Search

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Although the literature on psychological contracts is rich, researchers have so far paid limited attention to psychological contracts in times of crisis. To investigate how employees assess their psychological contracts during a crisis, we conducted 32 semistructured interviews during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The interviewees worked in the airline industry, which the pandemic severely affected. Our qualitative approach allowed us to gain novel insights into the mechanisms by which contracts are managed when the typical parameters of contract assessment are not possible, thereby allowing us to expand psychological contract theory. In addition to illustrating the key employer obligations that employees perceived during a crisis, we introduce two novel theoretical concepts –psychological contract credit and psychological contract inactivation–that explain how employees managed their contracts during the crisis. The practical findings of this study are of relevance to HR managers in managing future crises and addressing the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This paper examines social and economic disparities surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic within the context of neoliberal capitalism. The gendered, racialized, and other social inequities that were evident during this health crisis are linked to shifting work conditions and activities of labor and capital within the workplace and at the household level. The analysis draws from feminist economic geography to examine the social dimensions, spatial dynamics, and economic processes that are highlighted by changes in work and social relations during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion demonstrates how economic upheavals such as those that occurred alongside the pandemic are embedded in social reproduction, with particular emphasis on the precarity of labor and contested household dynamics. Furthermore, ongoing crises in neoliberal capitalism provide the conditions for social movements that challenge inequities and oppressive conditions for labor. The conclusion offers strategies for future directions of work that support inclusive and transformative ideals of feminist economic geography. Aquest article examina les desigualtats socials i econòmiques al voltant de la pandèmia de COVID-19 en el context del capitalisme neoliberal. Les desigualtats de gènere, racials i altres desigualtats socials, les quals s'han evidenciat durant aquesta crisi sanitària, estan relacionades amb els canvis en les condicions del treball i del capital en el lloc de treball i a la llar. L'anàlisi es basa en la geografia econòmica feminista per examinar les dimensions socials, les dinàmiques espacials i els processos econòmics que es reflecteixen a través de canvis en el treball i en les relacions socials durant la pandèmia de COVID-19 i més enllà. La discussió demostra que les turbulències econòmiques com les que s'han esdevingut durant la pandèmia estan integrades en la reproducció social, concretament en la precarietat del treball i les relacions de gènere a la llar. A més, les crisis actuals del capitalisme neoliberal afavoreixen els moviments socials que desafien les desigualtats i les condicions de treball opressives. La conclusió presenta estratègies per a les futures direccions del treball, associades als ideals inclusius i transformadors de la geografia econòmica feminista. Este artículo examina las desigualdades sociales y económicas alrededor de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el contexto del capitalismo neoliberal. Las desigualdades de género, raciales y otras desigualdades sociales, las cuales se han evidenciado durante esta crisis sanitaria, están relacionadas con los cambios en las condiciones del trabajo y del capital en el lugar de trabajo y en el hogar. El análisis se basa en la geografía económica feminista para examinar las dimensiones sociales, las dinámicas espaciales y los procesos económicos que se reflejan a través de cambios en el trabajo y en las relaciones sociales durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y más allá. La discusión demuestra que las turbulencias económicas, como las que han tenido lugar durante la pandemia, están integradas en la reproducción social, concretamente en la precariedad del trabajo y las relaciones de género en el hogar. Además, las crisis actuales del capitalismo neoliberal favorecen los movimientos sociales que desafían las desigualdades y las condiciones de trabajo opresivas. La conclusión presenta estrategias para las futuras direcciones del trabajo, asociadas a los ideales inclusivos y transformadores de la geografía económica feminista.

Background: There is clear evidence showing an increase in mental health symptoms along with an increased demand for mental health services since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: This study aimed to determine the rates of elevated anxiety symptoms in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Qatar. It also explored any correlated factors. Method: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study with 199 participants (children aged 6–16 years) consulting a dental care center. We used the original English version as well as a previously validated Arabic version of the Parent Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale to measure anxiety symptoms. Results: A total of 29.6% (n = 59) of our sample met the respective elevated cut-off score for overall anxiety disorder. The largest group among the children was elevated levels of physical injury fears 37.6% (n = 75), followed by Social Phobia 36.1% (n = 72). Younger children showed significantly higher scores for total anxiety, separation anxiety, physical injury fears, and generalized anxiety score. Among the gender groups, females reported significantly higher scores of General anxiety disorder. When comparing natives to expatriates, expatriates showed higher scores for total anxiety, physical injury fears score, social phobia score, and generalized anxiety. Conclusions: Overall, this study shows increased rates of clinically elevated anxiety symptoms in children during the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Qatar. Younger children, females, and expatriates were more vulnerable to the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study highlights the specific psychological vulnerability of this population group during major health crises like the current pandemic.

The main goal of this paper is to shed light on risk perception, travel motivation, and destination image as significant factors in travel intention to international destinations. Understanding the influence of these factors is a strong trend in tourism research. However, limited studies have developed a model to understand global tourist travel intentions post-COVID-19. Because of the pandemic constraints, the world economy and the tourism sector have faced severe negative consequences. These consequences led to a drop in the number of international tourists, representing the primary source of tourism income contributing to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for many developing countries. Governments and stakeholders are striving to ensure the recovery of tourism services and products to attract tourists to safe destinations. Based on the review and analysis of selected studies, this study highlights the significance of critical factors influencing tourists' intention to travel post-pandemic. Additionally, this contribution offers a framework for future studies on crisis-related travel behavior.

All players in the education community remain concerned about educational inequality between rural and urban areas. With the health crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation has become even more worrying. Despite concerns, there is still no comprehensive inventory of the various distance education practices used in rural areas. Our methodological approach is part of a qualitative interpretive paradigm in a collaborative perspective (Desgagné et al., 2001) of co-location, cooperation and co-production. This presentation reviews and assesses the distance education practices used in rural areas in Morocco for primary education as part of educational continuity.Our work in fact makes it possible to identify five distance education tools: "WhatsApp", "Telmidtice" platform, "Facebook", television and distribution of school books. However, the results of the group work in the four schools studied, as well as the plenary discussions, show that after the schools closed, there was a period of trial and error between the five distance learning tools. Subsequently, the use of the application "WhatsApp" was unanimous despite the constraints of this tool. This assessment allows us to consider prospects for improving education systems., L’ensemble des acteurs du milieu éducatif restent préoccupés par l’inégalité scolaire entre les zones rurales et les zones urbaines. Avec la crise sanitaire due à la pandémie de la COVID-19, la situation est devenue encore plus préoccupante. Malgré les craintes soulevées, on ne dispose toujours pas d’un répertoire exhaustif des diverses pratiques d’enseignement à distance utilisées en zones rurales. Notre approche méthodologique s'inscrit dans un paradigme interprétatif qualitatif dans une perspective collaborative (Desgagné et coll.,2001) de cosituation, de coopération et de coproduction. Cette présentation passe en revue et évalue les pratiques d’enseignement à distance utilisées en milieu rural au Maroc pour l’enseignement primaire dans le cadre de la continuité pédagogique. Notre travail permet en effet d’identifier cinq outils d’enseignement à distance: «WhatsApp», Plateforme «Telmidtice», «Facebook», télévision puis distribution des livres scolaire. Les résultats des travaux de groupe dans les quatre écoles étudiées, ainsi que les discussions en plénière, montrent cependant qu’après la fermeture des écoles, il y a eu une période de tâtonnement entre les cinq outils d’enseignement à distance. Par la suite, l’utilisation de l’application «WhatsApp» a fait l’unanimité malgré les contraintes de cet outil. Cette évaluation nous permet d’envisager des perspectives d’amélioration des systèmes d’enseignement.

本研究では,大学における公衆衛生活動のための基礎資料を得ることを目的に,2 大学の学生を対象に,食生活や運動,睡眠,嗜好,スクリーンタイムなどに関わる内容の断面質問調査を Web 形式によって実施した。その主な結果として,1)「食事回数(日)」,「朝食の摂取(週)」,「野菜・果物の摂取(週)」,「< 間食者のみ>間食の内容・量」は女子が好ましい傾向であり,「二人以上の食事(週)」も女子で高かったこと,2)「運動」,「睡眠」,「アルバイト」については,逆に全て男子が多かったこと,3)階層クラスター分析により,「食生活への自己意識と自己評価」の低群,普通群,高群が抽出されたこと,4)「朝食の摂取」,「糖分摂取」,「脂質摂取」,「タンパク質摂取」,「野菜・果物の摂取」,「間食の内容・量」の 6 項目でクラスター間の差が認められ,全て,「食生活への自己意識と自己評価」のレベルが高くなるにつれて好ましい傾向になること,が明らかとなった。そのほか,本研究の制約や今後の検討課題について述べた。, A present study was conducted to investigate the actual statuses of dietary habits, daily exercise, sleep, and time of screen-based(game/devise)behavior during COVID-19 pandemic, among two university students. Our original uestionnaire was used to assess the lifestyles of 58 participants who took part in the study. Of the participants, 60.3% were female. The responses of number of meals, breakfast intake, vegetable and fruits intake, and snack intake, were significant desirable tendencies for female subjects. Contrary, exercise, sleeping hours, and part-time job were higher for male subjects, significantly. The hierarchical cluster analysis with ward method was applicate to extract clusters based on two items of `self-consciousness for dietary habits' and `self-evaluation for dietary habits'. Present analysis revealed three groups as follows;low level cluster (25.9%), medium level cluster (63.8%), and high level cluster (10.3%) for the level of self-consciousness and self-evaluation for dietary habits. In responses of breakfast, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vegetable and fruits, and snack, patterns of high level cluster indicated desirable tendencies compared with other clusters. In the future, to confirm the validity and reliability of present findings, improved questionnaire grounded on epidemiological design should be applied for a larger university student population.

One of the major public health measures to manage and contain the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was to engage in systematic contact tracing, which required gastronomy, community and sporting venues to keep patron registers. Stand-alone and web-based applications, developed by a range of private IT providers, soon replaced pen-and-paper lists. With the introduction of a uniform, state-wide, mandatory data collection system, these private applications became obsolete. Although only active for four months, these applications paved the way for the public acceptance of state-administered collection systems that allowed for an unprecedented, centralized tracking system of the movements of the entire population. This paper discusses the cultural significance of these applications as a game changer in the debate on civil liberties, and addresses the question of how the materiality, or lack thereof, of this digital heritage affects the management of ephemeral smartphone applications, and its preservation for future generations.

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to investigate travel agencies' social media usage and its perceived effectiveness by small- and micro-Italian travel agencies; the pre-pandemic period is compared to the forecasts for the post-Covid-19 period and different characteristics of firms and entrepreneurs are considered. Furthermore, the study analyses the expected benefits in terms of marketing objectives, such as improving brand image and/or personalizing the offer.Design/methodology/approachThe research was developed through a questionnaire administered electronically to travel agents (282 respondents). The resulting data was analyzed by applying the McNemar test, a pairwise t-test and the multivariate analysis of variance.FindingsThe results show that social media are strategically significant for travel agents, even though their adoption is influenced by different agency aims; the perceived effectiveness results are diversified according to varying agency typologies.Research limitations/implicationsThe two main limitations of the study are its focus on the Italian context only and the missing consideration of the consumer's point of view. The latter prevents an exhaustive assessment of future trends regarding the use of social media in the client–agency relationship.Originality/valueThe study, which focuses on a little debated topic concerning the relationship between social media and SMEs, organically explores various dimensions related to the adoption of social media by small agencies, also considering the impact of the Covid-19 on the perception of travel agents. As a further element of originality, the research takes into consideration the main social platforms separately rather than the set of tools as a whole.

Since the COVID-19 global pandemic started, it has caused women to suffer more economic shock than men in Japan, especially those who are in nonstandard employment. Evidence shows that it is more difficult for nonstandard employees to recover employment interrupted by COVID-19 than regular employees. More than half of the women employed in Japan are nonstandard employees, whose instability of employment has been worsened by COVID-19. This paper aims to clarify its impact on employment of single women living in urban areas in Japan. Do nonstandard employees suffer worse than regular workers? How is their life changed by COVID-19? Since the Japanese social welfare system is constructed on the assumption of a “husband breadwinner” model, single women are likely to be excluded from this system. They are more likely to fall into the painful struggle to become independent when they lose their income while neither family nor welfare policy can help them. However, there is few research focusing on single women with regard to the impact of COVID-19. My research finds that single women with nonstandard employment suffered more than those with regular employment in both work and life, especially those who are elderly.

教育実践報告, This paper is a report on the online student exchange program between Osaka University and University of Hawai'i at Manoa in the USA, and Osaka University and Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines. Specifically, it focuses on the achievements and challenges on the participation of the Osaka University students enrolled in the said online student exchange program. Evaluation of the exchange program is based on questionnaires submitted by the students, final presentation containing narratives of students about the program, and experiences of professors involved. The OU students expressed that the program mainly helped in the following points: it let them have an opportunity to exchange with the students in other countries and have a wider view on things, and it helped and motivated them to study English, Filipino and the other classes in OU. The program showed accomplishment and results not only in the learning of the students but also the significance and benefits of international exchange between the faculty members of Ateneo de Manila University, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa and Osaka University., 本稿は大阪大学と、フィリピン共和国のアテネオ・デ・マニラ大学およびアメリカ合衆国のハワイ大学マノア校との間で実施されたオンライン交流プログラムについて報告したものである。具体的には、大阪大学の学生の参加に関する成呆と課題に焦点を当て、アンケートヘの学生の同答、プログラムの体験談を含む学生の最終報告、プログラムに携わった教員らの経験に基づいて評価を実施した。本プログラムが役立ったと学生が考えている主な点は、他国の学生と交流する機会が得られ、視野を広げられたこと、および、大阪大学における英語やフィリピン語、その他の授業の学習の動機付けとなったことである。学生の学習に関する成果や効果のみならず、アテネオ・デ・マニラ大学およびハワイ大学マノア校と大阪大学の教員間交流に関する意義や有益性も明らかとなった。

We investigated university students' vulnerability to disease (PVD) during COVID-19, including individual and familial factors. The study was conducted between late May and October 2021. The vaccinations started in September 2021. Health trajectories of the control scale, the Big Five scale, and vaccination status were considered individual factors. The familial factors included living alone, with an older person, or with someone such as a healthcare worker. The results showed that although emotionally unstable students had a higher perceived vulnerability to disease, the vaccination experience reduced their “infectivity to disease” on the PVD scale. However, it was shown that a perception of vulnerability to the disease, “infection avoidance”, was not related to household factors or COVID-19 vaccination status. This suggests that university students have a stronger desire to prevent COVID-19 infection compared to consideration for living together.

Aim: If we consider that online education will maintain its importance after the pandemic; determining the perceived advantages and disadvantages of online education will contribute to improving the online education opportunities of medical faculties. In our study, it is aimed to investigate the characteristics of online education experiences of medical students. Methods: The study group was composed of students who were educated in first – third classes at Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine (total 747 students). A questionnaire created by the researchers was used in data collection. Results: Two-hundred-thirty-two people were included in the research. The most liked aspects of online education were that there was no transportation problem with 83.2% (n=193) and flexibility with 57.3% (n=133). The most common barriers to online education were internet connection problems with 77.6% (n=180) and distractions from family, pets and home environment with 60.8% (n=141). 11.6% of the participants thought that online education was more efficient than face-to-face education, while 24.6% were satisfied with the ongoing online education process. Conclusion: Satisfaction of online education can be increased and can be made more successful by developing the liked aspects of online education and working towards eliminating the obstacles in front of it. Keywords: online education, medical students, perception, COVID-19 pandemic

After Covid-19 pandemic , a questionnaire was conducted on the psychophysiological situation and the implementation level of preventive method and stress level toward the student who affected by Iburi East Earthquake. It is indicated that the effect of psychophysiological situation is almost same level with immediately after earthquake and prevention method,especially mask and behavior restriction, are serious stressor. Covid-19 pandemic strikes people multiple stress as disaster stress., 学術論文

This study investigated junior college students’ stress, stress coping and lifestyle, one and a half years after the COVID-19 pandemic began. Participants are 76 junior college students （45 first grader females, 2 first grader males, 21 second grader females, 8 second grader males）. The main results are as follows. （1） 59.6% of first graders and 72.4% of second graders answered that time to be at home increased from before the COVID-19 pandemic. （2） In the satisfaction of college life, the first grader was significantly higher than the second grader. （3） There were many students （32.6% of first graders and 37.9% of second graders） who nominated the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic for feeling stress most. And for stress coping for the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the emotion-focus type stress coping and the escapeavoidance type stress coping were used well.

2020年度の老年看護学実習Ⅱは、新型コロナウイルス感染症の蔓延のため、臨地で実習をすることはできなかった。そのため、コロナ禍でも学生が臨地をイメージできるように、実習目的・目標は大幅に変更せずに工夫を行った。工夫した点は大きく三つである。一つ目は実習施設と遠隔ツールを用いた実習をしたことである。事前に教員が施設の受け持ち高齢者の情報を得て、学生に提示し、紙面上の情報のみでなく高齢者と直接コミュニケーションをとり情報を得る機会を設け、ケアプランの一部を実施した。二つ目は遠隔ツールを通して実習指導者の参加と助言を得る機会を設定したことである。全ての施設ではないが、施設オリエンテーション、学生が立案したケアプラン、レクリエーション、最終カンファレンスと４日間接続して助言を受けた。三つ目は高齢者への援助方法を紹介した動画を作成したことである。高齢者への援助は、体調に応じながら本人の持っている力を活かすことや尊厳に配慮することを基本とする。そのため、臨地の実際の場面をイメージできるような援助動画を作成し学生に提供した。今後は高齢者への看護技術を体験できる演習も組み合わせる必要があると考えている。

International graduate students reluctantly partook in the distance learning with the closure of national borders with the outbreak of COVID-19. Different instructional modes (in-person, online, and hybrid) and timing of the online learning exposure would play a role in international students’ academic achievement considering the expectations and motivations to learn abroad. Based on 267 course-based panel data, for the same courses, online-mode teaching yielded worse Grade Point Averages (GPAs) and less of a sense of class community compared to the in-person mode. Similarly, students who started the program after COVID-19 (i.e., Class of 2022) performed worse than those who changed their mode of study during their study due to COVID-19 (i.e., Class of 2021). The more frequent interactions with schoolmates and professors partially mediated this detrimental effect of international online learning. Online learning, on average, decreases the GPA by 0.2 standard deviations (p

Resumo A pesquisa investigou proposições legislativas sobre fila única de internações e leitos de UTI no âmbito do Poder Legislativo Federal no primeiro ano da pandemia. Tratou-se de estudo exploratório, qualitativo e de base documental que analisou projetos de leis sobre o tema. Os resultados foram organizados conforme o perfil dos autores e o conteúdo qualitativo dos projetos. Preponderaram parlamentares do sexo masculino, filiados a partidos de esquerda e com formação profissional em áreas que não a da saúde. A maioria das proposições tratou de fila única geral, especificando leitos hospitalares, gestão mista e indenização mediante tabela SUS. A Câmara dos Deputados apresentou mais projetos, porém pouco tem avançado em suas tramitações. Entre os projetos analisados, apenas um foi priorizado na Comissão Externa de Enfrentamento à COVID-19. Concluiu-se que o Poder Legislativo Federal perdeu, uma vez mais, oportunidade valiosa de legislar para o futuro e preparar o país com um arcabouço normativo capaz de enfrentar emergências sanitárias ainda desconhecidas, mas que exigirão muito dos gestores e do SUS. Abstract This study investigated legislative proposals on the single waiting list for hospitalizations and ICU beds within the scope of the Federal Legislative Branch in the first year of the pandemic (2020). This was an exploratory, qualitative, and document- based study, which analyzed bills analyzed in the Brazilian National Congress on the subject. The results were organized according to the authors’ profile and qualitative content of the bills. There was a predominance of male parliamentarians, affiliated with left-wing parties and professional training in areas other than health. Most bills dealt with a general single waiting list, specifying hospital beds, the mixed management of hospital beds, and indemnity through the Brazilian Unified Health System’s (SUS, in Portuguese) price table. The House of Representatives presented more bills, but no progress was made in their processing. Among the analyzed bills, only one was prioritized in the External Commission to Combat COVID-19. It was concluded that the Federal Legislative Branch once again missed the chance to legislate for the future and prepare the country with a normative framework capable of confronting health emergencies, which will demand much from health managers and SUS itself.

本報告では，COVID-19感染症拡大下で臨床実習が制限された中での分娩介助実習の教育経験，その経験に基づき修正した授業の教育実践を報告し，ポストコロナ時代において学生の助産実践能力を育成するための課題について検討する．臨床での分娩介助実習の代替として，ロールプレイと見学の実習形態を取り入れ，分娩介助例数の不足を補完した．ロールプレイでは紙上事例を用いて，教育機器や教材を工夫し産婦及び胎児心音の変化等を分娩場面のリアリティを再現するよう試みた．模擬産婦や模型では分娩の再現に限界がある一方，タイムリーな助産診断をする上での思考力を伸ばす効果があったと推察された．この教育経験を基に，模擬分娩介助実習を分娩期ケア総合演習として授業に取り入れ，各学生が役割をもったアクティブラーニングの手法を取り入れた．実際の分娩経過の時間軸に沿った演習により，タイムリーに行う助産診断とケアの訓練につながった．今後は，これらの教育評価を系統的に行うことが課題である．

COVID-19感染拡大状況が継続した2021年度新入生を対象に学生によるストレス反応のセルフチェックを継続して行った。今年度は活動制限が残る中での生活習慣の実態とストレス反応との関連について分析し、その対応策を探ることを目的とした。 その結果、食事については、朝食摂取をよくする者が約40～50％、食事バランスをよく考慮する者が約20％で良好な食行動を取る者が多く、良好な食行動をとる者はストレス反応得点が低かった。運動については、運動をする者が約90％以上と多く、運動をよくする者はストレス反応得点が低かった。睡眠については、睡眠平均時間では「８時間以上」約15～20％、「６～８時間以下」60～70％、睡眠充足感では「よくとれた者」約25～35％、「中間群」約55～60％で、多くの者が良好な睡眠状況であり、ストレス反応得点も低かったが、睡眠時間変動では前期から後期にかけて増加する傾向があり、時間変動がよくあった者はストレス反応得点が高かった。アルバイトについては、前期から後期にかけて大きく増加したが、ストレス反応得点とは関連がなかった。休息日については、休息日をとれた者はストレス反応得点が低かったが、前期から後期にかけて、休息日をとれる者が減少した。 鹿児島県における１回の緊急事態宣言と２回のまん延防止等重点措置の発出で行動制限が行われた状況の中、本学新入生の生活習慣は比較的良好であり、前期から後期にかけてやや乱れる傾向が一部みられたが、良好な生活習慣行動をとれる者はストレス反応得点が低いことが分かった。 In 2021, when the spread of COVID-19 continued, we continued to conduct a self-check survey of stress reactions among university freshman. The purpose for this year was to analyze the relationship between lifestyle habits and stress reactions while activity restrictions remain, and to explore countermeasures. As a result, about 40-50% of those who ate breakfast often and about 20% of those who paid attention to good dietary balance had good eating behavior, and those who had good eating behavior had less stress reaction. As for exercise, more than 90% of the respondents exercised. In addition, those who exercised a lot had less stress reaction. As for sleep, 15-20% responded that, on average, they slept 8 hours or more and about 60-70% responded they slept 6-8 hours or less. In terms of sleep satisfaction, about 25-35% responded they were satisfied and about 55-60% were in the middle group. Many responded that they slept well and those who slept well had less stress reaction. Sleep time variationtended to increase from the first to the second half of the semester, and those with frequent time fluctuations had a higher stress reaction. As for part-time jobs, the number of part-time workers increased significantly from the first half to the second semester, but it was not related to stress reaction. As for holidays, those who were able to take days off had fewer stress responses, but from the first to the second semester, the number of people who could take rest days decreased. In Kagoshima Prefecture, a state of emergency was declared and two priority measures were issued to prevent the spread of the disease. Under these circumstances, the lifestyle habits of new Kagoshima University students were relatively good, and some tended to be slightly disturbed from the first semester to the second semester, but those who were able to adopt good lifestyle behaviors experienced less stress reactions.

The coronavirus pandemic has instituted mandatory online education across Japan and many parts of the world. Using a semi-structured interview, we collected and analyzed students’ reactions to online education across high-rank, mid-rank, and low-rank universities in Japan to determine learning outcomes among undergraduates with different pre-existing learning engagements. Our analysis revealed that online education proved effective on students with pre-existing learning engagement outside of class, which in compliance with prior research, only students at high-rank universities were found to possess. Therefore, we inferred that the implementation of online education has been successful at high-rank universities but not at others. This study refutes that the gap in learning outcomes between different university levels occurring as a result of the mandatory shift in the online education is a legitimate phenomenon. This study would serve as a new perspective and evidence for future discussions on equity in higher education., This work was supported by RIHE Open-call research, Grant Number B03001, “An Empirical Study on the Effect of Class Experiences via Online Education on the Undergraduate Student’s Learning Outcomes in the COVID-19 Crisis (Research Representative: Noboru Miyoshi)”.

Giriş: COVID-19 salgını döneminde, kaynakların sınırlanması ve erişimin güçleşmesi gibi nedenler özel gereksinimli bireyler ve ailelerini salgının oluşturduğu risklere daha açık hale getirmektedir. Özel gereksinimli bireyler ve ailelerinin salgın sürecindeki deneyimlerini, yaşadıkları zorlukları ve ihtiyaçlarını anlamak ve kriz etkilerini değerlendirmek sürece uyum sağlamaları için müdahaleler oluşturmada hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip ailelerde bakım yükünü üstlenen annelerin COVID-19 salgını sürecindeki deneyimlerini incelemektir.Yöntem: Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik yöntem kullanılarak, özel gereksinimli çocukları olan annelerle (n = 14) yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri analizinde Miles ve Huberman modeli takip edilmiş ve sürekli karşılaştırma ve fenomenolojik indirgeme yöntemleri kullanılarak incelenen fenomeni yansıtan kod ve kategoriler ortaya çıkarılmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, annelerin yaşamlarının zorlukları bu süreçte artmış, salgına dönük önlemler sonucu oluşan kısıtlanma algısı ve hizmetlere erişimin yetersizliği anneler arasında kaygıların yükselmesine neden olmuştur. Özel gereksinimli çocukların ve ailelerinin destek kaynaklarının kısıtlanması ve ihtiyaçlarını kendi kaynakları ile karşılamadaki yetersizlikleri, annelerin kendilerini yorgun ve tükenmiş hissetmelerine yol açmıştır. Yaşadıkları zorlukların yanı sıra anneler bu süreçte aile bireyleriyle verimli vakit geçirebildikleri, dijital kaynakları kullandıkları ve süreç sonunda kendilerini güçlü hissettikleri yönünde görüş bildirmişlerdir.Tartışma: Özel gereksinimli çocuğa sahip anneler arasında görülen kaygı, yetersizlik duygusu, yorgunluk, kısıtlanma gibi zorlayıcı deneyimler, bu annelerin COVID-19 salgınından olumsuz etkilenen kırılgan bireyler arasında yer aldıklarını göstermektedir. Salgın süreci zorlayıcı olsa da anneler zorluklarla başa çıkabilmede direnç kazanmış ve sürece uyum sağlamışlardır.Sonuç ve Öneriler: Gelecekteki olası salgınlar için özel gereksinimli üyesi olan ailelerin deneyimleri temel alınarak bu bireylere yönelik bilgilendirme, savunuculuk, psikososyal danışmanlık, güçlendirme odaklı çalışmalarla birlikte ailede kriz yönetimini kolaylaştıracak hizmetler sunulmalıdır., Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, conditions such as the limitation of resources and the difficulty of access led to disabled individuals and their families to become more vulnerable to the risks posed by the pandemic. Understanding the experiences, difficulties, and needs of individuals with disabilities and their families during the pandemic, as well as evaluating the effects of the crisis, are essential in creating interventions to mitigate these difficulties. This study has aimed to examine the experiences of mothers, who have the burden of care in families with disabled children, during the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: In the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of children with disabilities (n = 14) using the phenomenological method, which is one of the qualitative research methods. In the data analysis, Miles and Huberman model was followed, and the codes and categories reflecting the investigated phenomenon were determined by using continuous comparison and phenomenological reduction methods.Findings: According to the results of the study, the difficulties of the mothers' lives increased during the pandemic, and the perception of restrictions resulting from the measures against the pandemic, as well as the inadequacy of access to services, led to increased concern among mothers. The limited support for children with disabilities and their families, as well as their inability to meet their needs with their resources, caused mothers to feel exhausted. In addition to the difficulties they experienced, mothers stated that they had positive experiences as well, since they could spend more productive time with their family members, use digital resources, and feel stronger at the end of the process.Discussion: Compelling experiences such as anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, fatigue, and restraint among mothers with disabled children show that these mothers are among the vulnerable individuals adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the pandemic period was challenging, mothers gained resilience in coping with the difficulties and adapted to the situation.Conclusion and Suggestions: Based on the experiences of families with disabled members for possible future pandemics, services should be provided to facilitate family crisis management, education, advocacy, psychosocial counseling, and empowerment-based studies.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is challenging the world, and the tourism industry is particularly susceptible to measures to counteract this pandemic, such as restricted mobility and social distancing. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry needs to find new directions for future development. Enabled by Internet 3.0, the metaverse, which refers to a three-dimensional virtual space and focuses on social connections, provides an opportunity for future tourism. This study aims to establish relations between the concepts of the metaverse and tourism and to highlight opportunities for the tourism industry.

論文(Article), This study examines the usefulness of Hybrid-Flexible (HyFlex) courses conducted in the first semester of 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of all the courses conducted during that semester, 43% were HyFlex courses, whereas 38% were faceto-face courses. HyFlex lessons received more positive evaluations from students than did only face-to-face lessons in 2019 and only online lessons in 2020. However, no notable improvement in academic achievement was seen in the HyFlex courses in comparison with the previous two years. Based on these results, we suggest approaches toward promoting the use of learning strategies by eachstudent participating in HyFlex courses.

本研究では、近畿地区の視覚特別支援学校中学部を対象に、コロナ禍における学校生活や歩行指導についての質問紙調査を行った。調査を通して、新型コロナウイルス感染症対策を踏まえた学校での生活や歩行指導の現状を把握することを目的とした。質問紙調査の結果、コロナ禍の歩行指導では、特に学校外での指導時に、通行人の多い道や交通機関の利用で指導しづらい、できないといった困難さがみられた。しかし、コロナ禍の中での歩行指導は困難を抱えつつも、感染対策をふまえた上で多くの指導が継続して実施されていた。以上から、視覚障害のある子どもにとって、コロナ禍でも歩行指導が非常に重要な指導内容であることが明らかになった。, In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey on school life and orientation and mobility training in COVID-19 pandemic, targeting the junior high school of the Special Needs School for Children with Visually Impaired in the Kinki region. Through the survey, the purpose was to understand the actual situation of school life and orientation and mobility training based on measures against COVID-19. As a result of the questionnaire survey, it was difficult to the training in COVID-19 pandemic, especially when the training outside of school, due to the roads with many pedestrians and the use of transportation. However, despite the difficulty of the training in the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of training was continued based on infection control measures. From the above, it became clear the training is a very important instruction content for children with visual impairments even in COVID-19 pandemic.

2020年早々から、COVID-19パンデミックはモンゴルの経済、銀行、金融部門に幅広く深刻な影響を及ぼしている。本稿は、COVID-19パンデミックが経済に影響を与える経路、経済・金融部門の主な不安定要因、リスク軽減のための政策とその成果を提示する。パンデミックが経済に影響を与える主な経路には、国際収支経路、収益経路、信用経路がある。マクロ経済指標や金融部門の指標によれば、パンデミックによって景気後退、信用収縮、債務超過、銀行システムにおけるその他の要因など、重大なリスクが生じていることが示されている。パンデミックの影響を緩和するため、モンゴル銀行は、（i）債務者のための規制措置、（ii）融資条件を軽減し、信用収縮を緩和し、経済成長を支援するための措置、（iii）銀行システムの流動性、収益性、健全性を支える措置、で構成される包括的な政策を講じた。これらの施策は、信用の回復を後押しし、個人や事業体の支払能力を支え、景気回復を促進する一助けとなっている。一方、パンデミックにおいて実施された一連のマクロ・プルーデンス政策の結果、金融部門の収益性、流動性、自己資本比率は改善した。, From early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had severe and widespread impacts on Mongolia’s economy, notably on its banking and financial sector. This paper presents channels of COVID-19 pandemic impact on the economy, major risks to the stability of the economy and financial sector, and policy measures to mitigate risks and policy outcomes. The main channels of pandemic impact on the economy are balance of payments, income, and credit channels. Macroeconomic and financial sector indicators show that the pandemic has posed significant risks including economic contraction, credit crunch, insolvency among borrowers, and other major risks in the banking system. To mitigate the impact of pandemic, the Bank of Mongolia adopted comprehensive policy measures, consisting of (i) regulatory measures targeted toward borrowers, (ii) measures to ease financial conditions, mitigate credit crunch and support the economic growth, and (iii) measures to support the liquidity, profitability and soundness of the banking system. Those measures have helped to boost credit growth, support the solvency of individuals and entities, and promote economic recovery. On the other hand, banking sector profitability, liquidity, and capital adequacy have improved as a result of sequential macroprudential measures during the pandemic.

Research has shown mixed findings regarding the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on relation-ship and sexual quality and activity. We argue that some of these findings might be understood considering people’s predisposition to maintain safety (i.e., prevention focus) or take risks (i.e., promotion focus), and sharing concerns with one’s partner about the pandemic. A longitudinal study (N = 153) tested if regulatory focus before the pandemic (November 2019) was associated with relationship quality, sexual quality, and joint sexual activity later on (June 2020) and whether these effects were moderated by shared concerns over the pandemic. Results showed that participants more focused on prevention experienced higher relationship quality later on, but also less sexual quality and less frequent joint sexual activity, when they shared fewer (vs. more) con-cerns with their partner. In contrast, participants more focused on promotion experienced higher relationship quality later on when they shared more (vs. less) concerns with their partner. These results indicate how individuals’ regulatory focus and shared concerns in times of crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can have downstream consequences on people’s relational and sexual dynamics. We offer insights for mental health professionals to improve psychosocial health and well-being when people are faced with critical events. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This essay aims to clarify the most popular impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and examine a future projection of Post-COVID-19 in Japan. This is based on interdisciplinary studies, particularly the literature survey on global governance in English and Japanese. Japan has consistently lived after WWII under the principles of freedom, democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. Given the challenges caused by the pandemic, it is unpredictable how much conflict between multiple powers will hinder national security and economic globalization. The following five actions should be executed: Japan should participate in international research activities to envision a future society, Japan should adopt a unique future concept to address ageing populations and social security reform in their international cooperation, a review of neoliberalism, construction of a society that can respond to societal risks, and political leadership and freedom of speech to deal with serious social risks should be championed.

Night-time light (NTL) data have been widely used as a remote proxy for the economic performance of regions. The use of these data is more advantageous than the traditional census approach is due to its timeliness, low cost, and comparability between regions and countries. Several recent studies have explored monthly NTL composites produced by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and revealed a dimming of the light in some countries during the national lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we explicitly tested the extent to which the observed decrease in the amount of NTL is associated with the economic recession at the subnational level. Specifically, we explore how the association between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the amount of NTL is modulated by the pandemic and whether NTL data can still serve as a sufficiently reliable proxy for the economic performance of regions even during stressful pandemic periods. For this reason, we use the states of the US and quarterly periods within 2014–2021 as a case study. We start with building a linear mixed effects model linking the state-level quarterly GDPs with the corresponding pre-processed NTL data, additionally controlling only for a long-term trends and seasonal fluctuations. We intentionally do not include other socio-economic predictors, such as population density and structure, in the model, aiming to observe the ‘pure’ explanatory potential of NTL. As it is built only for the pre-COVID-19 period, this model demonstrates a rather good performance, with R2 = 0.60, while its extension across the whole period (2014–2021) leads to a considerable worsening of this (R2 = 0.42), suggesting that not accounting for the COVID-19 phenomenon substantially weakens the ‘natural’ GDP–NTL association. At the same time, the model’s enrichment with COVID-19 dummies restores the model fit to R2 = 0.62. As a plausible application, we estimated the state-level economic losses by comparing actual GDPs in the pandemic period with the corresponding predictions generated by the pre-COVID-19 model. The states’ vulnerability to the crisis varied from ~8 to ~18% (measured as a fraction of the pre-pandemic GDP level in the 4th quarter of 2019), with the largest losses being observed in states with a relatively low pre-pandemic GDP per capita, a low number of remote jobs, and a higher minority ratio.

In the midst of the Covid-19 Pandemic, many Indonesians have reacted negatively to the placement of political individuals' billboards with very huge sizes on the streets. The early political campaign that was run was thought to be contentious. On social media like Twitter, the majority of people freely share their thoughts. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the general public reacted to the placement of billboards advertising political figures during the epidemic and to categorize those responses. It is envisaged that it would also provide advice for connected parties that may be used when making judgments regarding the policy of constructing billboards for political figures during a pandemic based on the results of data analysis. Twitter users tend to be more expressive because of the character limits, which means they have sentimental or emotional values. Using the Nave Bayes Algorithm, it is possible to do sentiment analysis on the sentiment data by categorizing user comments into positive, negative, and neutral attitudes. Regarding the sentiments expressed on billboards showing political leaders during the pandemic, tweets were sorted into three categories: liked, unfavorable, and neutral. The accuracy rate from Naive Bayes categorization of political personalities during the pandemic on social media Twitter was 83.3% with a precision value of 89%, recall 83%, and f-1 score of 82%.

It has been argued from various fields that the COVID-19 Pandemic will have a great impact on social relations in the community and will significantly change the lifestyle. Against the background of this new threat, it can be said that further issues are attached to the discussion about the future of the community. This paper aims to clarify the impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic infection on the local community through studies of community salon activities. In addition, we will discuss the basic requirements for discussing how a sustainable community can be established and rebuilt in with corona and in the future postcorona. We will conduct a case study of Akita City, which is the region where the population is rapidly aging and declining most in Japan.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a source of mental stress, particularly for special populations. The present study identified the associations between emotional distress and HIV status among adults in 152 countries during the first wave of the pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study that gathered data via an online survey carried out between July and December 2020. The dependent variable was emotional distress (frustration/boredom, anxiety, depression, loneliness, anger, or grief/feeling of loss), and the independent variable was HIV status (positive or negative). The confounding factors were sociodemographic variables (age, sex, education level, and employment status). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between the independent and dependent variables after adjusting for confounders. Of the 16,866 participants, 905 (5.4%) reported living with HIV. Of these, 188 (20.8%) felt frustrated/bored, 238 (26.3%) anxious, 160 (17.7%) depressed, 148 (16.4%) lonely, 84 (9.3%) angry, and 53 (5.9%) grief/a sense of loss. Individuals living with HIV had higher odds of feeling anxious (AOR:1.64), depressed (AOR:1.80), and lonely (AOR:1.35) when compared to people living without HIV. This study reveals that the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate emotional stress for those living with HIV, and the system in which COVID-19 impacts emotional health among different sociodemographic groups introduces further complexities regarding this observed effect.

Living organisms have evolved within the natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of the earth which comprise the global atmospheric electrical circuit, Schumann resonances (SRs) and the geomagnetic field. Research suggests that the circadian rhythm, which controls several physiological functions in the human body, can be influenced by light but also by the earth's EMFs. Cyclic solar disturbances, including sunspots and seasonal weakening of the geomagnetic field, can affect human health, possibly by disrupting the circadian rhythm and downstream physiological functions. Severe disruption of the circadian rhythm increases inflammation which can induce fatigue, fever and flu-like symptoms in a fraction of the population and worsen existing symptoms in old and diseased individuals, leading to periodic spikes of infectious and chronic diseases. Possible mechanisms underlying sensing of the earth's EMFs involve entrainment via electrons and electromagnetic waves, light-dependent radical pair formation in retina cryptochromes, and paramagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Factors such as electromagnetic pollution from wireless devices, base antennas and low orbit internet satellites, shielding by non-conductive materials used in shoes and buildings, and local geomagnetic anomalies may also affect sensing of the earth's EMFs by the human body and contribute to circadian rhythm disruption and disease development.

Adopting and utilizing online technologies for emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic is a requirement for most Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Indonesia in order to keep the pedagogical practice running. Having done the practice for about one year, it is paramount to have an understanding of teachers’ experience in their adoption of the technologies. Arguably, there has been zero study employing narrative frames conducted in Indonesia investigating EFL (English as a foreign language) university teachers’ experience in adopting online technologies for their teaching during the pandemic. Therefore, the present narrative study examines this issue. Four narrative frames were developed as the instruments of the study by referring to two core variables and one outcome variable of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) consisting of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and reported general use of online technologies. 16 narrative frames completed by participants from seven universities in East and West Java unveil that despite the arduous initial process of shifting from face-to-face into online teaching, problems and difficulties which were still encountered during the pedagogical undertaking, and somewhat limited number of online platforms that had been utilized, the teachers’ very positive perceptions on the usefulness of online technologies led to persistence and optimism in their reported general use of the technologies in their teaching. It was concluded that teachers are quite ready to further implement online technologies in their teaching. However, supporting facilities, facilitating conditions, as well as training for developing technological knowledge and skills are needed to support the process.

This study examined the influences of arousal of anticipatory regret by status quo bias on the suppression of hind sight bias. In this study, travel risk in situations of high risk of COVID-19 infection was considered a factor evoking anticipatory regrets, and population density in the area of residence was considered to affect subjective risk of infection for COVID-19. Considering that the experimental participants in this study were university students at a local university, three regions were selected as the evoked travel destinations: overseas countries, urban areas in Japan, and rural areas in Japan. The results of the bias analysis showed that anticipatory regret suppressed the hindsight bias in the overseas condition, while anticipatory regret promoted the hind-sight bias in the rural condition.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all private and public schools in the Philippines were forced to conduct all their classes online. In light of this, the study's objective was to look at the performance indicators of senior high school students taking online chemistry lessons in both public and private institutions in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. With 100 participants, a quantitative investigation using an online survey questionnaire was conducted. The results showed a statistically significant positive impact on collaborative skills (CS), creativity and innovation (CI) during online and distance chemistry learning. By gender, there were statistically significant differences in students' overall achievement (OA), participation level (PL), and collaborative skills (CS). The strongest correlations among the six performance indicators for students were seen in the areas of collaborative skills (CS) and technology application (TA). These results showed that, in the students' perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic gave chances for students' performance in online chemistry classes to strengthen their creativity and critical thinking skills.

The current Covid-19 pandemic has a very significant impact on the sustainability of Islamic boarding schools (pesantren). And a Nyai, as the central figure of Pesantren, is required by her distinguished leadership to continue running the education system in Pesantren. This study argues that the leadership pattern of Nyai as a female scholar in the Pesantren tradition is a factor that determines the resilience of her Pesantren during the pandemic. This study uses a phenomenological approach related to the phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic and responses arising from Pesantren to it. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. This study shows that Nyai Masriyah Amva as a female scholar of Pesantren presented her Pesantren Kebon Jambu Babakan Al-Islamy as an educational institution that is embedded with values of equality. By her determinism as a female figure, Nyai Masriyah Amva's leadership formed a pattern that is egalitarian, visionary, adaptive, and responsive to such various dynamics, which determines the successful resilience of Pesantren during the Covid-19 pandemic. &nbsp, Pandemi covid-19 yang melanda berdampak sangat signifikan terhadap keberlangsungan pondok pesantren. Nyai sebagai figure central pondok pesantren melalui kepemimpinannya dituntut untuk tetap menjalankan roda pendidikan pesantren. Studi ini berpendapat bahwa pola kepemimpinan Nyai sebagai ulama perempuan pesantren menjadi faktor yang menentukan resiliensi pesantren di masa pandemi. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi terkait fenomena pandemi covid-19 dan respons pesantren terhadap pandemi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Nyai Masriyah Amva sebagai ulama perempuan pesantren yang dapat menjalankan kepemimpinannya dengan memberikan ciri khas pesantren yang egaliter. Pola kepemimpinan Nyai Masriyah Amva melalui determinisme perempuan membentuk pola kepemimpinan yang egaliter, demokratis, visioner, motivator, karismatik, keteladanan dan responsif terhadap berbagai dinamika menjadi penentu keberhasilan serta resilensi pesantren pada masa pandemi covid-19.

This contribution will examine different communicative and narrative strategies adopted by some documentary productions in order to visualize something invisible, like the virus and its effects. Through the case studies I will take into account, my intent is to reflect upon the pandemic narration, which replaces or alternates the photographic realism of the images of pain and suffering, intended as scientific and incontrovertible proof of the virus manifestation, with a modernist narrative, mixing interviews with infographic material, maps, dashboards, photomicrographs, and computer graphics animations. Despite their profound mediation by software that makes pictures out of numbers, these informatic images, reported daily in news channels and broadcasts as well, besides shaping the relationships between scientific research, documentary, and its explanatory and pedagogical power to narrate, reconfigure the collective imagination of the pandemic in a bioinformation era.