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International audience; In Europe, migration flows are often related to work reasons. For some countries with tight and/or aging labor markets and facing long-term hiring difficulties in specific sectors, recruiting foreign-born employees could be a promising solution in the coming years. However, improving the professional integration of these migrants remains a big challenge.To better understand the mechanisms of this integration, we focus on the career trajectories of foreign-born workers based on the European survey SHARE. Thanks to the retrospective SHARELIFE component of this survey, it is possible to reconstruct professional careers year by year. We reach several interesting conclusions using the sequence analysis methodology and descriptive indicators suited to studying individual trajectories.Our results confirm a greater complexity of migrant careers compared to natives. This complexity either takes the form of greater precarity (low-skilled or episodic employment) or results from more frequent upward transitions, especially for migrants from OECD countries. Thus, although migrant workers often experience overqualification for their first job, a form of catch-up seems possible. Finally, it should be noted that the careers of second-generation migrants (whose parents were both born abroad) no longer significantly differ from natives, which indicates successful long-term integration.; En Europe, d’importants mouvements migratoires sont liés à des raisons professionnelles. Certains pays, dont le marché du travail est tendu et/ou vieillissant, connaissent des difficultés de recrutement durables dans certains secteurs. L’embauche de collaborateurs nés à l’étranger peut alors constituer une solution prometteuse pour les années à venir. Encore faut-il que l’intégration professionnelle de ces migrants soit réussie : voilà le défi à relever.Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes de cette intégration, nous nous intéressons aux trajectoires de carrière des travailleurs nés à l’étranger, sur la base de l’enquête européenne SHARE. Grâce au volet rétrospectif SHARELIFE, il est possible de reconstituer les carrières professionnelles année par année. En utilisant la méthodologie de l’analyse de séquences, ainsi que des indicateurs permettant la description de trajectoires individuelles, nous parvenons à plusieurs conclusions. Nos résultats confirment une plus grande complexité des carrières de migrants, comparativement aux natifs. Cette complexité se manifeste soit sous la forme d’une plus grande précarité (emploi peu qualifiés et/ou épisodiques), soit au travers de transitions ascendantes plus fréquentes, en particulier pour les travailleurs originaires de pays de l’OCDE. Bien qu’une surqualification des travailleurs migrants soit observable pour leur premier emploi, une forme de rattrapage semble donc possible. Enfin, on notera que les migrants de seconde génération (dont les deux parents sont nés à l’étranger) ne se distinguent plus significativement des natifs, ce qui témoigne d’une intégration réussie à plus long terme.

This article addresses a lacuna in the literature on the ‘emotional turn’ in journalism by examining how emotions shape journalists’ career trajectories. In-depth interviews conducted at two points in time reveal that love leads journalists to accept precarious work. Over the years, cynicism developed. Cynicism shaped careers in two ways: some moved into public relations and expressed emotions of relief. Others left media organisations to work as freelance journalists, expressing emotions of wanderlust and love. We address the ambivalence of love as an emotion. It leads journalists to accept precarious work that prevents investigative journalism. However, love of journalism has led others to pursue careers outside of media organisations that offer more freedom of expression, which is crucial for democracy. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 28. 3. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 13-16. Abstract.

Slides for the presentation given atthe seminar 'Ensuring Inclusive Research Careers' co-organised by the Royal Irish Academyand the Higher Education Authority and celebrated in Dublin on January 10, 2023.In them Ipresent the paper on task specialization and research careers (https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.60586)and theCOMPARE project (https://compare-project.eu).

We aimed to quantify the prevalence of track and field sprinters competing at a world-class level in more than one discipline, and we describe the career characteristics of single- and double-discipline athletes in terms of peak performance and the age of peak performance. The career performance of athletes ranked in the top 200 positions of the World Athletics database in the 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m were analyzed, i.e., 5514 career profiles (49.9% female). Using binomial proportion, we calculated how many competed in only one or more than one discipline. We also compared the peak performance and the age of peak performance of athletes who competed in one vs. more than one discipline. Independent of gender, about 50% of the athletes competing in the 100 m and 200 m also competed in the other discipline (i.e., 200 m and 100 m, respectively). Differently, only 20% of the athletes competing in the 400 m also competed in the 200 m. Sprinters competing in the 100–200 m and 200–400 m couples showed better peak performance than the sprinters competing in only one discipline. Many world-class sprinters compete in two disciplines, and the 100–200 m was the most prevalent couple. Our results also suggest that sprinters who compete in two disciplines may be advantaged compared to sprinters who compete in only one event.

Purpose: This study investigated (1) the transition rate of elite world-class throwers, (2) the age of peak performance in either elite junior and/or elite senior athletes, and (3) if relative age effect (RAE) influences the chance of being considered elite in junior and/or senior category. Methods: The career performance trajectories of 5108 throwers (49.9% females) were extracted from the World Athletics database. The authors identified throwers who had reached the elite level (operationally defined as the World all-time top 50 ranked for each age category) in either junior and/or senior category and calculated the junior-to-senior transition rate. The age of peak performance and the RAE were also investigated. Results: The transition rate at 16 and 18 years of age was 6% and 12% in males and 16% and 24% in females, respectively. Furthermore, elite senior throwers reached their personal best later in life than elite junior throwers. The athletes of both genders considered elite in the junior category showed a large RAE. Interestingly, male athletes who reached the elite level in senior category also showed appreciable RAE. Conclusions: Only a few of the athletes who reach the top 50 in the world at 16 or 18 years of age manage to become elite senior athletes, underlining that success at the beginning of an athletic career does not predict success in the athlete’s senior career. Moreover, data suggest that being relatively older may confer a benefit across the whole career of male throwers.

Preparing graduates for their future beyond the classroom is of importance in today’s society, where the employment landscape is ever-changing and expanding globally. However, recent research suggests that knowledge acquisition is insufficient, and it must go part and parcel with the development of lifelong skills in problem-solving, critical reflection, and adaptability to support successful career trajectories. Experiential learning (EL) is understood as enticing students to think critically about learning through the application of knowledge using transferable skills in contexts beyond the university. This is especially true for international learning experiences. Nevertheless, despite over a decade of EL, neither professors nor university administrators have data about the impact of international courses on post-graduation career pathways. This scoping literature review was conducted to identify the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of international EL courses on transferable skills and future career trajectories of undergraduate students and recent graduates. A five-stage framework for conducting this review proposed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) was followed and aided in identifying two emerging perspectives of international learning, the students’ and the employers’. Three gaps of knowledge requiring further inquiry were highlighted and will be addressed to support the overarching goal of this study.

The paper is devoted to presentation of the one aspect of the research project dedicated to study of political administrative elite in contemporary Russia. It is based on the network analysis methodology that is not widely used by Russian scholars of elites. The authors establish their approach on the mapping of the social networks within elite groups. Although the explanatory power of the network approach is still comparatively weak it is applied as exploratory method for structuring of empirical data, find the trends and set the research questions and hypotheses. The study of networks based on the birthplace is presented in the paper. The key research question is the following: are there cohesive subgroups based on birthplace compatriotship in federal executive branch of power? Federal ministers, deputy ministers and heads of departments are included into sample. The authors find that regional compatriotship is not the important factor of the recruitment of the federal political administrative elite. However, in some cases the cohesive groups based on compatriotship ties appear within one ministry. For example, when the authors reduce the sample to those who were born after 1970, several cohesive subgroups of regional compatriots are found.

Рассмотрен разрыв, существующий между карьерными ожиданиями и траекториями молодых ученых и студентов, обучающихся по направлению «Политология» и смежным специальностям. Для того, чтобы понять причины неудовлетворенности молодых людей карьерными перспективами, необходимо оценить потребности, связанные с их профессиональным будущим. Эта задача была реализована с помощью факторного и ANOVA-анализа результатов анкетирования молодых политологов. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о противоречиях во взглядах молодых ученых на будущую профессию. В частности, есть разночтения между мотивами поступления на специальность и приоритетами в выборе будущей работы, между оценкой перспективности тех или иных профессий и желаниями самих молодых людей. К тому же было выявлено, что чем старше молодой ученый, тем с большей вероятностью он выбирает профессиональную траекторию, связанную с исследованиями и аналитикой, а студенты бакалавриата (особенно младших курсов) считают государственную службу и политическую деятельность наиболее перспективными направлениями самореализации., Within the framework of this article, the gap that exists between career expectations and trajectories of young scientists and students studying in the direction of "Political Science" and related specialties is considered. In order to understand the reasons for young people's dissatisfaction with career prospects, it is necessary to understand the needs associated with their professional future. For this, a survey was conducted, the data of which were analyzed by means of factorial and ANOVA analysis. The results obtained testify to the contradictions in the views of young scientists on the future profession. In particular, there are discrepancies between the motives for entering a specialty and the priorities in choosing a future job, those professions that young people consider promising and those that they themselves would like to connect life with. In addition, it was found that the younger a scientist, the more likely he is to choose a professional trajectory related to research and analytics, and undergraduate students (especially undergraduate students) consider public service and political activity to be more promising.

Zusammenfassung Heilpädagogische Fachkräfte sind in der Praxis sehr gesucht und ein bestehender Mangel wird oft beklagt. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die Berufslaufbahnen sowie die Einschätzungen der spezifischen heil-/sonderpädagogischen Aufgabenbereiche durch die Absolvierenden von Interesse, welche mit einer früheren Absolvierenden-Befragung verglichen werden können. Dazu wurde eine Online-Befragung von Absolvierenden der Schulischen Heilpädagogik der Interkantonalen Hochschule für Heilpädagogik Zürich (HfH) durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die heilpädagogischen Fachkräfte weder niedrigprozentig arbeiten noch in andere Berufsfelder abwandern. Weiter zeigt sich, dass sich die Einschätzungen der Bedeutung und Qualifikation einiger Aufgabenbereiche über die Zeit verändert haben. Abstract For quite some years now a lack of special needs teachers is proclaimed. Therefore, the University of Teacher Education in Special Needs (HfH) conducted a survey for graduates to examine career trajectories of Special Needs Educators. Of special interest was the professionals’ view on specific vocational tasks in special needs education. This current survey is compared to a former questionnaire and the results show that the shortage is not due to Special Needs Educators only working part time or them leaving their field. Furthermore, the results reveal a change in the judgment of meaning and qualification of some tasks over time.

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the career performance progression of elite early- and later-success international swimmers competing in sprint events (ie, 50 and 100 m). Methods: The career performance trajectories of 6003 swimmers (50.9% females; 58,760 unique records) competing in the 4 swimming strokes were evaluated. Swimmers with early and later success were identified. The authors identified the top 50 all-time swimmers competing in junior career who did not reach the top 50 rankings in their senior career, and vice versa, and successful swimmers in both junior and senior career. Results: Early-success swimmers mainly achieved their peak performance before the age of 20 years and approximately 5–6 years before successful senior swimmers or approximately 3–4 years before successful swimmers both in junior and senior careers. The annual performance improvements of later-success swimmers were higher (about 1%–2%) until the age of 20 to 24 years, whereas early-success swimmers showed a performance stagnation at about 16 to 18 years in females and 19 to 20 years in males. Conclusions: Early-success swimmers who achieved peak performance at a young age were unable to maintain the same level of competitiveness in adulthood as they experienced a plateau in performance from the age of 20 years. The procedure of considering early performances solely for talent identification (and not the current rate of progression) might represent a limited approach for selecting future elite swimmers. Our results indicate that performance progression in the transition toward adult careers might be a strong indicator of performance potential.

Zusammenfassung Heilp��dagogische Fachkr��fte sind in der Praxis sehr gesucht und ein bestehender Mangel wird oft beklagt. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die Berufslaufbahnen sowie die Einsch��tzungen der spezifischen heil-/sonderp��dagogischen Aufgabenbereiche durch die Absolvierenden von Interesse, welche mit einer fr��heren Absolvierenden-Befragung verglichen werden k��nnen. Dazu wurde eine Online-Befragung von Absolvierenden der Schulischen Heilp��dagogik der Interkantonalen Hochschule f��r Heilp��dagogik Z��rich (HfH) durchgef��hrt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die heilp��dagogischen Fachkr��fte weder niedrigprozentig arbeiten noch in andere Berufsfelder abwandern. Weiter zeigt sich, dass sich die Einsch��tzungen der Bedeutung und Qualifikation einiger Aufgabenbereiche ��ber die Zeit ver��ndert haben. Abstract For quite some years now a lack of special needs teachers is proclaimed. Therefore, the University of Teacher Education in Special Needs (HfH) conducted a survey for graduates to examine career trajectories of Special Needs Educators. Of special interest was the professionals��� view on specific vocational tasks in special needs education. This current survey is compared to a former questionnaire and the results show that the shortage is not due to Special Needs Educators only working part time or them leaving their field. Furthermore, the results reveal a change in the judgment of meaning and qualification of some tasks over time.

В настоящее время все больше внимания уделяется карьерным траекториям молодежи, особенно выбору и развитию академической карьеры выпускников. Как следствие, авторы статьи нацелены определить и проанализировать факторы, влияющие на выбор профессиональной траектории на основе проведённого эмпирического исследования среди магистрантов Санкт-Петербургского государственного экономического университета. Результатом анализа являются представленные выводы на основе собранных данных., Currently, more and more attention is paid to the career trajectories of young people, especially the choice and development of the academic career of graduates. As a result, the authors of the article aim to identify and analyze the factors influencing the choice of a professional trajectory based on an empirical study conducted among undergraduates of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics. The result of the analysis is the presented conclusions based on the collected data.

Received 13 October 2022. Accepted 17 December 2022. Published online 30 December 2022. The paper puts forward the idea that a woman’s class (occupational position) contributes to the formation of certain orientations and values, which further determine a woman’s choice in favor of particular labor and life trajectory after the childbirth. The authors follow the career trajectory of women after the childbirth in Russia to determine which women are more career-oriented and which are more family-oriented. For this, “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey–Higher School of Economics” (RLMS—HSE) panel data from 2001–2021 are employed. Drawing on a six-year period—the year before the birth and four years after the childbirth—the authors construct the sequences of various status changes (employed, unemployed, parental leave) and identify the featured patterns of mothers’ career trajectories. The authors also analyze the number of years it took for women to return to the labor market after the childbirth. It is assumed that a later entry into the labor market suggests that women are less career-oriented, and vice versa. Additionally, the factors affecting the decision to return to the labor market earlier or later are evaluated. The results of the implemented analysis (an ordinal logistic regression and a multinomial regression) show that women from the higher class tend to return to the labor market quickly, while women from the middle and working class delay entry into the workforce or refuse to develop a career. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 22-28-20426).

This article analyses the relationship between human capital and career outcomes using the case of highly skilled young Latvians and Romanians in Sweden. As a non-English-speaking country with regulated labour markets, the Swedish case provides a contrast to previous studies on EU10 to EU15 mobility that usually focus on English-speaking receiving countries with less regulated labour markets. Thirty-eight semi-structured interviews are analysed from a life-course perspective to map the education and career trajectories before and after their mobility. Three career trajectories are found: match, re-skilling, and de-skilling. Most young migrants tend to prioritize general, rather than country specific, human capital investments, which negatively affects their career outcomes. The results highlight the importance of individual human capital investment choices as well as structural opportunities in receiving countries for understanding the relationship between human capital and career outcomes for young EU-migrants.

Purpose: To quantify how many of the top 50 under-18 (U18) sprinters in the world managed to become top 50 ranked as adult competitors. The authors also described the career trajectory of athletes ranked in the top 50 during either U18 or senior category. Methods: A total of 4924 male and female athletes competing in sprint races and ranked in the International Association of Athletics Federations (now World Athletics) lists in any of the seasons between the 2000 and 2018 were included in the study. The athletes ranked in the top 50 positions of all-time lists during U18, senior, or both categories were analyzed. Results: Only 17% of the male and 21% of the female top 50 ranked U18 managed to become top 50 ranked senior athletes. The top 50 ranked senior athletes consistently produced yearly larger improvements during late adolescence and early adulthood compared with those who ranked in the top 50 at U18. Furthermore, top 50 ranked senior athletes reached their peak performance later compared with the top 50 ranked only in U18. Conclusions: This study confirms that early success in track and field is not a good predictor of success at senior level in sprinting events. The yearly performance improvements and their tracking provide the most suitable approach to identify athletes more likely to succeed as elite performers in adulthood. The authors hope that the results of this study can provide useful comparative data and reference criteria for talent-identification and -development programs.

We examine the role of financial aid in shaping the formation of human capital in economics. Specifically, we study the impact of a large merit-based scholarship for graduate studies in affecting individuals' occupational choices, career trajectories, and labor market outcomes of a generation of Italian economists with special focus on gender gaps and the role of social mobility. We construct a unique dataset that combines archival sources and includes microdata for the universe of applicants to the scholarship program and follow these individuals over their professional life. Our unique sample that focuses on the high end of the talent and ability distribution also allows us to analyze the characteristics of top graduates, a group which tends to be under-sampled in most surveys. We discuss five main results. First, women are less likely to be shortlisted for a scholarship as they tend to receive lower scores in the most subjective criteria used in the initial screening of candidates. Second, scholarship winners are much more likely to choose a research career and this effect is larger for women. Third, women who work in Italian universities tend to have less citations than men who work in Italy. However, the citation gender gap is smaller for candidates who received a scholarship. Fourth, women take longer to be promoted to the rank of full professor, even after controlling for academic productivity. Fifth, it is easier to become a high achiever for individuals from households with a lower socio-economic status if they reside in high social mobility provinces. However, high-achievers from lower socio-economic status households face an up-hill battle even in high social mobility provinces.

This study aimed (a) to estimate the transition rate for top 50 ranked track and field jumpers, (b) to compare the performance progression of top 50 ranked senior jumpers (top50 senior) to those who failed to be top 50 ranked in the senior category despite being top 50 ranked in the under 18 category (only U18), and (c) to verify whether relative age effect may at least partially explain the differences in the two above-mentioned subgroups. The career performance trajectories of 5981 athletes (2837 females) competing in jump events from 2000 to 2019 were extracted from the World Athletics database. The all-time top 50 ranked athletes for each age from 16 years to senior category were identified. Performance progression characteristics were compared using linear mixed-effects model. Only 8% of males and 16% of females top 50 ranked at the age of 16 years managed to be included among the top50 senior. Only U18subgroup made the first appearance in the database (at 15-16 years) and reached the peak performance (at 20 years) earlier than top50 senior (17-18 and 26-27 years, respectively). The relative age effect was largely present in Only U18 but not in top50 senior subgroups. Most of the early-successful U18 world-class jumpers did not manage to maintain the same level of competitiveness in adulthood since they experienced a plateau in performance from 20 years of age. Conversely, top 50 ranked senior jumpers continued to produce consistent performance improvement up to 26-27 years of age.

High labor turnover imposes costs on a firm and hinders the accumulation of human capital. In an increasingly competitive market, retaining competent employees is a necessity. To avoid excessive labor turnover, it is necessary to identify which characteristics influence career pathways for employees. Becoming employed and/or staying employed within a certain firm or sector is normally not binary, but rather should be studied as employment-related events within a career trajectory. The combination of the timing and the order of distinct events that form a unique career pathway for an individual can be studied by using sequential analysis. In this paper, we systematically identify the common career paths of individuals who work in retail or wholesale.

Objectives To quantify the junior-to-senior successful transition rate in sprint swimming events in elite European performers. Design Retrospective analysis of publicly available competition data collected between 2004 and 2019. Methods The yearly performance of 6631 European swimmers (females = 41.8% of the sample) competing in 50 and 100 m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly were included in the analysis. The junior-to-senior transition rate was determined as the number of elite junior athletes who maintained their elite status in adulthood. To investigate how the definition of elite may affect the calculation of the transition rate, we operationally defined elite athletes as those ranked in the all-time top 10, 25, 50, and 100 in their category. We also calculated the correlation between junior and senior performances. Results The average transition rates ranged, depending on the age of reference, from 10 to 26% in males and from 23 to 33% in females. The transition rate for the top 100 junior swimmers was greater than that for the top 10 swimmers. In general, swimmers who swam 50 m showed a slightly lower transition rate compared with those that swam 100 m. Depending on the age of reference, low-to-moderate correlations were observed between junior and senior peak performances. Conclusions Most elite junior athletes did not maintain the elite level in adulthood. Except for athletes in the last year of the junior category (18 years for males and 17 years for females), junior performances were poorly correlated with senior performances.

This study looks at the educational experiences, from the preschool years to advanced professional training in STEM fields, of a targeted sample of 10 (7 male, 3 female) early college entrants in China who later became professors at prestigious USA research universities. The purpose of the study was to find out (1) what some identifiable endogenous factors were about these individuals that facilitated the success of their accelerated learning and development, (2) what kinds of exogenous factors (e.g., environmental opportunities, resources, support) they experienced from childhood to adulthood that enhanced the successful acceleration experience, and (3) how these endogenous and exogenous factors facilitated their developmental transitions every step of the way, especially from the role of a student to that of an aspiring scientist. These questions are addressed in light of evolving complexity theory. Retrospective interviews were used for data collection. Thematic analysis of the codes from interview data yielded a conceptual map. A distinct set of endogenous and exogenous factors at different developmental junctures were identified, and their dynamic interplay was delineated to account for accelerated trajectories toward a scientific research career. The theoretical significance and practical implications of the study for talent development in science are discussed.

The characterisation of the contemporary creative and cultural industries (CCIs) as ‘cool, creative and egalitarian’ (Gill, 2002) has been unpicked in recent literature (Grugulis and Stoyanova, 2012; Eikhof and Warhurst, 2013, Randle et al, 2015). A growing consensus suggests this is a meritocratic ideal rather than a reality, indicating CCIs are the domain of the white, male and middle-class (Randle, et al, 2015; O’Brien et al, 2016). The thesis is intended to inform a deeper historical understanding of some of the inequalities that persist in the contemporary CCIs. While some CCIs (radio, film and television) originated at the end of the 19th or the beginning of the 20th century, there is very little academic work which investigates the extent of egalitarianism or meritocracy in the film industry during much of the 20th century. The most robust historical study of class and employment in CCIs suggests that is likely that they have always been unequal, but points to a lack of historical data from which to evaluate the past (Banks, 2017). In order to contribute greater historical background to the sociological issue, this thesis therefore draws on an historical qualitative analysis of the film production careers of 37 men, from a mixture of working class origins (WCOs) and middle-class origins (MCOs) most of whose work began in the 1930s and ended in the 1970s. The primary source of data comprises oral history interviews from the British Entertainment History Project (BEHP) archive housed at the BFI Library. The research explores, specifically, work between 1927 and 1947 as the British Studio System emerged and many film occupations developed around the introduction of sound technology. The evidence suggests that certain structural arrangements, unique to the vertically integrated studios, provided some opportunities for working-class men in the past. However, these are shown to be exceptions that need to be qualified by a deeper understanding of the ‘fields’ (Bourdieu, 1984) that emerged around different film occupations within the studio system. To provide a deeper understanding of the ways in which career trajectories were mediated in different occupational settings, a Bourdieusian inspired, historical model of the association between class origins and male career destinations has been designed. Analysis of these careers highlights a long history of class-based inequalities that subsequently became embedded in employment practices and within many film production occupations and departments. Although careers during this period were enacted around different structural arrangements to those today, certain trends and associations between class background and opportunities were being shaped during the 1930s.

Emerging from discussions within gender, contextual embeddedness, and migration, this research addresses the issue of the labor market integration of highly educated migrant women in Sweden. The thesis seeks to broaden the understanding of the gender gap in entrepreneurship by contextualizing the decisions of starting a business, analyzing the different strategies employed by migrant women to develop their businesses as well as the role of entrepreneurship in their lives in relation to gender norms. The study uses the life course approach and methods as well as a gendered multi-context framework (Welter et al., 2014) to investigate the following research questions: 1) Under what circumstances do migrant women turn to entrepreneurship in their life course and what are the associated changes on their career? 2) How do they mobilize social ties across different spatial contexts and business stages? 3) How do migrant women make sense of entrepreneurship in relation to gendered societal norms from the country of origin and destination? The results suggest that complex temporal, spatial, social, and institutional dynamics condition the decision to start a business, and the different strategies employed. Furthermore, entrepreneurship appears as a way to challenge and overcome gender norms.

Parental leaves are, besides unemployment, the main reason for career breaks in early career. Despite the progress in recent decades towards more equal sharing of childcare between mothers and fathers, the labour market risk due to parenting remains mainly with women. In this article, we analyse how parental leaves relate to early career trajectories of young Finnish men and women. Using longitudinal register data for 2005&ndash, 2016 from the Finnish Centre for Pensions, we perform a multi-trajectory analysis of the labour market attachment of a cohort born in 1980. Based on working days and earnings, we find five distinct career trajectories for both men and women, with the majority being well attached to the labour market by their mid-30s. While men and women on average have similar employment lengths, the gender gap in earnings is already 30 per cent in this early career phase. One of the causes may be found in the highly unequal division of family-related career breaks, the duration of mothers&rsquo, family-related leaves in this cohort was 13 times longer than fathers&rsquo, leave spells. Long home care leaves were particularly common among mothers with low education levels and weak attachment to the labour market. Efforts towards a more equal division of parental leaves are needed in order to combat gender inequalities that already emerge in early career and potentially cause life-long disadvantages for women&rsquo, s careers, earnings and pensions.

Over the last 15 years, research on the effects of different types of education on labour market integration and labour market outcomes has evolved. Whereas much of the early work analysed school-to-work transition outcomes, the focus of more recent studies has shifted to the relationship between educational achievement and mid- and long-term labour market outcomes. The overarching question of this body of research asks whether the allocation to different types of education leads to different skill sets, to different employment opportunities and to jobs offering unequal wages, job autonomy or job security. However, pivotal issues related to the comparison of vocational and general types of education or upper-secondary and tertiary-level qualification remain ambiguous and are hampered by a lack of suitable data and methodological problems. The aim of this issue is to further this debate and to provide more insights into the relationship between individual and contextual factors, allocation within the educational system, educational achievement and labour market outcomes over the life course. The 12 articles collected in this issue highlight the importance of focussing on the specific features and functions of different education tracks and programs, of applying data and methods suitable for such analyses and of considering the interplay of different determinants of education outcomes, such as social origin, gender or ethnicity.

The literature suggests that academic researchers with dual-appointment contracts, i.e. those employed concurrently by a university and an organization outside academia, have the potential to be mo...

While widespread concerns exist over the experiences and career trajectories of postdoctoral fellows in higher education, these concerns are not always examined through the lens of a social and cultural context unique to a national system. Postdoctoral fellows do exist in various forms at academic institutions around the world. Understanding their experiences offer insight not only into the nuanced nature of doctoral and postdoctoral work but also the larger question about how various higher education systems engage in a globalized knowledge economy. This chapter examines the postdoctoral fellow's experience in various national contexts. Researchers from Australia, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands, and South Africa reflect on their higher education systems; the role of the postdoctoral fellow within the system; and how internal and external influences shape the postdoctoral experience.

In Finland, doctoral employment outside the academy has been increasing. Universities can no longer absorb the numbers in the doctoral labour force and research and development (R&D) policy emphasises the need for specialised research capacity in non-academic sectors; the highest academic degree is assumed to add value. However, the transition from doctoral programmes to employment outside the academy has been limited due to the social dynamics within labour markets. This article explores the careers of doctorate holders and the motives non-academic organisations have for recruiting such graduates. The data come from a survey of doctorate holders (N = 1183) and interviews with 26 employers. Based on the analysis, there was little place for doctorate holders outside the academy, except in R&D roles. When employed to undertake work outside R&D, they carried out special, demanding tasks or had a particular role related to their academic status. Professional functions such as those undertaken by medical doctors, engineers and teachers were the most common, but career patterns varied from one employment sector to the next. Employers considered industry-specific competence to be important, and the status of the doctoral degree and the membership in the academic community were expected to advance collaboration with universities and enhance the professional status of the organisations that hired doctoral graduates. acceptedVersion

The first part of this chapter discusses the relationship between Stanley Kubrick and Steven Spielberg in terms of the many parallels in their early careers. The second part examines their work in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when they became friends and started talking about the project that was to become A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001). Finally, I survey the development of the A.I. project and of the respective careers of the two filmmakers from the mid‐1980s to the late 1990s.

Karjera yra nuostatų ir elgsenų seka, susijusi su darbine patirtimi per visą žmogaus gyvenimą. Karjeros trajektorijos gali būti suvokiamos kaip tam tikros asmenybės profesinio gyvenimo ir darbo patirtį nusakančios projekcijos, brėžiamos konkrečioje biografijoje. Jos išryškina žmogaus karjeros etapus, karjeros vertybių ir pasitenkinimo karjera dinamiką. Socialinių pedagogų karjeros trajektoriją lemia tiek vidiniai (išsilavinimas, kvalifikacija, tikslai, lūkesčiai, asmeninės nuostatos ir vertybės), tiek išoriniai (socialiniai, ekonominiai) veiksniai. Šiame kontekste išryškėja tyrimo problema, išreiškiama klausimais: kokios yra socialinių pedagogų karjeros trajektorijos? Kas lemia socialinių pedagogų karjeros pokyčius? Kaip karjeros pokyčiai susiję su asmenine socialinio pedagogo raida ir šveitimo reformomis?, Carrer is a sequence of preferences and behaviours, associated with working experience throughout their lives The career trajectory might be perceived as a real life experience and are drawn in a projection of the biography. It reaveals the stages of human carrer, values and satisfaction of the Dynamics of career. Social pedagogues career trajectory is influenced by both internal (education, skills, objectives, and expectations of personal preferences and values) and external factors (social, economic). In this context the investigation is expressed by the problems: what is the social pedagogues career trajectory? What does it determine the changes of the social pedagogues career? How are the changes of career related with personal and social development and reforms of education?

The recent economic and social changes have prompted PhDs to broaden their working horizons and to search for jobs more and more in sectors other than research. The title of doctor is no longer just an introduction to academic career, and this evolution leads careers for PhDs less linear and predictable. In this paper, we analyse the careers of more than 1,000 PhDs, based on data collected by the project POCARIM in 13 European countries, in order to identify which elements influence the change or constancy in a working sector in a moment of passage between two different jobs. The aim of this paper is to identify useful elements to describe evolution of job carrier for PhDs.

Public health professional education and workforce capacity is emerging as an area of scholarly interest. Studies in Australia and internationally have principally been confined to normative descriptions of educational programs and workforce profiles. There has been little consideration of the actual experiences of those learning to become public health professionals and how this might shape the formation of identities and capacities. This study investigated the subjective experiences of professionals from predominantly clinical backgrounds as they made the transition to the field of public health practice. Conducted as a real-time longitudinal qualitative case study, the research traced twenty-one self-selecting participants across a three-year work-based program offered by a state health system and its new university partner. The study sought to explore participants' understandings of their learning and professional identities as they navigated across multiple sites of practice to achieve program outcomes as multidisciplinary public health professionals destined for senior health service positions. The principal method of inquiry was an iterative series of in-depth interviews with participants over a three-year period, which produced a set of unfolding biographical narratives of their experiences in entering and participating in the Program. With temporality built into the research method, a diachronic analysis was used to seek patterns of change and continuity within and across participants' biographies for interpreting processes of learning and professional formation. A key finding was that becoming a public health professional in this context defied a simple developmental model of professional learning and identity. Rather, it was a complex personally mediated process of engaging in liminal identities and possible selves connected to former professional careers, program affordances and perceived areas for claiming legitimacy in the field of public health. The study contributes to knowledge of career transitions in the health professions and advances knowledge on professional learning and identity formation in public health. It illuminates the ambiguity of what constitutes ‘a public health professional’ within the Australian context and explores the wider institutional landscape for forging a career path into senior public health for those from diverse professional backgrounds.

Une lecture néo-élitiste des rapports entre les élites gouvernementales et les élites politico-administratives permet de saisir les nouveaux rapports de pouvoir à l’œuvre aux sommets de l’État français. L’article montre comment durant ces vingt dernières années une élite du Welfare s’est constituée autour de processus de décision dans un secteur particulier. En partant de l’analyse du changement dans les politiques du secteur social, est exposé comment une élite partageant une logique d’action collective a progressivement affirmé son identité de groupe. Forte d’une cohérence dans sa vision des politiques, de relations avec des corps d’inspection (Cour des comptes, Igas), elle se trouve capable d’influencer fortement la décision politique. Le processus d’institutionnalisation de l’élite du Welfare se confirme avec l’émergence de longues carrières sectorielles qui conduisent à la maîtrise d’un savoir professionnel peu égalé. Au total, on se trouve en présence d’une élite unifiée susceptible de marquer durablement le devenir du Welfare State en France. A neo-elitist interpretation of the relations between the governmental and administrative elites helps us understand new power relations at the top of the French state. Light is shed on the formation, during the last twenty years, of a “welfare state elite”, which has arisen around decision-making in the social service sector. An analysis of changes in social policies shows how an elite that has shared the same purposes in collective action has gradually asserted its identity as a group. With a very coherent view of public policies and of relations with the authorities exercising oversight (Cour des Comptes, IGAS), this elite has proven capable of exercising a strong influence over policy-making. Its institutionalization is corroborated by the long careers in this sector that lead to controlling professional know-how. In brief, a unified elite has arisen that might well leave lasting marks on the future of the French welfare state.

The primary aim of this study is to understand the factors that influence and affect high-skilled immigrant social practices and adjustment within an occupational unit located in the U.S. The secondary aim is to contribute to the body of knowledge in the process of transforming public perceptions from that of classifying immigrants almost exclusively in low skilled sectors to acknowledging the diversity of skill among the foreign-born. Through research with foreign-born faculty, located at a research university, this study focuses on career trajectories with special attention to domains of connection. Research findings indicate that their visibility as foreign-born is complex. Foreign-born faculty are no longer counted in university data when they have naturalized; however, many are recognized and counted as adding to minority quotas (such as Black, Latin@, and Asian). Foreign-born faculty who participated in this study, referred to as study collaborators for their engagement in the research process, often described who they were and what they did in relation to their occupation rather than their countries of birth and/or settlement--expressing a range of social connection(s) and incorporation strategies. The guiding question for this research is: "What variables influence domains of connection for foreign-born faculty?" In order to answer this question, 48 life history interviews were used to understand how foreign-born faculty constructed their career paths from early educational experiences to selecting teaching and/or research positions in their chosen field--both of which are connected to their subsequent/on-going immigration decisions. Research findings indicate two major career trajectories as they intersect with immigration, 1) being trained and professionally developed in the U.S. or 2) securing employment in the U.S. after being trained and professionally developed abroad. Three domains of connection are identified: political, lifestyle, and professional. This study contributes to anthropology of immigration and recent trends in scholarship by following skilled immigrant incorporation into the labor market to understand their social practices and concludes with suggestions for applied and policy contributions.

This study is concerned with the field of cognitive ergonomics and looks at teacher career initiation in the context of priority education: activities, experiences and career trajectories. Drawing on the semio-logical framework for the analysis of course of experience (Theureau, 2004), this study seeks to describe the dynamics of professional engagement in a variety of contexts (in an out of the classroom).The study was carried out over one school year with five beginner teachers from four subject areas in a priority education secondary school in the Créteil local authority. Different types of data were collected and analyzed: a) audio and video recordings of classroom activity, b) self-confrontation data pertaining to these recordings, c) data from reflective logs, d) data from interviews re-assessing situations pertaining to the information from logs. The analysis of key content mobilized by the teachers led to an understanding of their situated activity and enabled the identification of features relating to their “own worlds” progressing over time (concerning their concerns, their expectations, their knowledge, their emotions).Results show how the professional activity of the teachers is built up in various stages according to alternate phases of ease / difficulty, stability and instability, self-preservation and a quest for greater efficiency in their professional activities. Dynamic changes in the relations with their own classroom situations are reflected in the construction of temporary and transitory moments of stability and in marked changes in their ways of perceiving and apprehending events in different professional contexts. Synthetic modeling of the teachers’ career trajectories shows a number of fluctuations in the process of professional acculturation., Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre de travaux en ergonomie cognitive et s’intéresse à l’entrée dans le métier d’enseignants néo-titulaires du second degré en contexte d’éducation prioritaire. En mobilisant la théorie sémio-logique du cours d’action (Theureau, 2004), elle s’attache à décrire la dynamique de construction de leur activité professionnelle à travers une variété de contextes (en classe et hors classe). L’étude a été menée durant une année scolaire en collaboration avec cinq enseignants néo-titulaires de quatre disciplines scolaires exerçant au sein d’un collège d’éducation prioritaire de l’académie de Créteil. Plusieurs catégories de données ont été recueillies en fonction des contextes: a) des données d'enregistrements audio et vidéo de leur activité en classe, b) des données d'autoconfrontation sur la base de ces enregistrements, c) des données relatives à l'écriture d'un journal de bord, d) des données d'entretiens de remise en situation sur la base de ces traces écrites. L’analyse des contenus de signification mobilisés par les enseignants a permis d’accéder à la compréhension de leur activité située et de repérer quelques traits de leurs « mondes propres » évoluant au cours du temps (révélant leurs préoccupations, leurs attentes, leurs connaissances, leurs émotions). Les résultats révèlent comment l’activité professionnelle des enseignants se construit de manière fluctuante selon des phases alternatives de confort / inconfort, de stabilité et d’instabilité, d’économie de soi et de recherche d’une plus grande efficience dans l’exercice de leur métier. Les changements de relation dynamique avec leurs propres situations scolaires se traduisent par la construction d’équilibres provisoires et transitoires et par des conversions importantes dans leurs façons de percevoir et d’appréhender les évènements face à divers contextes professionnels. Les modélisations synthétiques des trajectoires professionnelles des enseignants montrent ainsi de nombreuses oscillations dans le processus d’acculturation professionnelle.

In this paper we consider the potential of autobiographical narratives for accessing ‘storied knowledge’ in research around geographies of health voluntarism. We firstly consider what is meant by elicited autobiography and how the narrative approach has been used in research more broadly. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken in Manchester, UK and Auckland, New Zealand we then demonstrate how this approach has helped us to map out and unpack the career journeys of mental health activists working within and across the voluntary and statutory sectors. Through our autobiographical narratives we illustrate how this approach has enabled us to elicit important insights into the triggers and trajectories underpinning mental health activism and how events and moments in time have provided critical junctures in these trajectories. We consider places as sites of significance in activist career paths; and as central to the researcher-participant gestalt within which the autobiography is elicited and recounted. The autobiographical process, we suggest, offers reflective insights into mental health activism that might not otherwise be gained using more conventional methodologies.

There exists a rich body of scholarly literature that analyzes Moroccan mobilities between the two shores of the Mediterranean. Existing research has examined the relational systems and circulatory practices that Moroccan migrants develop between their countries of immigration and Morocco, while exploring family links, commercial activities, and social, transport and associative networks connecting the spaces of origin, transit and settlement (Tarrius, 1992; Charef, 1999; Peraldi, 2002; Schaeffer, 2004; Lacroix, 2005; Dumont, 2007; Arab, 2009). While this literature has repeatedly pointed to important changes in the socio-professional profiles of Moroccan migrants, it does not address specifically the issue of their level of education and professional qualification. Except for a few studies on the mobility of Moroccan students, principally in France (Gérard, 2008; Laffort, 2009; Mazzella, 2009), the migratory practices of highly skilled Moroccans remain a forgotten subject in migration studies. Some studies have explored, in a broad sense, the causes, costs and public policies implemented to take advantage of such international mobilities: yet, to our knowledge, very few (if any) have discussed the social and spatial dynamics involved, and even fewer have focused on the individual paths, professional trajectories and migratory strategies enacted by highly skilled Moroccans who circulate abroad. Faced with this observation, this research aims to provide additional insight into the migration of highly skilled Moroccan graduates to France, and to present a finer analysis of their migration paths and professional trajectories. Specifically, we will look at how these highly skilled Moroccans move: what resources do they mobilize and what meaning do they give to their migratory experience? Working in highly skilled jobs, how do their migration paths and career trajectories influence each other? Why and how do some of them choose to settle in France after their studies? Why and how do others prefer to return to Morocco? And, in turn, why and how do others choose to move between the two countries? These are the fundamental questions that animate this study and structure its main research question, Nombreux sont les travaux qui analysent les circulations migratoires des Marocains entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée. Ces recherches ont amplement appréhendé les systèmes relationnels et les pratiques circulatoires que les migrants marocains développent entre leurs pays d’immigration et le Maroc, tout en explorant les liens familiaux, les activités commerciales, les réseaux sociaux, de transports et associatifs reliant les espaces d’origine, de transit et d’installation (Tarrius, 1992 ; Charef, 1999 ; Peraldi, 2002 ; Schaeffer, 2004 ; Lacroix, 2005 ; Dumont, 2007 ; Arab, 2009). Bien qu’elle souligne à plusieurs reprises les changements importants des profils socioprofessionnels des migrants marocains, cette littérature scientifique ne renseigne pas sur les tendances plus spécifiques de leur niveau d’éducation et de qualification professionnelle. Hormis quelques travaux sur la mobilité des étudiants marocains, principalement en France (Gérard, 2008 ; Laffort, 2009 ; Mazzella, 2009), les circulations des Marocains hautement qualifiés restent les oubliées des études migratoires. À l’exception de certaines études explorant, dans une approche généraliste, cette forme de migration internationale marocaine à l’aune des causes, des coûts et des politiques publiques mises en place pour en tirer profit, on ne connait pas, ou très peu, les dynamiques sociales et spatiales qu’elle renferme, encore moins dans une perspective qui appréhende les parcours individuels, les trajectoires professionnelles et les stratégies migratoires des personnes qui en sont les acteurs. Face à ce constat, cette thèse de doctorat vise à apporter un éclairage complémentaire sur la migration des Marocains hautement qualifiés diplômés en France, et à présenter une analyse plus fine, à la fois de leurs parcours migratoires et de leurs trajectoires professionnelles. Comment ces Marocains hautement qualifiés migrent-ils ? Quelles ressources mobilisent-ils et quels sens donnent-ils à leur expérience migratoire ? Occupant des emplois requérant des niveaux d’éducation supérieurs, comment leurs parcours migratoires et leurs trajectoires professionnelles s’influencent-ils ? Pourquoi et comment certains d’entre eux décident de s’établir en France à l’issue de leurs études ? Pourquoi et comment d’autres préfèrent retourner au Maroc ? Et pourquoi et comment d’autres encore choisissent-ils de circuler entre les deux pays ? Telles sont les questions fondamentales qui structurent ce travail doctoral et autour desquelles se cristallise sa problématique de recherche

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP, 1994–2017), we investigate how 10-year career sequences, which can be grouped into distinct career patterns, relate to cumulative labor market income. We utilize propensity score matching to compare standard career sequences, consisting of continuous full-time permanent work, to stepping stone career sequences, characterized by initial periods of temporary employment and subsequent permanent employment. We thus investigate if temporary workers are compensated for initial wage penalties in their later career. This life course approach reveals a more holistic picture about the consequences of temporary employment than previous studies, which mostly focus on the effect of single transitions and on wages at single time points. The results show that among labor market entrants the standard permanent employment career is the most prevalent one but that stepping stone careers are also common. Nonetheless, individuals who start their career in temporary employment and then transition to permanent jobs face long-term cumulative wage disadvantages of -51,461.2 Euro (-14.07 %) compared to individuals with standard permanent careers. Furthermore, over the 10 years we study, we find an increasing cumulative wage gap even after the transitions to permanent jobs take place. This last finding suggests that compared to individuals with standard careers, former temporary workers do not experience a compensating higher wage growth in their later careers.