mechanical properties of ten tropical wood species using quadratic multivariable regression models. The models were evaluated following the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) precepts, as well as the normality of the data. Therefore, analyzes were made of how physical and mechanical properties and colorimetric parameters are related. First, the correlation between colorimetric parameters and physical and mechanical properties was evaluated using the Pearson test. The goodness of fit was measured using the coefficient of determination (R²). In order to understand how physical and mechanical properties and colorimetric parameters are related, linear and quadratic models with an independent variable (L* or a* or b*) were generated. After understanding how the colorimetric parameters are related and verifying the independence between parameters and properties, linear and quadratic models were generated in order to see if the use of quadratic models improves the accuracy of the estimates. After the evaluation of the quadratic and linear models, the quadratic multivariable models were validated with data from nine species and the properties of the tenth species were estimated and compared with the experimental data. After validation, quadratic multivariable models were generated with data from the ten species evaluated and the error of the estimates was evaluated using the models obtained as data estimators in the literature. Additionally, the behavior of apparent density and its relationship with physical and mechanical properties was evaluated throughout the entire evaluation. The result of Pearson's correlation showed that the colorimetric parameters, as well as the apparent density have significance in the correlation, indicating a significant relationship between factors and properties, but with a weak correlation. Quadratic models, compared to linear models, increased the significance of the estimate, except for the L* parameter. The results of the validation models showed that fc0, fH0 and fH90 presented good quality in the fit (R²>70%) using only the parameters. Adding density, EM also arrived in good quality in the fit, indicating the possibility of its use. For the models with data from the 10 species, the estimator models of the properties fc0, fH0 and fH90, Ec0 and EM achieved good quality in the adjustment using only the colorimetric parameters, improving the precision with the addition of the apparent density as an independent variable. The comparison with the data estimated by the models and the experimental values show that it is possible to estimate physical and mechanical properties using colorimetric parameters and apparent density. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de propriedades colorimétricas (L*, a* e b*) do sistema CIELAB e densidade aparente como estimadores de propriedades físicas e mecânicas de dez espécies de madeira tropical utilizando modelos de regressão multivariável quadrático. Os modelos foram avaliados seguindo os preceitos da ANOVA (Análise de Variância), bem como avaliada a normalidade dos dados. Para tanto, foram feitas análises de como as propriedades físicas e mecânicas e os parâmetros colorimétricos estão relacionados. Primeiro, foi feita avaliação da correlação entre os parâmetros colorimétricos e as propriedades físicas e mecânicas foi utilizado o teste de Pearson. A qualidade no ajuste foi medida por meio do coeficiente de determinação (R²). Para entendimento de como as propriedades físicas e mecânicas e os parâmetros colorimétricos estão relacionados, foram gerados modelos lineares e quadráticos a uma variável independente (L* ou a* ou b*). Após compreendido como relacionam-se os parâmetros colorimétricos e verificada a independência entre os parâmetros e propriedades, foram gerados modelos lineares e quadráticos a fim de ver se o uso de modelos quadráticos melhora a precisão das estimativas. Após a avaliação dos modelos quadráticos e lineares, procedeu-se a validação dos modelos multivariáveis quadráticos com dados de nove espécies e estimadas as propriedades da décima espécie e comparados com os dados experimentais. Após a validação, foram gerados modelos multivariáveis quadráticos com dados das dez espécies avaliadas e avaliado o erro das estimativas utilizando os modelos obtidos como estimadores de dados na literatura. De forma adicional, foi avaliado o comportamento da densidade aparente e sua relação com as propriedades físicas e mecânicas ao longo de toda a avaliação feita. O resultado da correlação de Pearson mostrou que os parâmetros colorimétricos, bem como a densidade aparente possuem significância na correlação, indicando relação significativa entre os fatores e as propriedades, porém com fraca correlação. Os modelos quadráticos, comparado aos modelos lineares, aumentaram a significância da estimativa, exceto para o parâmetro L*. Os resultados dos modelos de validação mostraram que fc0, fH0 e fH90 apresentaram boa qualidade no ajuste (R²>70%) utilizando somente os parâmetros. Adicionando a densidade, EM também chegou em boa qualidade no ajuste, indicando a possibilidade de seu uso. Para os modelos com dados das 10 espécies, os modelos estimadores das propriedades fc0, fH0 e fH90, Ec0 e EM atingiram boa qualidade no ajuste utilizando somente os parâmetros colorimétricos, melhorando a precisão com a adição da densidade aparente como variável independente. A comparação com os dados estimados pelos modelos e os valores experimentais mostram que há possibilidade de se estimar propriedades físicas e mecânicas com o uso de parâmetros colorimétricos e densidade aparente.

Cylindrical specimens obtained from the monzogranite host rock of the National Radioactive Waste Repository of Hungary were tested at room temperature and 250 °C, 500 °C, and 750 °C of heat treatment. Reflectance spectra (color), bulk density, Duroskop surface hardness, and ultrasound-wave velocity values were measures before and after thermal stress. According to CIE L*a*b* colorimetric characteristics, the specimens’ color became brighter and yellower after the heat treatment. At 750 °C, a significant volume increase was recorded linked to the formation of macro-cracks, and it also led to the drop in bulk density. Smaller temperature treatment (250 °C) caused a minor decrease in density (−1.3%), which is higher than the reduction of density at 500 °C (−0.8%). Duroskop surface strength showed a slight decrease until 500 °C, and then a drastic decline at 750 °C. P- and S-wave velocity values tend to decrease uniformly and significantly from room temperature to 750 °C. P-wave velocity and Duroskop values have a high exponential correlation at elevated temperatures. Physical alterations originated from the differential thermal-induced expansion of minerals, the formation of micro-cracks. Mineralogical changes at higher temperatures also contribute to the volume change and the loss in strength.

This work aimed to (i) determine the reliability of a portable Bluetooth colourimeter for fruit colour measurements, (ii) characterise the changes in quantitative skin colour attributes in a nectarine cultivar in response to time from harvest, and (iii) determine the influence of row orientation and training system on nectarine skin colour. The skin colour attributes measured with the colourimeter, namely L*, a* and b*, were calibrated and validated against a reference spectrophotometer. C* and h° were obtained from a* and b*. Skin colour was measured in situ from 42 days before to 6 days after harvest on ‘Majestic Pearl’ nectarines subjected to different row orientations and training systems. Validation models showed high reliability of colour estimations. The trends of colour attributes over time were characterised by cubic regression models, with h° proving to be the best parameter to describe changes of colour over time, with a clear link to the maturation process. No significant effects of row orientation and training system on skin colour were observed at harvest. Overall, the device proved reliable for fruit colour detection. Results of this study highlight the potential of h° as a quantitative index to monitor ripening prior to harvest in ‘Majestic Pearl’ nectarines.