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Creada por John Milius y William J. MacDonald, Roma(2005-2007) supuso un punto de inflexión para las series históricas en televisión. Coincidiendo con el auge de los canales por cable, HBO buscó primar un producto que tratase temas de contenido más adulto, apostando por una recreación de la gran urbe tardorrepublicana durante el pulso de poder entre Julio César y Cneo Pompeyo. Usando a los dos únicos legionarios citados en los famosos Comentarios cesarianos sobre la conquista de las Galias, Tito Pullo y Lucio Voreno, el programa rodado en los célebres estudios de Cinecittà busca hacer una radiografía de todos los elementos que vertebraban al mundo antiguo (esclavos, comerciantes, senadores, patricias, centuriones, mujeres del pueblo, criminales, etc.). Nuestro análisis busca centrarse en las posibilidades de aprendizaje que nos brindan las dos temporadas del show, destacando un contraste entre la ficción y los datos de las fuentes clásicas, además de los recientes avances en la investigación de dicho periodo histórico. Marcamos asimismo un hiato en el relato televisivo, con una primera parte que hace avanzar a sus protagonistas paralelos a los eventos históricos, mientras que el cierre busca hacer encajar los acontecimientos dentro de los arcos argumentales dramáticos de sus personajes. The historictelevision series Rome(2005-2007), which was created by John Miliusand William J. MacDonald, was a turning point for the genre. Coinciding with the rise of cable TV channels, HBO sought to prioritise a product that addressed subjects that would appeal to a more adult audience, so it chose to recreate the great, late-Republican city of Rome during the power struggle between Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompey. By taking advantage of the only two legionnaires mentioned in Caesar's famous commentaries on the conquest of Gaul, referring to Titus Pullo and Lucius Vorenus, the programme, which was filmed in the prestigious Cinecittàstudios, aimed for an in-depth analysis of all the elements that comprised the ancient world (slaves, merchants, senators, patricians, centurions, common women, criminals, and others). The research herein attempts to focus on the potential for learning offered by the two seasons of the show, highlighting the contrast between fiction and classical source data, as well as recent advances in research on this particular historical period. We have also noted agap in the television story, as the first part advances the protagonists forward in parallel to historic events, while the closing part tries to fit the events into the dramatic plot lines of its characters.

This essay examines the formal and informal distribution of Australian dramedy Please Like Me via the now-defunct American digital cable channel Pivot and via fan communities on Tumblr. I argue that structural whiteness operates as an invisible engine at the heart of Please Like Me’s distribution. My analysis unpacks how an unexamined narrative of white privilege forms the backbone of Please Like Me’s diegesis, fandom’s investment in circulating the show, and Pivot’s alignment of the show with its supposedly socially conscious brand. Examining trade press, promotional material, and fan discourse, I demonstrate how structural whiteness functions as point of intersection between industry and fan-driven distribution.

In 2013, El Rey launched as an ad-supported cable channel. Cofounded and majority owned by Robert Rodriguez, El Rey tapped into the filmmaker-entrepreneur's appeal by targeting both a young Latino audience and a wider audience of genre fans. Unfortunately, shifting industrial, economic, cultural, and technological conditions ultimately led the channel to cease operations in 2020. This article traces El Rey's evolution from its initial inception up through its programming strategies in the COVID-19 era. El Rey is presented as a smallf, upstart channel that differentiated itself in an increasingly challenging television landscape. Although larger structural conditions in the end made its survival untenable, the story of El Rey can be seen as representing a new direction for linear cable television in the 2010s.

This article argues that the genre of televised sports punditry primarily developed from newspaper columnists and sports talk radio hosts, with the outrage discourse that dominated both sports and ...

Technological advancements have made it easier for firms to bypass traditional distribution networks and establish subscription-based direct-to-consumer (SBDTC) channels. Despite their growing popularity, little is known about the effectiveness of these channels. However, pursuing these new channels may not be the best decision for firms even though technology allows it and, in some instances, consumers demand it. Results from an event study of SBDTC channel additions in the cable television industry show that they complicate channel relationships and can lead to conflict, which reduce firm value. Further analysis reveals that firm-specific characteristics and strategic execution factors operate to mitigate the loss in firm value. Specifically, the study results show that channel power diminishes the negative impact of channel conflict, suggesting that firms with greater channel power benefit from adding SBDTC channels. The study also finds that firms marketing high-quality, differentiated offerings are rewarded with more favorable firm valuations.

In 2015, the cable television network Lifetime broadcast the biopic Whitney, depicting the troubled life of the late superstar singer Whitney Houston. Whitney is the first film by director Angela Bassett, who, as actress, famously portraited Tina Turner in the biopic What’s Love Got to Do with It (Brian Gibson, 1993). In this article, I will first position Whitney within a larger tradition of the Hollywood biopic by making a comparison to earlier important biopics about black female entertainers, namely Lady Sings the Blues (Sidney J. Furie, 1972), starring Diana Ross as Billie Holiday, and What’s Love Got to Do with It. Second, I will discuss how the narratives of these three biopics tend to reduce their female subjects to victims, emphasizing the tragedy in their personal lives, while assigning much more agency to the male partners of these black female entertainers. Third and finally, I will analyze the final scenes of these three biopics in detail, as each presents a grand finale musical performance that seems to resolve the contradictions of the triumph and tragedy in their subject’s lives, yet in significantly different ways.

Cuando el servicio de televisión de pago HBO debutó en el otoño de 1972, jamás se llegó a imaginar que su futuro iba a ser tan prometedor. En estas cuatro décadas, la cadena se ha convertido en una institución con un servicio que ha cambiado la televisión, ha reconfigurado la industria del cine y ha avivado el entretenimiento en el hogar. Gracias a la evolución de su producción original, HBO ha creado un contenido audiovisual que subvierte la narrativa televisiva y los géneros más tradicionales dando paso a una nueva forma de contar historias donde la identificación con el espectador es mayor. When the pay television network HBO started in the autumn of 1972, it was never believed that its future would be so promising. In these four decades, the cable television has become an institution with a service that has changed television, has reconfigure film industry and has simulated home entertainment. Thanks to the evolution of its original production, HBO has made audiovisual content that changes television narrative and traditional genres. This fact has cleared the way to a new method of telling stories where the identification with audience is greater.

OBJECTIVE: A growing body of research suggests that exposure to alcohol advertising increases the risk of alcohol-related adverse health consequences among underage populations. The alcohol industry has voluntary advertising guidelines to restrict the placement of alcohol advertisements only to media in which youth younger than age 21 comprise no more than 28.4% of the audience. However, the current guidelines do not account for variations in exposure among subpopulations of underage television viewers. Most youth exposure to alcohol advertising in traditional media in the United States comes from advertisements placed on cable television. Therefore, this study assessed trends among underage populations in per capita alcohol advertising exposure on cable television programs. METHOD: Advertising placement and audience data on cable television were licensed from Nielsen (New York, NY). Per capita alcohol advertising exposure (gross rating points, or GRPs) was calculated for youth ages 2–11, 12–17, and 18–20 years from 2013 to 2018. We compared relative trends in exposure between age groups. RESULTS: Alcohol advertising exposure among youth ages 2–11 grew from 13,011 to 15,470 GRPs from 2013 to 2018, whereas exposure declined among youth ages 12–17 (24,663 to 17,780), and 18–20 (35,022 to 25,700). From 2016 to 2018, youth exposure to noncompliant advertising declined for all three underage groups assessed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol advertising exposure among younger children grew faster than in other age groups assessed in this study. This was also the case for advertisements that complied with the alcohol industry’s placement guidelines. Continued monitoring of alcohol advertising exposure among underage populations can help detect emerging trends.

As the televised Watergate hearings captivated the nation during the summer of 1973, they provided innovative programming that stimulated civic activism and taught Congress about the political power of television. Both of these developments ultimately boosted the fortunes of the cable television industry. The Senate hearings, which initiated a dramatic conclusion to a presidency that redefined the place of media in American political life, served to elevate a national conversation about the role of television in politics and to catalyze, across the political spectrum, a reconsideration of the structure of the broadcast network oligopoly. The post-Watergate era provided multiple opportunities to reimagine cable TV as a tool to assert political leadership, encourage civic engagement, and govern the public.

The authors are not aware of any research for Internet social media direct-to-consumer prescription medication advertisements (DTCA) related to consumer behavior. The authors study (n=635) the association of traditional and digital media DTCA including Internet social media with the intentions to seek and behavior of obtaining additional information about a prescription medication after seeing a DTCA. This research found that advertisements seen on traditional/cable television were associated with decreased behavior. Advertisements seen on Internet television were associated with increased behavior. Seeking additional information of reading print content on the Internet was associated with increased behavior. No social media advertisements were associated with either intentions or behavior. Companies designing Internet and social media advertising platforms, pharmaceutical brand managers, and pharmaceutical marketers should consider these findings when tailoring their DTCA campaigns.

El auge de la televisión por cable, el advenimiento de Internet y la expansión de las redes sociales han contribuido a que se difundan profusamente mensajes que están afectando en gran manera el sistema agroalimentario al difundir imprecisiones y generar, en algunas esferas, pánico hacia el consumo de productos de origen animal. El imaginario colectivo ha estado cargado de creencias que, en la mayoría de los casos, no tienen suficientes fundamentos y, en muchos otros, tienen un sentido político o intenciones sin sustento técnico ni científico. El objetivo de este documento es presentar elementos de juicio para examinar algunos mitos relacionados con los sistemas de producción bovina con el fin de aportar al debate sobre el consumo de este tipo de carne, que ha tomado fuerza alrededor del mundo.

This study investigates the factors affecting the cord-cutting behavior of media consumers. Adopting the frameworks of diffusion of innovations, uses and gratifications theory (U&G), channel repertoire, and media usage/segmentation, we conducted an online survey of 860 respondents in the United States to examine the use, perception, and motivation of cord-cutting behavior among three different consumer segments: cord-cutters, cord-loyalists, and cord-couplers. The results show that cord-cutting is predicted by eudaimonic and exploration motivators, perceived compatibility and complementarity, and age.

We Love Weather is the fan community of The Weather Channel. Launched in 2016, We Love Weather aims to serve so-called “weather geeks” by providing exclusive and specialized weather content, as well as participatory and communal elements. This study proposes that We Love Weather is an “affinity space” where participants create, procure, and develop content and knowledge. It exemplifies the power and capability of a high-functioning, efficient online information hub. Using digital ethnographic analysis of We Love Weather’s discussion forums and user-generated content, we found that We Love Weather promotes teaching and learning of weather information through sharing and community maintenance that establishes the site as an affinity space. It is an example of a positive, helpful, and deliberative online space.

This research is related to Berita Satu News Channel’s marketing communication activity based by the application of a redactional policy of a press company in the form of a television station in the paid network of cable television and satellite. Berita Satu News Channel’s marketing communication activity utilizes the majority of Lippo Group network’s force, which acted as the core company. These research theories are the organizational control theory and the promotional mix theory. Post-positivism is the paradigm that’s used with its qualitative approach and a descriptive method to depict a real marketing communication process execution of Berita Satu News Channel. Keywords: Policy, Redactional, Communication, Marketing, Television, News, Journalism, News. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5iSI1.2292

The Family Channel, which evolved out of Pat Robertson’s Christian Broadcasting Network, created a new brand of family television and redefined the “family audience” in the 1990s. The channel capitalized on the vacuum produced by the major networks’ pursuit of advertiser-friendly demographics, and created a safe space for traditional family television viewing. By promoting “positivity” as its brand and relying on the nostalgic appeal of older television properties, the Family Channel became the first cable channel to build a “values-based” brand and audience. The Family Channel normalized an ideologically conservative model of commercial family television in an expanding cable landscape, and capitalized on social conservatives’ discontent with mainstream television content. This article analyzes the branding, programming, and public-facing statements of the channel’s executives to reveal how the Family Channel implicitly and explicitly connected this new “family audience” with the ideology and politics of social conservatism.

The emergence of television in the late 1950s was a new source of at-home entertainment for Indians. Times have changed from a single television being shared by many families in a neighbourhood to a nuclear family sharing a Netflix account, and with it, the content and need for content has also evolved. Subscription Video-on-Demand (SVoD) services or Paid OTT Video-Streaming services circumvent traditional media distribution channels such as telecommunications networks or cable television providers, provided you have access to an internet connection, either locally or through a mobile network, and the best part is that you can access the subscribed service at your leisure, anytime and anywhere. Covid-19 outbreak and lockdown has changed life for everyone, thereby, influencing Indian consumption patterns, media usage, consumer behaviour, marketing trends, and these changes are likely to stay long-term. The study attempts to obtain an overview on the usage of paid OTT video streaming services during lockdown among respondents from various districts scattered around Tamil Nadu, changes in the usage pattern and their preference of movie watching, with regard to paid OTT platforms over theatre-watching. The researchers have adopted a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews. In India, however, technological revolution, given the unprecedented Covid-19 crisis will redefine normalcy, or the new normalcy.

Para un elevado porcentaje de la humanidad la televisión forma parte de la vida cotidiana. Sus aplicaciones, ya sea por entretenimiento o información, o bien como herramienta en numerosas actividades, son innumerables y continúan creciendo. Abarcar todos los aspectos relacionados con la televisión sería más bien motivo de una enciclopedia, que de un texto que pretende ser introductorio para el conocimiento de los sistemas de televisión, por tanto, el presente trabajo se centrará en el desarrollo de un análisis cualitativo de la forma de prestación del servicio en Colombia, determinando y caracterizando el problema hipótesis planteado, que no es otro que un bajo interés de los Proveedores de Redes y Servicio en Telecomunicaciones (PRST) para prestar servicios de televisión por suscripción. Para comenzar, en este trabajo se realizó un recorrido sobre las normas que rigen la prestación del servicio, identificando los principales cambios presentados en los últimos años con la introducción de este beneficio en la habilitación general, planteada desde la Ley 1341 de 2009. En línea con lo anterior, el documento continúa realizando un análisis de la penetración del servicio en el país, para posteriormente abordar estas condiciones de prestación específica que tienen que enfrentarse desde el punto de vista del prestador de servicio, identificando con mayor detalle aquellos puntos que los mismos prestadores de servicio han informado a través del sondeo realizado, como principal fuente de información primaria For a high percentage of humanity, television is part of everyday life. Its applications, whether for entertainment or information, or as a tool in numerous activities, are innumerable and continue to grow. Covering all aspects related to television would be more the reason for an encyclopedia than for a text that aims to be introductory to the knowledge of television systems, therefore, this work will focus on the development of a qualitative analysis of the form of provision of the service in Colombia, determining and characterizing the hypothesis problem raised, which is none other than a low interest of the (PRST) to provide subscription television services. To begin this work, a tour was carried out on the rules that govern the provision of the service, identifying the main changes presented in recent years with the introduction of this service in the general authorization, proposed by Law 1341 of 2009. In line with the above, the document continues to carry out an analysis of the penetration of the service in the country, to later address these specific provision conditions that have to be faced from the service provider's point of view, identifying in greater detail those points that the same service providers have reported through the survey carried out, as the main source of primary information Magister en Telecomunicaciones y Regulación tic Maestría

The news media play a significant role in shaping political opinions and party choices of voters as most of the people learn about politics through media. The study investigated the influence of television news channels' biases over the voting behavior of the electorates. The survey method was used as a tool for data collection to determine the relationship between media bias and its influence on voting behavior. Partisan views are exposed when news channels give one side of the political spectrum a distinct advantage through subjective reporting. News channels include cable television news stations operating in Pakistan. The study findings suggest that voters do rely on television news channels for information during election campaigns. The study found that television news bias has a strong influence on people's voting behaviors and election outcomes.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of Chile’s 2016 regulation restricting child-directed marketing of products high in energy, saturated fats, sodium and sugars on reducing children’s exposure to ‘high-in’ television food advertising.Design:Television use by pre-schoolers and adolescents was assessed via surveys in the months prior to implementation and a year after implementation. Hours and channels of television use were linked with the amount of high-in food advertising observed in corresponding content analyses of food advertisements (ads) from popular broadcast and cable channels to estimate changes in exposure to food ads from these channels.Setting:Middle-lower and lower-income neighbourhoods in Santiago, Chile.Participants:Pre-schoolers (n 879; mothers reporting) and adolescents (n 753; self-reporting).Results:Pre-schoolers’ and adolescents’ exposure to high-in food advertising in total decreased significantly by an average of 44 and 58 %, respectively. Exposure to high-in food advertising with child-directed appeals, such as cartoon characters, decreased by 35 and 52 % for pre-schoolers and adolescents, respectively. Decreases were more pronounced for children who viewed more television. Products high in sugars were the most prevalent among the high-in ads seen by children after implementation.Conclusions:Following Chile’s 2016 child-directed marketing regulation, children’s exposure to high-in food advertising on popular broadcast and cable television decreased significantly but was not eliminated from their viewing. Later stages of the regulation are expected to eliminate the majority of children’s exposure to high-in food advertising from television.

This article investigates the link between digital technologies and female labor market outcomes in a country with one of the largest gender disparities. It exploits the massive roll-out of mobile broadband technology in Jordan between 2010 and 2016 to identify the effect of internet adoption on labor force participation. Using panel data at the individual level with rich information on labor market outcomes, internet use and gender-biased social norms, the article finds that internet adoption increases female labor force participation but has no effect on male labor force participation. The increase in online job search explains some -- but not all -- of the total increase in female labor force participation. Only older and skilled women experience an increase in employment in response to having internet access. The internet also reduces the prevalence of gender-biased social norms, early marriage and fertility.

The era of traditional cable Television (TV) is swiftly coming to an end. People today subscribe to a multitude of streaming services. Smart TVs have enabled a new generation of entertainment, not only limited to constant on-demand streaming as they now offer other features such as web browsing, communication, gaming etc. These functions have recently been embedded into a small IoT device that can connect to any TV with High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) input known as Google Chromecast TV. Its wide adoption makes it a treasure trove for potential digital evidence. Our work is the primary source on forensically interrogating Chromecast TV devices. We found that the device is always unlocked, allowing extraction of application data through the backup feature of Android Debug Bridge (ADB) without device root access. We take advantage of this minimal access and demonstrate how a series of artifacts can stitch together a detailed timeline, and we automate the process by constructing Forensicast – a Chromecast TV forensic acquisition and timelining tool. Our work targeted (n=112) of the most popular Android TV applications including 69% (77/112) third party applications and 31% (35/112) system applications. 65% (50/77) third party applications allowed backup, and of those 90% (45/50) contained time-based identifiers, 40% (20/50) invoked some form of logs/activity monitoring, 50% (25/50) yielded some sort of token/cookie, 8% (4/50) resulted in a device ID, 26% (13/50) produced a user ID, and 24% (12/50) created other information. 26% (9/35) system applications provided meaningful artifacts, 78% (7/9) provided time based identifiers, 22% (2/9) involved some form of logs/activity monitoring, 22% (2/9) yielded some form of token/cookie data, 22% (2/9) resulted in a device ID, 44% (4/9) provided a user ID, and 33% (3/9) created other information. Our findings also illustrated common artifacts found in applications that are related to developer and advertising utilities, mainly WebView, Firebase, and Facebook Analytics. Future work and open research problems are shared.

Since Barker, Gupta, and Iantaffi (2007), in both mainstream cultural products and academic literature dealing with BDSM, there has been an increase in emanations of the “healing narrative,” which suggests that BDSM practices offer therapeutic potential. However, no significant attempt has been made to explore in greater detail the problematic relationship between this healing narrative and the history of pathologization of sadomasochistic desires and practices. Barker et al. (2007) rightly point out that in suggesting BDSM has healing potential, one runs the risk of implying that individuals who practice BDSM are in need of healing to begin with. This could be damaging to the image of BDSM, which after centuries of pathologization finally appears to be moving into a realm of acceptability. However, the experiences of BDSM practitioners who describe their practices as healing should not be discounted and could actually help to cultivate a more positive reputation, which makes the issue a political one. In this chapter, through an exploration of the concept of “healing” in cultural objects such as the film Secretary (2002, directed by Steven Shainberg) and the Showtime cable television series Billions (2016–present), this issue will be investigated further, leading to a way out of the apparent double bind. The aim is to come to an understanding of the therapeutic potential of BDSM, which would not only reframe the discourse of pathologization surrounding BDSM but also further the political goal of creating space for BDSM practitioners to explore their desires without having to experience stigmatization.

The paper introduces a method for adaptive deductive synthesis of state models, of complex objects, with multilevel variable structures. The method makes it possible to predict the state of objects using the data coming from them. The data from the objects are collected with sensors installed on them. Multilevel knowledge graphs (KG) are used to describe the observed objects. The new adaptive synthesis method develops previously proposed inductive and deductive synthesis methods, allowing the context to be taken into account when predicting the states of the monitored objects based on the data obtained from them. The article proposes the algorithm for the suggested method and presents its computational complexity analysis. The software system, based on the proposed method, and the algorithm for multilevel adaptive synthesis of the object models developed, are described in the article. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown in the results from modeling the states of telecommunication networks of cable television operators.

[EN] LLena Dunham’s series Girls has sparked interest and controversies, particularly during its first seasons, due to its purposeful title and its content, frequently oscillating between feminism and postfeminism. This article aims to examine the title implications in terms of representation and identification, as well as a series of textual questions posed within the last seasons, not proportionately investigated yet, in order to trace and discuss omissions and to portray the characters’ further development. For this reason, we first use the series as a map to explore the notion of girlhood in the contemporary setting, and venture comparisons with womanhood, manhood and the notion of the child. Furthermore, we wish to reveal debates on racial and gender exclusion. Finally, we employ a transversal reading based on the discussion of positive and negative criticism but also on other structured readings of Girls. We comply with the paradigm of misidentification or partial identification as a queer form of viewing the show that allows careful examination through various angles on the one hand, and recognizes the author’s attempts to adjust to the audiences’ feedbacks on the other. On the whole, we consider Girls to surpass trivialities that are common in contemporary quality television, even by failing to be a common denominator of girlhood, [ES] La serie Girls, de Lena Dunham, ha provocado interés y controversias, particularmente a lo largo de sus primeras temporadas, por su título intencionado y su contenido, frecuentemente oscilando entre feminismo y postfeminismo. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar las implicaciones del título en términos de representación e identificación, así como una serie de cuestiones textuales planteadas en las últimas temporadas, aún no investigadas de manera proporcionada, con el fin de rastrear y discutir omisiones y retratar el desarrollo posterior de los personajes. Por esta razón, primero se utiliza la serie como mapa para explorar la noción de condición de chica (girlhood) en el ambiente contemporáneo y se aventuran comparaciones con la feminidad, la virilidad y la noción de niño. Seguidamente, se desea revelar el debate sobre la exclusión racial y de género. Finalmente, se emplea una lectura transversal basada en la discusión de críticas positivas y negativas, pero también en otras lecturas estructuradas de Girls. Nos inclinamos hacia el paradigma de la mis-identificación o identificación parcial como una forma queer de ver la serie, que permite una revisión puntual a través de diferentes ángulos, por un lado, y que reconoce los intentos de la autora de ajustarse a la retroalimentación de las audiencias, por el otro. En general, opinamos que Girls sobrepasa las trivialidades que son comunes en la televisión de calidad contemporánea, incluso al no ser completamente representativo.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and identify the cues that shape the purchase of local retail apparel clothing brands in an emerging economy. The study further develops a conceptual framework for the cues that shape the purchase of local retail apparel clothing brands. Design/methodology/approach A focus group methodology is used for data collection from the local retail clothing consumers in Bangladesh. Data collected for this study were coded and categorized using inductive reasoning methods and similar responses were identified from a prepared data matrix. The results were presented in narrative while preserving the authenticity of participant response. Findings Three cues were identified that shape the purchase of local retail apparel clothing brands in Bangladesh. First, consumers buy local retail apparel clothing brands due to the product authenticity (product quality, product uniqueness, apparel fittings, apparel durability, color combination, attractive design, comfortability and reasonable price). Second, consumer cosmopolitanism (urbanization of people, migration and overseas travel, and access to cable television and international channels) positively related to the purchase of local retail apparel brands in Bangladesh. Third, consumer ethnocentrism (superiority of local made brands over imported foreign brands, moral obligation for purchasing local products and patriotism) is a contributory cue responsible for the success of local retail apparel clothing brands in Bangladesh. Originality/value This study is a first of its kind to significantly enrich the consumer behavior literature related to local retail apparel branded companies and their implications.

This study examines variables associated with behavior for obtaining prescription medications with or without doctors' prescriptions following direct-to-consumer prescription medication advertisement (DTCA) exposure. Data were analyzed from 631 college students. We found that viewing traditional or cable television DTCA was associated with lower agreement for obtaining prescription medications from a doctor. Reading social media DTCA print content on Twitter was associated with higher agreement for obtaining a prescription medication without a doctor's prescription. In conclusion, college students go for digital social media DTCA and not digital Internet DTCA or traditional DTCA.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a bidirectional Community Antenna Television/radio-over-fibre (RoF) hybrid transmission system based on incoherent light injection and RF amplifier pre-distortion to reduce third-order non-linearity. At downlink, 10-Gbps/30-GHz data and 79 CATV channels are transmitted over 50 km single-mode fibre (SMF), and at uplink 5-Gbps/15-GHz data and CATV signals are successfully transmitted concurrently over 50 km through the same SMF. The authors have found low bit-error rate (BER) and clear eye diagrams for the RoF data signals, and obtained outstanding transmission performance in terms of carrier-to-noise ratio, composite second order, and composite triple-beat for the CATV signals in downlink and uplink transmission.

The introduction of the mandatory Digital Addressable System (DAS) with strict, phase-wise deadlines for different provinces within India has compelled us to reconsider not only the television apparatus itself but also broadcast policies, television industry, content and reception. The introduction of DAS can be posited within a series of similar public policies starting from the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) project in 1975 to the more recent Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) or Aadhaar project and Digital India campaign, all folded into the developmental rhetoric of the welfare state. The rollout of DAS provides the site to explore the relationship between the government, neo-liberal market and digital technologies that underscores the contradictions which are constitutive of modernity, and invests in the study of the neo-liberal cultural sites of statist intervention. Within this conceptual framework, this article would focus on West Bengal as a case in point to read the implementation of mandatory DAS both as a site of hegemonic projects embodying promises of neo-liberal development and of the incongruities that are inherent in them. While the union government claimed that any cable television service provider who does not switch to digital signal within deadline can be penalized and the equipment confiscated, the state Government said that they would launch an agitation if analogue cable signals were blacked out after the deadline for cable digitalization and thus, the deadline was extended for several months. The confrontation over cable digitalization in West Bengal offers a site to explore in what way, contrary to its typical image of a fully automated digital ecosystem of governance, as the modern states would like to conceive, it is loaded with internal contradiction. My inquiry moves across a range of discursive locations and registers, aiming to explore in what way various local stakeholders negotiate in this policy implementation? How does DAS help theorization of a changing relationship between the market, digital technology and the developmental modern? While raising these questions, this article would try to explore in what way DAS can be located within the historical trajectory of techno-cultural rhetoric of public policy and how it invests in the shifting political economy of broadcasting in India.

“The fourth channel”, regarded as Taiwanese cable television’s predecessor, appeared in the 1970s and rapidly expanded in the 1980s. After formal legislation in 1993, cable television not only became Taiwan’s most important form of televized broadcasting services, but is also considered as the main cause for nearly two decades of Taiwan’s “media disorder”. This article re-examines the political and social environments and industrial state of “the fourth channel” between 1980 and 1993, in order to more accurately explain why cable television evolved into a key problem of Taiwanese media, using document analysis, news text analysis, and audience in-depth interviews to explore the issue in three aspects. First, contradictory state policies and unfriendly mainstream discourse together established the early stages of development. Second, the interplay of these two conditions forced “the fourth channel” industry to evolve into a small- to medium-sized enterprise model and the corresponding operational practices, which were sustained after the legistation period. Third, at that time the general audience had no concrete and strong needs nor imagination for alternative televized services, but their consumption trend was gradually shaped by the service provided by “the fourth channel”. Along with the state and the industry, it then helped stabilize the later characteristics of Taiwanese cable television service.

We measure the welfare distortions from endogenous quality choice in imperfectly competitive markets. For US cable television markets between 1997–2006, prices are 33 percent to 74 percent higher and qualities 23 percent to 55 percent higher than socially optimal. Such quality overprovision contradicts classic results in the literature and our analysis shows that it results from the presence of competition from high-end satellite TV providers: without the competitive pressure from satellite companies, cable TV monopolists would instead engage in quality degradation. For welfare, quality overprovision implies cable customers would prefer smaller, lower-quality cable bundles at a lower price, amounting to a twofold increase in consumer surplus for the average consumer. (JEL L13, L15, L82)

Many cable television (CATV) devices, which cannot be feasibly monitored using a simple network management protocol, are used in CATV networks. It is difficult to remotely monitor these devices online because different protocols are used in different devices. In this paper, we design and implement a general-purpose network management agent that can communicate efficiently with different devices. Furthermore, data obtained from devices can be transmitted effectively to users. The simulation results show that this general-purpose agent can effectively respond to user requests, such as configuration requests and search requests. Moreover, the agent can maintain steady, stable device performance parameters while supporting concurrent multi-user operation.

A hybrid Internet/cable television (CATV)/5G fiber-free-space optical (FSO) integrated system with a triple-wavelength polarization multiplexing scenario is attainably demonstrated for the first time. In a triple-wavelength polarization multiplexing scenario with vestigial sideband (VSB) four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4)/CATV/16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation, the channel capacity is considerably multiplied and the overall performance is significantly improved. With a tunable optical band-pass filter, polarization-tracking free de-multiplexing is attained by removing other wavelengths with different polarizations, and the optical VSB PAM4/CATV/16-QAM-OFDM signal is created by partially reducing the optical signal's linewidth. Compared with established polarization multiplexing fiber-FSO integrations with complex polarization de-multiplexing mechanism, it demonstrates a notable one with the benefits of simplicity and flexibility. Sufficiently low bit error rate, acceptable PAM4 eye diagrams, clear constellation map, and high composite second-order/composite triple beat values are attained through a 40 km single-mode fiber transport with 200 m free-space link. This demonstrated triple-wavelength polarization multiplexing fiber-FSO integrated system is promising because it not only incorporates fiber backhaul with optical wireless feeder, but it also simplifies system's structure and enhance system's overall performance.

This paper discusses the related topic of tourism technology value assessment. Technology is now one of the evidential drivers of tourism growth in a rapidly evolving, globalized, and advanced world. The paper looks at a variety of technological products and services used in the tourism industry. Entertainment falls within the umbrella of relaxation, and it incorporates the activities and events we do to enjoy our time. Tourism makes it one step further-it is heading out to evenly accommodate entertainment and relaxation. The emergence of technological application has transformed the conventional use of the Internet. This new point of view has prompted a slew of studies on its effect on the tourism industry. The Internet is the most important tourism technology. Mobile phones, cable television, fixed telephones, and standard personal computers and laptops can all be used to access it. Information is readily throughout the day and night, and the cost transparency that results allows customers to make more informed decisions. Tourism is still a thriving industry in Bangladesh, but it has some difficulties relating to the data available. As a result, two approaches were needed for this study’s methodology: desk approaches that included meta-analysis; and approaches of in-depth interview of selected markets. The study relied on primary data. Most of the previous topic has been condensed into a succinct overview of some important marketing points for applying to promote potential tourism technologies in this report.

In the long-running net neutrality debate, a key assumption has been that broadband and broadband Internet access service are “jurisdictionally interstate.” But are they really? And what does that mean? In practice, the interstate assumption has meant that important decisions about broadband law and policy -- whether online content delivery will be akin to the common carrier model of the legacy phone network or the entertainment model of the cable television industry, for instance – are made almost exclusively by the federal government. The “who decides” question took on new immediacy in 2017, when the Federal Communications Commission gutted federal net neutrality rules, and then attempted to preempt the states from adopting their own. Several states nevertheless enacted open network/non-discrimination laws; two of them (in California and Vermont) were promptly challenged on preemption grounds. This paper examines the interstate assumption “from the ground up.” It starts with wires in the ground and radio links to local cell towers, i.e., “last-mile” infrastructure without which there would be no broadband Internet access. It arrives at the conclusion that “jurisdictionally interstate” is more of a fictional construct than a factual description, one that expresses unexamined policy choices more than essential network attributes. It concludes by reflecting on alternate ways that federal, state, and local interests might more harmoniously be integrated in light of the network’s physical presence and the state laws that enable that presence.

Background and aims Exposure to alcohol advertising is associated with underage drinking, which contributes to adolescent morbidity and mortality. Alcohol advertisements are regulated by the alcohol industry. Our research team has published reports monitoring alcohol advertisers' compliance with industry guidelines. In this study, we estimated: (1) changes in youth and adult exposure to alcohol advertisements on cable television from 2016-19 and (2) changes in youth exposure to types of non-compliant advertising highlighted in monitoring reports over the same period. Design Interrupted time-series analysis using data from Nielsen US national television audience estimates, 2012-19. Measures and methods Outcome was advertising impressions (the total number of times an alcohol advertisement was viewed by youth or adults) by month. Non-compliant exposure was impressions from advertisements that did not meet guidelines. Covariates were advertising spending in multiple media categories. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models estimated trends in exposure before the publication of monitoring reports (2012-15 reference period) and during the monitoring period (2016-19). We compared the modeled exposure trend during the monitoring period to the reference period projected trend. Setting United States. Participants A total of 57 000 Nielsen panel households FINDINGS: Non-compliant exposure declined 6158 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -11 406 to -911] million impressions, or -77.3% during the monitoring period compared with the reference period trend. Total youth exposure declined by 20 995 (CI = -34 701 to -7288) million impressions (27.0%). Non-compliant exposure on programs, network dayparts and brands highlighted in monitoring reports declined by -82.4, -79.0 and -82.2%-more than other programs (-52.7%), network dayparts (-71.0%) or brands (143%). Adult exposure declined by 9.3%. Conclusions Publication of alcohol advertising monitoring reports appears to have been associated with a 27.0% decline in US youth exposure to alcohol advertising on cable television and a 77.3% decline in US youth exposure to non-compliant alcohol advertising.

DOCSIS 3.1, the new international standard for high-speed cable television (CATV), uses Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code for forward error correction (FEC). It is widely known that accurate soft information is critical to the performance of LDPC decoding, but existing bit log-likelihood ratio (LLR) expression only works well under high code rate. In this paper, an improved bit LLR expression is proposed to compensate the difference between the existing LLR expression under low code rate for Gray coded M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In addition to high accuracy, the improved LLR is simple and efficient to manipulate. Besides LDPC, the improved LLR is also applicable to other codes that require soft information. Simulation results show that the improved LLR expression achieves a significant improvement in performance for both LDPC and Turbo decoding.

The two components of the advertising industry – the creative sector that develops and produces messages, and the communications sector that transmits messages via various media – have each been greatly affected by advances in creative design and communications technologies. As the media composition of advertising has changed in the last century for both local and national advertising – from newspapers, outdoor and radio advertising to network and cable television, and most recently to internet and digital media – so too has been transformed the very concept of advertising, its functionality and its measurement.We compare four sources of annual nominal U.S. aggregate advertising expenditure data – from the public sector Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Service Industries, and the private sector McCann Erickson and Magna Global advertising agencies– that are available over various time periods. In nominal terms, we estimate the elasticity of advertising expenditures with respect to Gross Domestic Product, and find that this elasticity appears to have increased substantially beginning in the late 1990s – from about 1.4 to 1.9. The timing of this structural break coincides roughly with the decline of print, radio and network and cable television, and the dramatic increase in digital and internet-based advertising. To understand the forces underlying this structural break in nominal advertising expenditures, data on media-specific advertising prices are needed, thereby converting nominal to real advertising. However, currently annual U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index data on digital and many other advertising media prices are only available beginning in 2010. The availability of media-specific quality-constant price indexes would not only enable researchers to trace more completely the recent impact of digital and internet advertising, but would also facilitate contemporary and longstanding issues to be addressed surrounding the measurement of advertising effects, including how variations in the durability of response to advertising across media are related to inter-media price differentials, and why heterogeneity among firms and industries may arise with respect to the procyclicality of advertising policies. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

The present distribution grids generally have limited sensing capabilities and are therefore characterized by low observability. Improved observability is a prerequisite for increasing the hosting capacity of distributed energy resources such as solar photovoltaics (PV) in distribution grids. In this context, this paper presents learning-aided low-voltage estimation using untapped but readily available and widely distributed sensors from cable television (CATV) networks. The CATV sensors offer timely local voltage magnitude sensing with 5-minute resolution and can provide an order of magnitude more data on the state of a distribution system than currently deployed utility sensors. The proposed solution incorporates voltage readings from neighboring CATV sensors, taking into account spatio-temporal aspects of the observations, and estimates single-phase voltage magnitudes at all non-monitored buses using random forest. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was demonstrated using a 1572-bus feeder from the SMART-DS data set for two case studies - passive distribution feeder (without PV) and active distribution feeder (with PV). The analysis was conducted on simulated data, and the results show voltage estimates with a high degree of accuracy, even at extremely low percentages of observable nodes., Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy

This innovative text bridges media theory, psychology, and interpersonal communication by describing how our relationships with media emulate the relationships we develop with friends and romantic partners through their ability to replicate intimacy, regularity, and reciprocity. In research-rich, conversational chapters, the author applies psychological principles to understand how nine influential media technologies—theatrical film, recorded music, consumer market cameras, radio, network and cable television, tape cassettes, video gaming, and dial-up internet service providers—irreversibly changed the communication environment, culture, and psychological expectations that we then apply to future media technologies. With special attention to mediums absent from the traditional literature, including recorded music, cable television, and magnetic tape, this book encourages readers to critically reflect on their own past relationships with media and consider the present environment and the future of media given their own personal habits. 20th Century Media and the American Psyche is ideal for media studies, communication, and psychology students, scholars, and industry professionals, as well as anyone interested in a greater understanding of the psychological significance of media technology, usage, and adoption across the past 150 years.

We live in very adversarial political times. Tribalism and hateful rhetoric abound. This chapter argues that this state of affairs was an inevitable consequence of political cable television. I blame Ted Turner and CNN. Once Ted showed the world that news could be a profit center, competition, differentiation, and partisan one-sided coverage in broadcasting were inevitable. Product differentiation of cable news stations coupled with confirmation biases that lead viewers to watch networks on which the broadcasters reinforce their political views polarizes public opinion. The chapter concludes with suggestions for climbing out of the downward spiral.

Cultural expressions of Orientalism, the Gothic, and the queer are rarely studied together, though they share uncanny features including spectrality, doubling, and the return of the repressed. An ideal means of investigating these common aspects is neo-Victorian translation, which is likewise uncanny. The neo-Victorian Gothic cable television series Penny Dreadful, set mostly in fin-de-si&egrave, cle London, employs the character Ferdinand Lyle, a closeted queer Egyptologist and linguist, to depict translation as both interpretation and transformation, thereby simultaneously replicating and challenging late-Victorian attitudes toward queerness and Orientalism.

Based on the understanding and research of the mainstream cable TV optical node technology and 5G wireless communication technology, this paper proposes a new type of cable TV access network optical node with 5G wireless signal output, which integrates 5G technology to provide wireless access at the cable network access terminal, expands the access terminal form and optimizes the public service function of the cable television network.

Contents Page SOURCES AND TYPES OF AMERICAN LAW Introduction !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!. 5 Marbury v. Madison (1803) [authority of federal judiciary]!!!!!6 THE U.S. LEGAL SYSTEM Tory et al. v. Cochran (2005) [mootness -- libel] !!!!!!!!!!!18 THE JUDICIAL PROCESS J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. (1994) [jury selection -- gender] !..22 Victor v. Nebraska and Sandoval v. California (1994) [jury instructions -- beyond a reasonable doubt] !!!!!!!!!!!!... 37 PRIOR RESTRAINT 5. Near v. Minnesota (1931) [constitutionality of state statute imposing prior restraint on publications] !!!!!!!..!!!!!!...57 United States v. Eichman and United States v. Haggerty (1990) [First Amendment protection for flag burning] !!!!!!.!!!!. 70 City of Ladue v. Gilleo (1994) [prior restraint on residential sign] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!79 Morse v. Frederick (2007) [prior restraint on high school expression] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. 88 CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL SPEECH Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York (1980) [First Amendment protection for commercial speech] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!!!!!!!!! 100 Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc. (1995) [regulation of mail solicitations by attorneys] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!.!.!!!108 Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York v. Village of Stratton (2002) [regulation of door-to-door canvassing by religious groups] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!..124 Johanns, Secretary of Agriculture v. Livestock Marketing Association (2005) [constitutionality of federal agricultural checkoff program to promote beef consumption] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!.. 137 ELECTRONIC MASS MEDIA AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS Red Lion Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission (1969) [regulation of broadcasting -- Fairness Doctrine] !!!!!.149 Turner Broadcasting System v. Federal Communications Commission (Turner Broadcasting II) (1997) [regulation of cable television -- "must carry provisions"] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!..!.!!! 164 LIBEL New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) [actual malice rule -- public officials] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!!!!!!.!!. 187 Gertz v. Robert Welch (1974) [state standards -- private individuals] !!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!..!. 206 Hustler v. Falwell (1988) [intentional infliction of emotional distress] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!..!!.!. 221 INDECENCY, OBSCENITY AND PORNOGRAPHY Miller v. California (1973) [test for obscenity]!!!..!!..! !!.228 Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002) [1996 Child Pornography Prevention Act -- computer-simulated images] !!!!!!!!!!. 237 RIGHT OF PRIVACY Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989) [public records -- publication of rape victim's name] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!!!!!!.!!!!..!! 252 Gonzaga University v. Doe (2002) [civil damages for violation of privacy under Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) !!!!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!! 262 PRESS AND PUBLIC ACCESS TO THE JUDICIAL PROCESSES, RECORDS, PLACES AND MEETINGS Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980) [First Amendment right of access to criminal trials] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!!!..! 274 Chandler v. Florida (1981) [free press v. fair trial -- cameras in the in the courtroom] .!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!..! . 288 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Moseley and Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue (2003) [proof of trademark dilution under the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 (FTDA)] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!..!!!!!!!!!!!..! !!301 Eldred v. Ashcroft (2002) [constitutionality of Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998] !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. . 310

We are living in a transitional time in the video industry where the business of television is being redefined. The traditional television players, including broadcasters, cable operators, telephone–TV service providers and program producers are steadily transitioning into a new class of hybrid-media companies capable of designing both television programs as well as engaging in the live-streaming of programs to the end user. Central to this discussion is the future of over-the-top (OTT) video services; that is, television programming that can be video streamed via the Internet to both smart homes as well as various kinds of mobile devices including smartphones, computer tablets and laptop computers. Consumers can select what they want to watch and when. It is the quintessential form of video on demand. The success of Netflix proved to be a catalyst for change by opening up the door for other OTT video services, including Amazon Prime, Disney+, HBO Max and Hulu to name only a few. As a consequence, more and more television viewers are “cutting the cord” to expensive cable television services. Instead, they are relying on OTT as an alternative television program service. At issue, is the number of OTT services now being developed by both the television networks as well as dedicated cable programming services. This chapter will consider the business of OTT video streaming services. Television Anywhere One of the most profound trends facing the television industry is the importance of accessing program content anytime, anywhere and on any platform. While developing a multiscreen environment creates a huge opportunity for broadcasters and cable programmers, it also presents a number of challenges as well. Never before has the expression “content is king” become a more relevant phrase to describe the state-of-the-industry. Today’s broadcaster and cable programmer are now having to jockey for position in order to command the viewer’s attention given the explosion in television content that is now available.

Historically public participation did not develop from some belief in democracy or duty but rather from unfulfilled needs, urban governments' failure to respond adequately to complaints of poor services. A direct response to this was the neighborhood movement. Planning to one degree or another has been reactive, this study attemps to present to planners a new tool for reaching their community in a proactive educational manner. The initial phase of this study began with an examination of the legislative mandates governing cable companies. Specif icly the sections concerning public access airtime, technical assistance, and equipment availabilty. The second phase of this study involved the analysis of the perceptions of the cable company directors and planning professionals in relation to public access. A personally administered questionaire was used to determine such variables as: population parameters, levels of service, philosophy, misconceptions, levels of useage, and opinions. The results of this analysis suggest that the cable companies are committed to public access beyond the basic requirements of law. While each company varies in its method of assisting a group or individual, all take extreme care in assuring the best possible results. Planners for the most part are just discovering cable and while present utilization is low all, indications point to the recogniton by planners of the potential benefits of public access for serving their needs in reaching their community.

The article deals with tasks facing today's telecommunications network monitoring systems used by cable television operators and the models employed to achieve them. The work formulates a task for statistical analysis of customer behavior when choosing the application and the content to be played in the context of geographic location/ scale of charges/ time of day, etc., which is not achieved by means of traditional monitoring systems. The article also formulates a definition for a knowledge graph and covers the areas of validity of models based on knowledge graphs for telecommunications network monitoring systems. The issues of developing an ontological model of a cable television operator telecommunications network to generate a knowledge graph are considered. Drawing on the analysis carried out, a particular model of a network of a cable television operator based on a knowledge graph is proposed, and the model results obtained on the example of solving a particular task are presented. The scenarios of using the knowledge graph in analyzing the telecommunications network dynamic data are considered. The key principles of creating a generalized model of telecommunications network monitoring based on a knowledge graph are formulated.

The influence of random noise on the number of errors in cable and Internet television systems is investigated. An alternative approach to the principle of data transfer based on existing equipment is formulated. The requirements for the simulator for modeling the process of data transfer are formulated. Models of coding and decoding blocks are proposed. The possibility of modeling the effect of interference in the Matlab system at a logical level is investigated. The content of an alternative approach to data transmission consists in replacing an information bit with a logical vector. The logical convolution of the direct and mirror logical vector is carried out on the receiving side. The convolution operation is performed by software without the use of analog-to-digital conversion of the received signal. The advantage of the proposed principle of redundancy of information is that the implementation is feasible for both cable and Internet television. In the latter case, a positive effect is achieved when there is free traffic. The application of this approach for cable television is justified in the presence of free carriers (subcarriers). This proposal is also of interest for technical television systems operating in the conditions of interference, for which the reliability of data transmission takes precedence over other parameters.