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Background: Recently increased access to cannabis products in the United States has been associated with increased rates of driving after cannabis use. Although numerous studies indicate that cannabis impairs psychomotor and neurocognitive functions that can affect driving ability, the determination of cannabis-impaired driving risk is complicated by the extent to which frequent cannabis users develop tolerance to THC's subjective, cognitive, and psychomotor effects, and by the fact that there is no validated behavioral or biological marker of recent cannabis use or cannabis-related impairment. This study examined the psychomotor impairment-related effects experienced by frequent cannabis users in Colorado after naturalistic consumption of smoked cannabis, both immediately and 1 h postuse. Results were then validated in a smaller replication sample from Washington state. Methods: In the primary Colorado study, participants (n=70) used the DRUID(®) mobile app, a brief measure of psychomotor and cognitive domains that are sensitive to the effects of cannabis. First, participants used DRUID to establish a sober baseline impairment score. During a second appointment, they used DRUID at three time points: preuse, immediately after acutely using cannabis, and 1 h postuse. In the Washington replication sample, participants (n=39) used DRUID before acute cannabis consumption and then every half hour for 2.5 h. Results: In both studies, peak DRUID impairment effects were seen immediately after cannabis use, with recovery of performance at 1 h postuse. Specifically, significant quadratic effects of time emerged for both studies (Colorado study: (β=−0.935, SE=0.204, p

Exploration is important because it has the potential to increase creativity in the use of natural materials that are able to maintain the existence of written batik without reducing the essence of written batik itself. The method used is a literature study. This study aims to describe natural materials that can be used as color barriers, determine the results and quality of batik motifs produced from natural color barriers, and determine the process and results of batik coloring on natural color barriers. The natural ingredients explored are cassava peel and canna starch. The batik motifs produced by the two barriers depend on the drying time, the thickness of the paste application and the applicator used. In the use of natural cassava peel ingredients, the color barrier can block the color well when using a triangular plastic applicator because the quality obtained is good, namely the lines are firm and clear. Meanwhile, when using natural canna starch, the color barrier can block the color well when using the vinegar bottle applicator because the results of the imitation batik motifs produced are neat, even, and firm. The natural ingredients for cassava peel are dylon and wantex dyes, while the canna starch is used for napthol dyes.

Debranched Canna edulis Ker starch (DCEKS) was effectively esterified in 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride (ionic liquid) to shorten the esterification time of phthalic anhydride and enhance the substitution degree. The results indicated that the esterification of phthalic anhydride obviously improved the thermal stability of CEKS, while the debranching slightly increased the thermal stability of CEKS. DCEKS was still a semicrystalline polymer like CEKS, and its crystalline structure was not changed by the debranching, but phthalate debranched Canna edulis Ker starch (PDCEKS) was almost an amorphous polymer due to the high esterification in the ionic liquid. The esterification decreased the average size of DCEKS, whereas the debranching increased the average size. The esterification was unevenly completed on DCEKS particles. Both debranching and esterification could result in a decrease in the freeze–thaw stability, swelling power and viscosity of CEKS. The stretching vibration of benzene rings appeared at the wave numbers of 1598 cm−1, 1077 cm−1 and 640 cm−1.

This study aims to analyze the role of gambier filtrate and red palm oil in the formation of functional edible film and to determine whether the gambier filtrate and red palm oil are synergistic or antagonistic in the formation of functional edible films. The study design used a factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors and each treatment consisted of three levels, namely: gambier filtrate concentration (A): 20, 30, and 40% (v/v) as well as red palm oil concentration (B): 1.2 and 3% (v/v). The observed parameters were thickness, elongation percentage, water vapor transmission rate, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity. Gambier filtrate and red palm oil were capable to improve the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of canna starch-based edible film. Gambier filtrate plays a role in increasing the elongation percentage, thickness, and water vapor transmission rate of edible film.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have great potential as low-cost natural wastewater treatment in developing countries. The present study appraises the performance of the vertical flow constructed wetland for domestic wastewater treatment. More specifically, the potential of Canna Indica in the removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CNP) from wastewater under tropical conditions. CW cell was fabricated with a vegetative layer of Canna Indica and tested with domestic wastewater. Based on the test results, Canna Indica shows a high Removal Efficiency (RE) of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) on the order of 87% and 91%, respectively. Similarly, nutrients removal efficiency for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) was found to be 97% and 98%, respectively. The investigation also revealed that there is considerable removal of sulfates with efficiency equal to 78.4%. Overall, the Canna Indica based CWs were found to be suitable for wastewater treatment in the tropical regions, provided a viable medium for treating the wastewater in peri-urban and rural areas of developing countries. Novelty statement This study investigates the performance of Canna indica based vertical flow wetlands for greywater treatment. The study investigates the results at different hydraulic retention times and loading rates.There are no much studies reporting the performance of this variety of plant species under a tropical humid climate.The results from the study can encourage adoption of this plant variety, indigenous to this part of the country, for wastewater treatmentHighlightsIt could emphasize the importance of familiarity with constructed wetlands to comprehend the RE of various climatic zones.It is possible to highlight the Canna-based CW's efficiency in removing organics and nutrients from domestic wastewater.The possibility for field-scale Canna-based CW to remove pollution in tropical climates was investigated, andDecentralization of wastewater treatment at the household level to apply CWs that will improve wastewater quality.

Starch-based bioplastic was more economical and competitive compared to bacteria-based bioplastics (polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates) due to the starch variances and the availability in Indonesia, along with the simple techniques that can be applied. This review aimed to describe the potential and opportunities of edible canna starch as an alternative raw material of bioplastics production. Edible canna tuber productivity in Java, Indonesia, with a harvest age of about eight months reaches 30-49.4 tons/ha. It will produce a mature segment 70.2% of the total harvest weight. Edible canna tuber was a carbohydrate source that contains 88.10% starch with an advantage of 68% higher fiber and mineral content than other tubers. Furthermore, canna tuber starch contains amylose proportions of 35.0%. The high amylose content in canna starch is one of the properties that can position its function for developing packaging materials. The gelatinization process of canna starch requires a short time and low energy because of its large granule size (56 μm). A literature review of canna starch as an alternative of bioplastic raw materials needs to be carried out to obtain accurate data and information regarding treatment, use of additional materials, and characteristics of bioplastic products resulting from experimental studies so that they can be further implemented. Keywords: bioplastics, edible canna, starch Abstrak Penggunaan pati sebagai salah satu bahan utama produksi bioplastik bernilai lebih ekonomis dan kompetitif dibandingkan dengan bioplastik berbasis bakteri (polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, dan polyhydroxyalkanoates) karena variasi dan jumlahnya yang melimpah di Indonesia dan teknologi sederhana yang dapat diaplikasikan. Tujuan kajian literatur ini adalah untuk menggambarkan potensi dan peluang pati ganyong sebagai alternatif bahan baku pembuatan bioplastik. Produktivitas umbi ganyong di Pulau Jawa dengan umur panen sekitar 8 bulan mencapai 30-49,4 ton/ha. Ganyong merupakan sumber karbohidrat yang mengandung 88,10% pati dengan keunggulan berupa 68% kandungan serat dan mineral pada pati yang lebih tinggi dibanding umbi-umbian lain. Pati umbi ganyong juga mengandung amilosa sebanyak 35,0%. Kandungan amilosa yang tinggi pada pati ganyong merupakan salah satu sifat yang berfungsi dalam pengembangan bahan pengemas. Proses gelatinisasi pati ganyong membutuhkan waktu yang sebentar dan energi yang rendah karena ukuran granulnya yang besar (56 m). Kajian pustaka pati ganyong sebagai alternatif bahan baku bioplastik perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keakuratan data dan informasi mengenai perlakuan, penggunaan bahan tambahan, dan karakteristik produk bioplastik yang dihasilkan dari kajian eksperimen agar dapat diimplementasikan lebih lanjut. Kata kunci: bioplastik, ganyong, pati

Background: Lack of insulin or the inability of cells to respond to insulin causes high blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes. Consumption of foods with a low glycemic index and high fiber has been shown to provide the same benefits as pharmacological therapy in the control of postprandial hyperglycemia and can prevent the incidence of hypoglycemia in people with diabetes. Ganyong (Canna edulis) is a food source of carbohydrates and fiber. Kelor (Moringa oliefera) contains protein and some phytochemical compounds which have a hypoglycemic effect. Objective s : The objective of the study was to analyze the glycemic index of ganyong-kelor snack bars as a diet for diabetics. Materials and Method s : Ten respondents fasted for 10 hours and checked their fasting blood glucose levels, then consumed 105 grams of bread as the reference food. Every 30 minutes after eating, the blood glucose levels were checked. In the following week, after fasted, all respondents consumed 157 grams of a ganyong-kelor snack bar and checked their blood glucose levels every 30 minutes. Results : Every 100 grams of ganyong-kelor snack bar contains 230.13 kcal, 31.97 grams of carbohydrates, 9.25 grams of fat, and 4.75 grams of protein. In this study, bread was used as a reference food. If bread was corrected with glucose as a reference food, the glycemic index of the ganyong-kelor snack bar was 38.08. The calculation of the glycemic load used the converted-glycemic index and the total carbohydrates contained in 100 grams of the food. Ganyong-kelor snack bar had a glycemic load value of 12.10. Conclusions: Ganyong-kelor snack bar had good nutritional content and was categorized as food with a low glycemic index. The hypoglycemic effect of the ganyong-kelor snack bar came from its high fiber content. Ganyong-kelor snack bar can be consumed as a healthy snack for diabetic people.

The cadmium tolerance capacity of Canna orchioides was evaluated using glasshouse experiment to lay a theoretical foundation to broad applications of this species in cadmium (Cd) polluted areas. The plant growth, Cd absorption, and antioxidative enzyme activities of canna plants treated with different Cd concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg · kg−1 per dry soil) for 30 days were investigated. The results indicated that the growth of roots, leaves and stems was restricted following Cd addition. The bio-concentration factor was the highest in the roots, followed by the leaves, rhizomes, and stems. Compared with the control, the translocation factor decreased sharply after 100 mg · kg−1 or 200 mg · kg−1 Cd treatment, whereas the tolerance index decreased significantly under 200 mg · kg−1 Cd exposure. The Cd accumulation rate and total Cd accumulation significantly increased under 200 mg · kg−1 Cd treatment than the control. The malondialdehyde content remained unchanged at different Cd concentrations, while the relative electrical conductivity of the root increased significantly following 200 mg · kg−1 Cd treatment. Cd stress increased significantly the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the leaves, whereas only SOD was raised in the roots. The catalase (CAT) and POD activity in the roots did not differ significantly at different Cd concentrations. Conversely, APX in the roots decreased significantly under Cd stress, which suggests that the protective mechanisms in the leaves differ from those in the roots. These results indicated that C. orchioides has a high tolerance for Cd. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species caused by Cd stress could be effectively scavenged by the antioxidative system. The present study proved that C. orchioides constitutes a promising ornamental plant for use in the restoration of areas contaminated with Cd.

Salah satu media tumbuh bakteri yang sering digunakan dalam laboratorium adalah Nutrient Agar (NA). Namun, harga dari media pertumbuhan bakteri ini relatif mahal. Mahalnya harga media serta melimpahnya sumber alam yang belum dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat mendorong peneliti untuk menemukan media alternatif baru dari bahan-bahan sederhana yang mudah didapatkan. Salah satu bahan yang mengandung nutrisi yang baik jika digunakan sebagai media adalah umbi karena kandungan karbohidratnya yang tinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan media Nutrient Agar sebagai kontrol serta dua jenis umbi ganyong yaitu varietas ganyong putih dan ganyong merah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental untuk mengetahui bagaimana efektivitas dan karakteristik umbi ganyong sebagai media pertumbuhan bakteri, mengetahui varieatas umbi ganyong yang paling efektif, serta mengetahui berapa konsentrasi bubuk ganyong paling efektif untuk tumbuh bakteri yang mana dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tiga variasi konsentrasi bubuk umbi ganyong yaitu sebanyak 10 gram, 20 gram, dan 30 gram per 600 ml aquadest. Pengenceran 10-3, 10-4 , dan 10-5 dari koloni murni bakteri uji (Lactobacillus casei) ditanam pada masing-masing media sebanyak dua ulangan dengan teknik spread, kemudian diinkubasi pada suhu 37°C dan diamati setiap 24 jam selama tiga hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri dapat tumbuh pada media yang terbuat dari umbi ganyong dengan jumlah koloni bakteri tertinggi sebanyak 9,5. 103 CFU/ml pada media ganyong putih dengan konsentrasi bubuk ganyong putih sebesar 20 gr/600 ml. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa umbi ganyong putih jauh lebih efektif sebagai media tumbuh bakteri dibanding dengan umbi ganyong merah. Kata kunci: media alternatif, media tumbuh bakteri, Nutrient Agar, umbi ganyong

Medications derived from plants and pure natural ingredients have far lower side effects and risks than synthetic drugs. One side effect of piroxicam is irritation of the digestive tract. One of the therapeutic preventions to minimize peptic ulcers was utilizing Canna edulis Ker. This study aims to prove that ethanolic extract of Canna edulis Ker. can be used as an alternative to prevent piroxicam-induced peptic ulcers based on ulcer index parameters and the protection ratio. The rats were divided randomly into 6 groups consisting of 5 rats. The normal group was given food and water. The negative control group was given 0.5% CMC-Na. The extract groups were given various doses of ethanolic extract of Canna edulis Ker. (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW). The positive control was given sucralfate at 360 mg/kg BW dose. Rats were treated orally for 14 days. One hour after the treatment on the 14th day, all groups except group I were orally administered with piroxicam dissolved in 0.5% CMC-Na at 1.8 mg/kg BW dose. Twenty-four hours later, animals were sacrificed, dissected, and their stomach organs were removed to analyze its number of ulcers. Ulcer observation was formed by giving a score and protection ratio. The mean ulcer index value was 0.33±0.58 for 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW ethanol extract treatment groups, while the 200 mg/kg BW group showed 0.67±0.58. The protection ratio was 83.33±28.87 in 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW treatment groups, while 66.67±28.87 was shown in the 200mg/kg BW group. Canna edulis Ker. ethanolic extract has the gastroprotective ability by decreasing the index of gastric ulcers and increasing the protection ratio to the stomach of piroxicam-induced rats.

Canna, the solitary genus of family Cannaceae, represents a group of ornamental plants species. In this investigation an attempt was made to access the genetic relationship among six species and varieties of Canna using RAPD and ISSR techniques. A total of 49 major scorable bands ranging from 200 to 1500 bp were generated from two RAPD and three ISSR primers showing 83.6% polymorphism. Generally low relationship between tested cultivars/species; and the highest correlation (5.09) was found between Canna lily (C3) and Canna indica red (C2) and between Canna flaccida (C5) and Canna indica red(C2). However, the lowest (3.316) similarity was observed between Canna lilyred brilliant (C4) and Canna flaccida (C5). The dendrogram based on the contained data of both RAPD and ISSR which showed that Canna paniculata (C6) was always in a far correlation with the other species and varieties in this study. It was observed that the used primers of both RAPD and ISSR divided the plants according to the flower colour with ignorance to the leaves colour and grouped (C. variegata, C. indica redand C. paniculata)together in one cluster, but in the other cluster, the primers grouped them according to the leaves cluster with ignorance of the flower colour (C. flaccida, Canna lilyredbrilliant and Canna lily). Finally, it might be the same cultivars grouped in other way in case of using other primers or other molecular marker system.

Modification of native starch is needed mainly to increase its solubility in water thus broaden its application in food industries. On the other hand, modification of canna and jicama starches have rarely been applied. Physical and chemical modifications of starches are conducted to modify starch characteristics. The research aimed to investigate the physico-chemical properties of canna and jicama starches that had been modified chemically and physically. Chemical modifications which were conducted included modification via substitution with Octenyl Succinate Anhydride (OSA) and hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid (HCl), while physical modification was conducted via the Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT). The starch physico-chemical characteristics evaluated were degree of acid (DA), swelling power, degree of substitution (DS), moisture, ash, fat, and fiber contents. The analysis results showed that moisture, ash, fat, and fiber contents of native canna and jicama starches were not significantly different from those of modified ones. The result also revealed that the type of starches and modification methods increased the swelling power significantly (P≤0,05). The DS of modified canna dan jicama starches were 0.0246% and 0.0176%, respectively. While the DA of modified canna and jicama starches were 0.14% and 0.18%, respectively. This DA values of modified starches by HCL hydrolysis had meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-2593-1992) which is maximum of 5% for food application.Keywords: canna starch, jicama starch, HMT modification, modified starch, OSA modification

A striking element in the floral design of green spaces is Canna×generalis. One of the reasons for the low prevalence of this crop is the complexity of preserving planting material and its high cost. To solve the problem of preservation of Canna×generalis rhizomes grown in the Middle Urals, studies were conducted with the storage of large rhizomes (bud diameter from 2.6 cm to 4 cm) and small fractions (bud diameter from 1.0 cm to 2.5 cm) in various ways - open (air-dry) and in sand. The analysis of amylase activity, starch and sugar content at the beginning and end of the rhizome storage period, and the number of sprouted buds at the end of the storage period was performed. Open storage of C.×generalis rhizomes was found to be the optimal storage method, which was evaluated by a total of 24 points. During this storage, there was a high activity of awakening the buds before planting in the ground (more than 50%) and getting a more even seedling. This storage method is suitable for small-flowered tall cultivars of C.×generalis that form large rhizomes. Large-flowered C.×generalis must be stored with a lump of earth, since their rhizomes do not have large reserves of starch and dry up when stored in an air-dry way. Of the 9 cultivars of C.×generalis studied in the collection of the Department of introduction and acclimatization of plants, in the conditions of the Middle Urals, 4 cultivars have proved themselves well: 'Diamond’ ‘' Rosemond Coyles’ ‘ 'Richard Wallens’,' Red king Humbert’ and the old small-flowered and tall sample ' Yunnatsky’, which have an annual abundant and long flowering. As a result of the monitoring of flower design in the cities of Udmurtia, it was found that C.×generalis is more widely used in the city of Sarapul, less often in Izhevsk, and in Glazov and Votkinsk it is not used.

Recently, the antisoiling performances of superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces have received much attention due to their potential applications in self-cleaning photovoltaic glass and other surfaces without the need to be rinsed with water. In this work, we systematically compared the antisoiling performances of lotus leaf and other plant leaves by first drying them in the shade and then placing them outdoors in a slight breeze for 1-2 months. The results show that after being dried in the shade, the lotus leaf and the canna leaf retain their SH properties, comparable with their fresh states. The firmiana leaf is still hydrophilic. However, when the leaves are exposed to rain, no rain drops adhere to the surface of the lotus leaf but many droplets adhere to the canna leaf. Furthermore, after being incubated outdoors in the absence of rain for 1 month, the lotus leaf retained its SH properties, the canna leaf was no longer SH, and the firmiana leaf became more hydrophilic. SEM imaging with EDS and elemental mapping all confirmed that after outdoor exposure for 1-2 months, only a small amount of dust was found on the lotus leaf but a significant amount of dust was present on the canna leaf, with even more on the firmiana leaf. These results confirm that the lotus leaf has excellent antisoiling performance. The low interactions between the lotus leaf surface and the dust particles are most likely responsible for this unique property. On the contrary, the canna leaf, and especially the firmiana leaf, do not possess this property because neither their surface microstructures nor their surface free energies are favorable to reduce interactions between the leaf surface and dust particles. This study will be helpful in designing and preparing a surface with antisoiling performance.

Palinoindication of 6 parks of the urban ecosystem of Kiev using Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. population, was carried out. There is a general trend towards an increase in the amount of nonviable pollen with an increase in anthropogenic load. In the example of T. officinale, this is manifested in a gradual increase to 27% of non-viable pollen on the pollution gradient. With the deterioration of the ecological situation in the studied test polygons, an increase in the number of teratomorphic pollen grains up to 41.10% in Babin Yar tract was recorded. According to the level of palynotoxic action (PE, %), only 2 gradations were revealed in the parks under study: initial and effective. The sublethal effect (highly toxic) has not been established, since the level of pollen sterility in our studies did not exceed 45,2%. The largest number of pollen grains with developmental pathologies (teratomorphic) – 41.10% – was recorded in the Babin Yar tract, the state of which, according to the anthropogenic load index (Jal), is characterized as poor. At the same time, the percentage of teratomorphic pollen grains in T. officinale plants in more favorable environmental conditions (control) does not exceed 16.50%. For the bioindication assessment of the park ecosystems state in the megalopolis, the most indicative were the index of sterility, palynotoxic effect and the content of teratomorphic pollen grains, which increases with the gradient of anthropogenic load. Keywords: Anthropogenic load; Pollen sterility; Fertility; Palynotoxic effect; Teratomorphic pollen; Urbanization References Azzazy, M. (2016) Environmental impacts of industrial pollution on pollen morphology of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae). App. Biol. Biotech. 4, 57–62. Balichieva, D.V., Ibragimova, E.E., Emirova, D.V. 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Scientific Journal «ScienceRise». 5/1 (22), 15–19. DOI: 10.15587/2313-8416.2016.69276. Hannanova, O.R., Arkanova, A.A. (2017) Bioindication assessment of atmospheric air condition of Poltava city park. Biology and ecology. 3(1–2), 69–75. Ibragimova, E.E. (2015) Palynomorphological and palinotoxic assessment of aerotechnogenic pollution in urban ecosystems. Samara Scientific Bulletin. 2(11), 83–86. Kaigorodov, R.V., Novoselova, L.V., Mozherina, E.V. (2010) Contamination of Perm roadside lawns with heavy metals, their distribution in vegetative and generative organs and influence on fertility and linear sizes of Taraxacum officinale pollen grains. Bulletin of Perm University Biology. 3, 30–35. Komarova, I.A. (2019) Ecological and biological specialties of Taraxacum officinale Wigg for making important metals in the minds of industrial Krivorizhzh (Abstract dissertation biol. scien. 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Almojábana is a kind of food that varies in its composition depending on the geographical place where it is baked. In Ecuador, almojábana is based on cheese, wheat flour and Canna edulis starch. C. edulis planting has diminished, leading to a high cost of the starch and less availability on the market. The present work studied C. edulis starch substitution by a mixture of potato and cassava starches on the elaboration of almojábanas. Specific volume, crumb structure, textural properties and sensory analyses were used to find the best starch substitution. Mixtures of cassava and potato starch (25/75, 35/65, and 45/55) and starch dough resting time (10, 15, and 20 h) were investigated. Hardness, elasticity, chewiness, specific volume, average size cell, the number of cells per area and the total area of cells of almojábanas were determined. Results showed that a mixture of 25% potato, 75% cassava and 20 h resting time could substitute C. edulis starch in almojábana baking. The obtained almojábanas had different flavor compared to a control sample (based on C. edulis starch). Starch substitution reduced the cost of raw materials (starch) by 60%. RESUMEN La almojábana es un alimento cuya composición varía dependiendo del lugar donde es elaborado. En Ecuador, se elabora con queso, harina de trigo y almidón de Canna edulis. El cultivo de Canna edulis ha disminuido dando como resultado un elevado costo del almidón y su menor disponibilidad en el mercado. En el presente trabajo se estudió la substitución de almidón de C. edulis por mezclas de almidones de papa y yuca en la elaboración de almojábanas. El volumen específico, estructura de la miga, propiedades de textura y análisis sensorial fueron utilizados para encontrar la mejor sustitución de almidón. Mezclas de almidones de papa y yuca (25/75, 35/65 y 45/55) conjuntamente con tiempo de reposo de las masas de almidón (10, 15 y 20 h) fueron estudiadas como variables del proceso. La dureza, elasticidad, masticabilidad, volumen específico, tamaño promedio de celda, número de celdas por área y área total de las celdas fueron los parámetros investigados. Los resultados mostraron que una mezcla de 25% papa y 75% yuca, y un tiempo de reposo de 20 min pudieron substituir al almidón de C. edulis. Las almojábanas obtenidas tuvieron sabor diferente en relación con el control de almidón de C. edulis. La substitución de este almidón redujo los costos de materia prima en un 60%.

The application of colorful blooming flowers to mitigate the energy crisis in a green manner by harnessing solar energy is the main focus of this research. Various colored floras are the powerhouse...

Bioplastics made using the basic ingredients of canna tuber starch with sorbitol plasticizer and the addition of CMC variations have been carried out. This study aims to understand the effect of adding CMC to the mechanical properties and biodegradability of bioplastics in soil media. This research was carried out with 4 stages of work namely, extraction of starch from canna tubers, synthesis of bioplastic manufacturing using the blending method, testing mechanical properties in the form of thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and young modulus. Characteristics of functional groups have been tested using FTIR and bioplastic biodegradability testing has been carried out on soil media for 21 days by looking at weight loss from bioplastics. The variation of adding CMC used is 0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.25; 1.5 and 2 grams. The best mechanical properties are produced with thickness of 0.0795 mm, tensile strength of 27.53 MPa, elongation of 3.018% and young modulus of 885.66 MPa. The results of bioplastic biodegradation testing on soil media for 21 days showed that bioplastics made were biodegradable. Reduction of bioplastic mass in soil media by 86,032%.

Plastic waste can cause serious environmental problems. This can be overcome by various efforts; one of them is by replacing the use of conventional plastic with biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic can be produced from tubers containing starch. The purpose of this study was to explain the suitability of two tuber species with typical protein quality and different starch structures. Starch was obtained from suweg tuber (Amorphophallus campanulatus) and ganyong (Canna edulis Ker). The material invested was obtained by dissolving 4 grams of each starch, each of which was dissolved with distilled water then added with various weight carrageenan. The tensile strength of biodegradable plastic was tested using tensile testing machines, biodegradation of soaked plastics using EM4 (Effective Microorganism) with reduced weight measurements, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) was used to identify the structure of compounds contained in biodegradable plastics. The tensile strength test results of biodegradable plastic from ganyong/canna tubers were 3.35 MPa with elongation of 13.51%, while the plastic from suweg tubers of 2.45 MPa with elongation was 13.68% on the addition of 5% carrageenan, respectively. Plastic degradation testing obtained plastic decomposition up to 100% in 37 days for ganyong and 34 days for suweg, respectively. It showed that the plastics was easily degraded. Identified by FTIR showed chemical structures of OH phenolic alcohols, C = O carbonyls, CO esters, NH amides and amines, and C≡C alkyne.

The objective of the recent study was to evaluate the effect of banana pseudostem flour (EBP) to the organoleptic properties, levels of dietary fiber, resistant starch and antioxidants of canna starch-based food bar. The research design was true experimental in the form of completely randomized design with 6 treatments using canna starch: banana pseudostem flour. The six treatments were 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, and 75:25 ratio. The best food bar was determined by scoring through organoleptic test, content of soluble dietary fiber and antioxidants. Food bars processed with mixture of banana pseudostem flour proportion 85:15 was selected as the best food bar with a score of color attribute 3.12±0.08, aroma 3.00±0.06, flavor 3.04±0.18, texture 3.16±0.12, soluble dietary fiber content 0.83±0.07% db, insoluble dietary fibers of 6.75±0.14% db, total dietary fiber 7.58±0.13% db, resistant starch 6.54±0.24% db, total phenolic 105.75±0.64 mg/100 g, antioxidant activity 6.97±0.77% RSA, color brightness (L*) 52.52±0.60 and hardness level 5.08±1.95 N. The substitution of banana pseudostem flour on the canna starch-based food bar increased level of soluble dietary fiber 0.83%, total dietary fiber 4.81%, resistant starch 2.89%, total phenolic 43.01 mg/100 g and antioxidant activity 3.98% RSA as well as sensory panelists preferred. The higher the mixture pseudostem flour proportion, the higher the tendency of the levels of dietary fiber, resistant starch, total phenolic and antioxidant activity.

Possibilities of artificial hybridization with the use of genotypes from different Cannes groups and the prospect of attracting introduced species for genetically breeding enrichment of the modern Cannes variety are considered. The purposeof the work was to select parental pairs for artificial hybridization of Canna for genetically-selective enrichment of its diversity for cultivation in the southern arid region of Ukraine (in Kryvyi Rih). The pollen fertility index of introduced species and varieties of different groups of Canna was used for the selection of parental pairs. Materials and Methods.The research was done on 7 species (C. tuerckheimii Kraenzi.; C. indica var. warscewiczii Nob. Tanaka; C. iridiflora Ruiz&Pav.; C. flacida Salisd.; C. indica var. edulis Ker Gawl.; C. indica var. coccinea Mill.; C. indica L.) and 28 varieties of Canna of this collectors' fund. Pollen was chosen in finishing phase of budding for the cytologic analysis and fertility was being defined by iodine reaction of starch, according to the approved method. Hybridization was brought into action using known techniques for Canna. Dates of artificial hybridization and times of castration of the flower have been set according to ecological and climatic conditions of the industrial region. Results.On the basis of cytogenetic analysis of pollen of introduced species and promising varieties of Canna, parental pairs for artificial hybridization for the purpose of genetically-selective enrichment of its diversity and obtaining specimens, suitable for cultivation in the steppe zone of Ukraine, in particular in the ecologically destabilized region were selected. The approach to the selection of the original forms of Canna for artificial hybridization on the basis of cytogenetic analysis of pollen is developed. Conclusions.According to the index of pollen quality (FI) in final period of bud formation prospective introduced species Сanna were marked for further usage as parental forms in hybridization schemes. The most effective combinations of crossings were found on the basis of performed artificial hybridization as promising introduced Canna varieties for steppe zone and industrial region of Ukraine. The most effective combinations were obtained when crossing among the varieties of the Crozy group. Two selection forms have been pointed out from the received fund of hybrid plants Canna as to the complex of ornamental characteristic and have been introduced to the collection fund for their further implementation in landscape gardening

We investigated foodways at Real Alto, an early Formative (4400–1800 BC) Valdivia site in coastal Ecuador, using starch and phytoliths recovered from 50 stone tools from three residential and two ceremonial structures, as well as 46 human dental calculus samples, to explore how food reflects the social relationships and economy of the community. Maize was important in daily meals and ceremonial foods by the Middle Valdivia (2800–2400 BC), but it was only one component of an agricultural system that included yuca, arrowroot,llerén, canna, yam, jackbean, squash, gourd, chili, and cotton. Ceremonial and everyday foods at Real Alto did not differ: actions surrounding food were both domestic and ceremonial, depending on context. Households had equal access to annual crops and to root-tubers with longer growing seasons. Gelatinized starch was commonly recovered on tools, indicating the processing of cooked foods. Dental calculus residues confirmed common consumption of cooked foods, fruits, and root-tubers. Cultivating crops with different water and growing season requirements necessitated diverse practices, potentially including selection of short-season varieties, hand watering, and growing crops over multiple rainy seasons. The latter two practices required increased labor inputs: access to labor was likely a key element supporting the nascent social hierarchy that emerged by the Middle Valdivia.

Melon is a type of fruit that has a high water content. High water content causes limited fruit storage, therefore it is necessary to preserve it to maintain the freshness of the melon. One method that can maintain the freshness of the fruit is edible coating. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of organolepic melons given starch-based edible coatings from several types of tubers, namely cassava, canna, and lesser yam . This study used factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor is the difference in CMC with a concentration of 1% and 1.5%. The second factor is the difference in glycerol with a concentration of 1% and 3%. The results of the study based on the ANOVA test showed that the type of starch treatment and the concentration between treatments did not have a significant effect on the texture, color, and aftertaste of the melon, but significantly affected the taste and aroma of the melon. So it can be concluded that from all edible coating formulations, panelists preferred the PS I formulation (cassava starch) with 1% CMC concentration and 1% glycerol. Keywords : cassava , canna, edible coating , lesser yam, melons

In a 3-year study, effects of six pre-storage rhizome treatments (thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, dimoxistrobin + boscalide, Trichoderma asperellum, charcoal dust and untreated control) were studied on rhizome bud numbers, disease incidence of rhizome, sprouted plant, leaf numbers and plant height for three Canna × generalis cultivars. The three chemical fungicide treatments showed clear differences from the untreated control for all the five measurements among cultivars and years. Bud numbers on rhizome ranged from 1.8 to 2.6, which were significantly higher in the three chemical control treatments (2.6) than in the untreated control (1.8). Disease incidences of rhizome were significantly lower in the chemical treatments (ranged from 5.4 to 22.9%) than T. asperellum, charcoal dust and untreated control treatments (ranged from 16.2 to 32.1%, from 21.9 to 32.7%, and from 27.8 to 43.3%, respectively). Sprouted plants were significantly higher in all chemical treatments ranged from 76.8 to 96.3% than the untreated control ranged from 43.2 to 62.3% for each year and cultivar. Leaf numbers and plant height were significantly higher in the chemical treatments (ranged from 16.0 to 22.4 and 86.8 to 161.1 cm, respectively) than the untreated control (ranged from 13.7 to 17.6 and 65.8 to 132.3 cm, respectively), for all the three cultivars, in all years. Pearson’s correlation analyses revealed four significant relationships among disease incidence of rhizome versus incidence of sprouted plants (r = -0.982, P =

Plants of Cannaceae family is a popular decorative and leafy plant with bright flowers and large leaves. According to the literature they contain amino acids, free carboxylic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, terpene and steroid compounds, cardioglycosides and alkaloids. They exhibit a wide range of biological activity, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hemostatic, antihypertensive and anti-ischemic activity. The aim of the research was to study the qualitative composition and to determine the quantitative content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in herb of the Canna hybrida Suevia, Liberty, Livadia, Artek and Dark Night varieties. Materials and methods. The qualitative composition of photosynthetic pigments of herb of the Canna hybrida varieties Suevia, Liberty, Livadia, Artek and Dark Night differed not significantly by thin-layer chromatography method. In the analyzed objects the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and lycopene was determined by absorption spectrophotometry method. Results. At least 10 compounds appeared on the chromatograms of the studied samples, at least 4 of which were attributed to carotenoids and not less than 6 – to chlorophylls. It was established that the content of the total of chlorophylls in herb of the Canna hybrida Liberty, Artek, and Dark Night varieties exceeded the content of the carotenoids by approximately 5 times, in herb of the Canna hybrida Suevia and Livadia variety – almost 8 times. Approximately 65 % of the total content of chlorophyll was chlorophyll a, 35 % was chlorophyll b, which was characteristic of herb of the Canna hybrida Suevia, Liberty, Artek and Dark Night varieties. In herb of the Canna hybrida Livadia variety a fundamentally opposite situation was observed. The total content of chlorophyll b was in 2.3 times higher than the content of chlorophyll a. The highest content of chlorophyll a (1661.76 ± 41.54 mg/kg), chlorophyll b (943.79 ± 23.60 mg/kg) and lycopene (62.37 ± 1.56 mg/kg) was observe in herb of the Canna hybrida Suevia variety. The equally high content of carotenoids – 373.75 ± 9.34 mg/kg, 381.84 ± 9.55 mg/kg and 386.05 ± 9.65 mg/kg, was watched in herb of Canna hybrida Suyeviya, Liberty and Artek varieties respectively. Conclusions. The obtained results will be used in the development of quality control methods for herb of Canna hybrida and medicinal plant products on their basis.

Cincalo wax apple is perrisible which is easily damaged due to fungus activity, thus shortening the shelf life of the fruit. The addition of starch and ginger extract is expected to inhibits fungus growth. The aims of this study is to determine the effect of edible coating on starch types and concentration to maintain cincalo wax apple fruit. This study was conducted at the Agrotechnology Laboratory and at the Tua Tunu village, used a Single Completely Randomized Design ( CR D) there were 7 treatments which were the types of starch consisting of P0 = no treatment, P1 = canna starch 2%, P2 = canna starch 3%, P3 = starch canna 4%, P4 = 2% cassava starch, P5 = 3% cassava starch, P6 = 4% cassava starch. The results showed that the treatments of edible coating on starch had no significant effect on the obserrved variables, but vitamin C had a very significant effect on the 3 th day of storage. Keywords: cincalo wax apple, damage, edible coating, respiration, starch

Due to the continuous increase in industrialisation and urbanization, wastewater has been released regularly into the environment in excess amount, causing noteworthy impacts on human and wild life. Management and eco-friendly treatment of the waste water whether industrial and domestic is the challenge of this century. In the present study an attempt has been made to treat the waste water using three aquatic macrophytes viz. water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), canna (Cana indica) and duckweed (Lemna minor) for assessing the potential of these plants in the treatment of sewage collected from drain located nearby Graphic Era University, Dehradun using phytoremediation technology on the basis of different physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, DO, ORP, Salinity, TDS, BOD, COD, Hardness and Temperature. The study was divided into seven consecutive assessment periods of five days interval each. Highest removal was observed in the experiment containing canna in each parameters which suggest that in the present study canna (C. indica) was found most efficient plant in comparison to E. crassipes and L. minor. The capability of these plants in the treatment of wastewater was established from the study. For efficient water purification, it is recommended to remove the aquatic macrophytes from water bodies. If the harvesting of these aquatic macrophytes will not be performed properly, the vast majority of the nutrients that have been absorbed and stored into the plant tissue will released again into the water bodies due to decomposition of these macrophytes.

The current paper investigates the development of two ornamental plants, canna lily (Canna x generalis) and giant horsetail (Equisetum giganteum), at both bench and pilot scale. Combinations of gra...

Today, environmental pollution, especially heavy metal pollution, is known as a new and possibly more dangerous pollutant than other environmental ones. For this purpose, the uptake of four aquatic plants in different environments was chosen. In this experiment, four macrophytes, i.e., umbrella palm (Cyperus alternifolius), duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and canna (Canna × generalis), were studied in five contaminated aquatic environments, i.e., Gohar Rood river, Zarjoob river, Eynak lagoon, Anzali lagoon, and control solution (containing Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn). The results showed that the highest uptake rates of cadmium, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, zinc, nickel, and lead were observed for duckweed fronds. The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) of nickel was related to duckweed stem and water hyacinth root, and the highest BCF of cadmium belonged to duckweed fronds and canna root. The highest rate of uptake of cadmium, chromium, zinc, and lead was related to control. The least amount of uptake of several metals by plants was obtained from the water of Gohar Rood and Zarjoob. Generally, based on the results of this study, it can be stated that duckweed is suitable for the uptake of most heavy metals.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) deploy several mechanisms to improve plant health, growth and yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two Pseudomonas spp. strains and three Bacillus spp. strains used as single treatments and in consortia to improve the yield of Cannabis sativa and characterize the impact of these treatments on the diversity, structure and functions of the rhizosphere microbiome. Herein, we demonstrate a significant C. sativa yield increase up to 70% when inoculated with three different Pseudomonas spp./Bacillus spp. consortia but not with single inoculation treatments. This growth-promoting effect was observed in two different commercial soil substrates commonly used to grow cannabis: Promix and Canna coco. Marker-based genomic analysis highlighted Bacillus spp. as the main modulator of the rhizosphere microbiome diversity and Pseudomonas spp. as being strongly associated with plant growth promotion. We describe an increase abundance of predicted PGPR metabolic pathways linked with growth-promoting interactions in C. sativa.

Swollen canna starches (SCS) were prepared by controlled heating of unmodified and heat-moisture treated (HMT) starch suspensions at sub-gelatinization temperatures; subsequently, freezing was conducted to stabilize the structure of the SCS. Sizes of both unmodified and HMT swollen granules increased with increasing heating temperatures (up to 2.5 times), and freezing resulted in a significant reduction of granular size. The absorption capacities of the swollen starches increased up to 6 times for water and 3 times for tributyrin and palm oil compared to unmodified starch. The differences in absorption capacities of the unmodified and HMT swollen starches were small. Freezing the swollen starches tended to decrease oil and water absorptions, except for unmodified starch swollen at 70 °C, where freezing increased water absorption. Freezing significantly decreased the susceptibility of the swollen unmodified starches to amylase digestion and slowed down the digestion of the swollen HMT starches.

This research objective was to determine the additional effect of biopolymer materials of red palm oil and miserly leave extract on mechanical and functional characteristics of canna starch based edible film. The method used in this research was factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors consisting of red palm oil (0.5; 1.0; and 1.5%v/v) and miserly leave extract (1.0; 2.0; and 3.0%v/v). Research results showed that edible film had thickness of 0.18 to 0.24 mm, elongation percentage of 16.7 to 19.00%, compressive strength of 33.87 to 48.40 gf, water vapour transmission rate of 11.97 to 44.32 g.m-2.d-1, total phenol of 389.31 to 488.45ppm, antioxidant activity of 389.31 to 488.45 ppm and inhibition zone diameters of 0.1 to 0.73 mm, respectively. The concentration increase of red palm oil had increased the thickness, compressive strength, total phenol, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the edible film, but the percent elongation and the rate of water vapor transmission had decreased. Water vapor transmission rate, compressive strength, total phenol, antioxidant and antibacterial activity had increased with the increase in miserly leave extract concentration. The best edible film formula was red palm oil with a concentration of 1.5%(v/v) and 1%(v/v) miserly leave extract (A3B1).

Floral symmetry studies often focus on the development of monosymmetric and polysymmetric flowers, whereas asymmetric flowers and their position and function within the inflorescence structure are largely neglected. Cannaceae is one of the few families that possesses truly asymmetric flowers, serving as a model to study the characters and mechanisms involved in the development of floral asymmetry and its context within the developing and mature inflorescence. In this study, inflorescence structure and floral morphology of normal asymmetric flowers and 16 aberrant flower collections from Canna indica L. and C. glauca L. were photographed, analyzed, and compared with attention to stamen petaloidy, floral symmetry, and inflorescence branching patterns anterior and posterior to the aberrant flower. In comparison with normal flowers, the aberrant flowers are arranged into abnormal partial florescences, and vary in floral symmetry, orientation, and degree of androecial petaloidy. The appendage of the fertile stamen is universally located distal from the higher order bract, indicating an underlying influence of inflorescence architecture. A synthetic model is proposed to explain the relationship between floral symmetry and inflorescence structure. Data from the observation of aberrant phenotypes strongly support the hypothesis that irregular petaloidy of the stamens is correlated with an asymmetric morphogenetic field within the inflorescence that contributes to the overall floral asymmetry in Canna flowers.

The addition of hydrocolloid is an effective method to improve the properties of native starch. However, few studies have investigated the effects of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on canna starch (CS). In this study, the effects of various KGM concentration on the pasting, rheological, textural, and morphological properties of CS were investigated. The addition of KGM significantly increased CS’s pasting viscosities. Incorporation of KGM in CS at a relatively high level (1.2% w/w) exerted a significant influence on the pasting properties of CS. The consistency coefficient of CS was notably increased by KGM (from 43.6 to 143.3 Pa·sn) and positively correlated positive with KGM concentration. KGM concentration at a relatively high level (1.2% w/w) increased the elasticities and cohesiveness of CS by 53.3% and 88.0%, respectively, in texture profile analysis. The polarized optical microscope images indicated that KGM played an important part in protecting the crystalline structure of CS during heating. A denser porous microstructure with a filamentous network was observed in gelatinized KGM/CS mixtures as compared with the CS control. This research advances the knowledge of interactions between KGM and CS and opens possibilities to improve rheological properties of CS and to develop its new functionalities with KGM addition.

For the problem of traditional ecological seawall structure, ecological landscape monotonous problems, the stepped stereo ecological seawall integrating defense, ecological and landscape functions is proposed. In order to screen low-conditioned, salt, and suitable plants planted in coastal areas, 6 plants were studied in the form of sewage (Sonneratia, Arundo, Canna, Bischofia, Myriophyllum, Dianella) in different salt concentrations of salt sewage Change Law of Biochemical Indicators. The test results show that the chlorophyll content of Hazang, Mountains and Rusais increased significantly, and the content of malondialdehyde has a significant reduction in trend, indicating that they can thrive in salty sewage, have a high degree of stress resistance, and can be used as the preferred plants for ecological coast.

Ornamental plants are cultivated for decorative and utility purposes in urban landscapes throughout the world. They are much valued for their aesthetic properties and constitute an important part of the global horticulture industry. Begomovirus infections are increasing day by day as these are causing significant losses and raising danger to a large number of cultivated crops and also to ornamental plants. They are posing a significant negative impact on ornamentals provoking a wide range of symptoms, reducing both decorative value and quality of propagated material, and causing large economic damage. Significant growth of the ornamental plant market in recent years promotes the spread of viral diseases. Among the most popular ornamentals are chrysanthemum, rose, clematis, canna, and lavender. In the presented chapter, the various methods used for the engineering of ornamental plants to guard them against begomovirus pathogenesis are described.

Canna is considered as an ornamental plant because of its attractive green striped, streaked, spotted, or variegated foliage and beautiful yellow or orange flowers with darker red to brown splotches. Various phytopathogens such as fungi, bacteria, phytoplasma, and viruses are known to infect and cause diseases in canna. Among them, viruses are the most important cause of diseases, which can drastically reduce the quality of foliage and flowers in canna species. Various viruses belonging to three genera Badnavirus, Potyvirus, and Cucumovirus are reported worldwide on canna cultivars. In this chapter, we describe the detection, characterization, and management of five viruses among three virus genera reported to infect canna species worldwide: Bean yellow mosaic virus, Canna yellow streak virus of family Potyviridae (genus Potyvirus); Canna yellow mottle virus of family Caulimoviridae (genus Badnavirus); Cucumber mosaic virus and Tomato aspermy virus of family Bromoviridae (genus Cucumovirus). Bean yellow mosaic virus and Canna yellow mottle virus are the most common in canna species grown in India.

A land-locked marine lake Kakaban with its significant ecological paramaters provides a unique habitat for bacteria with novel biotechnology potential that uses a diverse array of catalytic agents, including α-amylase. Aiming at the isolation of raw starch degrading α-amylase from marine biodiversity, a gene encoding BmaN2 from a sea anemone associated bacterium Bacillus megaterium NL3 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli ArcticExpress (DE3). It comprises an open reading frame of 1,563 nucleotides encoding BmaN2 of 520 amino acids and belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 36 (GH13_36). This α-amylase has a maximum activity at pH 6.0 and 60 °C with a specific activity of 28.7 U mg−1. The BmaN2 activity is enhanced strongly by Ca2+ but inhibited by EDTA. BmaN2 also exhibits high catalytic efficiency on soluble starch with kcat/KM value of 14.1 mL mg−1 s−1. Despite no additional starch-binding domain, BmaN2 is able to hydrolyze various raw starches, such as wheat, corn, cassava, potato, rice, sago, and canna, in which granular wheat is the preferred substrate for BmaN2. These characteristics indicate that BmaN2 is a promising raw starch degrading enzyme within the subfamily GH13_36., α-amylase, Bacillus megaterium NL3, marine microorganism, raw starch degrading enzyme

The asymmetric flower, lacking any plane of symmetry, is rare among angiosperms.Canna indicaL. has conspicuously asymmetric flowers resulting from the presence of a half-fertile stamen, while the other androecial members develop as petaloid staminodes or abort early during development. The molecular basis of the asymmetric distribution of fertility and petaloidy in the androecial whorls remains unknown. Ontogenetic studies have shown thatCannaflowers are borne on monochasial (cincinnus) partial florescences within a racemose inflorescence, with floral asymmetry likely corresponding to the inflorescence architecture. Given the hypothesized role ofCYC/TB1genes in establishing floral symmetry in response to the influence of the underlying inflorescence architecture, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of threeCanna CYC/TB1homologs (CiTBL1a,CiTBL1b-1, andCiTBL1b-2) were analyzed during inflorescence and floral development using RNAin situhybridization and qRT-PCR. In the young inflorescence, bothCiTBL1aandCiTBL1b-1were found to be expressed in the bracts and at the base of the lateral florescence branches, whereas transcripts ofCiTBL1b-2were mainly detected in flower primordia and inflorescence primordia. During early flower development, expression ofCiTBL1aandCiTBL1b-1were both restricted to the developing sepals and petals. In later flower development, expression ofCiTBL1awas reduced to a very low level whileCiTBL1b-1was detected with extremely high expression levels in the petaloid androecial structures including the petaloid staminodes, the labellum, and the petaloid appendage of the fertile stamen. In contrast, expression ofCiTBL1b-2was strongest in the fertile stamen throughout flower development, from early initiation of the stamen primordium to maturity of the ½ anther. Heterologous overexpression ofCiTBLgenes inArabidopsisled to dwarf plants with smaller petals and fewer stamens, and altered the symmetry of mature flowers. These data provide evidence for the involvement ofCYC/TB1homologs in the development of the asymmetric Cannaceae flower.

The use of natural biological processes for treating many types of wastewater have been developed by NASA at the John C. Stennis Space Center, NSTL, Mississippi, during the past 15 years. The simplest form of this technology involves the use of aquatic plant/marsh filters for treatment of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent from single home units can be treated to advanced secondary levels and beyond by using a 37.2 sq m (400 sq ft) surface area washed gravel filter. This filter is generally 0.3 m (1 ft) deep with a surface cover of approximately 0.15 m (6 in.) of gravel. The plants in this filter are usually aesthetic or ornamental such as calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), canna lily (Canna flaccida), elephant ear (Colocasia esculenta), and water iris (Iris pseudacorus).

Wastewater treatment (WWT) is a priority around the world, conventional treatments are not widely used in rural areas owing to the high operating and maintenance costs. In Mexico, for instance, only 40% of wastewater is treated. One sustainable option for WWT is through the use of constructed wetlands (CWs) technology, which may remove pollutants using cells filled with porous material and vegetation that works as a natural filter. Knowing the optimal material and density of plants used per square meter in CWs would allow improving their WWT effect. In this study, the effect of material media (plastic/mineral) and plant density on the removal of organic/inorganic pollutants was evaluated. Low (three plants), medium (six plants) and high (nine plants) densities were compared in a surface area of 0.3 m2 of ornamental plants (Alpinia purpurata, Canna hybrids and Hedychium coronarium) used in polycultures at the mesocosm level of household wetlands, planted on the two different substrates. Regarding the removal of contaminants, no significant differences were found between substrates (p &ge, 0.05), indicating the use of plastic residues (reusable) is an economical option compared to typical mineral materials. However, differences (p = 0.001) in removal of pollutants were found between different plant densities. For both substrates, the high density planted CWs were able to remove COD in a range of 86&ndash, 90%, PO4-P 22&ndash, 33%, NH4-N in 84&ndash, 90%, NO3-N 25&ndash, 28% and NO2-N 38&ndash, 42%. At medium density, removals of 79&ndash, 81%, 26&ndash, 32, 80&ndash, 82%, 24&ndash, 26%, and 39&ndash, 41%, were observed, whereas in CWs with low density, the detected removals were 65&ndash, 68%, 20&ndash, 26%, 79&ndash, 80%, 24&ndash, 26% and 31&ndash, 40%, respectively. These results revealed that higher COD and ammonia were removed at high plant density than at medium or low densities. Other pollutants were removed similarly in all plant densities (22&ndash, 42%), indicating the necessity of hybrid CWs to increase the elimination of PO4-P, NO3-N and NO2-N. Moreover, high density favored 10 to 20% more the removal of pollutants than other plant densities. In addition, in cells with high density of plants and smaller planting distance, the development of new plant shoots was limited. Thus, it is suggested that the appropriate distance for this type of polyculture plants should be from 40 to 50 cm in expansion to real-scale systems in order to take advantage of the harvesting of species in these and allow species of greater foliage, favoring its growth and new shoots with the appropriate distance to compensate, in the short time, the removal of nutrients.

The content and dynamics of chlorophylls a and b of the photosynthetic organ (leaf) of representatives of the genus Canna L. were studied at different phases of plant growth and development: at the beginning of the growing season, in the generative phase, at the end of the growing season under conditions of Kryvyi Rih. A high content of chlorophylls in the leaves of most of the studied canna varieties was noted, compared with the species (with the exception of C. indica). A common trend for canna plants was an increase in the total number of chlorophylls in generative phase. Varieties of canna Capter, Vesolyye notki, Richard Wallis, which have litle leaf parameters, were characterized by a low total content of photopigments during the growing season and chlorophyll b in the generative phase, which indicates a significant sensitivity of plants to arid conditions in the region. Plants of the Fauervogel, Rosenkranzen and Krymskiye Zori varieties (with large leaf blades) were characterized by a high concentration of green pigments during the growing season, and chlorophyll b in the generative phase, this feature in the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus is consistent with a high assessment of the level of adaptation of these plants in drought conditions. Therefore, indicators of the state of the assimilation apparatus of plants of the genus Canna L. can be used to determine their level of fitness for moisture deficiency during introduction studies.

The application of sewage treatment in New Delhi should implement the treatment processes, which are easy to be operated and is not costly operational and avoid the complexity of the operating system of STP. The renewed interest in alternative onsite treatment technology by using a constructed wetland (CW). Canna lily, an ornamental plant that has an aesthetic value, is very suitable for an alternative plant for a constructed wetland. This study aims to observe the ability of canna lily for phytotechnology implementation in a constructed wetland. This study is known as a range-finding test (RFT), which served as a preliminary test. Observation is conducted by preparing variation concentration of wastewater; 25%; 50%; 75%; 100% and 0% as control, which was injected into the wetland. CW (60 cm long, 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep) contained gravel medium height 25 cm with a wastewater volume 3 L. Observation measured the height of the plant, the color of the leaf, and DO, and BOD concentration. The observation was conducted for about 25 days, in term of 15 days for range finding test and 10 days for acclimation. The results show that Canna lily could grow well, though it has some part of the withered leaf, reach height significantly, and indicated decreasing concentration of organic parameters. It is conjectured that Canna lily is very possible for a constructed wetland application.