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Dataset and R code from a study that investigated the competition between two species that live in sympatry: the invasive Podarcis siculus and the native Podarcis virescens.

TheMediterranean Basin has experienced extensive change in geology and climate over the past sixmillion years. Yet, the relative importance of key geological events for the distribution and genetic structure of the Mediterranean fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we use population genomic and phylogenomic analyses to establish the evolutionary history and genetic structure of common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). This species is particularly informative because, in contrast to other Mediterranean lizards, it is widespread across the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas, and in extra-Mediterranean regions. We found strong support for six major lineages within P. muralis, which were largely discordant with the phylogenetic relationship of mitochondrial DNA. The most recent common ancestor of extant P. muralis was likely distributed in the Italian Peninsula, and experienced an “Out-of-Italy” expansion following the Messinian salinity crisis (similar to 5 Mya), resulting in the differentiation into the extant lineages on the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan Peninsulas. Introgression analysis revealed that both inter- and intraspecific gene flows have been pervasive throughout the evolutionary history of P. muralis. For example, the Southern Italy lineage has a hybrid origin, formed through admixture between the Central Italy lineage and an ancient lineage that was the sister to all other P. muralis. More recent genetic differentiation is associated with the onset of the Quaternary glaciations, which influenced population dynamics and genetic diversity of contemporary lineages. These results demonstrate the pervasive role of Mediterranean geology and climate for the evolutionary history and population genetic structure of extant species.

International audience; Abstract The Mediterranean Basin has experienced extensive change in geology and climate over the past six million years. Yet, the relative importance of key geological events for the distribution and genetic structure of the Mediterranean fauna remains poorly understood. Here, we use population genomic and phylogenomic analyses to establish the evolutionary history and genetic structure of common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). This species is particularly informative because, in contrast to other Mediterranean lizards, it is widespread across the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas, and in extra-Mediterranean regions. We found strong support for six major lineages within P. muralis, which were largely discordant with the phylogenetic relationship of mitochondrial DNA. The most recent common ancestor of extant P. muralis was likely distributed in the Italian Peninsula, and experienced an “Out-of-Italy” expansion following the Messinian salinity crisis (∼5 Mya), resulting in the differentiation into the extant lineages on the Iberian, Italian and Balkan peninsulas. Introgression analysis revealed that both inter- and intraspecific gene flows have been pervasive throughout the evolutionary history of P. muralis. For example, the Southern Italy lineage has a hybrid origin, formed through admixture between the Central Italy lineage and an ancient lineage that was the sister to all other P. muralis. More recent genetic differentiation is associated with the onset of the Quaternary glaciations, which influenced population dynamics and genetic diversity of contemporary lineages. These results demonstrate the pervasive role of Mediterranean geology and climate for the evolutionary history and population genetic structure of extant species.

Reptiles - Orden Squamata - Familia Lacertidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/., A comprehensive review of the natural history of the Lusitanian Wall Lizard Podarcis lusitanicus in Spain.

The importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) in shaping geographical distributions has been debated since the nineteenth century. In terrestrial vertebrates, LDD events across large water bodies are considered highly improbable, but organismal traits affecting dispersal capacity are generally not taken into account. Here, we focus on a recent lizard radiation and combine a summary-coalescent species tree based on 1225 exons with a probabilistic model that links dispersal capacity to an evolving trait, to investigate whether ecological specialization has influenced the probability of trans-oceanic dispersal. Cryptoblepharus species that occur in coastal habitats have on average dispersed 13 to 14 times more frequently than non-coastal species and coastal specialization has, therefore, led to an extraordinarily widespread distribution that includes multiple continents and distant island archipelagoes. Furthermore, their presence across the Pacific substantially predates the age of human colonization and we can explicitly reject the possibility that these patterns are solely shaped by human-mediated dispersal. Overall, by combining new analytical methods with a comprehensive phylogenomic dataset, we use a quantitative framework to show how coastal specialization can influence dispersal capacity and eventually shape geographical distributions at a macroevolutionary scale.

Significance Reptiles show an amazing color diversity based on variation in melanins, carotenoids, and pterins. This study reveals genes controlling differences between three color morphs (white, orange, and yellow) in the common wall lizard. Orange pigmentation, due to high levels of orange/red pterins in skin, is caused by genetic changes in the sepiapterin reductase gene. Yellow skin, showing high levels of yellow carotenoids, is controlled by the beta-carotene oxygenase 2 locus. Thus, the color polymorphism in the common wall lizard is associated with changes in two small regions of the genome containing genes with crucial roles in pterin and carotenoid metabolism. These genes are likely to have pleiotropic effects on behavior and other traits associated with the different color morphs., Reptiles use pterin and carotenoid pigments to produce yellow, orange, and red colors. These conspicuous colors serve a diversity of signaling functions, but their molecular basis remains unresolved. Here, we show that the genomes of sympatric color morphs of the European common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), which differ in orange and yellow pigmentation and in their ecology and behavior, are virtually undifferentiated. Genetic differences are restricted to two small regulatory regions near genes associated with pterin [sepiapterin reductase (SPR)] and carotenoid [beta-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2)] metabolism, demonstrating that a core gene in the housekeeping pathway of pterin biosynthesis has been coopted for bright coloration in reptiles and indicating that these loci exert pleiotropic effects on other aspects of physiology. Pigmentation differences are explained by extremely divergent alleles, and haplotype analysis revealed abundant transspecific allele sharing with other lacertids exhibiting color polymorphisms. The evolution of these conspicuous color ornaments is the result of ancient genetic variation and cross-species hybridization.

Tesis Univ. Granada.

Factors driving the spatial patterns of communities of sedentary organisms are still poorly understood. In this context parthenogenetic animals are useful to test the contribution of sexual and interspecific interactions on spatial patterns. As such, mixed communities of asexual and sexual species are expected to be spatially organized as a single sexual species, with sexes randomly distributed and mutually independent. During the reproductive period, we determined the instantaneous spatial structure in a community of Darevskia rock lizards from Armenia composed of one sexual species (D. valentini), two asexual species (D. armeniaca, D. unisexualis), and their hybrids. We also analysed the specific composition of clusters and the species segregation by habitat. We used the Ripley’s K distance function to measure clustering spatial patterns, and the Delaunay’s triangulation to identify the clusters and their specific composition. We estimated the spatial segregation among species by calculating the overlap between species pairs, by comparing pairwise distances from males to other males and from males to females, and by comparing the frequencies of both sexes and reproduction modes (asexual and sexual) in plant cover and height using log-linear models. Species displayed a clustered spatial structure, with parthenogens (mainly D. armeniaca) or their hybrids in all clusters. Females and males were concentrated in areas with medium plant cover. D. armeniaca and D. valentini were the species with the highest overlap. Males were closer to males than to females. This community displays an instantaneous spatial pattern resembling a population of a single sexual species. Spatial statistics offer new insights to analyse the spatial structure of species communities., Acta Herpetologica, Vol 13 No 2 (2018)

Saberi-Pirooz, Reihaneh, Ahmadzadeh, Faraham, Ataei, Saeedeh, Taati, Mehrnaz, Qashqaei, Ali Turk, Carretero, Miguel A. (2018): A phylogenetic assessment of the meadow lizard Darevskia praticola (Eversmann, 1834) from Iran. Zootaxa 4441 (1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4441.1.2

Carretero, Miguel A., García-Muñoz, Enrique, Argaña, Elena, Freitas, Susana, Corti, Claudia, Arakelyan, Marine, Sillero, Neftalí (2018): Parthenogenetic Darevskia lizards mate frequently if they have the chance: a quantitative analysis of copulation marks in a sympatric zone. Journal of Natural History 52 (7-8): 405-413, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1435832, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1435832

Table S1. Sampling locations and prevalence values. (DOCX 31 kb)

Figure S1. Networks of the haemogregarine haplotypes infecting Gallotia, Chalcides (a) and Tarentola lizards (b). Represented is the network estimations performed with TCS. Black nodes represent mutations, while coloured ones correspond to the sequences of Canarian haemogregarines (colours match the ones used in Fig. 3), and the white ones correspond to the remaining samples. The network of a includes the samples of the haemogregarine clade from lacertid, snake, skink and varanid hosts (as identified in Additional file 4: Table S4) and b includes the samples of the clade from gecko hosts. (PDF 911 kb)

Table S3. GenBank codes and additional information on the genetic sequences used for the phylogenetic analyses. (DOCX 26 kb)

Table S4 Statistical summary of the variation of haemogregarine prevalence and parasitaemia from Canarian lizards. (DOCX 18 kb)

Table S2. Uncorrected p-distances between the nine haemogregarine haplotypes discovered in the Canarian lizards. (DOCX 13 kb)

The systematics of the genus Acanthodactylus was classically based on external morphological traits, osteological characters and morphology of the hemipenes. Although the identification of species complexes is relatively easy, the distinction within some groups is difficult due to a high variability of the external morphology. Partial mitochondrial (12S and 16S rRNA) sequences (371 and 499 base pairs, respectively) were analysed from 32 specimens of the A. pardalis group from northern Africa including the described species A. busacki, A. maculatus, A. mechriguensis and A. pardalis. Several highly distinct genetic units were resolved, but with little support for relationships between them. These units did not coincide with current taxonomic units, but showed geographic structuring. Although the A. pardalis group displays significant variation, the present taxonomy of the group must be considered unsatisfactory since it is not supported by genetic evidence. For some forms, such as A. mechriguensis there is no support and it is suggested that it should be synonymized with A. maculatus. More data are clearly needed for other forms. Complex microevolutionary patterns due to the recent contraction/ expansion phases of the Sahara Desert probably are related with the phylogenetic patterns observed.Key words: Acanthodactylus pardalis, phylogeny, North Africa, mitochondrial DNA.

Reptiles - Orden Squamata - Familia Lacertidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/., A comprehensive review of the natural history of the Betic lizard Timon nevadensis in Spain.

Reptiles - Orden Squamata - Familia Lacertidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/., A comprehensive review of the natural history of the Virescent Wall Lizard Podarcis virescens in Spain.

Reptiles - Orden Squamata - Familia Lacertidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/., V. 1 (2015-11-05)., A comprehensive review of the natural history of the Guadarrama Wall Lizard Podarcis guadarramae in Spain.

Reptiles - Orden Squamata - Familia Lacertidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/., A comprehensive review of the natural history of the Lusitanian Wall Lizard Podarcis guadarramae in Spain.

Background & Aims: To design and develop a nutritional application for smartphones and tablets with Android ® operating system for using to in- and outpatients that need a nutritional assessment. To check the validity of the results of such software. Methods: The application was compiled for version 2.1 of the Android® operating system from Google®. A cohort of 30 patients was included for evaluating the reliability of the application. The calculations were performed by staff of the Nutrition Unit of the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, manually and through e-Nutrimet© software on a smartphone and a tablet. Results: Concordance was absolute between results of different methods obtained using e-Nutrimet© on a smartphone and a tablet (Fleiss index κ = 1). The same level of concordance was obtained by comparing handmade and e-Nutrimet© made results. Conclusions: The degree of correlation is good, and it would be extended to all healthcare staff who wants to determine whether a patient has malnutrition, or not. The nutritional assessment software e-Nutrimet© does not replace healthcare staff in any case, but could be an important aid in assessing patients who may be in risk of malnutrition, saving time of evaluation. Introduccion y objetivos: Disenar y desarrollar una aplicacion nutricional para smartphones y tablets con Sistema operativo AndroidR para realizar las valoraciones nutricionales de pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados. Verificar y comprobar la validez de los resultados de la aplicacion. Metodos: La aplicacion se compile para la version 2.1 del Sistema operativo Android® de Google®. Para evaluar la fiabilidad de la aplicacion se incluyeron a 30 pacientes, a los que se le realizo una valoracion nutricional. Todos los calculos fueron efectuados por personal de la Unidad de Nutricion del Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, de forma manual y a traves del software e-Nutrimet c, tanto usando un Smartphone como una tablet. Resultados: Se obtuvo una concordancia absoluta entre los resultados de los diferentes metodos obtenidos utilizando la aplicacion e-Nutrimet© en smartphones y en tablets (Fleiss index κ = 1). El mismo nivel de concordancia se obtuvo comparando el metodo manual como el automatizado mediante el software e-Nutrimet©. Conclusiones: El grado de correlacion es muy bueno, permitiendo extender la valoracion nutricional usando e-Nutrimetc a todo el personal sanitario que quiera determinar si un paciente presenta malnutricion o no. La aplicacion de valoracion nutricional e-Nutrimetc no sustituye al personal sanitario en ningun caso, pero podria ser de gran ayuda a la hora de valorar pacientes que pudieran estar en riesgo de malnutricion, ahorrando tiempo en estas valoraciones.

El criterio fundamental para considerar que una especie es alóctona en el territorio español se basa en la constatación de que la colonización no ha sido natural, sino de origen antrópico.

El Consell Insular d’Eivissa va iniciar a 2014 un programa pilot per avaluar la distribució, l’estat de les poblacions, conèixer aspectes sobre la seva biologia i controlar les poblacions d’ofidis a Eivissa. Les dades preliminars indiquen que dos espècies introduïdes a l’illa d’Eivissa estan naturalitzades i que són abundants a l’entorn de Santa Eulària des Riu, Sant Llorenç de Balàfia i Santa Gertrudis de Fruitera; predomina Hemorrhois hippocrepis i és més escassa Rhinechis scalaris; tanmateix, no hi ha dades de Malpolon monspessulanus des de 2010. Les dos espècies presents en l’actualitat realitzen festejos i còpules al mateix període que a les regions on són natives. Almenys H. hippocrepis realitza postes amb ous viables. La presència de nadons de les dos espècies en dates d’eclosió per la Península Ibèrica pareix constatar la reproducció efectiva. Almenys en H. hippocrepis, s’ha constatat la predació sobre Podarcis pityusensis. Des de la seua introducció en 2003, H. hippocrepis ha mostrat una resposta funcional cap al gigantisme, amb exemplars que mostraven el 213% de la biomassa màxima registrada a la seua àrea nativa de la península Ibèrica. La utilització de trampes pareix efectiva, sempre que el seu número sigui elevat. L’elecció del tipus de trampa, esquer i lloc de col·locació condiciona els resultats obtinguts. Tanmateix, la continuïtat d’aquest estudi al llarg de l’any 2015 es fa imprescindible per augmentar la mida de mostra. El proper any es pretén la utilització de nous mètodes de captura i especialment, la col·locació d’un major número de trampes tipus caixa.

Background & Aims: To design and develop a nutritional application for smartphones and tablets with Android ® operating system for using to in- and outpatients that need a nutritional assessment. To check the validity of the results of such software. Methods: The application was compiled for version 2.1 of the Android® operating system from Google®. A cohort of 30 patients was included for evaluating the reliability of the application. The calculations were performed by staff of the Nutrition Unit of the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, manually and through e-Nutrimet© software on a smartphone and a tablet. Results: Concordance was absolute between results of different methods obtained using e-Nutrimet© on a smartphone and a tablet (Fleiss index κ = 1). The same level of concordance was obtained by comparing handmade and e-Nutrimet© made results. Conclusions: The degree of correlation is good, and it would be extended to all healthcare staff who wants to determine whether a patient has malnutrition, or not. The nutritional assessment software e-Nutrimet© does not replace healthcare staff in any case, but could be an important aid in assessing patients who may be in risk of malnutrition, saving time of evaluation.

Primary hyperhidrosis is a frequent dysfunctional disorder characterized by excessive sweating in amounts greater than required for physiological needs. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment when there is no response to medical therapies. Traditionally, thoracoscopic sympathectomy is performed routinely by means of general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Here we report the least invasive management for hyperhidrosis surgery, a nonintubated bilateral single port thoracoscopic sympathectomy in the context of an outpatient program.

Reptiles - Orden Squamata - Familia Lacertidae en la Enciclopedia Virtual de Vertebrados Españoles, http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/., A comprehensive review of the natural history of the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara in Spain.

Emotional behaviour in the context of crowd simulationis a topic that is gaining particular interest in the area of artificial intelligence. Recent efforts in this domain havelooked for the modelling of emotional emergence and socialinteraction inside a crowd of virtual agents, but further investigation is still needed in aspects such as simulation of emotional awareness and emotion contagion. Also, in relation to perception of emotions, many questions remain about perception of emotional behaviour in the context of virtual crowds.This thesis investigates the current state-of-the-art of emotional characters in virtual crowds and presents the implementation of a computational model able to generate expressive full-body motion behaviour and emotion contagion in a crowd of virtual agents. Also, as a second part of the thesis, this project presents a perceptual study in which the perception of emotional behaviour is investigated in the context of virtual crowds. The results of this thesis reveal some interesting findings in relation to the perception and modelling of virtual crowds, including some relevant effectsin relation to the influence of emotional crowd behaviourin viewers, specially when virtual crowds are not the mainfocus of a particular scene. These results aim to contribute for the further development of this interdisciplinary area of computer graphics, artificial intelligence and psychology. Emotionellt beteende i simulerade folkmassor är ett ämne med ökande intresse, inom området för artificiell intelligens. Nya studier har tittat på modellen för social interaktion inuti en grupp av virtuella agenter, men fortsatt utredning behövs fortfarande inom aspekter så som simulation av emotionell medvetenhet och emotionell smitta. Också, när det gäller synen på känslor, kvarstår många frågor kring synen på känslomässigt beteende i samband med virtuella folkmassor. Denna studie undersöker de nuvarande "state-of-theart" emotionella egenskaperna i virtuella folksamlingar och presenterar implementationen av en datormodell som kan generera smittsamma känslor i en grupp av virtuella agenter. Också, när det gäller synen på känslor, kvarstår många frågor kring synen på känslomässigt beteende i samband med virtuella folksamlingar. Som en andra del av denna avhandlingen presenteras, i detta projekt, en perceptuell studie där uppfattningen av emotionella beteenden undersöks i samband med virtuella folksamlingar.

The article presents results from a reptile survey conducted between 14 and 16 June 2013 in a montane and subalpine belt of the western part of Dinara Mountain in Croatia. The most interesting result is the southernmost finding of Horvath’s Rock lizard (Iberolacerta horvathi). In the survey area we also recorded eight other reptile species: Anguis fragilis, Lacerta agilis, L. viridis sensu lato, Podarcis muralis, P. melissellensis, Coronella austriaca, Zamenis longissimus, and Vipera ammodytes.

The oriental green lizards of the Lacerta trilineata group are widely distributed in Greece, Anatolia, the eastern Mediterranean, the southern Caucasus, and the Zagros mountains in Iran. We studied their phylogeography using three mitochondrial markers with comprehensive sampling from most representatives of the group. Their phylogeny and divergence times (implementing fossil-based molecular clock calibrations) were inferred using Bayesian methods, and haplotype networks were reconstructed to assess how genetic diversity and current distributional patterns were shaped. According to our phylogenetic analyses, the group constitutes a well-supported monophylum containing several distinct evolutionary lineages with high haplotype diversity. Vicariance might explain the divergences within most lineages that have accumulated by range restriction and expansion of populations as a result of Quaternary climate oscillations and glacial refugia. However, niche divergence appears to be a major force promoting speciation, and large scale distributional patterns between lineages were shaped earlier by multiple, independent dispersals out of Anatolia during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene. The results of the present study also suggest that the group is in need of a taxonomical revision because the identified lineages and genetic diversity are not congruent with the currently recognized subspecies.(c) 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 110, 398-408.

Mesocosms (i.e., outdoor, man-made representations of natural ecosystems) have seldom been used to study the impact of contaminants on terrestrial ecosystems. However, mesocosms can be a useful tool to provide a link between field and laboratory studies. We exposed juvenile lacertid lizards for a period of over one year to pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) in mesocosm enclosures with the intention of validating field observations obtained in a previous study that examined the effects of corn pesticides in Podarcis bocagei. Our treatments replicated field conditions and consisted of a control, an herbicides only treatment (alachlor, terbuthylazine, mesotrione and glyphosate) and an herbicides and insecticide treatment (including chlorpyrifos). We used a multi-biomarker approach that examined parameters at an individual and sub-individual level, including growth, locomotor performance, standard metabolic rate, biomarkers of oxidative stress, esterases and liver histopathologies. Although mortality over the course of the exposures was high (over 60%), surviving individuals prospered relatively well in the mesocosms and displayed a broad range of natural behaviours. The low numbers of replicate animals compromised many of the statistical comparisons, but in general, surviving lizards exposed to pesticides in mesocosm enclosures for over one year, thrived, and displayed few effects of pesticide exposure. Despite the difficulties, this work acts as an important stepping-stone for future ecotoxicology studies using lizards., Acta Herpetologica, Vol 7 No 2 (2012)

Palearctic reptiles with wide distribution through the Western Mediterranean are expected to display genetic substructuring because of the combining effects of current or past geographic barriers and climate fluctuations. We have examined this issue by sequencing cytochrome b and 16S rRNA mitochondrial fragments of 80 individuals of the snake Coronella girondica from 71 localities, covering the range of the species across Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Spain, Portugal, southern France and north-western Italy. According to the obtained genealogy, C. girondica is structured into three divergent and well-supported clades (north-western Africa, Betic range and Iberia-France-Italy), which greatly match other phylogeographies already published for this region. Our estimations suggest that the divergence among the three clades took place approximately 1.4-2.0Ma, which roughly coincides with the Plio-Pleistocene transition, characterized by an increase in climate variability. The existence of a clade in a narrow belt of south-eastern Iberia represents another example of the high endemism rate of the region, with a key geographical situation and an important role in vicariant processes. Since the split among the three major lineages would be take place after the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar, overwater dispersal is here suggested. The subsequent genetic substructuring of these clades during the Pleistocene fits within the refugia-within-refugia model, highlighting the importance of the region as a scenario for multiple vicariant events. © 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH., Xavier Santos was supported by a postdoctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/73176/2010) and C. Rato by a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/36387/2007), both from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal). Funding was provided by a grant from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain: CGL2009-11663/BOS awarded to X.S, S.C. and J.M.P and by the projects PTDC/BIA-BDE/67678/2006 and PTDC/BIA-BEC/101256/2008 funded by FCT (Portugal) to M.A.C.

Kaliontzopoulou, Antigoni, Carretero, Miguel A., Llorente, Gustavo A. (2012): Morphology of the Podarcis wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae) from the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa: patterns of variation in a putative cryptic species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164 (1): 173-193, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00760.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00760.x

The phylogenetic affinities of Acanthodactylus beershebensis, a highly endangered lacertid lizard endemic to the Neguev (Israel), were assessed using mtDNA markers. Fragments of 12S and 16S rRNA were analysed and compared with already published sequences of Acanthodactylus. Results corroborate the taxonomic placement of A. beershebensis as a member of the A. pardalis group but place it within a polytomy at the same phylogenetic level as other (unnamed) African populations. This pattern of high but poorly structured genetic diversity, previously observed for other Acanthodactylus complexes, has been suggested to derive from the climatic instability of North Africa and the Middle East during the humid and dry periods of the Pleistocene as well as dune migrations. In conservation terms, if A. beershebensis is to be prioritised, then other populations of the A. pardalis group inhabiting North Africa would deserve a similar status, making their species definition urgent. These results highlight the need for considering phylogeny when establishing conservation priorities. published