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Laura C Arneson,1,* Kristen J Carroll,1,* Eric M Ruderman2 1Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; 2Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Eric M RudermanDepartment of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 N. St. Clair, Suite 14-100, Chicago, IL, 60611, USATel +1 312-503-3188Fax +1 312-695-0114Email e-ruderman@northwestern.eduAbstract: Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are an emerging class of drugs that inhibit B cell receptor activation, FC-γ receptor signaling, and osteoclast proliferation. Following on approval for treatment of hematologic malignancies, BTK inhibitors are now under investigation to treat a number of different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While the results of BTK inhibitors in RA animal models have been promising, the ensuing human clinical trial outcomes have been rather equivocal. This review will outline the mechanisms of BTK inhibition and its potential impact on immune mediated disease, the types of BTK inhibitors being studied for RA, the findings from both preclinical and clinical trials of BTK inhibitors in RA, and directions for future research.Keywords: evobrutinib, spebrutinib, acalabrutinib, fenebrutinib, rheumatoid arthritis, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase

Upon publication of the above paper in the British Journal of Cancer, the authors identified an error in one of their affiliations. The authors would like to apologise for this mistake. The correct affiliation for Andrés J Munoz Martín is 'Medical Oncology Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranón, Madrid, Spain.'

© 2015 American Chemical Society.In this work we prepared Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (LNMO) using a hydroxide co-precipitation method and investigated the effect of co-modification with NH4F and Al2O3. After surface co-modification, the first cycle Coulombic efficiency of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 improved from 82.7% to 87.5%, and the reversible discharge capacity improved from 253 to 287 mAh g-1 at C/20. Moreover, the rate capability also increased significantly. A combination of neutron diffraction (ND), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (a-STEM)/electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the changes of surface structure and chemistry after NH4F and Al2O3 surface co-modification while the bulk properties showed relatively no changes. These complex changes on the material's surface include the formation of an amorphous Al2O3 coating, the transformation of layered material to a spinel-like phase on the surface, the formation of nanoislands of active material, and the partial chemical reduction of surface Mn4+. Such enhanced discharge capacity of the modified material can be primarily assigned to three aspects: decreased irreversible oxygen loss, the activation of cathode material facilitated with preactivated Mn3+ on the surface, and stabilization of the Ni-redox pair. These insights will provide guidance for the surface modification in high-voltage-cathode battery materials of the future. (Figure Presented).

© the Owner Societies 2015.Using a controllable wet chemical approach, the polyol process, we developed a cobalt carbide nanomagnet consisting of an assembly of Co2C and Co3C nanoparticles as an alternative to rare earth permanent magnets (PMs). The thermodynamically stable mixed phase cobalt carbide nanoparticles are shown to be acicular in morphology. Their exchange-coupled magnetic interaction possessing high maximum energy product of 20.7 kJ m-3 and room temperature coercivity (2.9 kOe) has been confirmed through vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and first order reversal curves (FORCs). These metastable carbide nanoparticles offer improved magnetic properties compared to their pure bulk form. An understanding of the formation mechanism, using in situ time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy (TR-XAS), and the correlation between phase contributions to the properties are described in detail. Our strategy presents a controllable route to preparing the cobalt carbide nanomagnets, which could be potentially useful in permanent magnet clean energy applications. Additionally, the in situ apparatus offers a promising way to directly explore the effects of reaction variables for high-temperature wet chemical reactions.