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1. Lipoprotein(a) Genotype Influences the Clinical Diagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Author: Olmastroni, Elena, Gazzotti, Marta, Averna, Maurizio, Arca, Marcello, Tarugi, Patrizia, Calandra, Sebastiano, Bertolini, Stefano, Catapano, Alberico L, Casula, Manuela, Laura D'Erasmo, Angelo Baldassare Cefalu, Andrea Bartuli, Paola Sabrina Buonuomo, Andrea Benso, Guglielmo Beccuti, Giacomo Biasucci, Maria Elena Capra, Gianni Biolo, Pierandrea Vinci, Luca Bonanni, Claudio Borghi, Sergio D'Addato, Antonio Carlo Bossi, Giancarla Meregalli, Adriana Branchi, Paolo Calabrò, Francesca Carubbi, Fabio Nascimbeni, Francesco Cipollone, Marco Bucci, Nadia Citroni, Maria Del Ben, Francesco Baratta, Massimo Federici, Martina Montagna, Claudio Ferri, Serena Notargiacomo, Anna Maria Fiorenza, Emanuela Colombo, Giuliana Fortunato, Maria Donata Di Taranto, Andrea Giaccari, Simona Moffa, Francesco Giorgino, Sergio Di Molfetta, Ornella Guardamagna, Luisa De Sanctis, Arcangelo Iannuzzi, Raimondo Cavallaro, Gabriella Iannuzzo, Marco Gentile, Lorenzo Iughetti, Patrizia Bruzzi, Salvatore Lia, Alessandro Lupi, Giuseppe Mandraffino, Arianna Toscano, Rossella Marcucci, Martina Berteotti, Lorenzo Maroni, Fabiana Locatelli, Tiziana Montalcini, Giuliana Mombelli, Sandro Muntoni, Davide Baldera, Gianfranco Parati, Angelina Passaro, Valerio Pecchioli, Cristina Pederiva, Giuseppe Banderali, Antonio Pipolo, Debora D'Elia, Matteo Pirro, Vanessa Bianconi, Livia Pisciotta, Elena Formisano, Francesco Purrello, Roberto Scicali, Elena Repetti, Elena Cantino, Elisabetta Rinaldi, Elena Sani, Riccardo Sarzani, Francesco Spannella, Francesco Sbrana, Beatrice Dal Pino, Patrizia Suppressa, Veronica Cocco, Chiara Trenti, Emanuele Alberto Negri, Josè Pablo Werba, Alessandra Romandini, Sabina Zambon, Alberto Zambon, Maria Grazia Zenti, Giulia Fainelli, Fabio Pellegatta, Liliana Grigore, Katia Bonomo, Eleonora Capatti, Ada Cutolo, Fabio Fimiani, Simonetta Genovesi, Sandro Inchiostro, Chiara Pavanello, Roberta Pujia, Alon Schaffer, Olmastroni, Elena, Gazzotti, Marta, Averna, Maurizio, Arca, Marcello, Tarugi, Patrizia, Calandra, Sebastiano, Bertolini, Stefano, Catapano, Alberico L, Casula, Manuela, and Laura D'Erasmo, Angelo Baldassare Cefalu, Andrea Bartuli, Paola Sabrina Buonuomo, Andrea Benso, Guglielmo Beccuti, Giacomo Biasucci, Maria Elena Capra, Gianni Biolo, Pierandrea Vinci, Luca Bonanni, Claudio Borghi, Sergio D'Addato, Antonio Carlo Bossi, Giancarla Meregalli, Adriana Branchi, Paolo Calabrò, Francesca Carubbi, Fabio Nascimbeni, Francesco Cipollone, Marco Bucci, Nadia Citroni, Maria Del Ben, Francesco Baratta, Massimo Federici, Martina Montagna, Claudio Ferri, Serena Notargiacomo, Anna Maria Fiorenza, Emanuela Colombo, Giuliana Fortunato, Maria Donata Di Taranto, Andrea Giaccari, Simona Moffa, Francesco Giorgino, Sergio Di Molfetta, Ornella Guardamagna, Luisa De Sanctis, Arcangelo Iannuzzi, Raimondo Cavallaro, Gabriella Iannuzzo, Marco Gentile, Lorenzo Iughetti, Patrizia Bruzzi, Salvatore Lia, Alessandro Lupi, Giuseppe Mandraffino, Arianna Toscano, Rossella Marcucci, Martina Berteotti, Lorenzo Maroni, Fabiana Locatelli, Tiziana Montalcini, Giuliana Mombelli, Sandro Muntoni, Davide Baldera, Gianfranco Parati, Angelina Passaro, Valerio Pecchioli, Cristina Pederiva, Giuseppe Banderali, Antonio Pipolo, Debora D'Elia, Matteo Pirro, Vanessa Bianconi, Livia Pisciotta, Elena Formisano, Francesco Purrello, Roberto Scicali, Elena Repetti, Elena Cantino, Elisabetta Rinaldi, Elena Sani, Riccardo Sarzani, Francesco Spannella, Francesco Sbrana, Beatrice Dal Pino, Patrizia Suppressa, Veronica Cocco, Chiara Trenti, Emanuele Alberto Negri, Josè Pablo Werba, Alessandra Romandini, Sabina Zambon, Alberto Zambon, Maria Grazia Zenti, Giulia Fainelli, Fabio Pellegatta, Liliana Grigore, Katia Bonomo, Eleonora Capatti, Ada Cutolo, Fabio Fimiani, Simonetta Genovesi, Sandro Inchiostro, Chiara Pavanello, Roberta Pujia, Alon Schaffer
Subjects: cardiovascular risk, lipoprotein(a), familial hypercholesterolemia
Abstract: Background Evidence suggests that LPA risk genotypes are a possible contributor to the clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). This study aimed at determining the prevalence of LPA risk variants in adult individuals with FH enrolled in the Italian LIPIGEN (Lipid Transport Disorders Italian Genetic Network) study, with (FH/M+) or without (FH/M-) a causative genetic variant. Methods and Results An lp(a) [lipoprotein(a)] genetic score was calculated by summing the number risk-increasing alleles inherited at rs3798220 and rs10455872 variants. Overall, in the 4.6% of 1695 patients with clinically diagnosed FH, the phenotype was not explained by a monogenic or polygenic cause but by genotype associated with high lp(a) levels. Among 765 subjects with FH/M- and 930 subjects with FH/M+, 133 (17.4%) and 95 (10.2%) were characterized by 1 copy of either rs10455872 or rs3798220 or 2 copies of either rs10455872 or rs3798220 (lp(a) score ≥1). Subjects with FH/M- also had lower mean levels of pretreatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than individuals with FH/M+ (t test for difference in means between FH/M- and FH/M+ groups
Published: 2023

2. High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance

Author: von Eckardstein, Arnold, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Remaley, Alan T, Catapano, Alberico L, and University of Zurich
Subjects: 540 Chemistry, 610 Medicine & health, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, 10038 Institute of Clinical Chemistry
Abstract: Previous interest in high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) focused on their possible protective role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Evidence from genetic studies and randomized trials, however, questioned that the inverse association of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is causal. This review aims to provide an update on the role of HDL in health and disease, also beyond ASCVD. Through evolution from invertebrates, HDLs are the principal lipoproteins, while apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins first developed in vertebrates. HDLs transport cholesterol and other lipids between different cells like a reusable ferry, but serve many other functions including communication with cells and the inactivation of biohazards like bacterial lipopolysaccharides. These functions are exerted by entire HDL particles or distinct proteins or lipids carried by HDL rather than by its cholesterol cargo measured as HDL-C. Neither does HDL-C measurement reflect the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies indicate that functional measures of HDL, notably cholesterol efflux capacity, numbers of HDL particles, or distinct HDL proteins are better predictors of ASCVD events than HDL-C. Low HDL-C levels are related observationally, but also genetically, to increased risks of infectious diseases, death during sepsis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Additional, but only observational, data indicate associations of low HDL-C with various autoimmune diseases, and cancers, as well as all-cause mortality. Conversely, extremely high HDL-C levels are associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (also genetically), infectious disease, and all-cause mortality. HDL encompasses dynamic multimolecular and multifunctional lipoproteins that likely emerged during evolution to serve several physiological roles and prevent or heal pathologies beyond ASCVD. For any clinical exploitation of HDL, the indirect marker HDL-C must be replaced by direct biomarkers reflecting the causal role of HDL in the respective disease.
Published: 2022

3. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement

Author: Kronenberg, Florian, Mora, Samia, Stroes, Erik S G, Ference, Brian A, Arsenault, Benoit J, Berglund, Lars, Dweck, Marc R, Koschinsky, Marlys, Lambert, Gilles, Mach, François, McNeal, Catherine J, Moriarty, Patrick M, Natarajan, Pradeep, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Parhofer, Klaus G, Virani, Salim S, von Eckardstein, Arnold, Watts, Gerald F, Stock, Jane K, Ray, Kausik K, Tokgözoğlu, Lale S, Catapano, Alberico L, University of Zurich, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine, and ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes
Subjects: Adult, Consensus, Aortic stenosis, Testing, Calcinosis, 610 Medicine & health, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Cholesterol, LDL, Cardiovascular risk, Atherosclerosis, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Model of care, Treatment, Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Factors, Clinical guidance, 540 Chemistry, Humans, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, 10038 Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Lipoprotein(a)
Abstract: This 2022 European Atherosclerosis Society lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] consensus statement updates evidence for the role of Lp(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and aortic valve stenosis, provides clinical guidance for testing and treating elevated Lp(a) levels, and considers its inclusion in global risk estimation. Epidemiologic and genetic studies involving hundreds of thousands of individuals strongly support a causal and continuous association between Lp(a) concentration and cardiovascular outcomes in different ethnicities; elevated Lp(a) is a risk factor even at very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. High Lp(a) is associated with both microcalcification and macrocalcification of the aortic valve. Current findings do not support Lp(a) as a risk factor for venous thrombotic events and impaired fibrinolysis. Very low Lp(a) levels may associate with increased risk of diabetes mellitus meriting further study. Lp(a) has pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic properties, which may partly relate to the oxidized phospholipids carried by Lp(a). This panel recommends testing Lp(a) concentration at least once in adults; cascade testing has potential value in familial hypercholesterolaemia, or with family or personal history of (very) high Lp(a) or premature ASCVD. Without specific Lp(a)-lowering therapies, early intensive risk factor management is recommended, targeted according to global cardiovascular risk and Lp(a) level. Lipoprotein apheresis is an option for very high Lp(a) with progressive cardiovascular disease despite optimal management of risk factors. In conclusion, this statement reinforces evidence for Lp(a) as a causal risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Trials of specific Lp(a)-lowering treatments are critical to confirm clinical benefit for cardiovascular disease and aortic valve stenosis.
Published: 2022

4. Metabolic syndrome is associated with similar long-term prognosis in non-obese and obese patients. An analysis of 45 615 patients from the nationwide LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 cohort studies

Author: Osadnik, Kamila, Osadnik, Tadeusz, Gierlotka, Marek, Windak, Adam, Tomasik, Tomasz, Mastej, Mirosław, Kuras, Agnieszka, Jóźwiak, Kacper, Penson, Peter E., Lip, Gregory Y. H., Mikhailidis, Dimitri P., Toth, Peter P., Catapano, Alberico L., Ray, Kausik K., Howard, George, Tomaszewski, Maciej, Charchar, Fadi J., Sattar, Naveed, Williams, Bryan, MacDonald, Thomas M., Banach, Maciej, and Jóźwiak, Jacek
Abstract: Aims: We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and long-term all-cause mortality.Methods: The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The cohort was divided into four groups: non-obese patients without MetS, obese patients without MetS, non-obese patients with MetS and obese patients with MetS. Differences in all-cause mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses.Results: 45,615 participants were enrolled (mean age 56.3, standard deviation: 11.8 years; 61.7% female). MetS was diagnosed in 14,202 (31%) by NCEP/ATP III criteria, and 17,216 (37.7%) by JIS criteria. Follow-up was available for 44,620 (97.8%, median duration 15.3 years) patients. MetS was associated with increased mortality risk among the obese (hazard ratio, HR: 1.88 [95% CI, 1.79-1.99] and HR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.82-2.04], according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria, respectively) and non-obese individuals (HR: 2.11 [95% CI 1.85-2.40] and 1.7 [95% CI, 1.56-1.85] according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria respectively). Obese patients without MetS had a higher mortality risk than non-obese patients without MetS (HR: 1.16 [95% CI 1.10-1.23] and HR: 1.22 [95%CI 1.15-1.30], respectively in subgroups with NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria applied).Conclusions: MetS is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in non-obese and obese patients. In patients without MetS obesity remains significantly associated with mortality. The concept of metabolically healthy obesity should be revised. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and long-term all-cause mortality.Methods: The LIPIDOGRAM studies were carried out in the primary care in Poland in 2004, 2006 and 2015. MetS was diagnosed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) criteria. The cohort was divided into four groups: non-obese patients without MetS, obese patients without MetS, non-obese patients with MetS and obese patients with MetS. Differences in all-cause mortality was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses.Results: 45,615 participants were enrolled (mean age 56.3, standard deviation: 11.8 years; 61.7% female). MetS was diagnosed in 14,202 (31%) by NCEP/ATP III criteria, and 17,216 (37.7%) by JIS criteria. Follow-up was available for 44,620 (97.8%, median duration 15.3 years) patients. MetS was associated with increased mortality risk among the obese (hazard ratio, HR: 1.88 [95% CI, 1.79-1.99] and HR: 1.93 [95% CI 1.82-2.04], according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria, respectively) and non-obese individuals (HR: 2.11 [95% CI 1.85-2.40] and 1.7 [95% CI, 1.56-1.85] according to NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria respectively). Obese patients without MetS had a higher mortality risk than non-obese patients without MetS (HR: 1.16 [95% CI 1.10-1.23] and HR: 1.22 [95%CI 1.15-1.30], respectively in subgroups with NCEP/ATP III and JIS criteria applied).Conclusions: MetS is associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in non-obese and obese patients. In patients without MetS obesity remains significantly associated with mortality. The concept of metabolically healthy obesity should be revised.
Published: 2023

5. Metabolic syndrome is associated with similar long-term prognosis in those living with and without obesity : an analysis of 45 615 patients from the nationwide LIPIDOGRAM 2004-2015 studies

Author: Osadnik, Kamila, Osadnik, Tadeusz, Gierlotka, Marek, Windak, Adam, Tomasik, Tomasz, Mastej, Mirosław, Kuras, Agnieszka, Jóźwiak, Kacper, Penson, Peter E., Lip, Gregory Y.H., Mikhailidis, Dimitri P., Toth, Peter P., Catapano, Alberico L., Ray, Kausik K., Howard, George, Tomaszewski, Maciej, Charchar, Fadi J., Sattar, Naveed, Williams, Bryan, MacDonald, Thomas M., Banach, Maciej, and Jóźwiak, Jacek
Published: 2023

6. Lipoprotein(a) Genotype Influences the Clinical Diagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Author: Olmastroni, Elena, Gazzotti, Marta, Averna, Maurizio, Arca, Marcello, Tarugi, Patrizia, Calandra, Sebastiano, Bertolini, Stefano, Catapano, Alberico L, Casula, Manuela, Laura, D'Erasmo, Angelo Baldassare Cefalù, Andrea, Bartuli, Paola Sabrina Buonuomo, Andrea, Benso, Guglielmo, Beccuti, Giacomo, Biasucci, Maria Elena Capra, Gianni, Biolo, Pierandrea, Vinci, Luca, Bonanni, Claudio, Borghi, Sergio, D'Addato, Antonio Carlo Bossi, Giancarla, Meregalli, Adriana, Branchi, Paolo, Calabrò, Francesca, Carubbi, Fabio, Nascimbeni, Francesco, Cipollone, Marco, Bucci, Nadia, Citroni, Maria Del Ben, Francesco, Baratta, Massimo, Federici, Martina, Montagna, Claudio, Ferri, Serena, Notargiacomo, Anna Maria Fiorenza, Emanuela, Colombo, Giuliana, Fortunato, Maria Donata Di Taranto, Andrea, Giaccari, Simona, Moffa, Francesco, Giorgino, Sergio Di Molfetta, Ornella, Guardamagna, Luisa De Sanctis, Arcangelo, Iannuzzi, Raimondo, Cavallaro, Gabriella, Iannuzzo, Gentile, MARCO PAOLO, Lorenzo, Iughetti, Patrizia, Bruzzi, Lia, Salvatore, Alessandro, Lupi, Giuseppe, Mandraffino, Arianna, Toscano, Rossella, Marcucci, Martina, Berteotti, Lorenzo, Maroni, Fabiana, Locatelli, Tiziana, Montalcini, Giuliana, Mombelli, Sandro, Muntoni, Davide, Baldera, Gianfranco, Parati, Angelina, Passaro, Valerio, Pecchioli, Cristina, Pederiva, Giuseppe, Banderali, Antonio, Pipolo, Debora, D'Elia, Matteo, Pirro, Vanessa, Bianconi, Livia, Pisciotta, Elena, Formisano, Purrello, Francesco, Scicali, Roberto, Elena, Repetti, Elena, Cantino, Elisabetta, Rinaldi, Elena, Sani, Riccardo, Sarzani, Francesco, Spannella, Francesco, Sbrana, Beatrice Dal Pino, Patrizia, Suppressa, Veronica, Cocco, Chiara, Trenti, Emanuele Alberto Negri, Josè Pablo Werba, Alessandra, Romandini, Sabina, Zambon, Alberto, Zambon, Maria Grazia Zenti, Giulia, Fainelli, Fabio, Pellegatta, Liliana, Grigore, Katia, Bonomo, Eleonora, Capatti, Ada, Cutolo, Fabio, Fimiani, Simonetta, Genovesi, Sandro, Inchiostro, Chiara, Pavanello, Pujia, Roberta, Alon, Schaffer, Stefano, Bertolini, Sebastiano, Calandra, Alberico Luigi Catapano, Manuela, Casula, Elena, Olmastroni, Patrizia, Tarugi, Marta, Gazzotti, and Federica, Galimberti
Subjects: cardiovascular risk, clinical diagnosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, lipoprotein(a)
Published: 2023

7. Evaluation of lipoprotein(a) in the prevention and management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: A survey among the Lipid Clinics Network

Author: Catapano, Alberico L, Tokgözoğlu, Lale, Banach, Maciej, Gazzotti, Marta, Olmastroni, Elena, Casula, Manuela, Ray, Kausik K, the Lipid Clinics Network, Alaa ABDELRAZIK (University Hospital of North Midland, United Kingdom), Alberto MELLO E SILVA (Sociedade Portuguesa de Aterosclerose, Portugal), Alexander VONBANK (VIVIT Institute, Austria), Alexandros, D TSELEPIS (Dept of Chemistry, Atherothrombosis Research Center, University of Ioannina, Greece), Alper SONMEZ (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Guven Hospital, Turkey), Angelina PASSARO (Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara &amp, Center for the Study and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, Atherosclerosis, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Italy), Anja VOGT (Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universit¨at München, Germany), Ann MERTENS (Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Leuven, Ku, Leuven, Belgium), Ann VERHAEGEN (Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium), Arman, S POSTADZHIYAN (Medical University of Sofia, Saint Anna University Hospital, Departement of Cardiology, Bulgaria), BAHADIR KIRILMAZ (Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Medical Faculty Cardiology Dept, Baris GUNGOR (University of Health Sciences Dr. Siyami Ersek Hospital, Turkey), Berit S HEDEGAARD (Aalborg University, Denmark), Bertrand CARIOU (Nantes Universit´e, Chu, Nantes, Cnrs, Inserm, l’institut du thorax, Nantes, France), Britta OTTE (Universit¨atsklinikum Münster, Lipidambulanz, Germany), Bu˘gra ¨OZKAN (Mersin University, Turkey), of cardiology, Christ BERGE (Dept., Unversity Hopsital, Haukeland., Norway), F EBENBICHLER (Department for Internal Medicine I, Christoph, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria), Christoph J BINDER (Medical University of Vienna, Austria), Christoph OLIVIER (Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Conrad AZZOPARDI (Mater Dei Hospital, Malta), Cristina SOLER (Lipid Unit, Hospital de Sta Caterina, Spain), Dan GAITA (Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Victor Babes din Timisoara &amp, Clinica de Cardiologie, Institutul de Boli Cardiovasculare Timisoara, Romania), Daniel WEGHUBER (Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Dilek URAL (Koç University School of Medicine Department of Cardiology, Turkey), Diogo CRUZ (Hospital de Cascais - Dr. Jos´e de Almeida, Portugal), Dragos VINEREANU (University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania), Elena D PENCU (Grand Hˆopital de Charleroi GHDC, Belgium), Emil HAGSTR¨OM (Dept of medical sciences, Uppsala, University, Sweden), Erik B SCHMIDT (Aalborg University, Denmark), Erik, S STROES (Dept of vascular medicine, Amsterdamumc, The, Netherlands), Evangelos LIBEROPOULOS (1st Department of Propedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens Laiko, Fabian DEMEURE (CHU UCL Namur - Site Godinne, Belgium), Fabio FIMIANI (Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale AORN Dei Colli, Monaldi', 'V., Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, Italy, ), Fabio PELLEGATTA (Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis. Bassini Hospital. Cinisello Balsamo, Italy), Fahri BAYRAM (Erciyes University, Turkey), Finn L HENRIKSEN (Department of Cardiology Odense University Hospital, Denmark), Florian H¨OLLERL (1st Medical Department, Landstrasse, Clinic, Vienna Health Association, Francesco CIPOLLONE (Clinica Medica Institute of, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, d’Annunzio' University, 'G., Francisco ARAÚJO (Hospital Lusíadas, Portugal), Franck BOCCARA (Sorbonne Universit´e, Groupe de Recherche Clinique number 22, C2MV—Complications Cardiovasculaires et M´etaboliques chez les Patients Vivant avec le Virus de l’Immunod´eficience Humaine, Institut National de la Sant´e et de la Recherche M´edicale Unit´e Mixte de Recherche, S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Hospital Universitaire de Cardiom ´etabolisme et Nutrition Cardiologie, Hˆopital Saint Antoine Assistance Publique–Hˆopitaux de Paris, Paris, France), François PAILLARD (Cardiologie et Centre Clinico-Biologique des Lipides et Ath´eroscl´erose, Chu, Rennes, France), Imre University Teaching Hospital, Gabor SIMONYI (DBC St., Metabolic, Center, Lipid, Center, Hungary), Gabriella IANNUZZO (Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery. University of Naples Federico II, Italy), Giuseppe MANDRAFFINO (Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, - Lipid Center, University of Messina, Graham BAYLY (Dept Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospitals Bristol, United, Kingdom), Gustavs LATKOVSKIS (Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia &amp, Latvian Center of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital &amp, University of Latvia, Latvia), Gy¨orgy PARAGH (Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary), Hana ROSOLOVA (Charles University Prague Medical Hospital in Pilsen, Czech Republic), Handrean SORAN (Central Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom), Helle KANSTRUP (Department of cardiology, Aarhus University hospital, Denmark), Hermann TOPLAK (Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University Graz, Hülya ÇIÇEKÇIO ˘GLU (ankara bilkent city hospital, Turkey), Inanc ARTAC (Department of Cardiology, Kafkas University Hospital, Ioanna GOUNI-BERTHOLD (Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Irfan, V DUZEN (Gaziantep University, Cardiology, Department, Isabel M PALMA (CHUPORTO - Centro Hospitalar Universit ´ario do Porto, Portugal), Istvan REIBER (Szent Gyorgy University Teaching Hospital of Fejer County, Hungary), Iveta DZIVITE-KRISANE (Children’s University Hospital, Latvia), Jeanine, E ROETERS VAN LENNEP (Department of Internal medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Jean-Luc, J BALLIGAND (Institut de Recherche Exp´erimentale et Clinique, Universite catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles), Joao C PORTO (CHUC, Portugal), Jo˜ao, S DUARTE (Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal), Johan DE SUTTER (AZ Maria Middelares Hospital Gent, Belgium), Jos´e L´OPEZ-MIRANDA (Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Unit. Department of Internal Medicine. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia. IMIBIC. University of Cordoba. CiberOBN, Spain), Jose M MOSTAZA (Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Spain), Jurgita PLISIENE (Lithuanian University of Health sciences, Lithuania), Kadir, U MERT (Eskis ¸ehir Osmangazi University, Department of Cardiology, Kirsten, B HOLVEN (Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo and National Advisory unit on FH, Oslo University Hospital, Kjetil RETTERSTØL (The Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital and Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Kristian, K THOMSEN (University Hospital of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark), Lale TOKGOZOGLU (Hacettepe University, Turkey), Laszlo BAJNOK (1st Department of Medicine, Medical, School, University of Pecs, Lia E BANG (Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark), Liliana GRIGORE (IRCCS Multimedica, Italy), Lluís MASANA (Hospital Universitari Sant Joan. Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CIBERDEM. Reus, Spain), Loukianos S RALLIDIS (University General Hospital Attikon, Greece), Maciej BANACH (Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland), Małgorzata WALU´S-MIARKA (Jagiellonian University Medical College, Of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetology, Dept., Manuel CASTRO CABEZAS (Franciscus Gasthuis &amp, Vlietland Rotterdam, The Netherlands), Marcello ARCA (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy), Margus VIIGIMAA (North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia), Martin, P BOGSRUD (Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Matej MLINARIˇC (Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia), Matteo PIRRO (Section of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Maurizio AVERNA (Department PROMISE-University of Palermo &amp, Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy), Meral KAYIKCIOGLU (Ege University Medical School Department of Cardiology, Turkey), Merete HEITMANN (Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Denmark), Mette MOURIDSEN (Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Michal VRABLIK (3rd Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and 1st Medical Faculty, Charles, University, Prague, Czech, Republic), Michel FARNIER (PEC2, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comt´e, Laboratory Medicine, Michel R LANGLOIS (Dept., Jan Hospital, AZ St., Belgium), Milad KHEDR (Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Muge ILDIZLI DEMIRBAS (Kartal Kosuyolu Research and Training Hospital, Turkey), Myra TILNEY (Lipid Clinic, Mater Dei Hospital &amp, Dept of Medicine, University of Malta Medical School, Malta), Nadia CITRONI (Internal Medicine, APSS Trento Hospital, Of Internal Medicine, Niels P RIKSEN (Dept., Radboud university medical center, Nikolay M RUNEV (UMHAT Alexandrovska, Bulgaria), Nora KUPSTYTEKRISTAPONE (Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, Lithuania), Olena MITCHENKO (NSC, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine of the NAMS of Ukraine, Ukraine), Oliver WEING¨ARTNER (Universit¨atsklinikum Jena, Department of Internal Medicine, I, Oner OZDOGAN (University of Health Sciences, Izmir Faculty of Medicine, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Ovidio MU˜NIZGRIJALVO (Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Spain), Ozcan BASARAN (Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Pankaj GUPTA (University Hospitals of Leicester, United Kingdom), Paolo PARINI (Cardio Metabolic Unit, Karolinska, Institutet, and Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Patrizia SUPPRESSA (Department of Internal Medicine and rare disease Centre, Bari, Italy), Paul DOWNIE (Salisbury NHS Foundation trust, United Kingdom), Pavel JESINA (Metabolic Center General University Hospital, Czech Republic), of Internal Medicine, Pavel KRAML (Dept., Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Kr´alovsk´e Vinohrady University Hospital Prague, Pawel BURCHARDT (Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular, Unit, Hospital, J. Stru´s., Pozna´n, &amp, Department of Hypertension, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna´n, Poland), Pedro VALDIVIELSO (Hospital VIRGEN DE LA VICTORIA, Spain), Pedro VON HAFE (Instituto Cuf, Portugal), Dept, Peter FASCHING (5th Med., Clinic, Ottakring, Philippe MOULIN (Hospices civils de Lyon/INSERM/Universit ´e Lyon1, Hˆopital Louis Pradel, F´ed´eration, D’Endocrinologie, Quit´eria RATO (Sociedade Portuguesa de Aterosclerose, Portugal), Reinhold INNERHOFER (Medical University Vienna, Austria), Renata C´IFKOV´A (Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine and Thomayer University Hospital, Rene VALERO (Aix Marseille Univ, Aphm, Inserm, Inrae, C2vn, University Hospital La Conception, Department of Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Scicali, Roberto, Robin URB´ANEK (Internal medicine, Obezita-Ormiga, s. r. o., Roma KAVALIAUSKIENE (Klaip˙ eda Seamen’s Hospital, Lituania), Roman CIBULKA (Department of paramedic science, medical diagnostics studies and public health, Faculty of Health Care Studies, University of West Bohemia, Sabina ZAMBON (Department of Medicine, - DIMED, University of Padova, Sergio D’ADDATO (University of Bologna. IRCCS S. Orsola Bologna, Italy), Stanislav ZEMEK (Lipidova ambulance, Czech Republic), Stefano ROMEO (Gothenburg University, Sweden), Stephanie K¨ONEMANN (Department of Internal Medicine, B, University Medicine Greifswald, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Susanne GREBER-PLATZER (Clinical Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Thomas STULNIG (Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna &amp, Third Medical Department and Karl Landsteiner Institute for Metabolic Diseases and Nephrology, Clinic, Hietzing, Vienna, Austria), Thomas MUHR (Dept of Cardiology, Link¨oping University Hospital, Tina, Z KHAN (Consultant Cardiologist, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals Part of Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Tomas FREIBERGER (Centre of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno &amp, Medical, Faculty, Masaryk, University, Brno, Tom´aˇs ˇS´ALEK (Metabolic Clinic, Tomas Bata Hospital, Zlín, Tomas VASYLIUS (Republican Panevezys hospital, Of Cardiology, Dep., Lithuania), Ulrich LAUFS (Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universit ¨atsklinikum Leipzig, Ulrike SCHATZ (University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden at the Technical University Dresden, Department of Internal Medicine III, Urh GROSELJ (UMC, - University Children’s Hospital Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Victoria MARCO-BENEDI (Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Iisa, Cibercv, Vincent MAHER (Advanced Lipid Management and Research ALMAR centre, Tallaght University Hospital, Ireland), Vladimír BLAHA (University Hospital Hradec Kr´alov´e and Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kr´alov´e, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, - Metabolism and Gerontology, Vladimir SOSKA (Department of Clinical Biochemistry, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Volker JJ SCHETTLER (Centre of Nephrology G¨ottingen, Germany), Wolfgang REINHARDT (SUS Malmoe, Sweden), Xavier PINT´O (Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-Idibell-UB-CiberObn, Spain), Yoto YOTOV (Second Cardiology Clinic, Marina, University Hospital Sv., Medical University of Varna, Zaneta PETRULIONIENE (Vilnius University Medical Faculty, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros klinikos, Lithuania), ˇZeljko REINER (Department for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, and Croatia, ).
Subjects: Clinicians, Clinical evaluation, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular risk, Lipoprotein(a)
Published: 2023

8. 2022 Saudi Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia

Author: AlRahimi, Jamilah, AlSaif, Shukri, Alasnag, Mirvat, Awan, Zuhier, Almutairi, Fawaz, Al Mudaiheem, Hajer, Gencer, Baris, Catapano, Alberico L, Mach, François, and Tash, Adel
Subjects: 360 Social problems & social services, 610 Medicine & health
Published: 2023

9. Lipoprotein(a) Genotype Influences the Clinical Diagnosis of Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Author: Olmastroni, Elena, Gazzotti, Marta, Averna, Maurizio, Arca, Marcello, Tarugi, Patrizia, Calandra, Sebastiano, Bertolini, Stefano, Catapano, Alberico L, Casula, Manuela, and Pirro, Matteo
Subjects: cardiovascular risk, clinical diagnosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, lipoprotein(a)
Published: 2023

10. From novel discovery tools and biomarkers to precision medicine - basic cardiovascular science highlights of 2021/2022

Author: Evans, Paul C, Davidson, Sean M, Wojta, Johann, Bäck, Magnus, Bollini, Sveva, Brittan, Mairi, Catapano, Alberico L, Chaudhry, Bill, Cluitmans, Matthijs, Gnecchi, Massimiliano, Guzik, Tomasz J, Hoefer, Imo E, Madonna, Rosalinda, Monteiro, João P, Morawietz, Henning, Osto, Elena, Padró, Teresa, Sluimer, Judith C, Tocchetti, Carlo Gabriele, Van der Heiden, Kim, Vilahur, Gemma, Waltenberger, Johannes, Weber, Christian, Evans, Paul C, Davidson, Sean M, Wojta, Johann, Bäck, Magnu, Bollini, Sveva, Brittan, Mairi, Catapano, Alberico L, Chaudhry, Bill, Cluitmans, Matthij, Gnecchi, Massimiliano, Guzik, Tomasz J, Hoefer, Imo, Madonna, Rosalinda, Monteiro, João P, Morawietz, Henning, Osto, Elena, Padró, Teresa, Sluimer, Judith C, Tocchetti, Carlo Gabriele, Van der Heiden, Kim, Vilahur, Gemma, Waltenberger, Johanne, Weber, Christian, and University of Zurich
Subjects: vascular, 540 Chemistry, biomarker, 610 Medicine & health, Precision Medicine, 10038 Institute of Clinical Chemistry, CARDIOLOGY
Abstract: Here we review the highlights of cardiovascular basic science in published in 2021 and early 2022 on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology Council for Basic Cardiovascular Science. We begin with non-coding RNAs which have emerged as central regulators cardiovascular biology, and then discuss how technological developments in single-cell ‘omics are providing new insights in cardiovascular development, inflammation and disease. We also review recent discoveries on the biology of extracellular vesicles in driving either protective or pathogenic responses. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 recognised the importance of the molecular basis of mechanosensing and here we review breakthroughs in cardiovascular sensing of mechanical force. We also summarise discoveries in the field of atherosclerosis including the role of clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, and new mechanisms of cross-talk between hyperglycemia, lipid mediators and inflammation. The past 12 months also witnessed major advances in the field of cardiac arrhythmia including new mechanisms of fibrillation. We also focus on inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology which has demonstrated disease causality for several genetic polymorphisms in long QT syndrome and aortic valve disease, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches. Finally, the cardiovascular community has continued to better understand COVID-19 with significant advancement in our knowledge of cardiovascular tropism, molecular markers, the mechanism of vaccine-induced thrombotic complications and new anti-viral therapies that protect the cardiovascular system.
Published: 2022

11. Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10-24 years in the EU, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Author: Armocida, Benedetta, Monasta, Lorenzo, Sawyer, Susan, Bustreo, Flavia, Segafredo, Giulia, Castelpietra, Giulio, Ronfani, Luca, Pasovic, Maja, Hay, Simon, Perel, Pablo, Beran, David, Sawyer, Susan M., Hay, Simon I., Abila, Derrick Bary, Abolhassani, Hassan, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ahmadi, Keivan, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Aldeyab, Mamoon A., Al-Jumaily, Adel, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arumugam, Ashokan, Attia, Sameh, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ausloos, Marcel, Baker, Jennifer L., Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barra, Fabio, Barteit, Sandra, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Béjot, Yannick, Belo, Luis, Bennett, Derrick A., Bikbov, Boris, Bikov, Andras, Blyuss, Oleg, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Márcia, Catapano, Alberico L., Chandan, Joht Singh, Charalampous, Periklis, Chen, Simiao, Conde, Joao, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Damiani, Giovanni, Dastiridou, Anna, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Douiri, Abdel, Dragioti, Elena, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, Ferreira de Oliveira, José Miguel P., Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, Fonseca, Diogo, Gaewkhiew, Piyada, Gaihre, Santosh, Gallus, Silvano, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Gill, Paramjit, Glasbey, James C., Gorini, Giuseppe, Gupta, Vijai Kumar, Gurara, Mekdes Kondale, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasan, M Tasdik, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., Heibati, Behzad, Hellemons, Merel E., Herteliu, Claudiu, Hussain, Salman, Isola, Gaetano, Johnson, Olatunji, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Karch, André, Kauppila, Joonas H., Kayode, Gbenga A., Khan, Moien A. B., Khatab, Khaled, Kivimäki, Mika, Klugar, Miloslav, Klugarová, Jitka, Koly, Kamrun Nahar, Koyanagi, Ai, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lamnisos, Demetris, Langguth, Berthold, Larsson, Anders O., Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Paul H., Leonardi, Matilde, Li, An, Linehan, Christine, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lorkowski, Stefan, Loureiro, Joana A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Magee, Laura A., Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Majeed, Azeem, Makris, Konstantinos Christos, Mathioudakis, Alexander G., Mathur, Manu Raj, McGrath, John J., Menezes, Ritesh G., Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A., Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molokhia, Mariam, Mondello, Stefania, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mulita, Francesk, Munblit, Daniel, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nena, Evangelia, Noor, Nurulamin M., Nowak, Christoph, Ntaios, George, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Ortiz, Alberto, Otoiu, Adrian, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pardhan, Shahina, Patel, Jay, Pedersini, Paolo, Peñalvo, José L., Pensato, Umberto, Pereira, Renato B., Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J., Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rehman, Faizan Ur, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Riad, Abanoub, Rodriguez, Alina, Sacco, Simona, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Scarmeas, Nikolaos, Schlee, Winfried, Schwendicke, Falk, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse, Shiri, Rahman, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shivarov, Velizar, Silva, João Pedro, Simpson, Colin R., Skou, Søren T., Socea, Bogdan, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Straif, Kurt, Sun, Xiaohui, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Unim, Brigid, Van den Eynde, Jef, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Veroux, Massimiliano, Villafaina, Santos, Vinko, Matej, Violante, Francesco S., Volovici, Victor, Wang, Yanzhong, Westerman, Ronny, Yadegarfar, Mohammad Esmaeil, Yaya, Sanni, Zadnik, Vesna, Zumla, Alimuddin, HASH(0x5651c96cd260), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Public Health, Pulmonary Medicine, Neurosurgery, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Europe NCDs in Adolescents, Lacey, BWH, Yaya, S, HUS Neurocenter, Department of Neurosciences, Armocida B., Monasta L., Sawyer S., Bustreo F., Segafredo G., Castelpietra G., Ronfani L., Pasovic M., Hay S., Sawyer S.M., Hay S.I., Abila D.B., Abolhassani H., Accrombessi M.M.K., Adekanmbi V., Ahmadi K., Al Hamad H., Aldeyab M.A., Al-Jumaily A., Ancuceanu R., Andrei C.L., Andrei T., Arumugam A., Attia S., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Baker J.L., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barteit S., Basu S., Baune B.T., Bejot Y., Belo L., Bennett D.A., Bikbov B., Bikov A., Blyuss O., Breitner S., Brenner H., Carreras G., Carvalho M., Catapano A.L., Chandan J.S., Charalampous P., Chen S., Conde J., Cruz-Martins N., Damiani G., Dastiridou A., de la Torre-Luque A., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Douiri A., Dragioti E., Engelbert Bain L., Fagbamigbe A.F., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Ferrara P., Ferreira de Oliveira J.M.P., Ferrero S., Ferro Desideri L., Fischer F., Fonseca D.A., Gaewkhiew P., Gaihre S., Gallus S., Gaspar Fonseca M., Gill P.S., Glasbey J.C., Gorini G., Gupta V.K., Gurara M.K., Haro J.M., Hasan M.T., Havmoeller R.J., Heibati B., Hellemons M.E., Herteliu C., Hussain S., Isola G., Johnson O., Jonas J.B., Jozwiak J.J., Jurisson M., Kabir Z., Karch A., Kauppila J.H., Kayode G.A., Khan M.A., Khatab K., Kivimaki M., Klugar M., Klugarova J., Koly K.N., Koyanagi A., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lallukka T., Lamnisos D., Langguth B., Larsson A.O., Lauriola P., Lee P.H., Leonardi M., Li A., Linehan C., Lopez-Bueno R., Lorkowski S., Loureiro J.A., Lunevicius R., Magee L.A., Magnani F.G., Majeed A., Makris K.C., Mathioudakis A.G., Mathur M.R., McGrath J.J., Menezes R.G., Mentis A.-F.A., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miao Jonasson J., Miazgowski T., Mirica A., Moccia M., Mohammed S., Molokhia M., Mondello S., Mueller U.O., Mulita F., Munblit D., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Nena E., Noor N.M., Nowak C., Ntaios G., Nwatah V.E., Oancea B., Oguntade A.S., Ortiz A., Otoiu A., Padron-Monedero A., Palladino R., Pana A., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pardhan S., Patel J., Pedersini P., Penalvo J.L., Pensato U., Pereira R.B., Perico N., Petcu I.-R., Polinder S., Postma M.J., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Raggi A., Rahimzadeh S., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rehman F.U., Remuzzi G., Riad A., Rodriguez A., Sacco S., Saeb M.R., Safdarian M., Sathian B., Sattin D., Saxena S., Scarmeas N., Schlee W., Schwendicke F., Shamsizadeh M., Sharew N.T., Shiri R., Shivalli S., Shivarov V., Silva J.P., Simpson C.R., Skou S.T., Socea B., Soyiri I.N., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Sun X., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Thiyagarajan A., Topouzis F., Tovani-Palone M.R., Truelsen T.C., Unim B., Van den Eynde J., Vasankari T.J., Veroux M., Villafaina S., Vinko M., Violante F.S., Volovici V., Wang Y., Westerman R., Yadegarfar M.E., Yaya S., Zadnik V., Zumla A., Perel P., Beran D., Armocida, B, Monasta, L, Sawyer, S, Ferrara, P, Benedetta, Armocida, Lorenzo, Monasta, Susan, Sawyer, Flavia, Bustreo, Giulia, Segafredo, Giulio, Castelpietra, Luca, Ronfani, Maja, Pasovic, Simon, Hay, Pablo, Perel, David, Beran, Bary Abila, Derrick, Abolhassani, Hassan, Adekanmbi, Victor, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Armocida, Benedetta, Attia, Sameh, Ausloos, Marcel, L Baker, Jennifer, Barteit, Sandra, Basu, Sanjay, Beran, David, Bikbov, Bori, Damiani, Giovanni, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Douiri, Abdel, Dragioti, Elena, Engelbert Bain, Luchuo, Gaihre, Santosh, C Glasbey, Jame, Kumar Gupta, Vijai, Maria Haro, Josep, Herteliu, Claudiu, Isola, Gaetano, B Jonas, Jost, Jerzy Jozwiak, Jacek, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Karch, André, H Kauppila, Joona, A Kayode, Gbenga, AB Khan, Moien, Khatab, Khaled, Klugarová, Jitka, Kusuma, Dian, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lorkowski, Stefan, Christos Makris, Konstantino, Raj Mathur, Manu, G Menezes, Ritesh, Meretoja, Atte, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammed, Shafiu, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Otto Mueller, Ulrich, Mulita, Francesk, Negoi, Ionut, Irina Negoi, Ruxandra, Oancea, Bogdan, Sikiru Oguntade, Ayodipupo, Ortiz, Alberto, Pana, Adrian, Panagiotakos, Demosthene, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pardhan, Shahina, Pasovic, Maja, Patel, Jay, L Peñalvo, José, B Pereira, Renato, Polinder, Suzanne, J Postma, Maarten, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Laith Rawaf, David, Rawaf, Salman, Ronfani, Luca, Reza Saeb, Mohammad, Sathian, Brijesh, Saxena, Sonia, Pedro Silva, João, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Roberto Tovani-Palone, Marco, Clement Truelsen, Thoma, Juhani Vasankari, Tommi, Villafaina, Santo, Westerman, Ronny, Yaya, Sanni, Zadnik, Vesna, Zumla., and Alimuddin, Sawyer, Susan, Bustreo, Flavia, Segafredo, Giulia, Castelpietra, Giulio, Hay, Simon, Perel, Pablo, M Sawyer, Susan, I Hay, Simon, Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Manfred, Ahmadi, Keivan, A Aldeyab, Mamoon, Al-Jumaily, Adel, Ancuceanu, Robert, Liliana Andrei, Catalina, Andrei, Tudorel, Arumugam, Ashokan, Aujayeb, Avinash, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barra, Fabio, T Baune, Bernhard, B??jot, Yannick, Belo, Lui, A Bennett, Derrick, Bikov, Andra, Blyuss, Oleg, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, M??rcia, L Catapano, Alberico, Singh Chandan, Joht, Charalampous, Perikli, Chen, Simiao, Conde, Joao, Cruz-Martins, Nat??lia, Dastiridou, Anna, Francis Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, P Ferreira de Oliveira, Jos?? Miguel, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, Fischer, Florian, A Fonseca, Diogo, Gaewkhiew, Piyada, Gallus, Silvano, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Singh Gill, Paramjit, Gorini, Giuseppe, Kondale Gurara, Mekde, Tasdik Hasan, M, J Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heibati, Behzad, E Hellemons, Merel, Hussain, Salman, Johnson, Olatunji, J??risson, Mikk, Karch, Andr??, Kivim??ki, Mika, Klugar, Miloslav, Klugarov??, Jitka, Nahar Koly, Kamrun, Koyanagi, Ai, P Kurmi, Om, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lamnisos, Demetri, Langguth, Berthold, O Larsson, Ander, Lauriola, Paolo, H Lee, Paul, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, An, Linehan, Christine, L??pez-Bueno, Rub??n, A Loureiro, Joana, Lunevicius, Raimunda, A Magee, Laura, Giulia Magnani, Francesca, Majeed, Azeem, G Mathioudakis, Alexander, J McGrath, John, A Mentis, Alexios-Fotio, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mirica, Andreea, Mondello, Stefania, Munblit, Daniel, Nena, Evangelia, M Noor, Nurulamin, Nowak, Christoph, Ntaios, George, Ebuka Nwatah, Vincent, Otoiu, Adrian, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pedersini, Paolo, L Pe??alvo, Jos??, Pensato, Umberto, Perico, Norberto, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Ur Rehman, Faizan, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Riad, Abanoub, Rodriguez, Alina, Sacco, Simona, Safdarian, Mahdi, Sattin, Davide, Scarmeas, Nikolao, Schlee, Winfried, Schwendicke, Falk, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Tadesse Sharew, Nigussie, Shiri, Rahman, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shivarov, Velizar, Pedro Silva, Jo??o, R Simpson, Colin, T Skou, S??ren, Socea, Bogdan, N Soyiri, Ireneou, Steiropoulos, Paschali, Straif, Kurt, Sun, Xiaohui, Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thiyagarajan, Arulmani, Topouzis, Foti, Unim, Brigid, Van den Eynde, Jef, Veroux, Massimiliano, Vinko, Matej, S Violante, Francesco, Volovici, Victor, Wang, Yanzhong, Esmaeil Yadegarfar, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, and University of St Andrews. School of Medicine
Subjects: Male, mortality burden, Adolescent, RJ, RJ101, Care, Global Burden of Disease, Life Expectancy, RJ101 Child Health. Child health services, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Disabled Persons, Noncommunicable Diseases, Future, Determinants, MCC, Disability, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Burden of non-communicable diseases among adolescents aged 10–24 years in the EU, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019, 3rd-DAS, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, n/a, Health, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, RA
Abstract: Background:Disability and mortality burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have risen worldwide; however, the NCD burden among adolescents remains poorly described in the EU. Methods:Estimates were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Causes of NCDs were analysed at three different levels of the GBD 2019 hierarchy, for which mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were extracted. Estimates, with the 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), were retrieved for EU Member States from 1990 to 2019, three age subgroups (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years), and by sex. Spearman's correlation was conducted between DALY rates for NCDs and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) of each EU Member State. Findings:In 2019, NCDs accounted for 86·4% (95% uncertainty interval 83·5–88·8) of all YLDs and 38·8% (37·4–39·8) of total deaths in adolescents aged 10–24 years. For NCDs in this age group, neoplasms were the leading causes of both mortality (4·01 [95% uncertainty interval 3·62–4·25] per 100 000 population) and YLLs (281·78 [254·25–298·92] per 100 000 population), whereas mental disorders were the leading cause for YLDs (2039·36 [1432·56–2773·47] per 100 000 population) and DALYs (2040·59 [1433·96–2774·62] per 100 000 population) in all EU Member States, and in all studied age groups. In 2019, among adolescents aged 10–24 years, males had a higher mortality rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs than females (11·66 [11·04–12·28]vs7·89 [7·53–8·23]), whereas females presented a higher DALY rate per 100 000 population due to NCDs (8003·25 [5812·78–10 701·59]vs6083·91 [4576·63–7857·92]). From 1990 to 2019, mortality rate due to NCDs in adolescents aged 10–24 years substantially decreased (–40·41% [–43·00 to –37·61), and also the YLL rate considerably decreased (–40·56% [–43·16 to –37·74]), except for mental disorders (which increased by 32·18% [1·67 to 66·49]), whereas the YLD rate increased slightly (1·44% [0·09 to 2·79]). Positive correlations were observed between DALY rates and SDIs for substance use disorders (rs=0·58, p=0·0012) and skin and subcutaneous diseases (rs=0·45, p=0·017), whereas negative correlations were found between DALY rates and SDIs for cardiovascular diseases (rs=–0·46, p=0·015), neoplasms (rs=–0·57, p=0·0015), and sense organ diseases (rs=–0·61, p=0·0005). Interpretation:NCD-related mortality has substantially declined among adolescents in the EU between 1990 and 2019, but the rising trend of YLL attributed to mental disorders and their YLD burden are concerning. Differences by sex, age group, and across EU Member States highlight the importance of preventive interventions and scaling up adolescent-responsive health-care systems, which should prioritise specific needs by sex, age, and location. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

12. Implications of ACC/AHA versus ESC/EAS LDL-C recommendations for residual risk reduction in ASCVD

Author: Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio J, Bray, Sarah, Villa, Guillermo, Brandts, Julia, Kiru, Gaia, Murphy, Jennifer, Banach, Maciej, De Servi, Stefano, Gaita, Dan, Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna, Kees Hovingh, G, Jozwiak, Jacek J, Jukema, J Wouter, Gabor Kiss, Robert, Kownator, Serge, Iversen, Helle K, Maher, Vincent, Masana, Luis, Parkhomenko, Alexander, Peeters, André, Clifford, Piers, Raslova, Katarina, Siostrzonek, Peter, Romeo, Stefano, Tousoulis, Dimitrios, Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, Vrablik, Michal, Catapano, Alberico L, Poulter, Neil R, Ray, Kausik K, DA VINCI Study Investigators, Experimental Vascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine, and ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes
Subjects: Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems, STATIN THERAPY, EZETIMIBE, ATORVASTATIN, Cardiovascular disease prevention, CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES, DISEASE, Pharmacology (medical), Pharmacology & Pharmacy, LDL-C, METAANALYSIS, Pharmacology, Science & Technology, Lipid-lowering, Statins, DA VINCI Study Investigators, General Medicine, EFFICACY, Cardiovascular risk, SIMVASTATIN, DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, SAFETY, Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract: Purpose Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) recommendations differ between the 2018 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (vs. Methods DA VINCI was a cross-sectional observational study of patients prescribed lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) across 18 European countries. Ten-year cardiovascular risk (CVR) was predicted among ASCVD patients receiving stabilized LLT. For patients with LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dl, the absolute LDL-C reduction required to achieve an LDL-C of Results Of the 2039 patients, 61% did not achieve LDL-C Conclusion In ASCVD patients, achieving ESC/EAS LDL-C goals could result in a 2% additional ARR over 10 years versus the ACC/AHA approach. Graphical abstract
Published: 2022

13. LDL-cholesterol control in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: An expert opinion for clinicians and health professionals

Author: Poli, Andrea, Catapano, Alberico L, Corsini, Alberto, Manzato, Enzo, Werba, José Pablo, Catena, Gabriele, Cetin, Irene, Cicero, Arrigo F G, Cignarella, Andrea, Colivicchi, Furio, Consoli, Agostino, Landi, Francesco, Lucarelli, Maurizio, Manfellotto, Dario, Marrocco, Walter, Parretti, Damiano, Perrone Filardi, Pasquale, Pirillo, Angela, Sesti, Giorgio, Volpe, Massimo, Marangoni, Franca, Poli, A., Catapano, A. L., Corsini, A., Manzato, E., Werba, J. P., Catena, G., Cetin, I., Cicero, A. F. G., Cignarella, A., Colivicchi, F., Consoli, A., Landi, F., Lucarelli, M., Manfellotto, D., Marrocco, W., Parretti, D., Perrone Filardi, P., Pirillo, A., Sesti, G., Volpe, M., and Marangoni, F.
Subjects: Primary prevention, Cardiovascular disease, Cardiovascular risk, LDL-cholesterol, Risk factors, Settore BIO/14 - Farmacologia, Settore MED/40 - Ginecologia e Ostetricia
Abstract: Aims: Although adequate clinical management of patients with hypercholesterolemia without a history of known cardiovascular disease is essential for prevention, these subjects are often disregarded. Furthermore, the scientific literature on primary cardiovascular prevention is not as rich as that on secondary prevention; finally, physicians often lack adequate tools for the effective management of subjects in primary prevention and have to face some unsolved relevant issues. This document aims to discuss and review the evidence available on this topic and provide practical guidance. Data synthesis: Available algorithms and risk charts represent the main tool for the assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients in primary prevention. The accuracy of such an estimate can be substantially improved considering the potential contribution of some additional risk factors (C-reactive protein, lipoprotein(a), family history of cardiovascular disease) and conditions (environmental pollution, sleep quality, socioeconomic status, educational level) whose impact on the cardiovascular risk has been better understood in recent years. The availability of non-invasive procedures to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis may help to identify subjects needing an earlier intervention. Unveiling the presence of these conditions will improve cardiovascular risk estimation, granting a more appropriate intervention. Conclusions: The accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk in subjects in primary prevention with the use of algorithms and risk charts together with the evaluation of additional factors will allow physicians to approach each patient with personalized strategies, which should translate into an increased adherence to therapy and, as a consequence, a reduced cardiovascular risk.
Published: 2022

14. Predictive value of HDL function in patients with coronary artery disease: relationship with coronary plaque characteristics and clinical events

Author: Magnoni, Marco, Andreini, Daniele, Pirillo, Angela, Uboldi, Patrizia, Latini, Roberto, Catapano, Alberico L., Maggioni, Aldo P., Norata, Giuseppe, D., and Modena, Maria Grazia
Subjects: Scavenger Receptors, HDL, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, SR-BI, General Medicine, Coronary Artery Disease, Scavenger Receptors, Class B, Cholesterol efflux capacity, Plaque, Atherosclerotic, atherosclerotic plaque volume, coronary artery disease, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Cholesterol, Humans, Lipoproteins, HDL, Settore BIO/14 - Farmacologia, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Class B, Atherosclerotic, Plaque
Abstract: HDL is endowed with several metabolic, vascular, and immunoinflammatory protective functions. Among them, a key property is to promote reverse cholesterol transport from cells back to the liver. The aim of this study was to estimate the association of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)- and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated cholesterol efflux (the two major routes for cholesterol efflux to HDL) with the presence, extent, and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), vascular wall remodelling processes, coronary plaque characteristics, and the incidence of myocardial infarction in the different subgroups of patients from the CAPIRE study. Patients (n = 525) from the CAPIRE study were divided into two groups: low-risk factors (RF), with 0–1 RF (n = 263), and multiple-RF, with ≥2 RFs; within each group, subjects were classified as no-CAD or CAD based on the segment involvement score (SIS) evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography (SIS = 0 and SIS > 5, respectively). SR-BI- and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux were measured using the plasma of all patients. SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux was significantly reduced in patients with CAD in both the low-RF and multiple-RF groups, whereas ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux was similar among all groups. In CAD patients, multivariable analysis showed that SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux th percentile predicted cardiovascular outcome (odds ratio 4.1; 95% CI: 1.3–13.7; p = .019), whereas ABCA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux and HDL-C levels significantly did not. Despite this finding, reduced SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux was not associated with changes in high-risk plaque features or changes in the prevalence of elevated total, non-calcified, and low-attenuation plaque volume. SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity is lower in patients with diffuse coronary atherosclerosis. In addition, a lower SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity is associated with the worst clinical outcomes in patients with CAD, independently of atherosclerotic plaque features. Key MessagesIncreased cholesterol efflux capacity, an estimate of HDL function, is associated with a reduced CVD risk, regardless of HDL-C levels.HDL-C levels are significantly lower in patients with CAD.Lower SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity is observed in patients with diffuse coronary atherosclerosis and is associated with the worst clinical outcomes in patients with CAD, independently of atherosclerotic plaque features. Increased cholesterol efflux capacity, an estimate of HDL function, is associated with a reduced CVD risk, regardless of HDL-C levels. HDL-C levels are significantly lower in patients with CAD. Lower SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity is observed in patients with diffuse coronary atherosclerosis and is associated with the worst clinical outcomes in patients with CAD, independently of atherosclerotic plaque features.
Published: 2022
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15. Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-cpt-10.1177_10742484221138284 - A Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of New-Formulation Zenon (Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Fixed-Dose Combination) in Primary Hypercholesterolemia Inadequately Controlled by Statins

Author: Catapano, Alberico L., Vrablik, Michal, Karpov, Yuri, Berthou, Baptiste, Loy, Megan, and Baccara-Dinet, Marie
Subjects: 110203 Respiratory Diseases, FOS: Clinical medicine, Cardiology, 110323 Surgery, 110306 Endocrinology, 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Abstract: Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-cpt-10.1177_10742484221138284 for A Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of New-Formulation Zenon (Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Fixed-Dose Combination) in Primary Hypercholesterolemia Inadequately Controlled by Statins by Alberico L. Catapano, Michal Vrablik, Yuri Karpov, Baptiste Berthou, Megan Loy and Marie Baccara-Dinet in Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Published: 2022
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16. Implications of ACC/AHA Versus ESC/EAS LDL-C Recommendations for Residual Risk Reduction in ASCVD : A Simulation Study From DA VINCI

Author: Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio J., Bray, Sarah, Kees Hovingh, G., Jozwiak, Jacek J., Jukema, J. Wouter, Gabor Kiss, Robert, Kownator, Serge, Iversen, Helle K., Maher, Vincent, Masana, Luis, Parkhomenko, Alexander, Peeters, André, Villa, Guillermo, Clifford, Piers, Raslova, Katarina, Siostrzonek, Peter, Romeo, Stefano, Tousoulis, Dimitrios, Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, Vrablik, Michal, Catapano, Alberico L., Poulter, Neil R., Ray, Kausik K., Brandts, Julia Maria, Da Vinci Study Investigators, Kiru, Gaia, Murphy, Jennifer, Banach, Maciej, De Servi, Stefano, Gaita, Dan, and Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna
Abstract: Cardiovascular drugs and therapy (2022). doi:10.1007/s10557-022-07343-x, Published by Springer Science + Business Media B.V, Dordrecht [u.a.]
Published: 2022
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17. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Mensah, George A, Johnson, Catherine O, Addolorato, Giovanni, Ammirati, Enrico, Baddour, Larry M, Barengo, Noël C, Beaton, Andrea Z, Benjamin, Emelia J, Benziger, Catherine P, Bonny, Aimé, Brauer, Michael, Brodmann, Marianne, Cahill, Thomas J, Carapetis, Jonathan, Catapano, Alberico L, Chugh, Sumeet S, Cooper, Leslie T, Coresh, Josef, Criqui, Michael, DeCleene, Nicole, Eagle, Kim A, Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Feigin, Valery L, Fernández-Solà, Joaquim, Fowkes, Gerry, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Grundy, Scott M, He, Feng J, Howard, George, Hu, Frank, Inker, Lesley, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Koroshetz, Walter, Lavie, Carl, Lloyd-Jones, Donald, Lu, Hong S, Mirijello, Antonio, Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw, Mokdad, Ali, Moran, Andrew E, Muntner, Paul, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ntsekhe, Mpiko, Moraes de Oliveira, Glaucia, Otto, Catherine, Owolabi, Mayowa, Pratt, Michael, Rajagopalan, Sanjay, Reitsma, Marissa, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P, Rigotti, Nancy, Rodgers, Anthony, Sable, Craig, Shakil, Saate, Sliwa-Hahnle, Karen, Stark, Benjamin, Sundström, Johan, Timpel, Patrick, Tleyjeh, Imad M, Valgimigli, Marco, Vos, Theo, Whelton, Paul K, Yacoub, Magdi, Zuhlke, Liesl, Murray, Christopher, Fuster, Valentin, GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global, Burden of, Cardiovascular Diseases, Writing Group, Gregory A, Roth George, A Mensah, Catherine O, Johnson, Giovanni, Addolorato, Enrico, Ammirati, Larry M, Baddour Noel, C Barengo, Andrea, Beaton, Emelia J, Benjamin Catherine, P Benziger, Aime, Bonny, Michael, Brauer, Marianne, Brodmann, Thomas J, Cahill Jonathan, R Carapetis, Alberico L, Catapano, Sumeet, Chugh, Leslie T, Cooper, Josef, Coresh, Michael H, Criqui Nicole, K DeCleene, Kim A, Eagle, Sophia, Emmons-Bell, Valery L, Feigin, Joaquim, Fernández-Sola, F Gerry, R Fowkes, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Scott M, Grundy Feng, J He, George, Howard, Frank, Hu, Lesley, Inker, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Nicholas J, Kassebaum Walter, J Koroshetz, Carl, Lavie, Donald, Lloyd-Jones, Hong S, Antonio, Mirijello, Awoke T, Misganaw Ali, H Mokdad, Andrew E, Moran, Paul, Muntner, Jagat, Narula, Bruce, Neal, Mpiko, Ntsekhe, Gláucia M, M Oliveira, Catherine M, Otto Mayowa, O Owolabi, Michael, Pratt, Sanjay, Rajagopalan, Marissa B, Reitsma Antonio, Luiz P, Ribeiro Nancy, A Rigotti, Anthony, Rodgers, Craig A, Sable Saate, S Shakil, Karen, Sliwa, Benjamin A, Stark, Johan, Sundström, Patrick, Timpel, Imad I, Tleyjeh, Marco, Valgimigli, Theo, Vos, Paul K, Whelton, Magdi, Yacoub, Liesl J, Zuhlke, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Alireza, Abdi, Aidin, Abedi, Victor, Aboyans, Woldu A, Abrha, Eman, Abu-Gharbieh, Abdelrahman I, Abushouk, Dilaram, Acharya, Tim, Adair, Oladimeji M, Adebayo, Zanfina, Ademi, Shailesh M, Advani, Khashayar, Afshari, Ashkan, Afshin, Gina, Agarwal, Pradyumna, Agasthi, Sohail, Ahmad, Sepideh, Ahmadi, Muktar B, Ahmed, Budi, Aji, Yonas, Akalu, Wuraola, Akande-Sholabi, Addis, Aklilu, Chisom J, Akunna, Fares, Alahdab, Ayman, Al-Eyadhy, Khalid F, Alhabib Sheikh, M Alif, Vahid, Alipour, Syed M, Aljunid, François, Alla, Amir, Almasi-Hashiani, Sami, Almustanyir, Rajaa M, Al-Raddadi Adeladza, K Amegah, Saeed, Amini, Arya, Aminorroaya, Hubert, Amu, Dickson A, Amugsi, Robert, Ancuceanu, Deanna, Anderlini, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Alireza, Ansari-Moghaddam, Zelalem A, Anteneh Ippazio, Cosimo Antonazzo, Benny, Antony, Razique, Anwer, Lambert T, Appiah, Jalal, Arabloo, Johan, Ärnlöv, Kurnia D, Artanti, Zerihun, Ataro, Marcel, Ausloos, Leticia, Avila-Burgos, Asma T, Awan Mamaru, A Awoke, Henok T, Ayele Muluken, A Ayza, Samad, Azari, Darshan B, B, Nafiseh, Baheiraei, Atif A, Baig, Ahad, Bakhtiari, Maciej, Banach, Palash C, Banik Emerson, A Baptista, Miguel A, Barboza, Lingkan, Barua, Sanjay, Basu, Neeraj, Bedi, Yannick, Béjot, Derrick A, Bennett Isabela, M Bensenor, Adam E, Berman Yihienew, M Bezabih, Akshaya S, Bhagavathula, Sonu, Bhaskar, Krittika, Bhattacharyya, Ali, Bijani, Boris, Bikbov, Mulugeta M, Birhanu, Archith, Boloor, Luisa C, Brant, Hermann, Brenner, Nikolay I, Briko Zahid, A Butt, Florentino Luciano, Caetano Dos, Santos Leah, E Cahill, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis A, Cámera Ismael, R Campos-Nonato, Carlos, Cantu-Brito, Josip, Car, Juan J, Carrero, Felix, Carvalho, Carlos A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Ester, Cerin, Jaykaran, Charan, Vijay Kumar, Chattu, Simiao, Chen, Ken L, Chin Jee-Young, J Choi, Dinh-Toi, Chu, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Cirillo, Massimo, Sean, Coffey, Sara, Conti, Vera M, Costa David, K Cundiff, Omid, Dadras, Baye, Dagnew, Xiaochen, Dai, Albertino A, M Damasceno, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Kairat, Davletov, Vanessa De, la Cruz-Góngora, Fernando P, De la, Hoz Jan-Walter, De Neve, Edgar, Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew, Molla Behailu, T Derseh, Rupak, Desai, Günther, Deuschl, Samath D, Dharmaratne, Meghnath, Dhimal, Raja Ram, Dhungana, Mostafa, Dianatinasab, Daniel, Diaz, Shirin, Djalalinia, Klara, Dokova, Abdel, Douiri, Bruce B, Duncan Andre, R Duraes, Arielle W, Eagan, Sanam, Ebtehaj, Aziz, Eftekhari, Sahar, Eftekharzadeh, Michael, Ekholuenetale, Nevine El, Nahas Islam, Y Elgendy, Muhammed, Elhadi, Shaimaa I, El-Jaafary, Sadaf, Esteghamati, Atkilt E, Etisso, Oghenowede, Eyawo, Ibtihal, Fadhil, Emerito Jose, A Faraon, Pawan S, Faris, Medhat, Farwati, Farshad, Farzadfar, Eduarda, Fernandes, Carlota Fernandez, Prendes, Pietro, Ferrara, Irina, Filip, Florian, Fischer, David, Flood, Takeshi, Fukumoto, Mohamed M, Gad, Shilpa, Gaidhane, Morsaleh, Ganji, Jalaj, Garg, Abadi K, Gebre Birhan, G Gebregiorgis, Kidane Z, Gebregzabiher Gebreamlak, G Gebremeskel, Lemma, Getacher, Abera Getachew, Obsa, Alireza, Ghajar, Ahmad, Ghashghaee, Nermin, Ghith, Simona, Giampaoli, Syed Amir, Gilani Paramjit, S Gill, Richard F, Gillum Ekaterina, V Glushkova, Elena V, Gnedovskaya, Mahaveer, Golechha, Kebebe B, Gonfa Amir, Hossein Goudarzian, Alessandra C, Goulart Jenny, S Guadamuz, Avirup, Guha, Yuming, Guo, Rajeev, Gupta, Vladimir, Hachinski, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Teklehaimanot G, Haile Randah, R Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Graeme J, Hankey, Arief, Hargono, Risky K, Hartono, Maryam, Hashemian, Abdiwahab, Hashi, Shoaib, Hassan, Hamid Y, Hassen Rasmus, J Havmoeller, Simon I, Hay, Khezar, Hayat, Golnaz, Heidari, Claudiu, Herteliu, Ramesh, Holla, Mostafa, Hosseini, Mehdi, Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Mowafa, Househ, Junjie, Huang, Ayesha, Humayun, Ivo, Iavicoli, Charles U, Ibeneme Segun, E Ibitoye, Olayinka S, Ilesanmi Irena, M Ilic, Milena D, Ilic, Usman, Iqbal, Seyed Sina, N Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed, Shariful Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Hiroyasu, Iso, Masao, Iwagami, Vardhmaan, Jain, Tahereh, Javaheri, Sathish Kumar, Jayapal, Shubha, Jayaram, Ranil, Jayawardena, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Ravi P, Jha Jost, B Jonas, Jitendra, Jonnagaddala, Farahnaz, Joukar, Jacek J, Jozwiak, Mikk, Jürisson, Ali, Kabir, Tanvir, Kahlon, Rizwan, Kalani, Rohollah, Kalhor, Ashwin, Kamath, Ibrahim, Kamel, Himal, Kandel, Amit, Kandel, André, Karch, Ayele Semachew, Kasa Patrick, D M, C Katoto, Gbenga A, Kayode Yousef, S Khader, Mohammad, Khammarnia, Muhammad S, Khan Md, Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz A, Khan, Khaled, Khatab, Gulam M, A Kibria, Yun Jin, Kim Gyu, Ri Kim, Ruth W, Kimokoti, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Mika, Kivimäki, Dhaval, Kolte, Ali, Koolivand, Vladimir A, Korshunov Sindhura, Lakshmi Koulmane, Laxminarayana, Ai, Koyanagi, Kewal, Krishan, Vijay, Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate, Defo Burcu, Kucuk Bicer, Vaman, Kulkarni, G Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Om P, Kurmi, Dian, Kusuma, Gene F, Kwan Carlo, La Vecchia, Ben, Lacey, Tea, Lallukka, Qing, Lan, Savita, Lasrado, Zohra S, Lassi, Paolo, Lauriola, Wayne R, Lawrence, Avula, Laxmaiah, Kate E, LeGrand, Ming-Chieh, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Li, Stephen S, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Hualiang, Lin, Ziqiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Lin, Xuefeng, Liu, Alan D, Lopez, Stefan, Lorkowski, Paulo A, Lotufo, Alessandra, Lugo, Nirmal K, M, Fabiana, Madotto, Morteza, Mahmoudi, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Ahmad A, Malik Abdullah, A Mamun, 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Santos, Leah, Cahill, E, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis, A, Cámera, Ismael, Campos-Nonato, R, Carlos, Cantu-Brito, Josip, Car, Juan, J, Carrero, Felix, Carvalho, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Ester, Cerin, Jaykaran, Charan, Vijay, Kumar, Chattu, Simiao, Chen, Ken, L, Chin, Jee-Young, Dinh-Toi, Chu, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Cirillo, Massimo, Sean, Coffey, Sara, Conti, Vera, M, Costa, David, Cundiff, K, Omid, Dadra, Baye, Dagnew, Xiaochen, Dai, Albertino, A, Damasceno, M, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Kairat, Davletov, Vanessa, De, Cruz-Góngora, La, Fernando, P, De, La, Hoz, Jan-Walter, Neve, De, Edgar, Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret, Derbew, Molla, Behailu, Derseh, T, Rupak, Desai, Günther, Deuschl, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Meghnath, Dhimal, Raja, Ram, Dhungana, Mostafa, Dianatinasab, Daniel, Diaz, Shirin, Djalalinia, Klara, Dokova, Abdel, Douiri, Bruce, B, Duncan, Andre, Duraes, R, Arielle, W, Eagan, Sanam, Ebtehaj, Aziz, Eftekhari, Sahar, Eftekharzadeh, Michael, Ekholuenetale, Nevine, El, Nahas, Islam, Elgendy, Y, Muhammed, Elhadi, Shaimaa, I, El-Jaafary, Sadaf, Esteghamati, Atkilt, E, Etisso, Oghenowede, Eyawo, Ibtihal, Fadhil, Emerito, Jose, Faraon, A, Pawan, S, Faris, Medhat, Farwati, Farshad, Farzadfar, Eduarda, Fernande, Carlota, Fernandez, Prendes, Pietro, Ferrara, Irina, Filip, Florian, Fischer, David, Flood, Takeshi, Fukumoto, Mohamed, M, Gad, Shilpa, Gaidhane, Morsaleh, Ganji, Jalaj, Garg, Abadi, K, Gebre, Birhan, Gebregiorgis, G, Kidane, Z, Gebregzabiher, Gebreamlak, Lemma, Getacher, Abera, Getachew, Obsa, Alireza, Ghajar, Ahmad, Ghashghaee, Nermin, Ghith, Simona, Giampaoli, Syed, Amir, Gilani, Paramjit, Gill, S, Richard, F, Gillum, Ekaterina, Glushkova, V, Elena, V, Gnedovskaya, Mahaveer, Golechha, Kebebe, B, Gonfa, Amir, Hossein, Goudarzian, Alessandra, C, Goulart, Jenny, Guadamuz, S, Avirup, Guha, Yuming, Guo, Rajeev, Gupta, Vladimir, Hachinski, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Teklehaimanot, G, Haile, Randah, Samer, Hamidi, Graeme, J, Hankey, Arief, Hargono, Risky, K, Hartono, Maryam, Hashemian, Abdiwahab, Hashi, Shoaib, Hassan, Hamid, Y, Hassen, Rasmu, Havmoeller, J, Simon, I, Hay, Khezar, Hayat, Golnaz, Heidari, Claudiu, Herteliu, Ramesh, Holla, Mostafa, Hosseini, Mehdi, Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hostiuc, Mowafa, Househ, Junjie, Huang, Ayesha, Humayun, Iavicoli, Ivo, Charles, U, Ibeneme, Segun, Ibitoye, E, Olayinka, S, Ilesanmi, Irena, Milena, D, Ilic, Usman, Iqbal, Seyed, Sina, Irvani, N, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Rakibul, M, Islam, Hiroyasu, Iso, Masao, Iwagami, Vardhmaan, Jain, Tahereh, Javaheri, Sathish, Kumar, Jayapal, Shubha, Jayaram, Ranil, Jayawardena, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Ravi, P, Jha, Jost, Jonas, B, Jitendra, Jonnagaddala, Farahnaz, Joukar, Jacek, J, Jozwiak, Mikk, Jürisson, Ali, Kabir, Tanvir, Kahlon, Rizwan, Kalani, Rohollah, Kalhor, Ashwin, Kamath, Ibrahim, Kamel, Himal, Kandel, Amit, Kandel, André, Karch, Ayele, Semachew, Kasa, Patrick, D, M, Katoto, C, Gbenga, A, Kayode, Yousef, Khader, S, Mohammad, Khammarnia, Muhammad, S, Khan, Md, Nuruzzaman, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Ejaz, A, Khan, Khaled, Khatab, Gulam, M, Kibria, A, Yun, Jin, Kim, Gyu, Kim, Ri, Ruth, W, Kimokoti, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Mika, Kivimäki, Dhaval, Kolte, Ali, Koolivand, Vladimir, A, Korshunov, Sindhura, Lakshmi, Koulmane, Laxminarayana, Koyanagi, Ai, Kewal, Krishan, Vijay, Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Vaman, Kulkarni, Anil, G, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Om, P, Kurmi, Dian, Kusuma, Gene, F, Kwan, Carlo, Vecchia, La, Ben, Lacey, Tea, Lallukka, Qing, Lan, Savita, Lasrado, Zohra, S, Lassi, Paolo, Lauriola, Wayne, R, Lawrence, Avula, Laxmaiah, Kate, E, Legrand, Ming-Chieh, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Li, Stephen, S, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Hualiang, Lin, Ziqiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Lin, Xuefeng, Liu, Alan, D, Lopez, Stefan, Lorkowski, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Alessandra, Lugo, Nirmal, K, M, Fabiana, Madotto, Morteza, Mahmoudi, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Ahmad, A, Malik, Abdullah, Navid, Manafi, Mohammad, Ali, Mansournia, Lorenzo, Mantovani, G, Santi, Martini, Manu, R, Mathur, Giampiero, Mazzaglia, Suresh, Mehata, Man, Mohan, Mehndiratta, Toni, Meier, Ritesh, G, Menezes, Atte, Meretoja, Tomislav, Mestrovic, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miazgowski, Irmina, Maria, Michalek, Ted, Miller, R, Erkin, M, Mirrakhimov, Hamed, Mirzaei, Babak, Moazen, Masoud, Moghadaszadeh, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara, K, Mohammad, Shafiu, Mohammed, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, Yaser, Mokhayeri, Mariam, Molokhia, Ahmed, A, Montasir, Ghobad, Moradi, Rahmatollah, Moradzadeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Ilais, Moreno, Velásquez, Jakub, Morze, Sumaira, Mubarik, Walter, Muruet, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Ahamarshan, Nagarajan, J, Mahdi, Nalini, Vinay, Nangia, Atta, Abba, Naqvi, Sreeniva, Narasimha, Swamy, Bruno, R, Nascimento, Vinod, Nayak, C, Javad, Nazari, Milad, Nazarzadeh, Ruxandra, I, Negoi, Sandhya, Neupane, Kandel, Huong, L, Nguyen, T, Molly, R, Nixon, Norrving, Bo, Jean, Jacque, Noubiap, Brice, Nouthe, E, Christoph, Nowak, Oluwakemi, O, Odukoya, Felix, Ogbo, A, Andrew, T, Olagunju, Hans, Orru, Alberto, Ortiz, Samuel, M, Ostroff, Jagadish, Rao, Padubidri, Palladino, Raffaele, Adrian, Pana, Songhomitra, Panda-Jona, Utsav, Parekh, Eun-Cheol, Park, Mojtaba, Parvizi, Fatemeh, Pashazadeh, Kan, Urvish, Patel, K, Mona, Pathak, Rajan, Paudel, Veincent, Christian, Pepito, F, Arokiasamy, Perianayagam, Norberto, Perico, Hai, Q, Pham, Thomas, Pilgrim, Michael, A, Piradov, Farhad, Pishgar, Vivek, Podder, Roman, V, Polibin, Akram, Poursham, Dimas, R, Pribadi, A, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Amir, Radfar, Alireza, Rafiei, Fakher, Rahim, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad, Hifz, Rahman, Ur, Muhammad, Aziz, Rahman, Amir, Masoud, Rahmani, Ivo, Rakovac, Pradhum, Ram, Sudha, Ramalingam, Juwel, Rana, Priyanga, Ranasinghe, Sowmya, J, Rao, Priya, Rathi, Lal, Rawal, Wasiq, F, Rawasia, Reza, Rawassizadeh, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, M, Renzaho, N, Aziz, Rezapour, Seyed, Mohammad, Riahi, Ro, Roberts-Thomson, L, Leonardo, Roever, Peter, Rohloff, Michele, Romoli, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Godfrey, M, Rwegerera, Seyedmohammad, Saadatagah, Maha, M, Saber-Ayad, Siamak, Sabour, Simona, Sacco, Masoumeh, Sadeghi, Sahar, Saeedi, Moghaddam, Saeed, Safari, Amirhossein, Sahebkar, Sana, Salehi, Hamideh, Salimzadeh, Mehrnoosh, Samaei, Abdallah, M, Samy, Itamar, Santos, S, Milena, M, Santric-Milicevic, Nizal, Sarrafzadegan, Arash, Sarveazad, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Monika, Sawhney, Mete, Saylan, Maria, I, Schmidt, Aletta, Schutte, E, Subramanian, Senthilkumaran, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Feng, Sha, Saeed, Shahabi, Izza, Shahid, Masood, A, Shaikh, Mahdi, Shamali, Morteza, Shamsizadeh, Shajedur, Md, Rahman, Shawon, Aziz, Sheikh, Mika, Shigematsu, Min-Jeong, Shin, Jae, Il, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Kerem, Shuval, Soraya, Siabani, Tariq, J, Siddiqi, Diego, A, S, Silva, Jasvinder, Singh, A, Ambrish, Singh, Mtech, Valentin, Skryabin, Y, Anna, A, Skryabina, Amin, Soheili, Emma, E, Spurlock, Leo, Stockfelt, Stefan, Stortecky, Saverio, Strange, Rizwan, Suliankatchi, Abdulkader, Hooman, Tadbiri, Eyayou, G, Tadesse, Degena, Tadesse, B, Masih, Tajdini, Tariqujjaman, Md, Berhane, F, Teklehaimanot, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Ayenew, K, Tesema, Bhaskar, Thakur, Kavumpurathu, R, Thankappan, Rekha, Thapar, Amanda, G, Thrift, Binod, Timalsina, Marcello, Tonelli, Mathilde, Touvier, Marcos, R, Tovani-Palone, Avnish, Tripathi, Jaya, P, Tripathy, Thoma, Truelsen, C, Guesh, M, Tsegay, Gebiyaw, Tsegaye, W, Nikolaos, Tsilimpari, Biruk, S, Tusa, Stefanos, Tyrovola, Krishna, Kishore, Umapathi, Brigid, Unim, Bhaskaran, Unnikrishnan, Usman, Muthiah, Vaduganathan, Pascual, R, Valdez, Tommi, Vasankari, J, Diana, Z, Velazquez, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Giang, T, Isidora, Vu, Vujcic, S, Yasir, Waheed, Yanzhong, Wang, Fang, Wang, Jingkai, Wei, Robert, G, Weintraub, Abrha, Weldemariam, H, Ronny, Westerman, Andrea, S, Winkler, Charle, Wiysonge, S, Charles, D, Wolfe, A, Befikadu, Legesse, Wubishet, Gelin, Xu, Ali, Yadollahpour, Kazumasa, Yamagishi, Lijing, L, Yan, Srikanth, Yandrapalli, Yuichiro, Yano, Hiroshi, Yatsuya, Tomas, Y, Yeheyis, Yigizie, Yeshaw, Christopher, S, Yilgwan, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Chuanhua, Yu, Hasan, Yusefzadeh, Geevar, Zachariah, Sojib, Bin, Zaman, Muhammed, Maryam, Zamanian, Ramin, Zand, Alireza, Zandifar, Afshin, Zarghi, Mikhail, S, Zastrozhin, Anasthasia, Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Wangjian, Zhang, Chenwen, Zhong, Zhiyong, Zou, Yves, Miel, Zuniga, H, Christopher, J, Murray, L, and Valentin, Fuster
Subjects: cardiovascular disease, global health, health policy, population health
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
Published: 2020

18. Prevalence Of familial hypercholeSTerolaemia (FH) in Italian Patients with coronary artERy disease: The POSTER study

Author: Catapano Alberico, L.
Abstract: Background and aims Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) events. High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) since birth are linked to the early onset of atherosclerotic disease. A genetic mutation determining FH is present in about one subject out of 250; FH should be more represented among subjects with a documented diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The POSTER Study evaluated the prevalence of FH in Italian patients with a recent CAD event. Methods Eighty-two cardiology centres enrolled patients with a documented CAD event; CV risk profile, drug therapy and biochemical parameters were collected. Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria were used to define patients with a potential FH diagnosis (score ≥6); these patients underwent molecular testing for genetic diagnosis of FH. Results Overall, 5415 patients were enrolled and the main index events were myocardial infarction with ST-elevation, non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS), or a recent coronary revascularization (34.8%, 37.2%, and 28% respectively). Mean age was 66±11 years, men were 78%; about 40% were already treated with statins, proportion that increased after the acute event (96.5%). Based on the DLCN score, the prevalence of potential FH was 5.1%, 0.9% of them had a diagnosis of definite FH (score >8). These patients were younger than patients with a score vs 66±11, p190mg/dL. FH was genetically confirmed in 42 subjects (15.9%); genetic diagnosis was defined as not conclusive for FH in 63 patients (23.9%). Finally, in 159 subjects (60.2%) no pathogenic mutations in the tested genes were identified, defining them as negative for monogenic familial hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Results underscore a relatively high prevalence of potential FH in patients with a recent CAD event. Therefore, an early identification of these subjects may help improve the management of their high CV risk and, by cascade screening, identify possible FH relatives.
Published: 2021
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19. Adoptive transfer of CX3CR1 transduced-T regulatory cells improves homing to the atherosclerotic plaques and dampens atherosclerosis progression

Author: Catapano Alberico L.
Abstract: Aim: Loss of immunosuppressive response supports inflammation during atherosclerosis. We tested whether adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with Tregulatory cells (Tregs) engineered to selectively migrate in the atherosclerotic plaque would dampen the immune-inflammatory response in the arterial wall in animal models of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH). Methods and results: FH patients presented a decreased Tregs suppressive function associated to an increased inflammatory burden. A similar phenotype was observed in Ldlr -/- mice accompanied by a selective increased expression of the chemokine CX3CL1 in the aorta but not in other districts (lymph nodes, spleen and liver). Treg overexpressing CX3CR1 were thus generated (CX3CR1+-Treg) to drive Treg selectively to the plaque. CX3CR1+-Treg were injected (i.v.) in Ldlr -/- fed high-cholesterol diet (WTD) for 8 weeks. CX3CR1+-Treg were detected in the aorta, but not in other tissues, of Ldlr -/- mice 24h after ACT, corroborating the efficacy of this approach. After 4 additional weeks of WTD, ACT with CX3CR1+-Treg resulted in reduced plaque progression and lipid deposition, ameliorated plaque stability by increasing collagen and smooth muscle cells content, while decreasing the number of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Shotgun proteomics of the aorta showed a metabolic rewiring in CX3CR1+-Treg treated Ldlr -/- mice compared to controls that was associated with the improvement of inflammation-resolving pathways and disease progression. Conclusion: ACT with vasculotropic Treg appears as a promising strategy to selectively target immune activation in the atherosclerotic plaque. Translational relevance: Improving pro-resolutive inflammatory response represents a promising therapeutic approach to control atherosclerosis progression. Meanwhile, selective immunosuppression at the atherosclerotic plaque looks critical to limit unspecific inhibition of inflammation in other tissues. Our work demonstrates that engineering of immunosuppressive T regulatory cells to be hijacked in the atherosclerotic plaque limits atherosclerosis progression by targeting local inflammation.
Published: 2021
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20. Reported muscle symptoms during statin treatment amongst Italian dyslipidaemic patients in the real-life setting: the PROSISA Study

Author: Catapano, Alberico L.
Subjects: adverse effects, myopathy, statin-associated muscle symptoms, statins
Abstract: Aim: Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are a major determinant of poor treatment adherence and/or discontinuation, but a definitive diagnosis of SAMS is challenging. The PROSISA study was an observational retrospective study aimed to assess the prevalence of reported SAMS in a cohort of dyslipidaemic patients. Methods: Demographic/anamnestic data, biochemical values and occurrence of SAMS were collected by 23 Italian Lipid Clinics. Adjusted logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for association between probability of reporting SAMS and several factors. Results: Analyses were carried out on 16 717 statin-treated patients (mean ± SD, age 60.5 ± 12.0 years; 52.1% men). During statin therapy, 9.6% (N = 1599) of patients reported SAMS. Women and physically active subjects were more likely to report SAMS (OR 1.23 [1.10-1.37] and OR 1.35 [1.14-1.60], respectively), whist age ≥ 65 (OR 0.79 [0.70-0.89]), presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 0.62 [0.51-0.74]), use of concomitant nonstatin lipid-lowering drugs (OR 0.87 [0.76-0.99]), use of high-intensity statins (OR 0.79 [0.69-0.90]) and use of potential interacting drugs (OR 0.63 [0.48-0.84]) were associated with lower probability of reporting SAMS. Amongst patients reporting SAMS, 82.2% underwent dechallenge (treatment interruption) and/or rechallenge (change or restart of statin therapy), with reappearance of muscular symptoms in 38.4% (3.01% of the whole cohort). Conclusions: The reported prevalence of SAMS was 9.6% of the whole PROSISA cohort, but only a third of patients still reported SAMS after dechallenge/rechallenge. These results emphasize the need for a better management of SAMS to implement a more accurate diagnosis and treatment re-evaluation.
Published: 2021
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21. Interactions of oxysterols with atherosclerosis biomarkers in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia and effects of a nutraceutical combination (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, red yeast rice extract) (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study)

Author: Cicolari, Stefania, Pavanello, Chiara, Olmastroni, Elena, Puppo, Marina Del, Bertolotti, Marco, Mombelli, Giuliana, Catapano, Alberico L., Calabresi, Laura, and Magni, Paolo
Subjects: cardiovascular risk, 24-OHC, 25-OHC, 27-OHC, Cardiovascular risk, Cholesterol metabolism, Hypercholesterolemia, Monacolin K, Nutraceutical, Oxysterols, Probiotic, hypercholesterolemia, monacolin K, cholesterol metabolism, oxysterols, nutraceutical, probiotic
Abstract: Background: Oxysterol relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is poorly explored, especially in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Moreover, the impact of nutraceuticals controlling hypercholesterolaemia on plasma levels of 24-, 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC, 25-OHC, 27-OHC) is unknown. Methods: Subjects (n = 33, 18&ndash, 70 years) with moderate hypercholesterolaemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C:): 130&ndash, 200 mg/dL), in primary CV prevention as well as low CV risk were studied cross-sectionally. Moreover, they were evaluated after treatment with a nutraceutical combination (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, red yeast rice extract (10 mg/dose monacolin K)), following a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. We evaluated 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Results: 24-OHC and 25-OHC were significantly correlated, 24-OHC was correlated with apoB. 27-OHC and 27-OHC/total cholesterol (TC) were higher in men (median 209 ng/mL and 77 ng/mg, respectively) vs. women (median 168 ng/mL and 56 ng/mg, respectively), 27-OHC/TC was significantly correlated with abdominal circumference, visceral fat and, negatively, with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Triglycerides were significantly correlated with 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and with 24-OHC/TC and 25-OHC/TC. After intervention, 27-OHC levels were significantly reduced by 10.4% in the nutraceutical group Levels of 24-OHC, 24-OHC/TC, 25-OHC, 25-OHC/TC and 27-OHC/TC were unchanged. Conclusions: In this study, conducted in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects, we observed novel relationships between 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and CV risk biomarkers. In addition, no adverse changes of OHC levels upon nutraceutical treatment were found.
Published: 2021

22. EU-Wide Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: the DA VINCI study

Author: Ray, Kausik K. Molemans, Bart Schoonen, W. Marieke Giovas, Periklis Bray, Sarah Kiru, Gaia Murphy, Jennifer Banach, Maciej De Servi, Stefano Gaita, Dan Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna and Hovingh, G. Kees Jozwiak, Jacek J. Jukema, J. Wouter and Kiss, Robert Gabor Kownator, Serge Iversen, Helle K. Maher, Vincent Masana, Luis Parkhomenko, Alexander Peeters, Andre and Clifford, Piers Raslova, Katarina Siostrzonek, Peter and Romeo, Stefano Tousoulis, Dimitrios Vlachopoulos, Charalambos and Vrablik, Michal Catapano, Alberico L. Poulter, Neil R. and DA VINCI study
Abstract: Aims To provide contemporary data on the implementation of European guideline recommendations for lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) across different settings and populations and how this impacts low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal achievement. Methods and results An 18 country, cross-sectional, observational study of patients prescribed LLT for primary or secondary prevention in primary or secondary care across Europe. Between June 2017 and November 2018, data were collected at a single visit, including LLT in the preceding 12 months and most recent LDL-C. Primary outcome was the achievement of risk-based 2016 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) LDL-C goal while receiving stabilized LLT; 2019 goal achievement was also assessed. Overall, 5888 patients (3000 primary and 2888 secondary prevention patients) were enrolled; 54% [95% confidence interval (CI) 52-56] achieved their risk-based 2016 goal and 33% (95% CI 32-35) achieved their risk-based 2019 goal. High-intensity statin monotherapy was used in 20% and 38% of very high-risk primary and secondary prevention patients, respectively. Corresponding 2016 goal attainment was 22% and 45% (17% and 22% for 2019 goals) for very high-risk primary and secondary prevention patients, respectively. Use of moderate-high-intensity statins in combination with ezetimibe (9%), or any LLT with PCSK9 inhibitors (1%), was low; corresponding 2016 and 2019 goal attainment was 53% and 20% (ezetimibe combination), and 67% and 58% (PCSK9i combination). Conclusion Gaps between clinical guidelines and clinical practice for lipid management across Europe persist, which will be exacerbated by the 2019 guidelines. Even with optimized statins, greater utilization of non-statin LLT is likely needed to reduce these gaps for patients at highest risk.
Published: 2021

23. Lipid-lowering and anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with peripheral arterial disease: European Atherosclerosis Society/European Society of Vascular Medicine Joint Statement

Author: Belch, Jill J F, Brodmann, Marianne, Baumgartner, Iris, Binder, Christoph J, Casula, Manuela, Heiss, Christian, Kahan, Thomas, Parini, Paolo, Poredos, Pavel, Catapano, Alberico L, and Tokg��zo��lu, Lale
Subjects: 610 Medicine & health
Abstract: Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are at very high risk of cardiovascular events, but risk factor management is usually suboptimal. This Joint Task Force from the European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Society of Vascular Medicine has updated evidence on the management on dyslipidaemia and thrombotic factors in patients with PAD. Guidelines recommend a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) goal of more than 50% reduction from baseline and
Published: 2021
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24. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Author: Roth, Gregory A., Mensah, George A., Johnson, Catherine O., Addolorato, Giovanni, Ammirati, Enrico, Baddour, Larry M., Barengo, Noël C., Beaton, Andrea Z., Benjamin, Emelia J., Benziger, Catherine P., Bonny, Aimé, Brauer, Michael, Brodmann, Marianne, Cahill, Thomas J., Carapetis, Jonathan, Catapano, Alberico L., Chugh, Sumeet S., Cooper, Leslie T., Coresh, Josef, Criqui, Michael, DeCleene, Nicole, Eagle, Kim A., Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Feigin, Valery L., Fernández-Solà, Joaquim, Fowkes, Gerry, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Grundy, Scott M., He, Feng J., Howard, George, Hu, Frank, and Inker, Lesley
Subjects: global health, health policy, population health, cardiovascular diseases
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
Published: 2020

25. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease:\ud pathophysiological, genetic and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel

Author: Boren, Jan, Chapman, M. John, Krauss, Ronald M., Packard, Chris J., Bentzon, Jacob, Binder, Christoph J., Daeman, Mat J., Demer, Linda L., Hegele, Robert A., Nicholls, Stephen J., Nordestgaard, Borge G., Watts, Gerald F., Bruckert, Eric, Fazio, Sergio, Ference, Brian A., Graham, Ian, Horton, Jay D., Landmesser, Ulf, Laufs, Ulrich, Masana, Luis, Pasterkamp, Gerard, Raal, Frederick J., Ray, Kausik K., Schunkert, Heribert, Taskinen, Marja-Ritta, van de Sluis, Bart, Wiklund, Olov, Tokogozoglu, Lale, Catapano, Alberico L., and Ginsberg, Henry N.
Subjects: ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Abstract: Graphic abstract available.
Published: 2020

26. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk

Author: Mach, François, Baigent, Colin, Catapano, Alberico L, Koskinas, Konstantinos C, Casula, Manuela, Badimon, Lina, Chapman, M John, De Backer, Guy G, Delgado, Victoria, Ference, Brian A, Graham, Ian M, Halliday, Alison, Landmesser, Ulf, Mihaylova, Borislava, Pedersen, Terje R, Riccardi, Gabriele, Richter, Dimitrios J, Sabatine, Marc S, Taskinen, Marja-Riitta, Tokgozoglu, Lale, Wiklund, Olov, Mueller, Christian, Drexel, Heinz, Aboyans, Victor, Corsini, Alberto, Doehner, Wolfram, Farnier, Michel, Gigante, Bruna, Kayikcioglu, Meral, Krstacic, Goran, Lambrinou, Ekaterini, Lewis, Basil S, Masip, Josep, Moulin, Philippe, Petersen, Steffen, Petronio, Anna Sonia, Piepoli, Massimo Francesco, Pintó, Xavier, Räber, Lorenz, Ray, Kausik K, Reiner, Željko, Riesen, Walter F, Roffi, Marco, Schmid, Jean- Paul, Shlyakhto, Evgeny, Simpson, Iain A, Stroes, Erik, Sudano, Isabella, Tselepis, Alexandros D, Viigimaa, Margus, Vindis, Cecile, Vonbank, Alexander, Vrablik, Michal, Vrsalovic, Mislav, Zamorano, José Luis, Collet, Jean- Philippe, John Chapman, M, Windecker, Stephan, Collet, Jean-Philippe, Dean, Veronica, Fitzsimons, Donna, Gale, Chris P, Grobbee, Diederick, Halvorsen, Sigrun, Hindricks, Gerhard, Iung, Bernard, Jüni, Peter, Katus, Hugo A, Leclercq, Christophe, Lettino, Maddalena, Merkely, Bela, Sousa-Uva, Miguel, Touyz, Rhian M, Nibouche, Djamaleddine, Zelveian, Parounak H, Siostrzonek, Peter, Najafov, Ruslan, van de Borne, Philippe, Pojskic, Belma, Postadzhiyan, Arman, Kypris, Lambros, Špinar, Jindřich, Larsen, Mogens Lytken, Eldin, Hesham Salah, Strandberg, Timo E, Ferrières, Jean, Agladze, Rusudan, Laufs, Ulrich, Rallidis, Loukianos, Bajnok, László, Gudjónsson, Thorbjörn, Maher, Vincent, Henkin, Yaakov, Gulizia, Michele Massimo, Mussagaliyeva, Aisulu, Bajraktari, Gani, Kerimkulova, Alina, Latkovskis, Gustavs, Hamoui, Omar, Slapikas, Rimvydas, Visser, Laurent, Dingli, Philip, Ivanov, Victoria, Boskovic, Aneta, Nazzi, Mbarek, Visseren, Frank, Mitevska, Irena, Retterstøl, Kjetil, Jankowski, Piotr, Fontes-Carvalho, Ricardo, Gaita, Dan, Ezhov, Marat, Foscoli, Marina, Giga, Vojislav, Pella, Daniel, Fras, Zlatko, de Isla, Leopoldo Perez, Hagström, Emil, Lehmann, Roger, Abid, Leila, Ozdogan, Oner, Mitchenko, Olena, Patel, Riyaz S, ESC Scientific Document Group, Service d’Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Prévention des Risques Cardio-Vasculaires [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université - Faculté de Médecine (SU FM), Sorbonne Université (SU), University of Zurich, and Mach, François
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Treatment adherence, Evinacumab, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Very low-density lipoproteins, 610 Medicine & health, Lipoprotein remnants, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Guidelines, Total cardiovascular risk, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Treatment (lifestyle), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, High-density lipoproteins, Intensive care medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Dyslipidaemias, Triglycerides, Dyslipidemias, Task force, business.industry, Treatment (drugs), Lipids, Coronary heart disease, 3. Good health, Treatment (adherence), Cholesterol, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Disease Risk Factors, 10209 Clinic for Cardiology, European atherosclerosis society, LDL Cholesterol Lipoproteins, Low-density lipoproteins, Lipid modification, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, Apolipoprotein B, All cause mortality, Guidelines • dyslipidaemias • cholesterol • triglycerides • low-density lipoproteins • high-density lipoproteins • apolipoprotein B • lipoprotein(a) • lipoprotein remnants • total cardiovascular risk • treatment (lifestyle) • treatment (drugs) • treatment (adherence) • very low-density lipoproteins • familial hypercholesterolaemia, Lipoprotein(a)
Abstract: The previous ESC/EAS lipid Guidelines were published in August 2016. The emergence of a substantial body of evidence over the last few years has required new, up-to-date Guidelines. New evidence has confirmed that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention of low- density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) and other cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein (Apo) B containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. Several recent placebo-controlled clinical studies have shown that the addition of either ezetimibe or anti-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to statin therapy provides a further reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, which is directly and positively correlated with the incrementally achieved absolute LDL-C reduction. Furthermore, these clinical trials have clearly indicated that the lower the achieved LDL-C values, the lower the risk of future cardiovascular (CV) events, with no lower limit for LDL-C values, or ‘J’-curve effect.
Published: 2020
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27. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 Study

Author: Roth, Gregory A., Mensah, George A., Johnson, Catherine O., Addolorato, Giovanni, Ammirati, Enrico, Baddour, Larry M., Barengo, Noël C., Beaton, Andrea Z., Benjamin, Emelia J., Benziger, Catherine P., Bonny, Aimé, Brauer, Michael, Brodmann, Marianne, Cahill, Thomas J, Carapetis, Jonathan, Catapano, Alberico L., Chugh, Sumeet S., Cooper, Leslie T., Coresh, Josef, Criqui, Michael, DeCleene, Nicole, Eagle, Kim A., Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Feigin, Valery L., Fernández-Solà, J. (Joaquim), Fowkes, Gerry, Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Grundy, Scott M.
Subjects: Salut mundial, Cardiovascular diseases, World health, Malalties cardiovasculars, Factors de risc en les malalties, Risk factors in diseases
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
Published: 2020

28. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019:Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Author: Roth, Gregory A., Mensah, George A., Johnson, Catherine O., Addolorato, Giovanni, Ammirati, Enrico, Baddour, Larry M., Barengo, Noel C., Beaton, Andrea, Benjamin, Emelia J., Benziger, Catherine P., Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brodmann, Marianne, Cahill, Thomas J., Carapetis, Jonathan R., Catapano, Alberico L., Chugh, Sumeet, Cooper, Leslie T., Coresh, Josef, Criqui, Michael H., DeCleene, Nicole K., Eagle, Kim A., Emmons-Bell, Sophia, Feigin, Valery L., Fernández-Sola, Joaquim, Fowkes, F. Gerry R., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Grundy, Scott M., He, Feng J., Howard, George, Hu, Frank, Inker, Lesley, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Koroshetz, Walter J., Lavie, Carl, Lloyd-Jones, Donald, Lu, Hong S., Mirijello, Antonio, Misganaw, Awoke T., Mokdad, Ali H., Moran, Andrew E., Muntner, Paul, Narula, Jagat, Neal, Bruce, Ntsekhe, Mpiko, Oliveira, Gláucia M.M., Otto, Catherine M., Li, Ming Chieh, and Truelsen, Thomas C.
Subjects: global health, health policy, population health, cardiovascular diseases
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
Published: 2020

29. Inappropriate medication prescribing among elderly patients in Italy

Author: Olmastroni, Elena, Galimberti, Federica, Casula, Manuela, Russo, Veronica, Orlando, Valentina, Piscitelli, Antonella, Menditto, Enrica, Tragni, Elena, Catapano, Alberico L., Olmastroni, Elena, Galimberti, Federica, Casula, Manuela, Russo, Veronica, Orlando, Valentina, Piscitelli, Antonella, Menditto, Enrica, Tragni, Elena, and Catapano, Alberico L.
Published: 2018

30. Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Author: Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio J., Marco, Martina De, Stevens, Christophe A. T., Akram, Asif, Freiberger, Tomas, Hovingh, G. Kees, Kastelein, John J. P., Mata, Pedro, Raal, Frederick J., Santos, Raul D., Soran, Handrean, Watts, Gerald F., Abifadel, Marianne, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Al-Khnifsawi, Mutaz, Alkindi, Fahad A., Alnouri, Fahad, Alonso, Rodrigo, Al-Rasadi, Khalid, Al-Sarraf, Ahmad, Ashavaid, Tester F., Binder, Christoph J., Bogsrud, Martin P., Bourbon, Mafalda, Bruckert, Eric, Chlebus, Krzysztof, Corral, Pablo, Descamps, Olivier, Durst, Ronen, Ezhov, Marat, Fras, Zlatko, Genest, Jacques, Groselj, Urh, Harada-Shiba, Mariko, Kayikcioglu, Meral, Lalic, Katarina, Lam, Carolyn S. P., Latkovskis, Gustavs, Laufs, Ulrich, Liberopoulos, Evangelos, Lin, Jie, Maher, Vincent, Majano, Nelson, Marais, A. David, März, Winfried, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Miserez, André R., Mitchenko, Olena, Nawawi, Hapizah M., Nordestgaard, B. rge G., Paragh, György, Petrulioniene, Zaneta, Pojskic, Belma, Postadzhiyan, Arman, Reda, Ashraf, Reiner, Željko, Sadoh, Wilson E., Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Shehab, Abdullah, Shek, Aleksander B., Stoll, Mario, Su, Ta-Chen, Subramaniam, Tavintharan, Susekov, Andrey V., Symeonides, Phivos, Tilney, Myra, Tomlinson, Brian, Truong, Thanh-Huong, Tselepis, Alexandros D., Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne, Vázquez-Cárdenas, Alejandra, Viigimaa, Margus, Vohnout, Branislav, Widén, Elisabeth, Yamashita, Shizuya, Banach, Maciej, Gaita, Dan, Jiang, Lixin, Nilsson, Lennart, Santos, Lourdes E., Schunkert, Heribert, Tokgözoğlu, Lale, Car, Josip, Catapano, Alberico L., Ray, Kausik K., Schreier, Laura, Pang, Jing, Dieplinger, Hans, Hanauer-Mader, Gabriele, Desutter, Johan, Langlois, Michel, Mertens, Ann, Rietzschel, Ernst, Wallemacq, Caroline, Isakovic, Dzenana, Dzankovic, Amra M., Obralija, Jasna, Pojskic, Lamija, Sisic, Ibrahim, Stimjanin, Ena, Torlak, Vildana A., Jannes, Cinthia E., Krieger, Jose E., Pereira, Alexandre C., Ruel, Isabelle, Asenjo, Sylvia, Cuevas, Ada, Pećin, Ivan, Miltiadous, George, Panayiotou, Andrie G., Vrablik, Michal, Benn, Marianne, Heinsar, Silver, Béliard, S., Gouni-Berthold, Ioanna, Hengstenberg, Wibke, Julius, Ulrich, Kassner, Ursula, Klose, Gerald, König, Christel, König, Wolfgang, Otte, Britta, Parhofer, Klaus, Schatz, Ulrike, Schmidt, Nina, Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth, Vogt, Anja, Antza, Christina, Athyros, Vasilios, Bilianou, Eleni, Boufidou, Amalia, Chrousos, George, Elisaf, Moses, Garoufi, Anastasia, Katsiki, Niki, Kolovou, Genovefa, Kotsis, Vasilios, Rallidis, Loukianos, Rizos, Christos, Skalidis, Emmanouel, Skoumas, Ioannis, Tziomalos, Kostantinos, Shawney, J. P. S., Abbaszadegan, Mohammad R., Aminzadeh, Majid, Hosseini, Sousan, Mobini, Moein, Vakili, Rahim, Zaeri, Hossein, Agar, Ruth, Boran, Gerard, Colwell, Nial, Crowley, Vivion, Durkin, Maeve, Griffin, Damian, Kelly, Michael, Rakovac-Tisdall, Ana, Bitzur, Rafael, Cohen, Hofit, Eliav, Osnat, Ellis, Avishay, Gavish, Dov, Harats, Dror, Henkin, Yaacov, Knobler, Hila, Leavit, Leah, Leitersdorf, Eran, Rubinstein, Ardon, Schurr, Daniel, Shpitzen, Shoshi, Szalat, Auryan, Arca, Marcello, Averna, Maurizio, Bertolini, Stefano, Calandra, Sebastiano, Tarugi, Patrizia, Erglis, Andrejs, Gilis, Dainus, Nesterovics, Georgijs, Saripo, Vita, Upena-Roze, Arta, Elbitar, Sandy, Jambart, S. lim, Khoury, Petra El, Gargalskaite, Urte, Kutkiene, Sandra, Al-Khateeb, Alyaa, An, Chua Y., Ismail, Zaliha, Kasim, Sazzli, Ibrahim, Khairul S., Radzi, Ahmad B. M., Kasim, Noor A., Nor, Noor S. M., Ramli, Anis S., Razak, Suraya A., Muid, Suhaila, Rosman, Azhari, Sanusi, Abd R., Razman, Aimi Z., Nazli, Sukma A., Kek, Teh L., Azzopardi, Conrad, Aguilar Salinas, Carlos A., Vázquez-Cárdenas, N. Alejandra, Galán, Gabriela, Magaña-Torres, M. T., Martagon, Alexandro, Mehta, Roopa, Wittekoek, M. E., Isara, Alphonsus R., Obaseki, Darlington E., Ohenhen, Oluwatoyin A., Holven, Kirsten B., Gruchała, Marcin, Baranowska, Marlena, Borowiec-Wolny, Justyna, Gilis-Malinowska, Natasza, Michalska-Grzonkowska, Aleksandra, Pajkowski, Marcin, Parczewska, Aleksandra, Romanowska-Kocejko, Marzena, Stróżyk, Aneta, Żarczyńska-Buchowiecka, Marta, Kleinschmidt, Mariola, Alves, Ana C., Medeiros, Ana M., Ershova, Alexandra, Korneva, Victoria, Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Malyshev, Pavel, Meshkov, Alexey, Rozhkova, Tatiana, Rajkovic, Natasa, Popovic, Ljiljana, Lukac, Sandra S., Stosic, Ljubica, Rasulic, Iva, Lalic, Nebojsa M., Chua, Terrance S. J., Ting, Sharon P. L., Raslova, Katarina, Battelino, Tadej, Cevc, Matija, Jug, Borut, Kovac, Jernej, Podkrajsek, Katarina T., Sustar, Ursa, Trontelj, Katja J., Marais, David, Isla, Leopoldo Perez de, Martin, François J., Charng, Ming-Ji, Chen, Pei-Lung, Kayikçioglu, Meral, Dell’oca, Nicolás, Fernández, Graciela, Ressia, Andrés, Reyes, Ximena, Zelarayan, Mario, Alieva, Rano B., Hoshimov, Shavkat U., Kurbanov, Ravshanbek D., Nizamov, Ulugbek I., Lima-Martínez, Marcos M., Nguyen, Mai-Ngoc Thi, Do, Doan-Loi, Kim, Ngoc-Thanh, le, Hong-An, le, Thanh-Tung, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Elisabeth Ingrid Maria Widen / Principal Investigator, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Genomic Discoveries and Clinical Translation, Kardiyoloji, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Pfizer Incorporated, European Atherosclerosis Society, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, Vascular Medicine, ACS - Pulmonary hypertension & thrombosis, and Ege Üniversitesi
Subjects: International Cooperation, MÉTODOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Nationwide survey, Global Health, Health Services Accessibility, Doenças Cardio e Cérebro-vasculares, MOLECULAR-GENETICS, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Prevalence, CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cooperative Behavior, DEFECTIVE APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, GENERAL-POPULATION, education.field_of_study, medicine.diagnostic_test, Anticholesteremic Agents, Familial hypercholesterolaemia, FHSC, Primary dyslipidaemia, Biomarkers, Cholesterol, LDL, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Health Care Surveys, Healthcare Disparities, Humans, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, Phenotype, Predictive Value of Tests, Treatment Outcome, Blood Component Removal, EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration, 3. Good health, PREVALENCE, Cholesterol, CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE, NATIONWIDE SURVEY, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Cardiovascular risk factors, Population, LDL-RECEPTOR, 1102 Cardiovascular Medicine And Haematology, LDL, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Medicine [Science], fhsc, familial hypercholesterolaemia, primary dyslipidaemia, education, Genetic testing, Government, Public health, EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) Investigators, SAFEHEART REGISTRY, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Family medicine, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Cardiovascular System & Cardiology, Business, FOLLOW-UP
Abstract: PubMed: 30270054, 2-s2.0-85053666909, Background and aims: Management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) may vary across different settings due to factors related to population characteristics, practice, resources and/or policies. We conducted a survey among the worldwide network of EAS FHSC Lead Investigators to provide an overview of FH status in different countries. Methods: Lead Investigators from countries formally involved in the EAS FHSC by mid-May 2018 were invited to provide a brief report on FH status in their countries, including available information, programmes, initiatives, and management. Results: 63 countries provided reports. Data on FH prevalence are lacking in most countries. Where available, data tend to align with recent estimates, suggesting a higher frequency than that traditionally considered. Low rates of FH detection are reported across all regions. National registries and education programmes to improve FH awareness/knowledge are a recognised priority, but funding is often lacking. In most countries, diagnosis primarily relies on the Dutch Lipid Clinics Network criteria. Although available in many countries, genetic testing is not widely implemented (frequent cost issues). There are only a few national official government programmes for FH. Under-treatment is an issue. FH therapy is not universally reimbursed. PCSK9-inhibitors are available in ?2/3 countries. Lipoprotein-apheresis is offered in ?60% countries, although access is limited. Conclusions: FH is a recognised public health concern. Management varies widely across countries, with overall suboptimal identification and under-treatment. Efforts and initiatives to improve FH knowledge and management are underway, including development of national registries, but support, particularly from health authorities, and better funding are greatly needed. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., Universidade de São Paulo, USP European Atherosclerosis Society, EAS Amgen Merck Sharp and Dohme, MSD, The ELSA Study suggests heterozygous FH (HeFH) may affect 1:263 Brazilians (?766,000 individuals). Currently, the only active genetic cascade screening program in Brazil is Hipercol Brasil in Sao Paulo (genetic testing for adults with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ?230?mg/dL, to maximise cost-effectiveness), with 1719 heterozygotes, 25 homozygotes, 13 compound-heterozygotes and one double-heterozygote identified by March 2018. To date, 4340 individuals from 440 families were screened. Genetic testing is funded by a government tax reduction programme (PROADI-SUS), and cascade screening by partnering between Samaritano Hospital and Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo. Most FH patients are under non-specialist care and currently under-treated., Prevalence is unknown but assumed at 1:250. There is no state programme and few patients were diagnosed before the Latvian FH Registry was established in 2015. To date, the Registry has identified 181 cases (2.3% of 7876 estimated HeFH cases; no HoFH). Cascade screening is performed in first-degree relatives of index cases with probable/definite FH. Genetic testing is not reimbursed but has been funded by research grants for a few patients/relatives. About 5% of patients had LDL-C at target before inclusion in the Registry [ 61 ]. Statins are reimbursed 50% in primary prevention; statins and ezetimibe, 75–100% in secondary prevention; PCSK9i are available, but not reimbursed., Estimated prevalence is 1:250 (based on a meta-analysis of 6 observational studies) or 136,300 adults (only 2% diagnosed) [ 69 , 70 ]. Based on LIPIDOGRAM studies (2004–2015, ?50,000 participants), prevalence might be?1:200 [ 71 , 72 ]. Five HoFH cases are described [ 73 , 74 ]. Patients with DLCN ?3 are referred for genetic testing, funded by the National Health Program. The National Centre for FH at University Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Gdansk, was established in 2017, financed by the Ministry of Health. From August 2017, 345 patients underwent genetic testing (153 positive, including 46 relatives; 1 HoFH). Since 1999, 1884 patients (562 families) have undergone genetic testing and cascade diagnosis (data from the National Polish FH Registry, Medical University of Gdansk, established in 2000). PCSK9i are not reimbursed (under discussion with the Ministry of Health)., The EAS FHSC project has received support from a Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning & Change 2014 (No: 16157823 ) and from investigator-initiated unrestricted research grants to the European Atherosclerosis Society from Amgen , MSD , and Sanofi-Aventis .
Published: 2018

31. Familial hypercholesterolemia: The Italian Atherosclerosis Society Network (LIPIGEN)

Author: Averna, Maurizio, Cefalã¹, Angelo B., Casula, Manuela, Noto, Davide, Arca, Marcello, Bertolini, Stefano, Calandra, Sebastiano, Catapano, Alberico L., Tarugi, Patrizia, Catapano, Alberico Luigi, Pellegatta, Fabio, Angelico, Francesco, Bartuli, Andrea, Biasucci, Giacomo, Biolo, Gianni, Bonanni, Luca, Bonomo, Katia, Borghi, Claudio, Bossi, Antonio Carlo, Branchi, Adriana, Carubbi, Francesca, Cipollone, Francesco, Citroni, Nadia, Federici, Massimo, Ferri, Claudio, Fiorenza, Anna Maria, Giaccari, Andrea, Giorgino, Francesco, Guardamagna, Ornella, Iannuzzi, Arcangelo, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Lupattelli, Graziana, Mandraffino, Giuseppe, Marcucci, Rossella, Mombelli, Giuliana, Muntoni, Sandro, Pecchioli, Valerio, Pederiva, Cristina, Pipolo, Antonio, Pisciotta, Livia, Pujia, Arturo, Purrello, Francesco, Repetti, Elena, Rubba, Paolo, SabbÃ&nbsp, Carlo, Sampietro, Tiziana, Sarzani, Riccardo, Tagliabue, Milena Paola, Trenti, Chiara, Vigna, Giovanni Battista, Werba, JosÃ Pablo, Zambon, Sabina, Zenti, Maria Grazia, Montali, Anna, Fortunato, Giuliana, Grigore, Liliana, Del Ben, Maria, Maranghi, Marianna, Barbagallo, Carlo M., Buonuomo, Paola Sabrina, Capra, Maria Elena, Vinci, Pierandrea, D'Addato, Sergio, Galbiati, Stella, Nascimbeni, Fabio, Bucci, Marco, Spagnoli, Walter, Cardolini, Iris, Cervelli, Nazzareno, Emanuela, Colombo, Vinsin, A. Sun, Laviola, Luigi, Bello, Francesca, Chiariello, Giuseppe, Predieri, Barbara, Siepi, Donatella, Saitta, Antonino, Giusti, Betti, Pavanello, Chiara, Lussu, Milena, Prati, Lucia, Banderali, Giuseppe, Balleari, Giulia, Montalcini, Tiziana, Scicali, Roberto, Gentile, Luigi, Gentile, Marco, Suppressa, Patrizia, Sbrana, Francesco, Cocci, Guido, Benso, Andrea, Negri, Emanuele Alberto, Ghirardello, Omar, Lorenzo, Vigo, Zambon, Alberto, Enzo, Bonora, Minicocci, Ilenia, Spina, Rossella, Orlando, Camilla, Di Taranto, Maria Donata, Chiodo, Lorenzo, Garlaschelli, Katia, Manzato, Enzo, Tragni, Elena, Averna, M., Cefalu', A., Casula, M., Noto, D., Arca, M., Bertolini, S., Calandra, S., Catapano, A., Tarugi, P., Pellegatta, F., Angelico, F., Bartuli, A., Biasucci, G., Biolo, G., Bonanni, L., Bonomo, K., Borghi, C., Bossi, A., Branchi, A., Carubbi, F., Cipollone, F., Citroni, N., Federici, M., Ferri, C., Fiorenza, A., Giaccari, A., Giorgino, F., Guardamagna, O., Iannuzzi, A., Iughetti, L., Lupattelli, G., Mandraffino, G., Marcucci, R., Mombelli, G., Muntoni, S., Pecchioli, V., Pederiva, C., Pipolo, A., Pisciotta, L., Pujia, A., Purrello, F., Repetti, E., Rubba, P., Sabbã , C., Sampietro, T., Sarzani, R., Tagliabue, M., Trenti, C., Vigna, G., Werba, J., Zambon, S., Zenti, M., Montali, A., Fortunato, G., Grigore, L., Del Ben, M., Maranghi, M., Cefalã¹, A., Barbagallo, C., Buonuomo, P., Capra, M., Vinci, P., D'Addato, S., Galbiati, S., Nascimbeni, F., Bucci, M., Spagnoli, W., Cardolini, I., Cervelli, N., Emanuela, C., Vinsin, A., Laviola, L., Bello, F., Chiariello, G., Predieri, B., Siepi, D., Saitta, A., Giusti, B., Pavanello, C., Lussu, M., Prati, L., Banderali, G., Balleari, G., Montalcini, T., Scicali, R., Gentile, L., Gentile, M., Suppressa, P., Sbrana, F., Cocci, G., Benso, A., Negri, E., Ghirardello, O., Lorenzo, V., Zambon, A., Enzo, B., Minicocci, I., Spina, R., Orlando, C., Di Taranto, M., Chiodo, L., Garlaschelli, K., Manzato, E., Tragni, E., Averna, Maurizio, Cefalã¹, Angelo B., Casula, Manuela, Noto, Davide, Arca, Marcello, Bertolini, Stefano, Calandra, Sebastiano, Catapano, Alberico L., Tarugi, Patrizia, Catapano, Alberico Luigi, Pellegatta, Fabio, Angelico, Francesco, Bartuli, Andrea, Biasucci, Giacomo, Biolo, Gianni, Bonanni, Luca, Bonomo, Katia, Borghi, Claudio, Bossi, Antonio Carlo, Branchi, Adriana, Carubbi, Francesca, Cipollone, Francesco, Citroni, Nadia, Federici, Massimo, Ferri, Claudio, Fiorenza, Anna Maria, Giaccari, Andrea, Giorgino, Francesco, Guardamagna, Ornella, Iannuzzi, Arcangelo, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Lupattelli, Graziana, Mandraffino, Giuseppe, Marcucci, Rossella, Mombelli, Giuliana, Muntoni, Sandro, Pecchioli, Valerio, Pederiva, Cristina, Pipolo, Antonio, Pisciotta, Livia, Pujia, Arturo, Purrello, Francesco, Repetti, Elena, Rubba, Paolo, Sabbã , Carlo, Sampietro, Tiziana, Sarzani, Riccardo, Tagliabue, Milena Paola, Trenti, Chiara, Vigna, Giovanni Battista, Werba, Josã Pablo, Zambon, Sabina, Zenti, Maria Grazia, Montali, Anna, Fortunato, Giuliana, Grigore, Liliana, DEL BELLO, Francesca, Maranghi, Marianna, Barbagallo, Carlo M., Buonuomo, Paola Sabrina, Capra, Maria Elena, Vinci, Pierandrea, D'Addato, Sergio, Galbiati, Stella, Nascimbeni, Fabio, Bucci, Marco, Spagnoli, Walter, Cardolini, Iri, Cervelli, Nazzareno, Emanuela, Colombo, Vinsin, A. Sun, Laviola, Luigi, Bello, Francesca, Chiariello, Giuseppe, Predieri, Barbara, Siepi, Donatella, Saitta, Antonino, Giusti, Betti, Pavanello, Chiara, Lussu, Milena, Prati, Lucia, Banderali, Giuseppe, Balleari, Giulia, Montalcini, Tiziana, Scicali, Roberto, Gentile, Luigi, Gentile, Marco, Suppressa, Patrizia, Sbrana, Francesco, Cocci, Guido, Benso, Andrea, Negri, Emanuele Alberto, Ghirardello, Omar, Lorenzo, Vigo, Zambon, Alberto, Enzo, Bonora, Minicocci, Ilenia, Spina, Rossella, Orlando, Camilla, Di Taranto, Maria Donata, Chiodo, Lorenzo, Garlaschelli, Katia, Manzato, Enzo, Tragni, Elena, Cefalù, Angelo B., Sabbà, Carlo, Werba, Josè Pablo, Del Ben, Maria, and Colombo, Emanuela
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Candidate gene, Genetic testing, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Databases, Factual, DNA Mutational Analysis, Disease, Familial hypercholesterolemia, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0302 clinical medicine, Dyslipidemias, National network, Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Risk Factors, Prospective Studies, Program Development, Prospective cohort study, medicine.diagnostic_test, General Medicine, Prognosis, Cholesterol, Phenotype, Italy, Genetic Markers, medicine.medical_specialty, MEDLINE, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, 03 medical and health sciences, Databases, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Factual, Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Settore MED/13 - ENDOCRINOLOGIA, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Atherosclerosis, Mutation, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Dyslipidemia, Genetic marker, business
Abstract: Background and aims: Primary dyslipidemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormal levels of circulating lipoproteins. Among them, familial hypercholesterolemia is the most common lipid disorder that predisposes for premature cardiovascular disease. We set up an Italian nationwide network aimed at facilitating the clinical and genetic diagnosis of genetic dyslipidemias named LIPIGEN (LIpid TransPort Disorders Italian GEnetic Network). Methods: Observational, multicenter, retrospective and prospective study involving about 40 Italian clinical centers. Genetic testing of the appropriate candidate genes at one of six molecular diagnostic laboratories serving as nationwide DNA diagnostic centers. Results and conclusions: From 2012 to October 2016, available biochemical and clinical information of 3480 subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia identified according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) score were included in the database and genetic analysis was performed in 97.8% of subjects, with a mutation detection rate of 92.0% in patients with DLCN score >= 6. The establishment of the LIPIGEN network will have important effects on clinical management and it will improve the overall identification and treatment of primary dyslipidemias in Italy. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Published: 2017

32. Spectrum of mutations in Italian patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: New results from the LIPIGEN study

Author: Pirillo, Angela, Garlaschelli, Katia, Arca, Marcello, Averna, Maurizio, Bertolini, Stefano, Calandra, Sebastiano, Tarugi, Patrizia, Catapano, Alberico L., Catapano, Alberico Luigi, Pellegatta, Fabio, Angelico, Francesco, Bartuli, Andrea, Biasucci, Giacomo, Biolo, Gianni, Bonanni, Luca, Bonomo, Katia, Borghi, Claudio, Bossi, Antonio Carlo, Branchi, Adriana, Carubbi, Francesca, Cipollone, Francesco, Citroni, Nadia, Federici, Massimo, Ferri, Claudio, Fiorenza, Anna Maria, Giaccari, Andrea, Giorgino, Francesco, Guardamagna, Ornella, Iannuzzi, Arcangelo, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Lupattelli, Graziana, Mandraffino, Giuseppe, Marcucci, Rossella, Mombelli, Giuliana, Muntoni, Sandro, Pecchioli, Valerio, Pederiva, Cristina, Pipolo, Antonio, Pisciotta, Livia, Pujia, Arturo, Purrello, Francesco, Repetti, Elena, Rubba, Paolo, SabbÃ&nbsp, Carlo, Sampietro, Tiziana, Sarzani, Riccardo, Tagliabue, Milena Paola, Trenti, Chiara, Vigna, Giovanni Battista, Werba, JosÃ Pablo, Zambon, Sabina, Zenti, Maria Grazia, Montali, Anna, Noto, Davide, Fortunato, Giuliana, Grigore, Liliana, Del Ben, Maria, Maranghi, Marianna, Cefalã¹, A. Baldassarre, Buonuomo, Paola Sabrina, Capra, Maria Elena, Vinci, Pierandrea, D'Addato, Sergio, Galbiati, Stella, Nascimbeni, Fabio, Bucci, Marco, Spagnoli, Walter, Cardolini, Iris, Cervelli, Nazzareno, Emanuela, Colombo, Sun, Vinsin A., Laviola, Luigi, Bello, Francesca, Chiariello, Giuseppe, Predieri, Barbara, Siepi, Donatella, Saitta, Antonino, Giusti, Betti, Pavanello, Chiara, Lussu, Milena, Prati, Lucia, Banderali, Giuseppe, Balleari, Giulia, Montalcini, Tiziana, Scicali, Roberto, Gentile, Luigi, Gentile, Marco, Suppressa, Patrizia, Sbrana, Francesco, Cocci, Guido, Benso, Andrea, Negri, Emanuele Alberto, Ghirardello, Omar, Lorenzo, Vigo, Zambon, Alberto, Enzo, Bonora, Minicocci, Ilenia, Spina, Rossella, Orlando, Camilla, Di Taranto, Maria Donata, Casula, Manuela, Chiodo, Lorenzo, Manzato, Enzo, Tragni, Elena, Pirillo, Angela, Garlaschelli, Katia, Arca, Marcello, Averna, Maurizio, Bertolini, Stefano, Calandra, Sebastiano, Tarugi, Patrizia, Catapano, Alberico L., Catapano, Alberico Luigi, Pellegatta, Fabio, Angelico, Francesco, Bartuli, Andrea, Biasucci, Giacomo, Biolo, Gianni, Bonanni, Luca, Bonomo, Katia, Borghi, Claudio, Bossi, Antonio Carlo, Branchi, Adriana, Carubbi, Francesca, Cipollone, Francesco, Citroni, Nadia, Federici, Massimo, Ferri, Claudio, Fiorenza, Anna Maria, Giaccari, Andrea, Giorgino, Francesco, Guardamagna, Ornella, Iannuzzi, Arcangelo, Iughetti, Lorenzo, Lupattelli, Graziana, Mandraffino, Giuseppe, Marcucci, Rossella, Mombelli, Giuliana, Muntoni, Sandro, Pecchioli, Valerio, Pederiva, Cristina, Pipolo, Antonio, Pisciotta, Livia, Pujia, Arturo, Purrello, Francesco, Repetti, Elena, Rubba, Paolo, Sabbã , Carlo, Sampietro, Tiziana, Sarzani, Riccardo, Tagliabue, Milena Paola, Trenti, Chiara, Vigna, Giovanni Battista, Werba, Josã Pablo, Zambon, Sabina, Zenti, Maria Grazia, Montali, Anna, Noto, Davide, Fortunato, Giuliana, Grigore, Liliana, DEL BELLO, Francesca, Maranghi, Marianna, Cefalã¹, A. Baldassarre, Buonuomo, Paola Sabrina, Capra, Maria Elena, Vinci, Pierandrea, D'Addato, Sergio, Galbiati, Stella, Nascimbeni, Fabio, Bucci, Marco, Spagnoli, Walter, Cardolini, Iri, Cervelli, Nazzareno, Emanuela, Colombo, Sun, Vinsin A., Laviola, Luigi, Bello, Francesca, Chiariello, Giuseppe, Predieri, Barbara, Siepi, Donatella, Saitta, Antonino, Giusti, Betti, Pavanello, Chiara, Lussu, Milena, Prati, Lucia, Banderali, Giuseppe, Balleari, Giulia, Montalcini, Tiziana, Scicali, Roberto, Gentile, Luigi, Gentile, Marco, Suppressa, Patrizia, Sbrana, Francesco, Cocci, Guido, Benso, Andrea, Negri, Emanuele Alberto, Ghirardello, Omar, Lorenzo, Vigo, Zambon, Alberto, Enzo, Bonora, Minicocci, Ilenia, Spina, Rossella, Orlando, Camilla, Di Taranto, Maria Donata, Casula, Manuela, Chiodo, Lorenzo, Manzato, Enzo, Tragni, Elena, Sabbà, Carlo, Werba, Josè Pablo, Del Ben, Maria, Cefalù, A. Baldassarre, DI BELLO, Francesca, Pirillo, A., Garlaschelli, K., Arca, M., Averna, M., Bertolini, S., Calandra, S., Tarugi, P., Catapano, A., Pellegatta, F., Angelico, F., Bartuli, A., Biasucci, G., Biolo, G., Bonanni, L., Bonomo, K., Borghi, C., Bossi, A., Branchi, A., Carubbi, F., Cipollone, F., Citroni, N., Federici, M., Ferri, C., Fiorenza, A., Giaccari, A., Giorgino, F., Guardamagna, O., Iannuzzi, A., Iughetti, L., Lupattelli, G., Mandraffino, G., Marcucci, R., Mombelli, G., Muntoni, S., Pecchioli, V., Pederiva, C., Pipolo, A., Pisciotta, L., Pujia, A., Purrello, F., Repetti, E., Rubba, P., Sabbã , C., Sampietro, T., Sarzani, R., Tagliabue, M., Trenti, C., Vigna, G., Werba, J., Zambon, S., Zenti, M., Montali, A., Noto, D., Fortunato, G., Grigore, L., Del Ben, M., Maranghi, M., Cefalu', A., Buonuomo, P., Capra, M., Vinci, P., D'Addato, S., Galbiati, S., Nascimbeni, F., Bucci, M., Spagnoli, W., Cardolini, I., Cervelli, N., Emanuela, C., Sun, V., Laviola, L., Bello, F., Chiariello, G., Predieri, B., Siepi, D., Saitta, A., Giusti, B., Pavanello, C., Lussu, M., Prati, L., Banderali, G., Balleari, G., Montalcini, T., Scicali, R., Gentile, L., Gentile, M., Suppressa, P., Sbrana, F., Cocci, G., Benso, A., Negri, E., Ghirardello, O., Lorenzo, V., Zambon, A., Enzo, B., Minicocci, I., Spina, R., Orlando, C., Di Taranto, M., Casula, M., Chiodo, L., Manzato, E., Tragni, E., and Colombo, Emanuela
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Apolipoprotein E, Candidate gene, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Databases, Factual, Apolipoprotein B, DNA Mutational Analysis, Familial hypercholesterolemia, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Compound heterozygosity, PCSK9, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Receptors, Genetics, Homozygote, Autosomal dominant trait, Pathogenic variants, General Medicine, Prognosis, APOB, LDLR, Cholesterol, Phenotype, Italy, Autosomal Recessive Hypercholesterolemia, Apolipoprotein B-100, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Proprotein Convertase 9, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Preliminary Data, Genetic Markers, Familial hypercholesterolemiaLDLRPCSK9APOBPathogenic variants, Heterozygote, Biology, Pathogenic variant, LDL, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, 03 medical and health sciences, Databases, medicine, Internal Medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Factual, Settore MED/13 - ENDOCRINOLOGIA, medicine.disease, Atherosclerosis, 030104 developmental biology, Receptors, LDL, Mutation, biology.protein
Abstract: Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by elevated plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol that confers an increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Early identification and treatment of FH patients can improve prognosis and reduce the burden of cardiovascular mortality. Aim of this study was to perform the mutational analysis of FH patients identified through a collaboration of 20 Lipid Clinics in Italy (LIPIGEN Study). Methods We recruited 1592 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of definite or probable FH according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria. We performed a parallel sequencing of the major candidate genes for monogenic hypercholesterolemia (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, APOE, LDLRAP1, STAP1). Results A total of 213 variants were detected in 1076 subjects. About 90% of them had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. More than 94% of patients carried pathogenic variants in LDLR gene, 27 of which were novel. Pathogenic variants in APOB and PCSK9 were exceedingly rare. We found 4 true homozygotes and 5 putative compound heterozygotes for pathogenic variants in LDLR gene, as well as 5 double heterozygotes for LDLR/APOB pathogenic variants. Two patients were homozygous for pathogenic variants in LDLRAP1 gene resulting in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia. One patient was found to be heterozygous for the ApoE variant p.(Leu167del), known to confer an FH phenotype. Conclusions This study shows the molecular characteristics of the FH patients identified in Italy over the last two years. Full phenotypic characterization of these patients and cascade screening of family members is now in progress.
Published: 2017

33. Obesity-Induced Metabolic Stress Leads to Biased Effector Memory CD4+ T Cell Differentiation via PI3K p110δ-Akt-Mediated Signals

Author: Mauro, Claudio, Smith, Joanne, Cucchi, Danilo, Coe, David, Fu, Hongmei, Bonacina, Fabrizia, Baragetti, Andrea, Cermenati, Gaia, Caruso, Donatella, Mitro, Nico, Catapano, Alberico L, Ammirati, Enrico, Longhi, Maria P, Okkenhaug, Klaus, Norata, Giuseppe D, Marelli-Berg, Federica M, Okkenhaug, Klaus [0000-0002-9432-4051], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, obesity, Receptors, CXCR3, Physiology, Lymphoid Tissue, T-Lymphocytes, Diet, High-Fat, Lymphocyte Activation, Article, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Cell Movement, Stress, Physiological, T lymphocyte, Animals, Humans, effector memory, Molecular Biology, Adiposity, Inflammation, Antigen Presentation, Akt, saturated fatty acid, Fatty Acids, Cell Differentiation, Cell Biology, differentiation, Dendritic Cells, Dietary Fats, CD4, Mice, Inbred C57BL, high-fat diet, Phenotype, palmitate, Female, Immunologic Memory, Oxidation-Reduction, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Signal Transduction
Abstract: Summary Low-grade systemic inflammation associated to obesity leads to cardiovascular complications, caused partly by infiltration of adipose and vascular tissue by effector T cells. The signals leading to T cell differentiation and tissue infiltration during obesity are poorly understood. We tested whether saturated fatty acid-induced metabolic stress affects differentiation and trafficking patterns of CD4+ T cells. Memory CD4+ T cells primed in high-fat diet-fed donors preferentially migrated to non-lymphoid, inflammatory sites, independent of the metabolic status of the hosts. This was due to biased CD4+ T cell differentiation into CD44hi-CCR7lo-CD62Llo-CXCR3+-LFA1+ effector memory-like T cells upon priming in high-fat diet-fed animals. Similar phenotype was observed in obese subjects in a cohort of free-living people. This developmental bias was independent of any crosstalk between CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells and was mediated via direct exposure of CD4+ T cells to palmitate, leading to increased activation of a PI3K p110δ-Akt-dependent pathway upon priming., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • High-fat diet causes development of inflammatory effector memory CD4+ T cells • A PI3K p110δ-Akt-dependent pathway is key to this CD4+ developmental bias • This pathway is induced by direct exposure of CD4+ T cells to palmitate • CD4+ developmental bias is corrected by inactivation of PI3K p110δ-Akt pathway, Lymphocyte infiltration of non-lymphoid tissues, including adipose and vascular tissues, is a prominent feature of chronic inflammation in diet obesity. Mauro et al. find that the saturated fatty-acid palmitate activates a PI3K p110δ-Akt pathway leading to CD4+ T cell differentiation into effector memory-like T cells upon priming in obese mice and humans.
Published: 2018
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34. Corrección en el artículo «Comentarios a la guía ESC/EAS 2016 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias» Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017;70:72-77 (S0300893217300015) (10.1016/j.recesp.2016.11.051))

Author: Catapano, Alberico L., Graham, Ian, De Backer, Guy, Wiklund, Olov, Chapman, M. John, Drexel, Heinz, Hoes, Arno W., Jennings, Catriona S., Landmesser, Ulf, Pedersen, Terje R., Reiner, Zeljko, Riccardi, Gabriele, Taskinen, Marja-Riita, Tokozoglu, Lale, Monique Verschuren, W. M., Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, Wood, David A., and Luis Zamorano, Jose
Subjects: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: En el artículo titulado «Comentarios a la guía ESC/EAS 2016 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias» (Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017;70:72-77) se han detectado errores en la tabla 2. En el punto II.2 dice incorrectamente en dos ocasiones «comprobar las enzimas hepáticas en 46 semanas» cuando lo correcto es «comprobar las enzimas hepáticas en 4 a 6 semanas». En el punto II.4.2, en la última fila donde dice «en días alternos o 12 veces por semana» debe decir «en días alternos o 1-2 veces por semana». Estas correcciones se han introducido en la versión electrónica del artículo el 4 de abril de 2018. La tabla correcta es
Published: 2018

35. Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Author: Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio J., De Marco, Martina, Stevens, Christophe A.T., Akram, Asif, Freiberger, Tomas, Hovingh, G. Kees, Kastelein, John J.P., Mata, Pedro, Raal, Frederick J., Santos, Raul D., Soran, Handrean, Watts, Gerald F., Abifadel, Marianne, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A., Al- khnifsawi, Mutaz, AlKindi, Fahad A., Alnouri, Fahad, Alonso, Rodrigo, Al-Rasadi, Khalid, Al-Sarraf, Ahmad, Ashavaid, Tester F., Binder, Christoph J., Bogsrud, Martin P., Bourbon, Mafalda, Bruckert, Eric, Chlebus, Krzysztof, Corral, Pablo, Descamps, Olivier, Durst, Ronen, Ezhov, Marat, Fras, Zlatko, Genest, Jacques, Groselj, Urh, Harada-Shiba, Mariko, Kayikcioglu, Meral, Lalic, Katarina, Lam, Carolyn S.P., Latkovskis, Gustavs, Laufs, Ulrich, Liberopoulos, Evangelos, Lin, Jie, Maher, Vincent, Majano, Nelson, Marais, A. David, März, Winfried, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Miserez, André R., Mitchenko, Olena, Nawawi, Hapizah M., Nordestgaard, Børge G., Paragh, György, Petrulioniene, Zaneta, Pojskic, Belma, Postadzhiyan, Arman, Reda, Ashraf, Reiner, Željko, Sadoh, Wilson E., Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Shehab, Abdullah, Shek, Aleksander B., Stoll, Mario, Su, Ta- Chen, Subramaniam, Tavintharan, Susekov, Andrey V., Symeonides, Phivos, Tilney, Myra, Tomlinson, Brian, Truong, Thanh-Huong, Tselepis, Alexandros D., Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne, Vázquez-Cárdenas, Alejandra, Viigimaa, Margus, Vohnout, Branislav, Widén, Elisabeth, Yamashita, Shizuya, Banach, Maciej, Gaita, Dan, Jiang, Lixin, Nilsson, Lennart, Santos, Lourdes E., Schunkert, Heribert, Tokgözoğlu, Lale, Car, Josip, Catapano, Alberico L., and Ray, Kausik K.
Subjects: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Clinical Medical Sciences, primary dyslipidaemia, BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Kliničke medicinske znanosti, familial hypercholesterolaemia, FHSC
Abstract: Management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) may vary across different settings due to factors related to population characteristics, practice, resources and/or policies. We conducted a survey among the worldwide network of EAS FHSC Lead Investigators to provide an overview of FH status in different countries. METHODS: Lead Investigators from countries formally involved in the EAS FHSC by mid-May 2018 were invited to provide a brief report on FH status in their countries, including available information, programmes, initiatives, and management. RESULTS: 63 countries provided reports. Data on FH prevalence are lacking in most countries. Where available, data tend to align with recent estimates, suggesting a higher frequency than that traditionally considered. Low rates of FH detection are reported across all regions. National registries and education programmes to improve FH awareness/knowledge are a recognised priority, but funding is often lacking. In most countries, diagnosis primarily relies on the Dutch Lipid Clinics Network criteria. Although available in many countries, genetic testing is not widely implemented (frequent cost issues). There are only a few national official government programmes for FH. Under-treatment is an issue. FH therapy is not universally reimbursed. PCSK9-inhibitors are available in ∼2/3 countries. Lipoprotein- apheresis is offered in ∼60% countries, although access is limited. CONCLUSIONS: FH is a recognised public health concern. Management varies widely across countries, with overall suboptimal identification and under- treatment. Efforts and initiatives to improve FH knowledge and management are underway, including development of national registries, but support, particularly from health authorities, and better funding are greatly needed
Published: 2018

36. Impact Of Lipids On Cardiovascular Health Jacc Health Promotion Series

Author: Ference, Brian A., Graham, Ian, Tokgozoglu, Lale, Catapano, Alberico L., and Kardiyoloji
Subjects: Cardiovascular System & Cardiology
Abstract: People who maintain ideal cardiovascular heath have a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, encouraging people to achieve ideal cardiovascular health represents an important opportunity to improve the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, preventing cardiovascular disease by promoting ideal cardiovascular health requires shifting the focus from treating disease after it develops to preventing cardiovascular events before they happen by slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. Because atherogenic lipoproteins play a central causal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, maintaining optimal lipid levels is necessary to achieve ideal cardiovascular health. This review describes the cumulative effect of lipid-carrying lipoproteins on the risk of cardiovascular disease, estimates the magnitude of the clinical benefit that can be achieved by maintaining optimal lipid levels, identifies the most effective timing for implementing strategies designed to achieve optimal lipid levels, and provides a clinical pathway to help people achieve the lipid levels necessary for ideal cardiovascular health. (C) 2018 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.
Published: 2018

37. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol lowering for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among men with primary elevations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels of 190 mg/dL or above: analyses from the WOSCOPS (West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study) 5-year randomized trial and 20-year observational follow-up

Author: Vallejo-Vaz, Antonio J., Robertson, Michele, Catapano, Alberico L., Watts, Gerald F., Kastelein, John J., Packard, Chris J., Ford, Ian, and Ray, Kausik K.
Subjects: lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins)
Abstract: Background—Patients with primary elevations of LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL are at a higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as a result of long-term exposure to markedly elevated LDL-C levels. Therefore, initiation of statin therapy is recommended for these individuals. However, there is a lack of randomised trial evidence supporting these recommendations in primary prevention. In the present analysis we provide hitherto unpublished data on the cardiovascular effects of LDL-C lowering among a primary prevention population with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL.\ud \ud Methods—We aimed to assess the benefits of LDL-C lowering on cardiovascular outcomes among individuals with primary elevations of LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL without pre-exiting vascular disease at baseline. We carried out post-hoc analyses from the West Of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) randomised, placebo-controlled trial, and observational post-trial long-term follow-up, after excluding individuals with evidence of vascular disease at baseline. WOSCOPS enrolled 6595 men aged 45-64 years, who were randomised to pravastatin 40 mg/d or placebo. In the present analyses, 5529 participants without evidence of vascular disease were included, stratified by LDL-C levels into those with LDL-C 0.9). Among individuals with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, pravastatin reduced the risk of CHD by 27% (p=0.033) and MACE by 25% (p=0.037) during the initial trial phase and the risk of CHD death, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality by 28% (p=0.020), 25% (p=0.009) and 18% (p=0.004), respectively, over a total of 20-years of follow-up.\ud \ud Conclusions—The present analyses provide robust novel evidence for the short and long-term benefits of lowering LDL-C for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among individuals with primary elevations of LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL.
Published: 2017

38. The Arachidonic Acid Metabolome Serves as a Conserved Regulator of Cholesterol Metabolism

Author: Demetz, Egon, Schroll, Andrea, Auer, Kristina, Heim, Christiane, Patsch, Josef R., Eller, Philipp, Theurl, Markus, Theurl, Igor, Theurl, Milan, Seifert, Markus, Lener, Daniela, Stanzl, Ursula, Haschka, David, Asshoff, Malte, Dichtl, Stefanie, Nairz, Manfred, Huber, Eva, Stadlinger, Martin, Moschen, Alexander R., Li, Xiaorong, Pallweber, Petra, Scharnagl, Hubert, Stojakovic, Tatjana, März, Winfried, Kleber, Marcus E., Garlaschelli, Katia, Uboldi, Patrizia, Catapano, Alberico L., Stellaard, Frans, Rudling, Mats, Kuba, Keiji, Imai, Yumiko, Arita, Makoto, Schuetz, John D., Pramstaller, Peter P., Tietge, Uwe J.F., Trauner, Michael, Norata, Giuseppe D., Claudel, Thierry, Hicks, Andrew A., Weiss, Guenter, Tancevski, Ivan, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (CLDM), and Lifestyle Medicine (LM)
Subjects: Leukotrienes, Physiology, Article, Bile Acids and Salts, LIPID MEDIATORS, Mice, ACUTE-INFLAMMATION, 5-LIPOXYGENASE, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology, Cells, Cultured, Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase, Arachidonic Acid, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Cholesterol, HDL, Cell Biology, GENE, TRANSPORT, Mice, Inbred C57BL, ASPIRIN, SALT EXPORT PUMP, Cholesterol, Liver, MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, Metabolome, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), FATTY-ACIDS
Abstract: Summary Cholesterol metabolism is closely interrelated with cardiovascular disease in humans. Dietary supplementation with omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid (AA) was shown to favorably affect plasma LDL-C and HDL-C. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. By combining data from a GWAS screening in >100,000 individuals of European ancestry, mediator lipidomics, and functional validation studies in mice, we identify the AA metabolome as an important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. Pharmacological modulation of AA metabolism by aspirin induced hepatic generation of leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs), thereby increasing hepatic expression of the bile salt export pump Abcb11. Induction of Abcb11 translated in enhanced reverse cholesterol transport, one key function of HDL. Further characterization of the bioactive AA-derivatives identified LX mimetics to lower plasma LDL-C. Our results define the AA metabolome as conserved regulator of cholesterol metabolism, and identify AA derivatives as promising therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease in humans., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • GWAS identifies ALOX5 to associate with plasma cholesterol and HDL-C in humans • Aspirin promotes reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) via Abcb11 • Lipoxins and leukotrienes regulate expression of Abcb11 • Lipoxin mimetics increase hepatic LDLr thereby lowering LDL-C, Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA), have beneficial cardiovascular effects. Demetz et al. show that Alox5, a key enzyme of the AA pathway, regulates cholesterol in humans. Modulation of the AA pathways genetically or pharmacologically, with aspirin or bioactive AA-mimetics influences cholesterol metabolism including reverse cholesterol transport.
Published: 2014
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39. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)

Author: Catapano, Alberico L, Graham, Ian, De Backer, Guy, Wiklund, Olov, Chapman, M. John, Drexel, Heinz, Hoes, Arno W, Jennings, Catriona S, Landmesser, Ulf, Pedersen, Terje R, Reiner, Željko, Taskinen, Marja Riita, Tokgozoglu, Lale, Verschuren, W. M. Monique, Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, Wood, David A, Zamorano, Jose Luis, RICCARDI, GABRIELE, Catapano, Alberico L, Graham, Ian, De Backer, Guy, Wiklund, Olov, Chapman, M. John, Drexel, Heinz, Hoes, Arno W, Jennings, Catriona S, Landmesser, Ulf, Pedersen, Terje R, Reiner, Željko, Riccardi, Gabriele, Taskinen, Marja Riita, Tokgozoglu, Lale, Verschuren, W. M. Monique, Vlachopoulos, Charalambo, Wood, David A, Zamorano, Jose Luis, University of Zurich, Research Programs Unit, Marja-Riitta Taskinen Research Group, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, and Clinicum
Subjects: high-density lipoproteins, CHRONIC KIDNEY-DISEASE, treatment, drug, dyslipidaemia, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIALS, education, treatment, drugs, POPULATION-BASED COHORT, TYPE-2 DIABETES-MELLITUS, 610 Medicine & health, LIPID-LOWERING THERAPY, high-density lipoprotein, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, total cardiovascular risk, Journal Article, low-density lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B, CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE, HIGH-DOSE ATORVASTATIN, APOLIPOPROTEIN C-III, triglycerides, ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY, 10038 Institute of Clinical Chemistry, lipoprotein remnant, lipoprotein remnants, dyslipidaemias, cholesterol, 10181 Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, low-density lipoprotein, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, treatment, lifestyle, 10209 Clinic for Cardiology, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, treatment, adherence
Published: 2016

40. Linee guida europee 2016 sulla prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari nella pratica clinica. Sesta Task Force congiunta della Società Europea di Cardiologia e di altre Società sulla Prevenzione delle Malattie Cardiovascolari nella Pratica Clinica (costituita da rappresentanti di 10 società e da esperti invitati). Redatte con il contributo straordinario dell’Associazione Europea per la Prevenzione e Riabilitazione Cardiovascolare (EACPR)

Author: Piepoli, Massimo F., Hoes, Arno W, Agewall, Stefan, Albus, Christian, Brotons, Carlos, Catapano, Alberico L., Cooney, Marie Therese, Corrà, Ugo, Cosyns, Bernard, Deaton, Christi, Graham, Ian, Hall, Michael Stephen, Hobbs, F D Richard, Løchen, Maja Lisa, Löllgen, Herbert, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Perk, Joep, Prescott, Eva, Redon, Josep, Richter, Dimitrios J., Sattar, Naveed, Smulders, Yvo, Tiberi, Monica, van der Worp, H Bart, van Dis, Ineke, and Verschuren, W M Monique
Subjects: Journal Article
Published: 2017

41. Automatic identification of variables in epidemiological datasets using logic regression

Author: Lorenz, Matthias W., Abdi, Negin Ashtiani, Scheckenbach, Frank, Pflug, Anja, Bülbül, Alpaslan, Catapano, Alberico L., Agewall, Stefan, Ezhov, Marat, Bots, Michiel L., Kiechl, Stefan, Orth, Andreas, Norata, Giuseppe D., Empana, Jean Philippe, Lin, Hung Ju, McLachlan, Stela, Bokemark, Lena, Ronkainen, Kimmo, Amato, Mauro, Schminke, Ulf, Srinivasan, Sathanur R., Lind, Lars, Kato, Akihiko, Dimitriadis, Chrystosomos, Przewlocki, Tadeusz, Okazaki, Shuhei, Stehouwer, C. D.A., Lazarevic, Tatjana, Willeit, Peter, Yanez, David N., Steinmetz, Helmuth, Sander, Dirk, Poppert, Holger, Desvarieux, Moise, Ikram, M. Arfan, Bevc, Sebastjan, Staub, Daniel, Sirtori, Cesare R., Iglseder, Bernhard, Engström, Gunnar, Tripepi, Giovanni, Beloqui, Oscar, Lee, Moo Sik, Friera, Alfonsa, Xie, Wuxiang, Grigore, Liliana, Plichart, Matthieu, Su, Ta Chen, Robertson, Christine, Schmidt, Caroline, Tuomainen, Tomi Pekka, Veglia, Fabrizio, Völzke, Henry, Nijpels, Giel, Jovanovic, Aleksandar, Willeit, Johann, Sacco, Ralph L., Franco, Oscar H., Hojs, Radovan, Uthoff, Heiko, Hedblad, Bo, Park, Hyun Woong, Suarez, Carmen, Zhao, Dong, Catapano, Alberico, Ducimetiere, Pierre, Chien, Kuo Liong, Price, Jackie F., Bergström, Göran, Kauhanen, Jussi, Tremoli, Elena, Dörr, Marcus, Berenson, Gerald, Papagianni, Aikaterini, Kablak-Ziembicka, Anna, Kitagawa, Kazuo, Dekker, Jaqueline M., Stolic, Radojica, Polak, Joseph F., Sitzer, Matthias, Bickel, Horst, Rundek, Tatjana, Hofman, Albert, Ekart, Robert, Frauchiger, Beat, Castelnuovo, Samuela, Rosvall, Maria, Zoccali, Carmine, Landecho, Manuel F., Bae, Jang Ho, Gabriel, Rafael, Liu, Jing, Baldassarre, Damiano, Kavousi, Maryam, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, AII - Infectious diseases, APH - Aging & Later Life, and Epidemiology
Subjects: Carotid Artery Diseases, Matching (statistics), Databases, Factual, Epidemiologic Factors, Computer science, Epidemiology, Sample (statistics), Health Informatics, Logistic regression, computer.software_genre, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Data management, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Set (abstract data type), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Backup, Predictive Value of Tests, Statistics, Journal Article, Data Mining, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical Informatics Applications, Health Policy, Prognosis, Logic regression, Computer Science Applications, Identification (information), Variable (computer science), Meta-analysis, Logistic Models, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Data quality, lcsh:R858-859.7, Data mining, computer, Algorithms, Research Article
Abstract: Background For an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis, multiple datasets must be transformed in a consistent format, e.g. using uniform variable names. When large numbers of datasets have to be processed, this can be a time-consuming and error-prone task. Automated or semi-automated identification of variables can help to reduce the workload and improve the data quality. For semi-automation high sensitivity in the recognition of matching variables is particularly important, because it allows creating software which for a target variable presents a choice of source variables, from which a user can choose the matching one, with only low risk of having missed a correct source variable. Methods For each variable in a set of target variables, a number of simple rules were manually created. With logic regression, an optimal Boolean combination of these rules was searched for every target variable, using a random subset of a large database of epidemiological and clinical cohort data (construction subset). In a second subset of this database (validation subset), this optimal combination rules were validated. Results In the construction sample, 41 target variables were allocated on average with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 34%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95%. In the validation sample, PPV was 33%, whereas NPV remained at 94%. In the construction sample, PPV was 50% or less in 63% of all variables, in the validation sample in 71% of all variables. Conclusions We demonstrated that the application of logic regression in a complex data management task in large epidemiological IPD meta-analyses is feasible. However, the performance of the algorithm is poor, which may require backup strategies.
Published: 2017

42. PROSPERO - Very low levels of HDL-cholesterol and Metabolic Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Roever, Leonardo, Mikhailidis, Dimitri P, Catapano, Alberico L, Toth, Peter P, Pencina, Michael, Amirhossein Sahabkar, Banach, Maciej, and Penson, Peter
Published: 2017
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43. Linee guida europee 2016 sulla prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari nella pratica clinica. Sesta Task Force congiunta della Società Europea di Cardiologia e di altre Società sulla Prevenzione delle Malattie Cardiovascolari nella Pratica Clinica (costituita da rappresentanti di 10 società e da esperti invitati) redatte con il contributo straordinario dell’Associazione Europea per la Prevenzione e Riabilitazione Cardiovascolare (EACPR)

Author: Piepoli, Massimo F., Hoes, Arno W., Agewall, Stefan, Albus, Christian, Brotons, Carlos, Catapano, Alberico L., Cooney, Marie-Therese, Corrà, Ugo, Cosyns, Bernard, Deaton, Christi, Graham, Ian, Hall, Michael Stephen, Hobbs, F. D. Richard, Lochen, Maja-Lisa, Lollgen, Herbert, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Perk, Joep, Prescott, Eva, Redon, Josep, Richter, Dimitrios J., Sattar, Naveed, Smulders, Yvo, Tiberi, Monica, van der Worp, H. Bart, van Dis, Ineke, Verschuren, W. M. Monique, Binno, Simone, De Backer, Guy, Roffi, Marco, Aboyans, Victor, Bachl, Norbert, Bueno, Hector, Carerj, Scipione, Cho, Leslie, Cox, John, De Sutter, Johan, Egidi, Gunther, Fisher, Miles, Fitzsimons, Donna, Franco, Oscar H., Guenoun, Maxime, Jennings, Catriona, Jug, Borut, Kirchhof, Paulus, Kotseva, Kornelia, Lip, Gregory Y. H., Mach, François, Mancia, Giuseppe, Bermudo, Franz Martin, Mezzani, Alessandro, Niessner, Alexander, Ponikowski, Piotr, Rauch, Bernhard, Ryden, Lars, Stauder, Adrienne, Turc, Guillaume, Wiklund, Olov, Windecker, Stephan, Luis Zamorano, Jose, Observerende Klinische wetenschappen, Hart- en vaatziekten, Faculteit van de Geneeskunde en Farmacie, Vriendenkring VUB, and Cardiologie
Abstract: not available
Published: 2017

44. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society

Author: Cuchel, Marina, Bruckert, Eric, Ginsberg, Henry N., Raal, Frederick J., Santos, Raul D., Hegele, Robert A., Kuivenhoven, Jan Albert, Nordestgaard, Børge G., Descamps, Olivier S., Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth, Tybjærg-Hansen, Anne, Watts, Gerald F., Averna, Maurizio, Boileau, Catherine, Borén, Jan, Catapano, Alberico L., Defesche, Joep C., Hovingh, G. Kees, Humphries, Steve E., Kovanen, Petri T., Masana, Luis, Pajukanta, Päivi, Parhofer, Klaus G., Ray, Kausik K., Stalenhoef, Anton F. H., Stroes, Erik, Taskinen, Marja-Riitta, Wiegman, Albert, Wiklund, Olov, Chapman, M. John, Cuchel, M, Bruckert, E, Ginsberg, H, Raal, F, Santos, R, Hegele, R, Kuivenhoven, J, Nordestgaard, B, Descamps, O, Steinhagen-Thiessen, E, Tybjaerg-Hansen, A, Watts, G, Averna, M, Boileau, C, Boren, J, Catapano, A, Defesche, J, Hovingh, G, Humphries, S, Kovanen, P, Masana, L, Pajukanta, P, Parhofer, K, Ray, K, Stalenhoef, A, Stroes, E, Taskinen, M, Wiegman, A, Wiklund, O, Chapman, M, Unitat de Recerca de Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Lifestyle Medicine (LM), Vascular Ageing Programme (VAP), and Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (CLDM)
Subjects: Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Vascular damage Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 16], Mipomersen, Lipoprotein apheresis, Gene Frequency, Diagnosis, consensu, Medicine, Child, Phenotypic heterogeneity, Ciències de la salut, Anticholesteremic Agents, Homozygote, Ciencias de la salud, Pedigree, 3. Good health, Europe, Phenotype, Cardiovascular Diseases, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Blood Component Removal, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Hipercolesterolèmia, HIPERCOLESTEROLEMIA (DIAGNÓSTICO), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, Clinical Update, Evinacumab, Reviews, guide line, 1102 Cardiovascular Medicine And Haematology, 1016-5169, Diagnosis, Differential, Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II, Genetic Heterogeneity, Arcus Senilis, Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, Genetics, Xanthomatosis, Humans, Gynecology, business.industry, Statins, Health sciences, Cholesterol, LDL, Atherosclerosis, Ezetimibe, Lomitapide, Liver Transplantation, Early Diagnosis, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, consensus, Mutation, European atherosclerosis society, business, Aterosclerosi
Abstract: Item does not contain fulltext AIMS: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HoFH) is a rare life-threatening condition characterized by markedly elevated circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and accelerated, premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Given recent insights into the heterogeneity of genetic defects and clinical phenotype of HoFH, and the availability of new therapeutic options, this Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) critically reviewed available data with the aim of providing clinical guidance for the recognition and management of HoFH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Early diagnosis of HoFH and prompt initiation of diet and lipid-lowering therapy are critical. Genetic testing may provide a definitive diagnosis, but if unavailable, markedly elevated LDL-C levels together with cutaneous or tendon xanthomas before 10 years, or untreated elevated LDL-C levels consistent with heterozygous FH in both parents, are suggestive of HoFH. We recommend that patients with suspected HoFH are promptly referred to specialist centres for a comprehensive ACVD evaluation and clinical management. Lifestyle intervention and maximal statin therapy are the mainstays of treatment, ideally started in the first year of life or at an initial diagnosis, often with ezetimibe and other lipid-modifying therapy. As patients rarely achieve LDL-C targets, adjunctive lipoprotein apheresis is recommended where available, preferably started by age 5 and no later than 8 years. The number of therapeutic approaches has increased following approval of lomitapide and mipomersen for HoFH. Given the severity of ACVD, we recommend regular follow-up, including Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the heart and aorta annually, stress testing and, if available, computed tomography coronary angiography every 5 years, or less if deemed necessary. CONCLUSION: This EAS Consensus Panel highlights the need for early identification of HoFH patients, prompt referral to specialized centres, and early initiation of appropriate treatment. These recommendations offer guidance for a wide spectrum of clinicians who are often the first to identify patients with suspected HoFH.
Published: 2014
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45. European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society Task Force consensus statement on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors: practical guidance for use in patients at very high cardiovascular risk

Author: Landmesser, Ulf, John Chapman, M, Farnier, Michel, Gencer, Baris, Gielen, Stephan, Hovingh, G Kees, Lüscher, Thomas F, Sinning, David, Tokgözoğlu, Lale, Wiklund, Olov, Zamorano, Jose Luis, Pinto, Fausto J, Catapano, Alberico L, European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), University of Zurich, and Landmesser, Ulf
Subjects: 10209 Clinic for Cardiology, 610 Medicine & health, 2705 Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2016

46. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)

Author: Piepoli, Massimo F, Hoes, Arno W, Agewall, Stefan, Albus, Christian, Brotons, Carlos, Catapano, Alberico L, Cooney, Marie-Therese, Corrà, Ugo, Cosyns, Bernard, Deaton, Christi, Graham, Ian, Hall, Michael Stephen, Hobbs, FD Richard, Løchen, Maja-Lisa, Löllgen, Herbert, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Perk, Joep, Prescott, Eva, Redon, Josep, Richter, Dimitrios J, Sattar, Naveed, Smulders, Yvo, Tiberi, Monica, Van Der Worp, H Bart, Van Dis, Ineke, Verschuren, WM Monique, Binno, Simone, ESC Scientific Document Group, Deaton, Christi [0000-0003-3209-0752], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Adult, Diagnostic Imaging, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Population, General Practice, Healthy lifestyle, Hyperlipidemias, Health Promotion, Guidelines, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Stakeholder, Humans, Clinical settings, Multiple Chronic Conditions, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Exercise, Antihypertensive Agents, Nutrition, Aged, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Physical activity, Prevention, Diabetes, Rehabilitation, Smoking, Age Factors, Lipid, Middle Aged, Primary care, Pedigree, Risk management, Socioeconomic Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Psychosocial factors, Hypertension, Blood pressure, Smoking Cessation, Diet, Healthy, Biomarkers, Diabetic Angiopathies
Published: 2016
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47. Wytyczne ESC/EAS dotyczące leczenia zaburzeń lipidowych w 2016 roku

Author: Catapano, Alberico L, Graham, Ian, De Backer, Guy, Wiklund, Olov, Chapman, M John, Drexel, Heinz, Hoes, Arno W, Jennings, Catriona S, Landmesser, Ulf, Pedersen, Terje R, Reiner, Željko, Riccardi, Gabriele, Taskinen, Marja-Riita, Tokgozoglu, Lale, Verschuren, W M Monique, Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, Wood, David A, and Zamorano, Jose Luis
Subjects: apolipoproteina B, remnanty lipoprotein, całkowite ryzyko sercowo-naczyniowe, Practice Guideline, zaburzenie lipidowe, cholesterol, triglicerydy, lipoproteiny o małej gęstości, lipoproteiny o dużej gęstości, Journal Article
Published: 2016

48. PCSK9 sustains SMC synthetic phenotype, proliferation and migration capacity in response to PDGF: possible role on neointimal formation after perivascular carotid collar placement in mice

Author: Marchianò, Silvia, Catapano, Alberico L., Corsini, Alberto, and nicola ferri
Published: 2016

49. 2016 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

Author: Piepoli, Massimo F., Hoes, Arno W., Agewall, Stefan, Albus, Christian, Brotons, Carlos, Catapano, Alberico L., Cooney, Marie-Therese, Corrà, Ugo, Cosyns, Bernard, Deaton, Christi, Graham, Ian, Hall, Michael Stephen, Hobbs, F. D. Richard, LØchen, Maja-Lisa, Löllgen, Herbert, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Perk, Joep, Prescott, Eva, Redon, Josep, Richter, Dimitrios J., Sattar, Naveed, Smulders, Yvo, Tiberi, Monica, van der Worp, H. Bart, van Dis, Ineke, Verschuren, W. M. Monique, Binno, Contribuidor adicional: Simone, Backer, Revisores del documento: Guy De, Roffi, Marco, Aboyans, Victor, Bachl, Norbert, Bueno, Héctor, Carerj, Scipione, Cho, Leslie, Cox, John, Sutter, Johan De, Egidi, Günther, Fisher, Miles, Fitzsimons, Donna, Franco, Oscar H., Guenoun, Maxime, Jennings, Catriona, Jug, Borut, Kirchhof, Paulus, Kotseva, Kornelia, Lip, Gregory Y. H., Mach, François, Mancia, Giuseppe, Bermudo, Franz Martin, Mezzani, Alessandro, Niessner, Alexander, Ponikowski, Piotr, Rauch, Bernhard, Rydén, Lars, Stauder, Adrienne, Turc, Guillaume, Wiklund, Olov, Windecker, Stephan, Zamorano, José Luis, Piepoli, M, Hoes, A, Agewall, S, Albus, C, Brotons, C, Catapano, A, Cooney, M, Corrà, U, Cosyns, B, Deaton, C, Graham, I, Hall, M, Hobbs, F, Løchen, M, Löllgen, H, Marques-Vidal, P, Perk, J, Prescott, E, Redon, J, Richter, D, Sattar, N, Smulders, Y, Tiberi, M, van der Worp, H, van Dis, I, Verschuren, W, Binno, C, Backer, R, Roffi, M, Aboyans, V, Bachl, N, Bueno, H, Carerj, S, Cho, L, Cox, J, Sutter, J, Egidi, G, Fisher, M, Fitzsimons, D, Franco, O, Guenoun, M, Jennings, C, Jug, B, Kirchhof, P, Kotseva, K, Lip, G, Mach, F, Mancia, G, Bermudo, F, Mezzani, A, Niessner, A, Ponikowski, P, Rauch, B, Rydén, L, Stauder, A, Turc, G, Wiklund, O, Windecker, S, and Zamorano, J
Subjects: Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2016

50. Wytyczne ESC dotyczące prewencji chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego w praktyce klinicznej w 2016 roku

Author: Piepoli, Massimo F, Hoes, Arno W, Agewall, Stefan, Albus, Christian, Brotons, Carlos, Catapano, Alberico L, Cooney, Marie- Therese, Corrà, Ugo, Cosyns, Bernard, Deaton, Christi, Graham, Ian, Hall, Michael Stephen, Hobbs, F D Richard, Løchen, Maja-Lisa, Löllgen, Herbert, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Perk, Joep, Prescott, Eva, Redon, Josep, Richter, Dimitrios J, Sattar, Naveed, Smulders, Yvo, Tiberi, Monica, van der Worp, H Bart, van Dis, Ineke, Verschuren, W M Monique, and Binno, Simone
Subjects: Practice Guideline, Journal Article, wytyczne, ciśnienie tętnicze, warunki kliniczne, cukrzyca, zdrowy tryb życia, lipidy, żywienie, aktywność fizyczna, populacja, prewencja, podstawowa opieka, czynniki psychosocjalne, rehabilitacja, ocena ryzyka, modyfikacja ryzyka, palenie tytoniu, grupy z
Published: 2016

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