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Considering the global scenario of population aging, which countries such as Chile are going through, the social problems that it means in terms of viability and quality of life for the elderly are increasing and are a cause for concern. For this reason, this study summarizes the results of investigating the accessibility of services and recreational spaces under the parameters of a “15-minute city” for the elderly people in the city of Santiago de Chile. The investigation employed a multivariate geostatistical analysis with a quantitative approach and was developed on a census block scale to test some of the principles of the 15-min city along with the principles on active aging of the elderly. The results are surprising, show a good territorial coverage for the study area and open the possibility of Santiago becoming a 15-min city for older adults. However, there are still several challenges in terms of public policies, from mental and physical health to the design of public spaces, which are fundamental to think about for cities of the future.

El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer los mecanismos de conocimiento sobre nuestra legislación nacional y normativa comparada respecto al derecho de estabilidad laboral, de las personas con discapacidad. Se aplicó un método de teoría fundamentada para el análisis de las sentencias de Corte Constitucional, respecto al derecho a la estabilidad laboral en el Ecuador para las personas con discapacidad, con la finalidad de verificar si se está cumpliendo de forma integral con la igualdad formal ante la ley y si no existen mecanismos de discriminación entre trabajadores y servidores con discapacidad regidos a la Ley Orgánica de Servicio Público y trabajadores del Código de Trabajo. Se concluyó que, las normas laborales en el Ecuador transgreden la igualdad formal ante la ley, debido a la existencia de normas con diferentes derechos y obligaciones, que regulan el acceso, régimen disciplinario y la salida al trabajo de los servidores, situación que es un problema sustancial que desmedra derechos de manera constante.

La siguiente entrevista a Eduardo Grüner se produjo en septiembre de 2019. La misma tuvo lugar en las instalaciones del Centro Científico Tecnológico Mendoza Conicet, Argentina, en ocasión del Curso de Alta Formación El arte como pensamiento crítico, dictado por el mismo Grüner y organizado por el Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales (Incihusa). En la entrevista se transitan diversos aspectos del pensamiento de Grüner y se procura exponer la singularidad de sus aportes a una teoría crítica gestada desde la periferia.

En 1971, se publicó por primera vez Las venas abiertas de América Latina, del escritor uruguayo Eduardo Galeano, uno de los libros emblemáticos del pensamiento social latinoamericano de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Antes de su publicación, Galeano presentó su texto al Premio Casa de las Américas de ese año, en la categoría de ensayo, en el que solo obtuvo el reconocimiento de «mención». Partiendo del hecho anecdótico de que un ensayo que luego se convertiría en un clásico no obtuviera el importante Premio Casa de las Américas, este artículo aborda el complejo escenario político y cultural cubano entre 1968 y 1971, las tensiones en torno a los premios literarios promovidos por las más importantes instituciones de la Revolución y, de manera más general, los debates en torno al rol de los intelectuales latinoamericanos en los procesos de transformación política y social durante la década de 1960.

El presente artículo realiza una radiografía en la que se ponen de manifiesto las líneas de tendencia de los movimientos sociales contemporáneos, sus características y las lecciones de los movimientos predecesores en el siglo XX. En el texto se argumenta cómo estos nuevos movimientos pasan de tener formas de protestas individuales y locales a convertirse en formas de protestas mucho más permanentes en el tiempo-espacio con un marcado carácter anticapitalista y antisistémico.

Objective: Low birth weight (LBW) is a public health problem strongly associated with infant mortality. This study aimed to identify the spatial distribution of infant mortality in newborns with LBW (750–2,500 g) at term (≥37 weeks of gestation), due to their being small for gestational age, analyzing its association with mother-related determinants, as well as to identify priority areas of mortality in the State of São Paulo, 2010–2019. Methods: Infant mortality rate was analyzed in the division of neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality of newborns with LBW at term. The empirical Bayesian method smoothed the rates, the univariate Moran index was used to measure the degree of spatial association between the municipalities, and the bivariate Moran index was employed to identify the existence of a spatial association between the rates and the selected determinants. Thematic maps of excess risk and local Moran were prepared to identify spatial clusters, adopting 5% as a significance level. Results: The excess risk map showed that more than 30% of the municipalities had rates above the state rate. High-risk clusters were identified in the southwest, southeast, and east regions, mainly among more developed municipalities. The determinants of adolescent mothers, mothers over 34 years of age, low education, human development index, social vulnerability index, gross domestic product, physicians, and pediatric beds showed a significant association with the rates evaluated. Conclusions: Priority areas and significant determinants associated with reduced mortality in newborns with LBW were identified, suggesting the need for intervention measures to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal. RESUMO Objetivo: O baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) é um problema de saúde pública e está fortemente associado à mortalidade infantil. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade infantil em recém-nascidos com BPN (750–2.500 g) a termo (≥37 semanas de gestação), por serem pequenos para a idade gestacional, analisando sua associação com determinantes relacionados à mãe, bem como identificar áreas prioritárias de mortalidade no Estado de São Paulo, 2010–2019. Métodos: A taxa de mortalidade infantil foi analisada na divisão da mortalidade neonatal e mortalidade pós-neonatal de recém-nascidos com BPN a termo. O método bayesiano empírico alisou as taxas, o índice de Moran univariado foi utilizado para medir o grau de associação espacial entre os municípios e o índice de Moran bivariado foi empregado para identificar a existência de associação espacial entre as taxas e os determinantes selecionados. Mapas temáticos de excesso de risco e Moran local foram elaborados para identificar aglomerados espaciais, adotando-se 5% como nível de significância. Resultados: O mapa de excesso de risco mostrou que mais de 30% dos municípios apresentaram taxas acima da taxa estadual. Aglomerados de alto risco foram identificados nas regiões sudoeste, sudeste e leste, principalmente entre os municípios mais desenvolvidos. Os determinantes mães adolescentes, mães acima de 34 anos, baixa escolaridade, índice de desenvolvimento humano, índice de vulnerabilidade social, produto interno bruto, médicos e leitos pediátricos apresentaram associação significativa com as taxas avaliadas. Conclusões: Foram identificadas áreas prioritárias e determinantes significativos associados à redução da mortalidade em recém-nascidos com BPN, sugerindo a necessidade de medidas de intervenção para atingir o Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável.

Regional neuraxial analgesia for pain relief during labor is a universally accepted, safe, and effective procedure involving administering medication into the epidural. Still, an adequate assessment requires continuous patient monitoring after catheter placement. This research introduces a cutting-edge semantic thermal image segmentation method emphasizing superior interpretability for regional neuraxial analgesia monitoring. Namely, we propose a novel Convolutional Random Fourier Features-based approach, termed CRFFg, and custom-designed layer-wise weighted class-activation maps created explicitly for foot segmentation. Our method aims to enhance three well-known semantic segmentation (FCN, UNet, and ResUNet). We have rigorously evaluated our methodology on a challenging dataset of foot thermal images from pregnant women who underwent epidural anesthesia. Its limited size and significant variability distinguish this dataset. Furthermore, our validation results indicate that our proposed methodology not only delivers competitive results in foot segmentation but also significantly improves the explainability of the process.

The comparative phylogeography of marine species with contrasting dispersal potential across the southern Caribbean Sea was evaluated by the presence of two putative barriers: the Magdale-na River plume (MRP) and the combination of the absence of a rocky bottom and permanent upwelling in the La Guajira Peninsula (ARB+PUG). Three species of rocky shallow bottoms were selected with different dispersal potentials: Acanthemblemaria rivasi (PLD < 22 days), Cittarium pica (PLD < 6 days), and Nerita tessellata (PLD > 60 days). We generated a set of SNPs for the three species using the ddRad-seq technique. Samples of each species were collected in five locations from Capurganá to La Guajira. For the first time, evidence of a phylogeographic break caused by MRP is provided, mainly for A. rivasi (AMOVA: ФCT = 0.420). The ARB+PUG barrier causes an-other break for A. rivasi (ФCT = 0.406) and C. pica (ФCT = 0.224). Three populations (K = 3) were identified for A. rivasi and C. pica, while N. tessellata presented one population (K = 1). The Mantel correlogram indicated that A. rivasi and C. pica fit the hierarchical population model, and only the A. rivasi and C. pica comparisons showed phylogeographic congruence. Our results demon-strate how the biological traits of these three species and the biogeographic barriers have influ-enced their phylogeographic structure.

Resumen En Chile existe un déficit de vivienda estructural que ha consolidado su aumento a pesar de la importante cantidad y montos otorgados como parte de la política habitacional, la cual se basa en la entrega de subsidios a la demanda. El presente artículo evalúa espacialmente la relación contradictoria entre esta política habitacional y variables socioeconómicas que permiten concluir que los subsidios no permiten romper con el proceso reproductivo del déficit habitacional. Para esto se aplica un estudio estadístico espacial en base a una regresión lineal múltiple para una evaluación preliminar y una regresión geográficamente ponderada para precisar los alcances territoriales de los resultados. El estudio se centra en la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, donde se concentra el 40% de la población nacional. Los hallazgos dan cuenta de la profunda contradicción entre la lógica subsidiaria, el fuerte desarrollo inmobiliario y el aumento del déficit habitacional, en un momento preciso dado los cambios a la constitución que se están desarrollando en Chile, para lo cual el derecho a la vivienda es uno de los aspectos que se deben incorporar la nueva carta magna de esa nación. Resumo No Chile há um déficit estrutural habitacional que consolidou seu aumento apesar do grande número e dos montantes concedidos como parte da política habitacional, que se baseia na entrega de subsídios à demanda. Este artigo avalia espacialmente a relação contraditória entre esta política habitacional e as variáveis socioeconômicas que nos permitem concluir que os subsídios não nos permitem romper o processo reprodutivo do déficit habitacional. Para este fim, um estudo estatístico espacial é aplicado com base em uma regressão linear múltipla para uma avaliação preliminar e uma regressão geograficamente ponderada para especificar o escopo territorial dos resultados. O estudo se concentra na cidade de Santiago do Chile, onde 40% da população nacional está concentrada. As descobertas revelam a profunda contradição entre a lógica da subsidiariedade, o forte desenvolvimento imobiliário e o aumento do déficit habitacional, em um momento preciso dado as mudanças na constituição que estão sendo desenvolvidas no Chile, para as quais o direito à moradia é um dos aspectos que devem ser incorporados à nova constituição da nação. Abstract In Chile there is a structural housing deficit that has consolidated its increase in spite of the significant number and amounts granted as part of the housing policy, which is based on the delivery of subsidies to the demand. This article spatially evaluates the contradictory relationship between this housing policy and socioeconomic variables that lead to the conclusion that subsidies do not allow breaking the reproductive process of the housing deficit. For this purpose, a spatial statistical study is applied based on a multiple linear regression for a preliminary evaluation and a geographically weighted regression to specify the territorial scope of the results. The study focuses on the city of Santiago de Chile, where 40% of the national population is concentrated. The findings show the profound contradiction between the subsidiary logic, the strong real estate development and the increase in the housing deficit, at a precise moment given the changes to the constitution that are being developed in Chile, for which the right to housing is one of the aspects to be incorporated in the new constitution of that nation.

Background Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an underrecognized genetic disorder associated mainly with pulmonary emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). All individuals with COPD regardless of age or ethnicity should be tested for AATD, but in Colombia its prevalence in unknown. Main objective To determine the prevalence of the genetic mutations, present in AATD in adult patients with COPD in Colombia, using a genotyping test on cells from the oral mucosa. Methods This was a multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study which included adult patients attending seven COPD care centres in Colombia. Demographic data, medical history, including history of exposure to smoking and biomass smoke, most recent spirometry, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment received, serum AAT levels, and mutations detected by the genotyping test were recorded for all the recruited patients. For the comparison of variables between the groups with and without mutation, we used the X2 test for the qualitative variables and the Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test according to their distribution. Main findings We collected a sample of 1,107 patients, the median age was 73.8 years (87.6–79.9). Mutations were documented in 144 patients (13.01%), the majority had the M/S mutation (78.50%), followed by M/Z (9.72%). One patient had a ZZ mutation and two patients had null alleles. In total, 23 patients had mutations associated with serum AAT deficiency (levels below 60 mg/dl). Conclusions Genetic mutations were documented in 13.01% of patients with COPD in Colombia and 2.07% were AATD-related, showing that there is a significant number of underdiagnosed patients.

Speech interfaces, such as personal assistants and screen readers, read image captions to users—but typically only one caption is available per image, which may not be adequate for all situations (e.g., browsing large quantities of images). Long captions provide a deeper understanding of an image but require more time to listen to, whereas shorter captions may not allow for such thorough comprehension, yet have the advantage of being faster to consume. We explore how to effectively collect both thumbnail captions—succinct image descriptions meant to be consumed quickly—and comprehensive captions—which allow individuals to understand visual content in greater detail; we consider text-based instructions and time-constrained methods to collect descriptions at these two levels of detail and find that a time-constrained method is the most effective for collecting thumbnail captions while preserving caption accuracy. Additionally, we verify that caption authors using this time-constrained method are still able to focus on the most important regions of an image by tracking their eye gaze. We evaluate our collected captions along human-rated axes—correctness, fluency, amount of detail, and mentions of important concepts—and discuss the potential for model-based metrics to perform large-scale automatic evaluations in the future.

Actualmente en el manejo diario de los Residuos Peligrosos Biológicos Infecciosos (RPBI’S) es muy común que se pierda su trazabilidad, situación que representa un alto riesgo de contagio para la población; desde los médicos, pacientes y sus familiares, y hasta el personal de las plantas de tratamiento y “pepenadores”. Lo anterior debido a que los RPBI’S se mezclan con Residuos Sólidos Urbanos, con Residuos de Manejo Especial y en algunos casos con Residuos Peligrosos. La dificultad para realizar su identificación radica en que después de revisar el marco jurídico ambiental en materia de residuos peligrosos, desde las leyes correspondientes hasta las normas oficiales mexicanas implicadas, se encontró que no existe ningún procedimiento y/o prueba científica para identificar de forma cuantitativa la característica Biológica-Infecciosa. En el análisis CRETIB incluido en la NOM-052-SEMARNAT-2005 para identificar la “B” se te referencia inmediatamente a la NOM-087-SEMARNAT-SSA1-2002, en la cual sólo se manejan las definiciones textuales de Residuo Peligroso Biológico Infeccioso y de Agente Biológico Infeccioso, únicamente considerando características cualitativas, tales como: vía de entrada, hospedero susceptible, ambiente propicio, concentraciones suficientes (inoculo). Otra situación de alto riesgo es que desde 1996 se están autorizando sistemas de tratamiento de RPBI’S sin conocer su eficiencia, de tal forma que se desconoce si los microorganismos, virus y/o bacterias presentes en el residuo fueron eliminados; situación que toma mayor relevancia al conocerse producto de esta investigación, los virus, bacterias y microorganismos más peligrosos para la salud, presentes en enfermedades infecto contagiosas y con mayores porcentajes de incidencia en los hospitales del país.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main complications of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The ESC/ESA 2019 lipid guide has led to a change in dyslipidemia control. We analyze the evolution of the lipid profile, the fulfillment of the low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) targets, how patients are classified and the impact of this guide on lipid control in T2D patients.A prospective cohort study from 2017 to 2020 from a cohort of 297 T2D out of a total of 1229 (95% confidence level). We classified patients according to their cardiovascular risk and whether they met or not their LDL-C goal.Age 62.58±10.68 years; 52.79% men. Mean LDL-C levels 116.2 at baseline and 100.2mg/dL at 4 years (P.001). They met their individualized LDL-C target after publication of the guide: 57 (21.67%). There were more controls who were under 65 years (57.9 vs. 36.9%; P.01; RR 0.83), men (66.7 vs. 49.5%; P.05; RR 0.86) and smokers (17.5 vs. 7.8%; P.05). A percentage of 74.23 had a high cardiovascular risk and a target LDL-C70mg/dL.Since the publication of the ESC/ESA 2019 lipid guide, a decrease in LDL-C levels has been observed. Only one in 5 patients fulfill their individualized LDL-C target. Male patients, under 65 years of age and smokers presented an advantage in meeting their goal. Most T2D patients have a high cardiovascular risk, and the predominant LDL-C target is less than 70mg/dL.

El desempeño empresarial está determinado por factores estructurales que caracterizan al entorno en el que la organización se desenvuelve, sobre los cuales las firmas no pueden incidir de manera directa, y factores endógenos que responden a la gestión estratégica de la empresa; por lo tanto, sus resultados son explicados por las acciones de la gerencia y sus capacidades. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la influencia de las cualidades gerenciales sobre el desempeño empresarial, para lo cual se analizan las empresas pertenecientes a cuatro sectores manufactureros representativos del Ecuador. Se estima un modelo de regresión que explica el desempeño empresarial mediante variables como el género, formación académica, afinidad de la formación y tiempo de permanencia en el cargo de la gerencia. Los resultados indican que el género femenino, la afinidad de la formación académica y la permanencia en el cargo se relacionan positivamente con el desempeño empresarial.

Este artículo se propone identificar los rasgos más relevantes de la propuesta de los campos de sentido, así como señalar algunas de las posibles paradojas que encierra. Para tal fin, se comienza introduciendo la propuesta en el marco amplio del realismo especulativo; posteriormente, se señalan las ideas más relevantes de los campos de sentido, en especial, su adscripción al realismo ontológico y epistemológico; finalmente, se sugieren algunas paradojas presentes en dicha propuesta. En cuanto perspectiva original, se considera que los campos de sentido aportan a la fundamentación epistemológica de las ciencias humanas.

Background: Preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) is defined as a FEV1 of less than 80% predicted and a FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of 0·70 or higher. Previous research has indicated that PRISm is associated with respiratory symptoms and is a precursor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, these findings are based on relatively small selective cohorts with short follow-up. We aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, clinical implications, and mortality of PRISm in a large adult general population. Methods: For this cohort analysis, we used data from the UKBiobank to assess PRISm prevalence, risk factors and associated symptoms, and associated comorbidities in a large adult population. Participants with spirometry deemed acceptable by an investigator (best measure FEV1 and FVC values) at baseline were included. Participants were excluded if they did not have acceptable spirometry or were missing data on body-mass index or smoking status. Control spirometry was defined as a FEV1 of 80% or more predicted and a FEV1/FVC ratio of 0·70 or higher. Airflow obstruction was defined as a FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 0·70. We used multivariable regression to determine risk factors for PRISm and associated comorbidities. Individuals who lived within close proximity to an assessment centre were invited for follow-up, with repeat spirometry. Only participants who had been included at baseline were examined in follow-up. This allowed for a longitudinal analysis of PRISm over time and risk factors for transition to airflow obstruction. We also did the survival analysis for a 12-year period. Findings: Participants were recruited by UK Biobank between Dec 19, 2006, and Oct 10, 2010. We included 351 874 UK Biobank participants (189 247 women and 162 627 men) in our study, with a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 8·0–10·0). 38 639 (11·0%) of 351 874 participants had PRISm at baseline. After adjustment, PRISm was strongly associated with obesity (odds ratio [OR] 2·40 [2·26–2·55], p < 0·0001), current smoking (1·48 [1·36–1·62], p < 0·0001), and patient reported doctor-diagnosed asthma (1·76 [1·66–1·88], p < 0·0001). Other risk factors identified included female sex, being overweight, trunk fat mass, and trunk fat percentage. PRISm was strongly associated with symptoms and comorbidity including increased risk of breathlessness (adjusted OR 2·0 [95% CI 1·91–2·14], p < 0·0001) and cardiovascular disease (adjusted OR 1·71 [1·64–1·83], p < 0·0001 for heart attack). Longitudinal analysis showed that 241 (12·2%) of 1973 participants who had PRISm at baseline had transitioned to airflow obstruction consistent with COPD. PRISm was associated with increased all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 1·61 [95% CI 1·53–1·69], p < 0·0001) versus control participants. Interpretation: PRISm was associated with breathlessness, multimorbidity, and increased risk of death, which does not seem to be explained by smoking, obesity, or existing lung disease. Although for many patients PRISm is transient, it is important to understand which individuals are at risk of progressive lung function abnormalities. Further research into the genetic, structural and functional pathophysiology of PRISm is warranted. Funding: UK Medical Research Council and University of Bristol.

Resumen Este artículo de reflexión tiene como objetivo explorar la tensión entre el sufrimiento como acontecimiento enigmático y su posibilidad de rememoración. La estrategia utilizada para ello inicia con dos metáforas que permiten establecerla diferencia entre dos versiones de enigma: una débil o comprehensiva del sufrimiento, y una fuerte o radical del mismo. Posteriormente, a partir de algunos trabajos del filósofo Emmanuel Levinas, se considera la versión radical del enigma en confrontación con la tentativa de reducir el sufrimiento a esquemas cognitivos asimilados a una comprensión estereotipada. Finalmente, se pregunta acerca del sentido de rememorar el sufrimiento, aduciendo algunos apuntes respecto a su inutilidad, pero conservando su carácter de perturbación, interrupción y exceso. El resultado del artículo consistirá en una contribución a los intentos por hacer justicia a las personas víctimas frente a la totalización del sistema que los hace personajes bajo la máscara de la representación. Abstract This reflection article explores the tension between suffering as an enigmatic event and its possibility of remembrance. The strategy used for this begins with two metaphors that allow us to establish the difference between two versions of the enigma: a weak or comprehensive version of suffering, and a strong or radical version of it. Subsequently, based on some works by the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, the radical version of the enigma is considered in confrontation with the attempt to reduce suffering to cognitive schemes, assimilating it to a stereotyped understanding. Finally, it wonders about the meaning of recalling suffering, adducing some notes regarding its uselessness, but preserving its character of disturbance, interruption, and excess. The result of the article will consist of a contribution to the attempts to do justice to the victims against the totalization of the system that makes them characters under the mask of representation. Resumo Este artigo de reflexão tem como objetivo explorar a tensão entre o sofrimento como evento enigmático e sua possibilidade de rememoraçâo. A estratégia utilizada para isso começa com duas metáforas que nos permitem estabelecer a diferença entre duas versões do enigma: uma versão fraca ou abrangente do sofrimento e uma versão forte ou radical dele. Posteriormente, com base em alguns trabalhos do filósofo Emmanuel Levinas, a versão radical do enigma é considerada em confronto com a tentativa de reduziro sofrimento a esquemas cognitivos, assimilando-o a uma compreensão estereotipada. Por fim, interroga-se sobre o significado de recordar o sofrimento, aduzindo algumas notas sobre sua inutilidade, mas preservando seu caráter de perturbação, interrupção e excesso. 0 resultado do artigo consistirá em uma contribuição às tentativas de fazer justiça às vítimas contra a totalizaçâo do sistema que as torna personagens sob a máscara da representação.

Successfully gene editing (GE) in Prunus spp. has been delayed due to its woody nature presenting additional difficulties in both, proper regeneration protocols and designing efficient gene transfer techniques. The availability of adequate, single cell culture techniques for GE such as protoplast regeneration, is a limiting step for the genus and for this reason, the improvement of regular regeneration protocols and finding more efficient techniques for the delivery of the “editing reagents” seem to be a reasonable strategy to incorporate GE in the genus. During the last 10 years, we have focused our efforts optimizing some previous regeneration and gene transfer procedures for Japanese plum (P. salicina), sweet cherry (P. avium) and peach (P. persica) to incorporate them into a GE technology on these species. In parallel, delivery techniques for the CRISPR/Cas9 editing components, i.e., guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9, have been developed with the aim of improving gene targeting efficiencies. In that line, using DNA virus-based replicons provides a significant improvement, as their replicational release from their carriers enables their enhanced expression. Here, we make a brief overview of the tissue culture and regeneration protocols we have developed for P. salicina, P. avium and P. persica, and then we proceed to describe the use of Bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)-derived replicon vectors to express the editing reagents in vivo and to evaluate their editing capability on individuals derived from Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer experiments of these species. We show part of our characterization assays using new BeYDV-derived vectors harboring multiple gRNAs, the Cas9 gene, and the green fluorescent protein reporter gene. We also describe a dedicated genome analysis tool, by which gRNA pairs can be designed to address gene deletions of the target genes and to predict off-target sequences. Finally, as an example, we show the general results describing GE of the peach TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene and some preliminary characterizations of these materials.

Introducción: el financiamiento de los sistemas de salud ha sido el principal objetivo de las políticas públicas, sobre todo por la utilización de recursos escasos; es necesario que las nuevas intervenciones sanitarias demuestren, además de garantizar su eficacia terapéutica, que son eficientes. Objetivo: realizar una revisión exhaustiva de la metodología utilizada a propósito de medir la eficiencia técnica en el sector de la salud. Metodología: se desarrolló una descripción extensa sobre el sistema de salud en el Ecuador y una profunda indagación bibliográfica sobre el DEA, complementando el análisis y síntesis de observaciones particulares y de teorías generales para establecer conclusiones probables y válidas. Resultados: el DEA se muestra como la metodología que mejor capta la eficiencia en el uso de recursos, fundamentalmente por su versatilidad al incorporar una amplia cantidad de variables de diferente índole y medida, resultando importante por la poca disponibilidad y heterogeneidad de la información existente, calculando y analizando la eficiencia técnica de acuerdo a las necesidades del investigador o a la disponibilidad de datos. Conclusiones: la investigación describe de manera clara la metodología DEA y particularmente, la importancia y versatilidad que tiene en la medida de la eficiencia técnica en el sector de la salud.

Desde la aparición del brote en China, se ha informado que la neumonía por coronavirus impacta más la mortalidad en pacientes adulto mayores y con comorbilidades, entre la cual está la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y el tabaquismo. En Colombia, el primer caso apareció el 6 de marzo de 2020, y el riesgo de contraer la enfermedad en este país es alto. Se reconoce que las personas con EPOC se encuentran entre las más afectadas por COVID-19, y debe tratarse de minimizar el impacto de la infección (1). Aunque no fue tan alta la cantidad de pacientes con EPOC que se infectaron con coronavirus en Wuhan, la mayoría de estos requirió ingresar a unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) (2). Durante esta pandemia, la prevención de la nueva neumonía por COVID-19 en pacientes con EPOC se ha convertido en una prioridad para las diferentes asociaciones, concientizando al paciente con EPOC. Estos individuos tienen 6,4 veces más probabilidad de desarrollar una enfermedad grave, y 17,8 veces más probabilidades de necesitar manejo en la unidad de cuidado intensivo que la población general (3).

Resumen Objetivos Conocer la prevalencia de enfermedad renal cronica (ERC) y determinar los factores asociados al deterioro de la funcion renal en poblacion asistida en atencion primaria. Pacientes y metodo Estudio transversal y multicentrico realizado en los pacientes basales del estudio IBERICAN (identificacion de la poblacion espanola de riesgo cardiovascular y renal). Se considero ERC a un filtrado glomerular estimado (FGe) Resultados Se incluyeron 7.895 pacientes (edad media 57,9 ± 14,8 anos; 54,5% mujeres). El 14,4% (IC 95%: 13,6-15,1) presentaba ERC; en hombres un 16,1% (IC 95%: 14,9-17,3) y en mujeres un 12,9% (IC 95%: 11,9-14,0). Se observo un aumento continuo de la prevalencia con la edad (24,8% ≥ 65 anos) y con la agregacion de FRCV. Las variables que mas se asociaron a la probabilidad de padecer ERC fueron hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (OR: 1,95; p Conclusiones Catorce de cada 100 pacientes incluidos en el estudio IBERICAN presenta ERC. La prevalencia de ERC afecta a la cuarta parte de pacientes ≥ 65 anos y aumenta exponencialmente con la agregacion de FRCV.

To assess the role of cervical length when predicting vaginal delivery after a previous cesarean section (CS) in women with low Bishop score following the use of a double-balloon catheter for induction of labor (IOL).A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted at a large teaching hospital in Santiago to recruit pregnant women at term with a previous CS and Bishop score ≤6 for IOL with a double-balloon catheter. The device was maintained for up to 24 h and the patient continued IOL with oxytocin only if the Bishop score was6. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded and compared against vaginal delivery as the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare perinatal demographic and clinical variables in women achieving vaginal delivery versus those having a repeat CS.The final cohort included 40 pregnant women. Women achieving vaginal delivery (Cervical length, as determined by transvaginal sonography, proved to be effective in predicting vaginal delivery in women with a previous CS and low Bishop score following the use of a double-balloon catheter for IOL.

espanolLos recursos que disponen las empresas y los resultados que obtienen, determinan su situacion financiera y desempeno economico, reflejados en sus estados financieros. La funcion gerencial ejerce un rol fundamental para la maximizacion del valor empresarial, mediante el liderazgo, direccion y la acertada toma de decisiones; de forma que, las cualidades de la persona que administra una empresa repercuten en sus resultados. Esta investigacion tiene como objetivo evaluar la gestion financiera de los cuatro sectores economicos mas importantes de la industria manufacturera del Ecuador: Carnico, Textil, Bebidas y Muebles, durante el periodo 2013 – 2018, y estudiar su relacion con la gerencia, a traves de la cuantificacion y analisis de sus cualidades, tales como genero, permanencia en el cargo, formacion academica y afinidad. Se utilizaron los estados financieros reportados por las empresas ante la Superintendencia de Companias, Valores y Seguros del Ecuador. La gestion financiera se evaluo mediante la aplicacion y comparacion de razones financieras, con la finalidad de estudiar su comportamiento y evolucion, al identificar las principales similitudes y diferencias. Los resultados muestran una participacion mayoritaria del genero masculino en la gerencia de los cuatro sectores estudiados. El indice de endeudamiento es superior cuando la gerencia posee formacion universitaria, lo que evidencia que la preparacion academica incide en la capacidad de asumir mayores riesgos. Las empresas cuyos gerentes poseen formacion afin, presentan mayores niveles de liquidez, lo que muestra mejores estrategias financieras de corto plazo. EnglishThe resources available to companies and the results they obtain determine their financial situation and economic performance, reflected in their financial statements. The managerial function plays a fundamental role for the maximization of business value, through leadership, direction, and correct decision-making; so that, the qualities of the person who manages a company have an impact on its results. This research aims to evaluate the financial management of the four most important economic sectors of the Ecuadorian manufacturing industry: meat, textile, beverage and furniture, during the period 2013 - 2018, and to study their relationship with management, through the quantification and analysis of their qualities, such as gender, permanence in office, academic training and affinity. The financial statements reported by the companies to the Superintendency of Companies, Securities and Insurance of Ecuador were used. Financial management was evaluated by applying and comparing financial ratios, to study its behavior and evolution, by identifying the main similarities and differences. The results show a majority participation of the male gender in the management of the four sectors studied. The indebtedness index is higher when management has a university education, which shows that academic preparation affects the ability to take greater risks. Companies whose managers have related training have higher levels of liquidity, which shows better short-term financial strategies.

PurposeThis article is based on the assumption that entrepreneurship improves quality of life (HDI). Its main objective is to establish causal relationships between entrepreneurship variables such as credits, innovation (R&D), business growth, foreign direct investment and the Global Competitiveness Index and how these have influenced a country's development.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse and validate this assumption, relevant information has been extracted about Ecuador (the subject of the study) for the 1998–2017 period. The information has received the respective econometric treatment, through a multivariate estimation by the autoregressive vector (ARV) method that made it possible to establish impulse-response functions.ResultsThe results indicate that there is a significant and positive statistical impact between the variables related to entrepreneurship and quality of life (HDI), with the exception of “Innovation”, which is not representative in the model, demonstrating that the investment made at country level in R&D is not sufficient to have an impact on the HDI. It was also determined that promoting entrepreneurship would be useful as this would alter the trend of the variables, making them conducive to increasing the HDI.Originality/valueThis article is one of the few to address this issue. It includes the self-regressive vector model as a key methodology used to evaluate and establish public policies. RVM has provided positive results in the field of economics and can be adopted in the area of entrepreneurship.

From the analysis of the Wave 5 National Income Dynamics Study – Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey 2021 dataset, the study conducted in South Africa, we developed a model of analysis based on three dimensions, namely, subjective well-being, material living conditions, and importance attributed to education during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional analysis of the data for Gauteng area indicates that the dimension of subjective well-being of families in South Africa—even in relation to the factors such as conditions of deprivation (e.g., hunger)—does not necessarily influence the importance the respondents attach to their children’s education, this as reflected in whether or not they send them to school when COVID-19 restrictions allowed for schools to come back to face-to-face teaching. Subjective well-being of parents and guardians is, however, a predictor of concern about their children’s education and future. Our working hypothesis is that, although there is little evidence that subjective well-being has a significant association with the respondents’ willingness for their children to continue their schooling, there is a significant indirect effect of subjective well-being—which is especially determined by the gender as well as of the living material conditions—and the greater or lesser importance that the respondents attribute to their children’s education. Likewise, and in more general terms, subjective well-being is clearly related to gender, with women having the lowest levels of subjective well-being.

Este trabajo analiza diferentes dimensiones críticas de la escritura de Roberto Fernández Retamar. La hipótesis que nos guía es que en los textos anticoloniales del poeta cubano se intuye una lectura heterogénea y no esencialista de la cultura latinoamericana, la cual se imbrica con una elaboración del concepto-metáfora de Caliban capaz de desorganizar las dicotomías culturales de la modernidad colonial. En la primera parte constatamos cómo la particularidad de su “Caliban” consiste en su capacidad de resistir a cualquier derivación cultural y escritural unilineal, logrando discurrir en sintonía con lo que Jacques Derrida define como la différance. Después reflexionamos sobre el humanismo tejido por Fernández Retamar con el mentado tropo: un humanismo anticolonial ideado desde una relación de agresividad entre lo “propio” y lo “ajeno”. Finalmente analizamos el impacto de la noción de “posoccidentalismo” propuesta por el cubano en los principales resortes críticos del poscolonialismo latinoamericano. Concluimos cómo Caliban, en tanto símbolo, no es una autoridad de lo absoluto. Por el contrario, es una herramienta que busca deshacer los modos escriturales y epistemológicos ofrecidos por la cultura occidental, y que toma forma, dentro de la obra de Fernández Retamar, en un humanismo anticolonial y posoccidental aún en ciernes.

The goal of this research is to analyze the different critical dimensions of the writing of Roberto Fernández Retamar. We are guided by the hypothesis that in the anti-colonial texts of the Cuban poet, one intuits a heterogeneous and non-essentialist reading of the Latin-American culture, which is embedded with the elaboration of a metaphoric concept of Caliban, able to disorganize the cultural dichotomies of the colonial modernity. In the first part, we verified how the particularity of “Caliban” consists in his capacity of resisting any cultural derivation and unilateral writing, being related with what Jacques Derrida defines as différence. Secondly, we reflect on the humanism developed by Fernández Retamar with the well-known trope: the anticolonial humanism conceived from a relationship of aggressiveness between the “own” and the “other”. Finally, we analyzed the impact of the notion “posoccidentalismo” suggested by the Cuban in his criticism of the Latin-American post colonialism. We agree with Caliban; a symbol is not an authority of the absolute. On the contrary, it is a tool that wants to undo scriptural and epistemic modes offered by the western culture, and that takes form, within the work of Fernández Retamar, in an anticolonial and post western humanism, which is still budding.

espanolEl proposito de este articulo consiste en responder afirmativamente a la pregunta por la posibilidad de la objetividad en las ciencias humanas. Se comienza planteando que, pese a su aparente anacronismo, la discusion sobre la objetividad se torna vigente frente al desafio que plantea a la epistemologia la nocion de posverdad. Posteriormente, se reconstruyen algunas versiones de objetividad presentes en la literatura. A continuacion, se exponen y discuten algunas posturas respecto a la posibilidad de la objetividad en las ciencias humanas y se evalua no solo su consistencia, sino tambien las consecuencias que estas tienen para las ciencias humanas. Finalmente, se proponen algunas ideas para la constitucion de un concepto plausible de objetividad para las ciencias humanas. Se espera que este trabajo abra rutas para la exploracion sistematica de un programa de epistemologia de las ciencias humanas comprometido con un marco realista de investigacion EnglishThis paper aims to answer affirmatively the question about the possibility of objectivity in the human sciences. I firstly claim that, though their seemly anachronism, the discussion on objectivity is valid in front of the challenge that puts the notion of post-truth to epistemology. Then, I reconstruct some views about objectivity from the literature. Next, I show and discuss some views about the possibility of the objectivity in the human sciences and I assess both their consistency as the consequences that they have to the human sciences. Finally, I propose some ideas for the constitution of a plausible concept of objectivity for the human sciences. I hope this paper open routes to the systematic exploration of an epistemological program for the human sciences committed with a realistic framework of research.

This article identifies the spatial correlation between the social determinants of health in the housing area (housing prices, overcrowding, poor-quality building materials, and household socioeconomic vulnerability) and the spread of COVID-19 in Santiago de Chile. The research used data from the 2017 Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Chile and data on confirmed cases of COVID-19 (PCR) by communes provided by/obtained from Chile’s Ministry of Health. The article provides a two-fold examination/analysis of the spatial correlation using the Pearson measure to observe how the virus spread from areas with high-quality housing in the early stage of the contagion to then become concentrated in areas with low-quality of housing. The second examination/analysis is a multiple linear regression to identify the housing factors that inform virus propagation. The test results show that of the four social determinants of health relating to housing assessed here, housing prices is the variable that best predicts how the social determinants of health based on housing explain the progress of the pandemic for the Santiago case, following the collinearity factors according to the data used in this study. The conclusions suggest that public policy should treat housing quality as a factor in public health and health risks that needs to be addressed with a transdisciplinary approach to urban planning in Chile.

Discutimos las complejidades críticas de lo que el psiquiatra martiniqués Frantz Fanon definió como la zona de no-ser en su estudio Piel negra, máscaras blancas de 1952. En un primer instante, nos detenemos en los principales núcleos exegéticos de la zona de no-ser que se vinculan con la experiencia límite del cuerpo negro aludido por Fanon. Constatamos en un segundo momento cómo, lo que el autor define bajo el nombre de sociogenia, se entronca con un análisis histórico existencial del cuerpo racializado. El análisis del "doble narcisismo" y los procesos de epidermización explicitados por Fanon nos permiten concluir, en un tercer instante, que la zona de no-ser potencia la interrogación descolonial de un cuerpo epidermizado sobre el racismo y los repartos binarios de identidad. We discuss the critical complexities of what the Martinican psychiatrist Frantz Fanon defined as the zone of non-being in his study Black Skin, White Masks from 1952. In a first moment, we stop at the main exegetical nuclei of the zone of non-being that are linked to the limit experience of the black body alluded to by Fanon. We verify in a second moment how what the author defines under the name of sociogeny is connected with an existential historical analysis of the racialized body. The analysis of the "double narcissism" and the epidermalization processes made explicit by Fanon allow us to conclude, in a third moment, that the zone of non-being enhances the decolonial interrogation of an epidermized body about racism and binary distributions of identity.