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Background A first approach addressed to ascertain whether emotion regulation (ER) could be a transdiagnostic construct between eating disorders (EDs) and gambling disorder (GD) (through a joint clinical clustering analysis of both disorders) was performed by Munguía et al. (2021). Both conditions were represented by a severe, moderate, and low ER profile subgroups, according to the degree of ER difficulties. Results showed a linear relationship between the severity of ER difficulties and the severity of the disorder and the psychopathological state. Aims Based on the aforementioned cross-sectional study, the objective of this longitudinal research was to explore the treatment response of the different ER subgroups. Methods 459 adult patients (n = 277 ED; n = 182 GD) were included. Several clinical variables, as well as outcome indicators (after completing 16 weeks of cognitive-behavioral therapy), were evaluated. Results The three subgroups found in the previous cross-sectional study were taken for the performance of the present research. ED and GD distribution in each subgroup replicates the one exposed by Munguía et al. (2021), as well as their characterization, considering psychopathology, disorder severity and personality traits. The low ER subgroup reported a better response to treatment, whereas the severe group had the highest rates of non-remission and dropouts. Conclusions Our results suggest that greater difficulties in ER lead to poorer treatment outcomes. Therefore, tailored treatments for patients with poor ER abilities would be recommended to improve adherence and treatment outcomes.

Thesis (PhD(Human Resource Management))--University of South Australia, 2021. Includes bibliographical references (pages 148-166) This research explores how leader narcissism influences follower wellbeing through the relationship between the leader and the follower. The study proposes that followers may be motivated to develop identity overlap with narcissistic leaders, which can predict the development of high-quality relationships and improved follower wellbeing. However, narcissistic leaders could threaten follower identity and negatively influence relationships and follower wellbeing. The results indicate that followers’ identity overlap is positively associated with high-quality relationships and followers’ wellbeing. Furthermore, the relationship between leader narcissism and follower identity threat is moderated by the follower’s frequency of interaction with the leader. Finally, the results confirmed that high-quality leader-follower relationships positively influence follower wellbeing.

Resumen Un grupo de 35 personas con discapacidad visual participaron en un estudio transversal y correlacional, con el fin de evaluar el papel de las creencias de control sobre el afrontamiento, la calidad de vida percibida y el ajuste psicologico a la discapacidad. Los participantes contestaron una bateria de pruebas psicometricas adaptada al formato de presentacion oral en el contexto de una entrevista estructurada. Los resultados sugieren que el afrontamiento resiliente, la calidad de vida y el ajuste psicologico se relacionan con la competencia percibida, pero no con el tipo de discapacidad, su origen (congenito o sobrevenido) o el genero. Asimismo, una mayor competencia percibida supone menor presencia de sintomatologia ansiosa y depresiva, menor afectividad negativa y mayor afectividad positiva. Se discuten las posibles aplicaciones de estos hallazgos en la practica clinica psicologica orientada a mejorar el ajuste psicologico y la optimizacion del proceso de adaptacion a la discapacidad visual.

There is a conceptual knot at the intersection of moral responsibility and action theory. This knot can be expressed as the following question: What is the relationship between an agent’s openness to moral responsibility and the intentional status of her behaviour? My answer to this question is developed in three steps. I first develop a control-backed account of intentional agency, one that borrows vital insights from the cognitive sciences – in the form of Dual Process Theory – in understanding the control condition central to the account, and demonstrate that this account fares at least as well as its rivals in the field. Secondly, I investigate the dominant positions in the discussion surrounding the role of control in moral responsibility. After consideration of some shortcomings of these positions – especially the inability to properly account for so-called ambivalence cases – I defend an alternative pluralist account of moral responsibility, in which there are two co-extant variants of such responsibility: attributability and accountability. The latter of these will be shown to have a necessary control condition, also best understood in terms of a requirement for oversight (rather than conscious or online control), and in terms of the workings of the dual system mechanism. I then demonstrate how these two accounts are necessarily related through the shared role of this kind of control, leading to my answer to the original question: if an agent is open to moral accountability based on some activity or outcome, this activity or outcome must necessarily have positive intentional status. I then apply this answer in a consideration of certain cases of the use of the Doctrine of Double Effect.

Amaç: Bu çalışma hemşirelerin iş yerindeki öfke eğilimlerinin düzeyi ve bunu etkileyen kişisel, çevresel ve mesleki faktörlerin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın evrenini, İstanbul G.O.P. Taksim E.A.H. ve İstanbul Üsküdar Devlet Hastanesi'nde çalışan hemşireler oluşturmuştur. Örneklem, araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 224 kişiden meydana gelmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri Sosyo-demografik Veri Formu ve Sürekli Öfke-Öfke Tarz Ölçeği ve kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Bulgular: Sürekli öfke erkeklerde, mesleğini sevmeyenlerde, hastalarla rahat iletişim kuramayanlarda, haftada üçten fazla nöbet tutanlarda, 25 yaş altı olanlarda, aşırı kontrol ile büyümüş ve ailede şiddet görmüş katılımcılarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Öfkeyi dışa yansıtma, gelir düzeyi düşük olanlarda ve iş yükünü ağır bulanlarda daha yüksektir. Katılımcıların içe yönelik öfke düzeyi kendini yalnız hisseden ve anne babasından şiddet gören katılımcılarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların öfke kontrol düzeyi, evli ve çocuğu olanlarda yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar: Bu sonuçlar, hemşirelerin sürekli öfke düzeylerinin yüksek olduğunu ve öfkelerini sağlıklı olarak ifade etmede yetersizlik yaşadıklarını göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hemşire, Öfke Eğilimi, Sağlık Personeli, Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the level of the anger tendency of nurses at their workplace, and the personal, environmental and occupational factors affecting them. Material and Methods: The research universe consists of nurses working at Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim Training And Research Hospital and Üsküdar State Hospital in Istanbul. The sample results are obtained from 224 people who accepted to participate in the survey. Data of the study were obtained via the Socio-demographic Data Form and the State Anger-Anger Trait Scale. Results: Trait-anger is found to be high in males, those who don't like their job, those who cannot comfortably communicate with patients, those who are on duty more than three times in a week, those who are under 25, those who were raised with control, and those who have experienced violence in the family. Reflecting anger is higher in those with low income, and those with a heavy workload. Participants' internal anger level is found to be high in those who feel alone and who have experienced domestic violence. The anger control level of participants is found to be high in those who are married and those who have kids. Conclusions: The results show that nurses' state anger level is high and they feel inadequate to express their anger. Key Words: Nurse, Anger Tendency, Medical Personnel. 114

Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-189). Number of sources in the bibliography: 696 Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Department of Psychology, 2016. The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. Η παρούσα μελέτη είχε ως στόχο να εξετάσει και να διευρύνει περαιτέρω το νομολογικό δίκτυο της έννοιας τη διεκδικητικής επικοινωνίας (assertiveness) που θεωρείται μια σημαντική κοινωνική και διαπροσωπική δεξιότητα και ένα κρίσιμο στοιχείο για την ψυχική ευημερία του ατόμου, την ανάπτυξη και αποτελεσματική κοινωνική λειτουργία. Συγκεκριμένα η ερευνητική μελέτη εστιάστηκε στη μελέτη της σχέσης αλλά και της επίδρασης συγκεκριμένων προσωπικών και κοινωνικών χαρακτηριστικών του ατόμου αλλά και γονεϊκών πρακτικών στην εμφάνιση ή την έλλειψη διεκδικητικότητας, επιθετικότητας και την υποχωρητικότητας σε παιδιά και εφήβους. Πιο συγκεκριμένα εξετάστηκαν τα προσωπικά χαρακτηριστικά των παιδιών όπως η κοινωνική φοβία, η ψυχοπάθεια, η θυματοποίηση και η κοινωνική αποδοχή από συνομήλικους. Εννιακόσια δεκαέξι (916) παιδιά (365, αγόρια και κορίτσια 551 ηλικιακή ομάδα: 10-17 ετών) και χίλιοι εκατόν πενήντα πέντε γονείς (1155) συμμετείχαν στη μελέτη. Το δείγμα επιλέχθηκε τυχαία από δημόσια δημοτικά σχολεία των επαρχιών Λευκωσίας Λάρνακας, Πάφου και Αμμοχώστου. Τα δεδομένα συγκεντρώθηκαν μέσω ερωτηματολογίων και βινιέτων. Από τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης οι υποθέσεις σχετικά με το νομοθετικό δίκτυο της διεκδικητικής επικοινωνίας επιβεβαιώθηκαν. Όπως ήταν αναμενόμενο, η διεκδικητική επικοινωνία είχε θετική συσχέτιση αυτοπεποίθησης με τη ψυχική υγεία, δεξιότητες κοινωνικοποίησης και δεξιότητες διαχείρισης των συναισθημάτων, η υποχωρητικότητα είχε θετική συσχέτιση με το κοινωνικός άγχος και δυσκολίες κοινωνικοποίησης και η επιθετικότητα συσχετίστηκε με αντικοινωνικές συμπεριφορές. Επιπλέον παράγοντας φύλο φαίνεται να διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην διεκδικητική επικοινωνία. Συμφώνα με τα δεδομένα της έρευνας τα κορίτσια πήραν ψηλότερες βαθμολογίες στην διεκδικητική συμπεριφορά ενώ τα αγόρια στην επιθετική συμπεριφορά. Σε σχέση με τις γονεϊκές πρακτικές και τη διεκδικητική συμπεριφορά τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι η διεκδικητική συμπεριφορά είναι θετικά συσχετισμένη και προβλέπεται από την θετικές γονεϊκές πρακτικές και αρνητικά συσχετισμένη με αρνητικές γονεϊκές πρακτικές. Objectives: The present study aimed to examine and further develop the nomological network of assertiveness that is considered an important behavioral, social and interpersonal communication skill and a critical component for the individual’s mental wellbeing, development and effective social functioning. This research study investigates how specific personal, social characteristics and parenting variables, and their interactions, can predict appearance or absence of assertiveness, aggressiveness and submissiveness in children and adolescent. This study was designed to test which personal and social characteristics of children can predict assertiveness and mediate the relation between the parenting practices and assertive behaviour of children. Previous research has indicated that social skills of children are associated with the constructs of social anxiety, psychopathy, callous-unemotional traits, emotion regulation, temperament characteristics, social acceptance, victimization and parenting practices and so in this study we will specifically examine their relation with the specific social skill of assertiveness and the related behaviours of aggressiveness and submissiveness. Assertiveness is an important social skill for expressing ones opinion and needs through self-advocacy. Research has suggested that assertiveness in communication is a social skill, and attaining this skill is a critical component for mental wellbeing. It has also indicated that social skills are critical for the individual’s adjustment and functioning and in general are considered an equal and maybe even better predictor of later academic achievement than intellectual ability of children. Because of the significance of assertiveness in many aspects of a person’s development it is important to study what affects this vital communication skill. Method: Nine hundred and sixteen (916) children (365 boys and 551 girls; age range: 10-17 years old) and one thousand and hundred and fifty five (1155) parents participated in this study. The sample was randomly chosen from public primary schools of Nicosia Larnaca, Pafos and Ammochostos districts. The data was collected through questionnaires and vignettes. All the children completed the Children’s Assertiveness Inventory (CAI), the Children's Action Tendency Scale (CATS), the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory-Brief form (SPAI-B), the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran - My memories of upbringing - Child version (EMBU-C), the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), the Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents, Social Acceptance Subscale and the Student Survey of Bullying Behavior-Revised, while only 81 students completed the vignettes that were developed for the purposes of this study. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire, the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory for parents (JTCI), the Inventory of Callous- Unemotional Traits (ICU) for parents and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-short (CERQ-short). Results: In order to analyze the data the SPSS program was used while the quantitative SEM analysis using the program AMOS followed. From the results of this study’s hypotheses regarding the nomological network of assertiveness and the identification of the correlates and predictors of assertive and non-assertive behavior, results were mostly supported. As expected, assertiveness was overall related to mental health, positive socialization constructs and positive emotion regulation strategies, submissiveness was mostly related to anxiety constructs and poor socialization characteristics and aggressiveness was related to externalizing characteristics. Moreover regarding age and assertiveness relation it seems that age played an important role in the developmental course of assertiveness and aggressiveness with results showing that as children become older they tend to be more aggressive and less assertive. Furthermore gender also seems to play an important role in assertiveness, submissiveness and aggressiveness. According to the research findings of this study girls obtained higher scores in assertiveness and submissiveness and lower scores in aggressiveness. Regarding the relation of parenting practices and assertiveness this study’s results revealed that assertiveness was positively related and significantly predicted by emotional warmth and emotional rewards and negatively related and significantly predicted by overprotection and related to rejection while aggressiveness on the contrary was negatively associated and significantly predicted by emotional warmth and positively related and significantly predicted by overprotection and positively related to rejection. Finally mediation models revealed that some internal characteristics of the children like callous unemotional traits have a mediating role in the relation of parenting practices and assertive behavior.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-189). Number of sources in the bibliography: 696 Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Cyprus, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Department of Psychology, 2016. The University of Cyprus Library holds the printed form of the thesis. Η παρούσα μελέτη είχε ως στόχο να εξετάσει και να διευρύνει περαιτέρω το νομολογικό δίκτυο της έννοιας τη διεκδικητικής επικοινωνίας (assertiveness) που θεωρείται μια σημαντική κοινωνική και διαπροσωπική δεξιότητα και ένα κρίσιμο στοιχείο για την ψυχική ευημερία του ατόμου, την ανάπτυξη και αποτελεσματική κοινωνική λειτουργία. Συγκεκριμένα η ερευνητική μελέτη εστιάστηκε στη μελέτη της σχέσης αλλά και της επίδρασης συγκεκριμένων προσωπικών και κοινωνικών χαρακτηριστικών του ατόμου αλλά και γονεϊκών πρακτικών στην εμφάνιση ή την έλλειψη διεκδικητικότητας, επιθετικότητας και την υποχωρητικότητας σε παιδιά και εφήβους. Πιο συγκεκριμένα εξετάστηκαν τα προσωπικά χαρακτηριστικά των παιδιών όπως η κοινωνική φοβία, η ψυχοπάθεια, η θυματοποίηση και η κοινωνική αποδοχή από συνομήλικους. Εννιακόσια δεκαέξι (916) παιδιά (365, αγόρια και κορίτσια 551 ηλικιακή ομάδα: 10-17 ετών) και χίλιοι εκατόν πενήντα πέντε γονείς (1155) συμμετείχαν στη μελέτη. Το δείγμα επιλέχθηκε τυχαία από δημόσια δημοτικά σχολεία των επαρχιών Λευκωσίας Λάρνακας, Πάφου και Αμμοχώστου. Τα δεδομένα συγκεντρώθηκαν μέσω ερωτηματολογίων και βινιέτων. Από τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης οι υποθέσεις σχετικά με το νομοθετικό δίκτυο της διεκδικητικής επικοινωνίας επιβεβαιώθηκαν. Όπως ήταν αναμενόμενο, η διεκδικητική επικοινωνία είχε θετική συσχέτιση αυτοπεποίθησης με τη ψυχική υγεία, δεξιότητες κοινωνικοποίησης και δεξιότητες διαχείρισης των συναισθημάτων, η υποχωρητικότητα είχε θετική συσχέτιση με το κοινωνικός άγχος και δυσκολίες κοινωνικοποίησης και η επιθετικότητα συσχετίστηκε με αντικοινωνικές συμπεριφορές. Επιπλέον παράγοντας φύλο φαίνεται να διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην διεκδικητική επικοινωνία. Συμφώνα με τα δεδομένα της έρευνας τα κορίτσια πήραν ψηλότερες βαθμολογίες στην διεκδικητική συμπεριφορά ενώ τα αγόρια στην επιθετική συμπεριφορά. Σε σχέση με τις γονεϊκές πρακτικές και τη διεκδικητική συμπεριφορά τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι η διεκδικητική συμπεριφορά είναι θετικά συσχετισμένη και προβλέπεται από την θετικές γονεϊκές πρακτικές και αρνητικά συσχετισμένη με αρνητικές γονεϊκές πρακτικές. Objectives: The present study aimed to examine and further develop the nomological network of assertiveness that is considered an important behavioral, social and interpersonal communication skill and a critical component for the individual’s mental wellbeing, development and effective social functioning. This research study investigates how specific personal, social characteristics and parenting variables, and their interactions, can predict appearance or absence of assertiveness, aggressiveness and submissiveness in children and adolescent. This study was designed to test which personal and social characteristics of children can predict assertiveness and mediate the relation between the parenting practices and assertive behaviour of children. Previous research has indicated that social skills of children are associated with the constructs of social anxiety, psychopathy, callous-unemotional traits, emotion regulation, temperament characteristics, social acceptance, victimization and parenting practices and so in this study we will specifically examine their relation with the specific social skill of assertiveness and the related behaviours of aggressiveness and submissiveness. Assertiveness is an important social skill for expressing ones opinion and needs through self-advocacy. Research has suggested that assertiveness in communication is a social skill, and attaining this skill is a critical component for mental wellbeing. It has also indicated that social skills are critical for the individual’s adjustment and functioning and in general are considered an equal and maybe even better predictor of later academic achievement than intellectual ability of children. Because of the significance of assertiveness in many aspects of a person’s development it is important to study what affects this vital communication skill. Method: Nine hundred and sixteen (916) children (365 boys and 551 girls; age range: 10-17 years old) and one thousand and hundred and fifty five (1155) parents participated in this study. The sample was randomly chosen from public primary schools of Nicosia Larnaca, Pafos and Ammochostos districts. The data was collected through questionnaires and vignettes. All the children completed the Children’s Assertiveness Inventory (CAI), the Children's Action Tendency Scale (CATS), the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory-Brief form (SPAI-B), the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran - My memories of upbringing - Child version (EMBU-C), the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM), the Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents, Social Acceptance Subscale and the Student Survey of Bullying Behavior-Revised, while only 81 students completed the vignettes that were developed for the purposes of this study. Parents completed a demographic questionnaire, the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory for parents (JTCI), the Inventory of Callous- Unemotional Traits (ICU) for parents and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-short (CERQ-short). Results: In order to analyze the data the SPSS program was used while the quantitative SEM analysis using the program AMOS followed. From the results of this study’s hypotheses regarding the nomological network of assertiveness and the identification of the correlates and predictors of assertive and non-assertive behavior, results were mostly supported. As expected, assertiveness was overall related to mental health, positive socialization constructs and positive emotion regulation strategies, submissiveness was mostly related to anxiety constructs and poor socialization characteristics and aggressiveness was related to externalizing characteristics. Moreover regarding age and assertiveness relation it seems that age played an important role in the developmental course of assertiveness and aggressiveness with results showing that as children become older they tend to be more aggressive and less assertive. Furthermore gender also seems to play an important role in assertiveness, submissiveness and aggressiveness. According to the research findings of this study girls obtained higher scores in assertiveness and submissiveness and lower scores in aggressiveness. Regarding the relation of parenting practices and assertiveness this study’s results revealed that assertiveness was positively related and significantly predicted by emotional warmth and emotional rewards and negatively related and significantly predicted by overprotection and related to rejection while aggressiveness on the contrary was negatively associated and significantly predicted by emotional warmth and positively related and significantly predicted by overprotection and positively related to rejection. Finally mediation models revealed that some internal characteristics of the children like callous unemotional traits have a mediating role in the relation of parenting practices and assertive behavior.

Desde la Teoría de Acción Planeada (TAP), el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si la autoeficacia y la percepción de control presentan diferencias predictivas sobre la intención y las conductas preventivas de la enfermedad cardiovascular. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 359 sujetos. Los datos han sido analizados empleando el paquete estadístico EQS 6.1. Los resultados muestran que la autoeficacia influye positiva y significativamente sobre la intención y sobre la conducta, mientras que la percepción de control influye negativa y significativamente sobre la intención de conducta, pero no sobre la conducta preventiva. Este trabajo ha mostrado la conveniencia de distinguir entre autoeficacia y percepción de control en la TAP en la prevención de conductas de salud cardiovascular. From the Theory of Planed Behaviour (TPB), the aim of this study is to analyse the effect of self-efficacy and perceived control on intention and preventive behaviors of cardiovascular disease.To this end,359 participants were evaluated in an empirical study. Data were analysed using the statistical package EQS 6.1. The results indicate that self-efficacy has a positive and significant influence on behaviour intentions and on behaviour, while perception of control has a negative and significant influence on intention but not on behaviour. This work has shown the utility to distinguish between self-efficacy and perceived control in the TPB to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology) Please refer to dull text to view abstract

Na área de regras as condições que produzem o que tem sido chamado de insensibilidade às contingências ainda não estão claramente identificadas na literatura, sendo que variáveis sociais como o monitoramento de uma tarefa pelo experimentador tem se sido apontadas como uma das possibilidades de explicação. O objetivo específico desta pesquisa foi investigar se o uso de equipamento informatizado, em que a presença/ausência do experimentador ou de uma câmera de vídeo na sala são manipulados, podem interferir no seguimento de regras discrepantes entre os participantes. Vinte estudantes universitários foram expostos a um procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo e distribuídos em quatro grupos (monitorado pelo experimentador, por uma câmera de vídeo, pelos dois em conjunto e sem monitoramento). A tarefa consistia clicar com o mouse em estímulos na tela do computador em diferentes sequências. Na Fase 1 nenhuma resposta era reforçada (linha de base), na Fase 2 uma instrução que não correspondia às contingências era apresentada. Os resultados mostraram que todos os participantes dos quatro grupos seguiram a instrução discrepante na Fase 2 na maioria das tentativas, sendo que uma maior variação no desempenho pôde ser observado na Fase 1. Assim, um segundo experimento foi planejado com o objetivo de verificar se a inclusão de trechos na instrução discrepante que falavam sobre a ausência de pontos na Fase 1 e existência de outras sequências diferentes da instruída na Fase 2 poderiam produzir uma maior variabilidade nessa fase e sensibilidade às contingências. Dez novos participantes foram distribuídos em dois grupos (monitorado pelo experimentador/câmera de vídeo e sem nenhum monitoramento) e expostos às mesmas fases e condições do experimento anterior. Os resultados mostraram que dois participantes de cada grupo abandonaram o seguimento de instruções discrepantes na maior parte das tentativas, respondendo a outras sequências, mas desses apenas um de cada grupo respondeu de acordo com as contingências programadas. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos pelos dois experimentos mostram a persistência de desempenhos insensíveis entre os participantes mesmo quando variáveis sociais são removidas, porém mudanças em trechos da instrução podem favorecer a sensibilidade. ABSTRACT - In the area of rules, the conditions that produce what has been called insensitivity to contingencies are not clearly identified in the literature, and that social variables such as the monitoring of the task by the experimenter has been cited as a possible explanation. The specific objective of this research was to investigate whether the use of computer equipment, in which the presence / absence of the experimenter or a video camera in the room are manipulated, can interfere with the following of inaccurate rules among the participants. Twenty college students were exposed to a procedure of match to sample and divided into four groups. (monitored by the experimenter, by a video camera, by both together and unmonitored). The task was to click with the mouse in stimuli on a computer screen in different sequences. In Phase 1 no response was reinforced (baseline), in Phase 2 an instruction that did not correspond to the contingencies was presented. The results showed that all participants of the four groups followed the inaccurate instruction in most attempts in Phase 2, and a greater variability in performance could be observed in Phase 1. Thus, a second experiment was planned in order to verify whether the inclusion of sections in the inaccurate instruction that talked about the lack of points in Phase 1 and the existence of other sequences different of the one instructed in Phase 2, could produce greater variability in this phase and sensitivity the contingencies. Ten new participants were distributed in two groups (monitored by the experimenter/video camera and unmonitored) and exposed to the same phases and conditions of the previous experiment. The results showed that two participants in each group did not follow the inaccurate instructions in most attempts, responding to other sequences but of these only one of each group responded in accordance with the programmed contingencies. Taken together, the data from both experiments show the persistence of insensitive performances among participants even when social variables are removed, but changes in sections of the instruction may favor sensitivity.

M.A. (Psychology) Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. (Psychology) Please refer to full abstract to view abstract

M.A. (Psychology) Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Phil. (Education) Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. (Clinical Psychology) It was deemed important to undertake a study on control, because divergent approaches toward the issue of control emerged, which have important consequences in terms of how change is to be effected in therapy. Haley, was chosen as representational of the viewpoint which presupposes that the issue of control" should be addressed explIcitly within the thrapeutic relationship and that the therapist should assume control to ensure the successful implementation of interventions. Keeney, a proponent of the Ecosystemic Viewpoint, refutes the notion of control, criticising it for being a product of a linear reductionistic epistemology. He views the therapist's task as a facilitator for the system's own feedback mechanisms to recalibrate. As can be seen from such dichotomous viewpoints the tasks of the therapist differs in each case. Such a discrepancy needs to be resolved for the practicing psychologist to ensure therapeutic change. It is therefore the purpose of this study to examine whether this debate can be resolved, and, if so, how.

M.Com. (Industrial Psychology) Human beings are daily being confronted with circumstances within and out of their own control which influence and regulate their behaviour to a great extent. One of the most important controversial issues in the behavioural sciences is particularly the extent to which these circumstances have an influence on behaviour. An individual is either free to control his own behaviour, or his behaviour is being controlled by forces over which he has no control. These principles of free will versus determinism, .had an unique influence on the development of the different psychological approaches. This issue is also of fundamental importance in the field of industrial psychology, as studies in this subject of study are always directed at a better understanding of. the relationship between the individual and his environment. In view of the general emphasis placed on such aspects as selfactualization and the vital role of the individual in determining his own future, it can be concluded that the degree of control which an individual has in influencing his environment, is of central importance in the better understanding and explanation of behaviour. In this study, special reference was made to the degree of control which an individual has over his life, his time and over social relationships, in context of the 4-dimensional theory of human behaviour. In an effort to create an integrated system of knowledge in the behavioural sciences, Raubenheimer (1978) proposed a 4-dimensional classification theory of human behaviour. This theory postulates that the three spatial dimensions (depth, breadth and height) and a fourth dimension (time), have psychic analogues which are defined as constructs of human behaviour.

D.Ed Please refer to full text to view abst

The symptomatology of depression includes affective and cognitive features. As such, depression has been associated both with maladaptive concern over emotional material, and also with general impairments in attentional control. In the current thesis, I investigated the potential influence of such depression-related dysfunctional emotional processing on a range of cognitive control abilities, using experimental paradigms containing either neutral or affective stimuli. In contrast to the hypothesis that depressive symptoms are associated with generally compromised cognitive control, depression-related impairments were not found on a range of ‘classic' measures of cognitive control, including error-processing (pre-error speeding, posterror slowing and error-related ERPs), overriding response conflict (colour-word Stroop interference, conflict adaptation) or more sustained control processes (cued-RT performance, preparatory ERPs, and maintaining long-term speed-accuracy tradeoffs). Interestingly, however, differences between groups with low and elevated levels of depressive symptoms emerged during the performance of emotionally valenced tasks. First, an elevated depressive symptom group showed a reduced ability to resolve emotional conflict arising between competing affective representations. When compared with spared performance on the classic Stroop task, this result suggests that depressive symptoms are associated with a specific impairment in the ability to regulate emotional distraction. Secondly, an ERP related to advanced preparation in cued-RT tasks (the CNV), but not those associated with early perceptual processing (P1, N170), was selectively modulated by negative, but not positive, task-irrelevant emotional distractors presented during the cue-target interval. This pattern of ERP results supports a late processing locus of affective attentional bias in depression. Together, the current results propose that control processes which facilitate the regulation of emotional material (i.e. over emotional sources of distraction) might be selectively affected by increased depressive symptoms, suggesting that future work should consider affective variables when investigating executive control processes in depression.

This dissertation argues that the theatrical master of ceremonies, an entity seen in many genres of popular theatre across centuries, exists in every instance as the expression of specific understandings of (and anxieties about) coercive social power. By examining key dramaturgical components of this entity, and comparing them to attributes of several modes of real power, I will show how the MC adapts the presentational techniques of power for the stage, producing a phenomenon I call "synthetic authority," and how his appearance, dramaturgical position in the show, and use of space and of speech always refer to sources of coercive power beyond the theatre's walls. This study argues that there are three chief dramaturgical attributes of a theatrical MC. The first is his dramaturgical singularity, which describes both his uniqueness as a figure on the stage and his central-yet-outside position with respect to the rest of the show, especially as it manifests in his practice of interstitial framing. The second is his high onstage status, the result of many visual, sexual, spatial, interpersonal signals and behaviors that serve to align him with economic and other power elites. The third important dramaturgical attribute of the MC as a type is his capacity for direct address. The MC, through his ability to speak directly to a crowd, wields enormous power, literally sculpting with his words the theatrical reality in which the audience participates. This is also his most direct route to the synthetic power that allows him to run the stage: his ability to appropriate the discourses of power elites of many kinds and present them as his own in the course of a performance. Theatrical MCs tend to perform their control of the theatrical environment in one of two main registers: one warm, stable, and paternalistic; one cold, complex, and dominating. While "warm" MCs function conservatively, to reassure audiences and reaffirm existing power relations, the different power of the "cold" MC challenges the audience, making room for critique of the uses and sources of power. Overall, I hope to demonstrate that MCs perform discourses of coercive power originating from sources outside the theatre by appropriating their gestural, vocal, and visual signals, and that out of them, he creates a synthetic authority by virtue of which he controls his areas on the stage, the stage itself; and the theatricalized combination of stage and audience seating area I call the "world of the room." The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the dramaturgical (versus historical or theoretical) study of contemporary unscripted American variety theatre, especially by exposing the complexity of its dramaturgies, and developing useful critical language specific to the forms and goals of variety theatre that may be useful as scholars continue to build work on this topic

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renata_lopes_arcoverde.pdf: 584232 bytes, checksum: 4e24390bbce6fd6d08e5d19a7779dfa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-23 Some fields of knowledge have been highlighted in the study of self-harm, such as medicine (especially psychiatry), psychology and psychoanalysis. These areas differentiate the acts of harming oneself as part of a specific culture or religious ritual from those recognized as pathologies or dysfunctional behavior. The last ones are considered as acts of self-destruction produced by individuals who need assistance so that they can stop self-injuring. Partimos do pressuposto de que a autolesão é um modo de subjetivação construído e transformado por diferentes discursos dependendo do contexto sociocultural em que acontece. Assuming that self-harm is a form of subjectivity produced and transformed by different speeches, depending on the social context in which it takes place, this study intends to analyze, using the post-structuralism perspective, messages left on Orkut virtual communities by people who self-harm and discuss their experiences in that social network. Results indicate discourses in common with the aforementioned fields of knowledge and with religion, as well as definitions of self-harm as art, a privileged way of expressing emotions or even a source of pleasure. Some internet users claim for the right to use their bodies as they please since it is meant to be their territory of intervention and their only, what can be understood as a movement of resistance to the rule of having a docile body. In conclusion, it is understood that the subjects involved with self-harm relate to their bodies and with virtual communities as means of producing identities. Alguns saberes têm se destacado no estudo da autolesão, entre eles a medicina, (notadamente a psiquiatria), a psicologia e a psicanálise. Estes campos do conhecimento diferenciam os atos de ferir a si mesmo como parte de uma cultura específica ou ritual religioso das práticas autolesivas que são atribuídas a patologias ou disfunções. Estas últimas são consideradas como atos de autodestruição produzidos por pessoas que precisam de intervenções de especialistas para que deixem de ferir-se. Partimos do pressuposto de que a autolesão é um modo de subjetivação construído e transformado por diferentes discursos dependendo do contexto sociocultural em que acontece. Assim, a intenção deste trabalho é analisar, à luz da perspectiva pós-estruturalista, mensagens de pessoas que se autolesionam e discutem a sua experiência em comunidades virtuais da rede social Orkut. Resultados indicam que além dos discursos em comum com os citados campos de saber e com a religião, há ainda quem defina a autolesão como arte, maneira privilegiada de expressão das emoções ou mesmo fonte de prazer. Alguns internautas reivindicam o corpo como território de intervenção pertencente unicamente a si próprios, reclamando o direito de utilizá-lo como bem entendem, no que se pode caracterizar como um movimento de resistência à norma de ter que apresentar um corpo dócil. Por fim, compreende-se que os sujeitos envolvidos nessa prática relacionam-se com seu corpo e com as comunidades de que participam enquanto locais de produção de identidades.

La revista especialitzada NeuroReport ha publicat un article que m'ha aportat nous elements de reflexió sobre els mecanismes neurals de control mental que, de forma innata, realitzem les persones com a part de la nostra vida social.

Outcome measures are important assessment tools to evaluate clinical genetics services. Research suggests that perceived personal control (PPC) is an outcome valued by clinical genetics patients and clinicians. The PPC scale was developed in Hebrew to capture three dimensions of PPC: Cognitive, decisional, and behavioral control. This article reports on the first psychometric validation of the English translation of the PPC scale. Previous research has shown that the Hebrew and Dutch translations have good psychometric properties. However, the psychometric properties of the English translation have not been tested, and there is disagreement about the factor structure, with implications for how to score the measure. A total of 395 patients attending a clinical genetics appointment in the United Kingdom completed several measures at baseline, and a further 241 also completed measures at 2-4 weeks follow-up. The English language PPC has (a) a one-factor structure, (b) convergent validity with internal health locus of control (IHLC), satisfaction with life (SWL), depression, and authenticity, (c) high internal consistency (α=0.83), and (d) sensitivity to change, being able to identify moderate changes in PPC following clinic attendance (Cohen's d=0.40). These properties suggest the English language PPC measure is a useful tool for both clinical genetics research and for use as a Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) in service evaluation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Desde la Teoría de Acción Planeada (TAP), el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si la autoeficacia y la percepción de control presentan diferencias predictivas sobre la intención y las conductas preventivas de la enfermedad cardiovascular. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 359 sujetos. Los datos han sido analizados empleando el paquete estadístico EQS 6.1. Los resultados muestran que la autoeficacia influye positiva y significativamente sobre la intención y sobre la conducta, mientras que la percepción de control influye negativa y significativamente sobre la intención de conducta, pero no sobre la conducta preventiva. Este trabajo ha mostrado la conveniencia de distinguir entre autoeficacia y percepción de control en la TAP en la prevención de conductas de salud cardiovascular. From the Theory of Planed Behaviour (TPB), the aim of this study is to analyse the effect of self-efficacy and perceived control on intention and preventive behaviors of cardiovascular disease.To this end,359 participants were evaluated in an empirical study. Data were analysed using the statistical package EQS 6.1. The results indicate that self-efficacy has a positive and significant influence on behaviour intentions and on behaviour, while perception of control has a negative and significant influence on intention but not on behaviour. This work has shown the utility to distinguish between self-efficacy and perceived control in the TPB to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la relación entre las variables cognitivas (expectativas de logro, nivel de preparación y atribución) con el rendimiento y con las variables fisiológicas (actividad cardiovascular) en una situación de evaluación académica. La muestra está integrada por 66 estudiantes universitarios, predominantemente mujeres, que cursan segundo año de la licenciatura de Psicología, con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 23 años (media = 20,1 y DT = 1,38). La obtención de información sobre las variables cognitivas se realizó antes y después de la ejecución del examen. Durante la realización del mismo, se registraron las variables fisiológicas en cada una de las fases: adaptación, tarea y recuperación. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, de correlación, de regresión y ANOVA 2 (alta-baja: expectativas de resultado, nivel de preparación y atribución) x 3 (fases: adaptación, tarea y recuperación). En los resultados se observan diferencias significativas en la actividad fisiológica (presión sistólica [PS] y presión diastólica [PD]) entre los grupos con alta-baja expectativa de resultado y nivel de preparación., This paper presents the results of the interaction between cognitive variables (achievement and attribution) and physiological variables (cardiovascular activity) in a situation context of academic assessment. The participants were 66 university students, predominantly women, in the second year of the Psychology degree. They were between 19 and 23 years old (mean = 20.1 and SD = 1.38). The information on the cognitive variables was obtained before and after taking an exam. During the exam, the physiological variables were registered for each one of the phases: adaptation, task and recovery. We carried out descriptive, correlation and ANOVA 2 (highlow result expectation and perception of the preparedness for the exam) x 3 (adaptation, task, recovery) analyses. In the results are observed significant differences in the physiological activity (systolic pressure [SP]) and diastolic pressure [DP]) between the groups with high-low expectation of result and level of preparation.

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The purposes of this study were (a) to compare open plan housing to semi-open and closed-plan designs on perception of crowding and reactions to crowding and (b) formulate a theoretical basis for explaining housing and human behavior. The objectives were to determine (a) if the number of people who could occupy open-plan housing without feeling crowded would differ from the number who could occupy semi-open or closed plans and (b) if the crowding accommodation time and reactions to crowding would be influenced by floor plan design. Analysis of Variance statistical techniques were used. Forty-five women who worked outside the home and occupied households of four or more persons with at least two children under the age of 18 were were randomly assigned to one of the three floor plan groups. Three identical models constructed with varying degrees of openness to 1" = 1'-0" scale represented the public areas of a dwelling approximately 1,150 square feet in size. Figures and furniture were constructed to the same scale. Subjects independently placed figures in the models in four typical family activity scenarios until one more figure was perceived as one too many. The scenarios, which represented goal-directed and non-goal directed activities, varied in the level of social interaction that was anticipated. After figures were placed to simulate crowding, subjects were asked questions related to their attitudes and responses to crowding. At the .05 level of significance, subjects placed fewer figures in the open plan model than in the semi-open and closed plans when given a scenario in which low levels of social interaction (privacy) were desirable. Significant differences were also observed among the four different scenarios. When scenarios represented goal-directed behaviors, fewer figures were placed, accommodation time was less, and reaction to crowding was greater than when scenarios represented unstructured social activities. The results suggest that small dwellings constructed for families with children should have some division of space in the living, dining, and kitchen area to support low-social interaction and goal-directed behaviors. Further research is needed to determine if uncontrollable high social interaction within a dwelling reduces goal-directed behavior. Ph. D.

This study analyzed the amount of variance in employment interests of a sample of poor women that may be attributed to self-esteem, locus of control, and exposure to nontraditional occupations and the interaction among these variables. A stratified random sample was selected from a population of 1172 participants enrolled in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in seven sites in Virginia. The selected sites were representative of geographic and economic areas in the state. Two of the independent variables were measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Rotter Locus of Control Scale. Demographic data and the variables of exposure to nontraditional occupations and employment interests were measured using the Employment Interests and Experiences Interview Schedule designed by the researcher. Data were collected by the paraprofessionals in each unit using the EFNEP records and through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics were reported and multiple regression procedures were utilized to analyze the data. The conclusions drawn were that the poor women in the sample were heterogeneous, had relatively high education and employment aspirations, and had low self-esteem. These women need more exposure to nontraditional occupations and they expressed a willingness to consider such careers. Poor women such as those in this study need a combination of support services to successfully make the transition to the workforce. For this group exposure to nontraditional occupations and higher self-esteem increased interest in nontraditional careers. Those with a higher self-esteem were also more likely to be interested in nonsex-typed occupations. Programs that serve poor women may need to broaden their scope to match the needs of heterogeneous groups. These women also require indepth career counseling to help them understand the range and scope of occupations that are available, especially those that are nontraditional for their gender. Recommendations for further research which may expand the knowledge base about the employment interests of poor women are given. This research could contribute to breaking the cycle of poverty that affects an increasing portion of our population. Ed. D.

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The following study of power in three novels of Henry James reflects not only the continuing fascination of James with this facet of experience but his meceaflng concern with its manifestation and controlled implementation in the relationships between people which constitute an integral part of life. Compatible with the progressively complex treatment of the issue of power in the novels in question, is the gradual shift in emphasis, from The Portrait of a Lady to The fielden Bewi, from power as a locatable entity to power as a process; and consistent with this is the increasingly self-conscious (conscious of itself) style of James himself where his style of writing parallels his concern for a process of writing (and reading) that is an end in itself rather than just a means to an end. Although I do not deal specifically with the question of James' style, the differences between The Portrait of a Lady and The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl in terms of content are reflected in terms of style - both James' and my own - so that the relatively simplistic approach in The Portrait of a Lady is superseded, in The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl by one of increasing complexity and subtlety.

Evidence suggests that individuals cope with stressful life events more effectively if they believe that they are in control of their environment. Rotter's Locus of Control is a measure of this belief about personal control. An individual with an internal locus of control would be more likely to believe that events are contingent on his or her behavior, and could thus be expected to feel more in control of his or her environment than an external locus of control individual. In addition to locus of control, it has been shown experimentally that allowing subjects to make a choice about outcomes also leads to enhanced perception of control in individuals. To test the hypothesis that perceived control will lead to better performance on a stressful memory task, and that individuals who believe they are in control will employ more problem-focused and fewer emotion-focused coping strategies, 60 undergraduate students from introductory psychology were given three lists of words to memorize and recall. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups: Internal/choice, Internal/No choice, External/Choice, External/No Choice. Blood pressure and heart rate were taken for a behavioral reference. While subjects in the internal locus of control condition and the choice condition performed better than those in the external and no-choice condition, as predicted, results did not reach statistical significance. However, it was shown that internal locus of control subjects used significantly fewer avoidance coping responses than external locus of control subjects, and that there were significant differences in the number of coping responses recalled from memory and from immediately after the task. Master of Science

Locus of control, age, and sex were examined to determine the relative amount of variance each contributed to three variables: Rational, Intuitive, and Dependent decision-making styles. Subjects (N=96) who had been identified as having a disability, who were receiving financial assistance through Vocational Rehabilitation Services, and who had volunteered to complete two scales and a demographic and personal data questionnaire, comprised the sample. One scale, the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale (ANSIES) was used to measure locus of control. The Assessment of Career Decision-Making (ACOM) was used to measure decision-making styles. The results of the study provided evidence that three independent variables (locus of control, age, and sex) contributed significantly to Rational, Intuitive, and Dependent decision-making styles. Ph. D.

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"there was less similarity between the response pairs comprising the PA list than there was between the response alternatives presented during the practice trial. Consequently, the anticipation of control developed from experience with the practice trial could have been reduced when the subjects chose the response words for the PA trials. It is this reduction in perceived control which is assumed to be responsible for the failure to obtain the predicted differences in PA performance between Choice and Force subjects. One method of testing the above explanation would be to introduce the experimenter's request to choose only preselected response words during the practice trial, thereby reducing the possibility of subjects experiencing a reduction in perceived control later in the experiment." Master of Science

The purpose of the study was to elicit the best overall predictors of self-esteem and locus of control in a sample of 708 Mexican-American women. In spite of the growing number of Mexican-Americans, psychological variables have not been addressed sufficiently, especially among Mexican-American women. Therefore, this type of research can contribute significantly to the understanding of Mexican-American women. A modified, multistage, cluster sampling strategy was used in order to obtain the sample. Using role theory as the theoretical orientation, three types of predictors were introduced as independent variables: cultural predictors, demographic predictors, and male/female relationship predictors. Initial correlation analyses were used to view the relationship of the variables in each of the predictor groups with self-esteem and locus of control. The second step of the analysis involved regressing variables from the three predictor groups onto self-esteem and locus of control. In order to reduce the large number of variables in the regression equation, three separate factor analyses were conducted, one on each of the three groups of variables. The final regression equation included these factor scores and three interaction terms. The multiple regression analysis found the strongest predictor of self-esteem to be the factor score representing relationship quality. The second significant predictor of self-esteem was a factor which included relationship egalitarianism. The interaction terms and other variables in the regression were nonsignificant. The factor representing marital quality also emerged as the strongest predictor of locus of control. This was followed by the demographic factor score representing education and income. The final significant predictor of locus of control was the factor score representing relationship egalitarianism. Again, other variables in the equation, including interaction terms were nonsignificant. These results are discussed together with implications of these findings for the Mexican-American population, as well as recommendations for future research.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between locus of control and psychotherapy preference and the variables of rank (employment and income levels), education level, age, race, and sex on a population outside of students and clinical or institutional patients. Also, the researcher sought to identify variables in order to maximize a therapist's ability to predict individual therapeutic preferences. Eighty-three military personnel; 41 noncommissioned personnel and 42 officers, participated. The sample was chosen randomly from a population of approximately 500 enlisted personnel and 600 officers. Two measuring instruments were used: Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control Scale and Clum's (1981) Psychotherapy Preference Questionnaire. Several hypotheses were tested. Significant results were obtained in the hypotheses addressing the difference of scores for psychotherapy preference between rank categories (employment and income levels) and racial categories. Insignificant results were obtained in the hypotheses addressing the difference in locus of control orientation between rank categories (employment and income levels) and education categories; the difference of scores for psychotherapy preference between education levels; and the relationship between scores on the locus of control and psychotherapy preference scales. Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of choice and environmental control on perceived control. A paired associate choice task was presented to all subjects and they were allowed to choose the response terms to be learned. When each of the response words was chosen aloud, the screen on which the words were printed went blank in the 100% implicit control and 100% explicit control groups. In the latter group, the subjects were informed a priori that the words would be removed from the screen, while in the no-control group, the screen did not go blank when the subjects responded. In the 50% implicit control and 50% explicit control groups, the screen went blank upon responding on a random half of the decision trials. Half of the subjects received an uncontrollable continuous white noise (90 dB) throughout the decision trials, while no noise was presented to the remainder. Upon completion of the choice task, subjects were presented with a dice game, which measured the generalized effects of perceived control. The relationships between environmental control and perceived control were different in the explicit control and implicit control conditions. In the presence of noise, environmental control produced an increment in the perception of control. Finally, consistent environmental control produces greater perceived control than does random control. The motivation model and applications of environmental control were discussed. Ph. D.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effect that two variables, the content of intertrial feedback and uncontrollable negative outcomes, would have on subjects perceptions of control and ttieir subsequent learned helplessness. Until this study, the content of intertrial feedback had never been examined in terms of how it affected subjects' perceptions of control in an experiment. This study was based on Seligman's (1975) Learned Helplessness Model of Depression, whereby learned helplessness results from a lack of control over aversive or negative events in one's environment. In order to create a situation in which subjects perceived that they had no control, they were exposed to problem solving tasks which they could not solve. It was hypothesized that subjects who experienced low content percentages (being told that they failed most steps of the problem) would experience learned helplessness, while subjects who experienced high content percentages (being told that they succeeded on most steps of the problem) would not experience helplessness. Secondly, it was hypothesized that subjects who were told that they failed a problem (an uncontrollable negative outcome) would experience helplessness, whereas subjects who were told that they succeeded on a problem would not experience helplessness. The results of the investigation revealed that the content of intertrial feedback did not have a significant impact on creating learned helplessness in subjects. In addition, it was found that neither contingent nor noncontingent intertribal feedback produced learned helplessness in subjects. The only variable found to influence learned helplessness was whether the subject was told that he/she had failed on the problem. When subjects were told that they succeeded on the problem, a facilitation effect was observed.

Se ha situado el control experimental en una de las fases más importantes de la planeación de experimentos, abundando en señalar que entraña la regulación de la variable dependiente en función de las que manipulamos directamente y de todas las demas que ejercen una influencia en el experimento. Mediante el control, el experimentador puede manejar y dominar la situación, para lo cua1 se propone conseguir que la variable independiente sea la única cuyos efectos sean los responsables de la variación de la variable dependiente, controlar las variables extrañas que intervienen en la experimentación y uniformar las variables individuales y los métodos de medida de los datos.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of locus of control orientation upon problem solving skills acquisition by marital couples. Couples were assigned to one of three treatment groups based upon their locus of control orientation: (a) internal (N=8 couples), (b) external (N=5 couples), and (c) mixed (i.e., one spouse internal, one spouse external) (N=7 couples). Couples in all three groups were given an eight-week, 24-hour, mutual problem solving skills program. Results indicated that although all three treatment groups significantly increased their problem solving ability, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups in problem solving ability. Discussion centered on those factors responsible for the lack of treatment group differences on problem solving skills acquisition.

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