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Phomopsis vexans, which causes Phomopsis blight of eggplant, has been reported worldwide. To study the biocontrol of this disease, 162 leaf and fruit samples of eggplant Phomopsis blight were collected from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Anhui Provinces from 2017 to 2019. Eighty-seven pathogenic fungus isolates were identified as P. vexans. The following studies were conducted: screening of sporulation medium, spore morphology analysis, mycovirus detection and identification of novel mycoviruses in these isolates. The results showed that eggplant tissue medium was the most suitable medium for rapid sporulation, and all isolates had mycoviruses consisting of mainly mixed infections. The genome of these mycoviruses varied from 1-15 kb. Five novel mycoviruses infecting P. vexans were obtained, including “Phomopsis vexans fusarivirus 1” (PvFV1), “Phomopsis vexans ourmia-like virus 1” (PvOLV1), “Phomopsis vexans endornavirus 2” (PvEV2), “Phomopsis vexans partitivirus 1” (PvPV1) and “Phomopsis vexans victorivirus L1” (PvVVL1). Thus, PvVVL1 displays a unique genome structure, and this is the first report of a victorivirus consisting of two segments and of a deltapartitivirus infecting the fungus host.

Dong-Mei Cai,1,&ast; Fan-Biao Mei,1,&ast; Chao-Jun Zhang,1 San-Chun An,1 Rui-Bo Lv,1 Guan-Hua Ren,1 Chan-Chan Xiao,1 Long Long,1,2 Tian-Ren Huang,1,2 Wei Deng1,2 1Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China; 2Guangxi Cancer Molecular Medicine Engineering Research Center, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Wei Deng; Tianren Huang, Department of Experimental Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71, Hedi Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People’s Republic of China, Email dengwei@gxmu.edu.cn; tianrenhuang@sina.comBackground: Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the concentrations of MC-LR in drinking water and the synergistic effect of MC-LR and HBV on hepatocellular carcinogenesis through their disturbance of redox balance have not been fully elucidated.Methods: We measured the MC-LR concentrations in 168 drinking water samples of areas with a high incidence of HCC. The relationships between MC-LR and both redox status and liver diseases in 177 local residents were analyzed. The hepatoma cell line HepG2 transfected with C-terminal truncated hepatitis B virus X gene (Ct-HBX) were treated with MC-LR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were assessed with cell activity assays, scratch and transwell assays, and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression-related redox status genes were analyzed with qPCR and Western blotting.Results: The average concentration of MC-LR in well water, river water and reservoir water were 57.55 ng/L, 76.74 ng/L and 132.86 ng/L respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The MC-LR levels in drinking water were correlated with liver health status, including hepatitis, clonorchiasis, glutamic pyruvic transaminase abnormalities and hepatitis B surface antigen carriage (all P values < 0.05). The serum MDA increased in subjects who drank reservoir water and were infected with HBV (P < 0.05). In the cell experiment, ROS increased when Ct-HBX-transfected HepG2 cells were treated with MC-LR, followed by a decrease in SOD and GSH and an increase in MDA. MC-LR combined with Ct-HBX promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells, upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of MAOA gene, and downregulated UCP2 and GPX1 genes.Conclusion: MC-LR and HBV may synergistically affect redox status and play an important role in hepatocarcinoma genesis.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, microcystins-LR, hepatitis B virus X gene, redox balance

As one of the most common pathological changes in trauma and surgery practice, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is regarded as a major precipitating factor in the occurrence and development of fatal diseases. BRCA1–BRCA2-containing complex subunit 36 (BRCC36), a deubiquitinase, has been proved important in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, tumorigenesis, and inflammatory response. However, the effect of BRCC36 on intestinal mucosal barrier injury after I/R has not been fully elucidated. Our research found that BRCC36 aggravated intestinal mucosal barrier injury caused by bone morphogenetic protein 2 after I/R by downregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) signaling. These results suggested that BRCC36/PPARγ axis might serve as a potential therapeutic target for preventing intestinal mucosal barrier injury after I/R.

During 2017 to 2018, a fruit rot of peach (Prunus persica) occurred in Hunan Province of China. The symptoms showed as soft, brown water-soaked lesions with offwhite sporulation, in some cases, on the fruit surface, extending in the flesh, which was decayed. The fungus was isolated and identified as Fusarium solani based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), a portion of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) and beta-tubulin gene sequences. The pathogenicity of the isolated F. solani was confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani causing fruit rot of peach in Hunan, China.

Hydrangea macrophylla, also known as big leaf hydrangea, is an economically valuable ornamental garden plant. From 2016 to 2018, a high incidence of leaf spot disease of hydrangea occurred in Hunan...

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) plays a vital role in genetic transformation and massive propagation of important agronomical and economical crops. Here, we conducted a systematic assessment of the morphological, cytochemical, and cytogenetical characteristics of six culture strains with various embryogenic/regenerative potential during SE process in cotton. Results indicated that the six cell culture strains had stable ploidy levels, and did not reveal any relationship between the cytogenetic state and their morphogenetic potential. Moreover, the six culture strains were compared via double staining with Evans blue and Acetocarmine to efficiently distinguish embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells and determine the embryogenic nature of the calli. In addition, the kind of auxins added in medium affected not only growth property, color, size of cell clumps but also ploidy level and regeneration ability. By combining analysis of morphological, cytochemical, and cytogenetical characteristics of the cell cultures, we are able to obtain and maintain homogeneous cell population with high morphogenic and regeneration ability and establish efficient somatic embryogenesis and regeneration system from short-term cell cultures in upland cotton, which highlight the application of biotechnological approaches in crop breeding, and above all, to better understand totipotency of cells in higher plants.

Here, we report the molecular characterization of a novel partitivirus from Phomopsis vexans strain PvHZ002, a plant-pathogenic fungus infecting eggplant. The virus was designated "Phomopsis vexans partitivirus 1" (PvPV1). PvPV1 contains two dsRNA segments, dsRNA1 and dsRNA2, which are 1,662 bp and 1,628 bp long, respectively. Each segment contains a single open reading frame, putatively encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (dsRNA 1) and capsid protein (dsRNA 2). A homology search and phylogenetic analysis showed that PvPV1 clustered with viruses of the genus Deltapartitivirus of the family Partitiviridae.

Objective: Dysbiosis of gastric microbiota such as Helicobacter pylori plays a significant role in pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the composition and functional effects of gastric microbiota in superficial gastritis (SG) and advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GC). Methods: We carried out shotgun metagenomic sequencing on gastric wash samples from 6 patients with GC and 5 patients with SG. The taxonomic composition was profiled using MetaPhlAn2 and functional gene pathway was profiled using HUMAnN2. Differences in microbial composition and pathways between the two patient groups were assessed via LEfSe. Results: The gastric microbiota in GC patients was characterized by reduced species richness, enrichment of 13 bacterial taxa and depletion of 31 taxa (q < 0.05). The most representative taxa which were abundant in GC corresponded to the commensals or opportunistic pathogens that usually colonize the oral cavity, including genera Neisseria, Alloprevotella, and Aggregatibacter, species Streptococcus_mitis_oralis_pneumoniae and strain Porphyromonas_endodontalis.t_GCF_000174815. Each of the three GC-associated genera could separate GC from SG completely. In particular, Sphingobium yanoikuyae, a bacterium capable of degrading carcinogenic compounds, was depleted in GC. Functionally, pathways associated with the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and L-arginine were enriched in GC, whereas pathways involved in the fermentation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched amino acid metabolism were more abundant in SG. Conclusions: Our results present new alterations in the gastric microbiome in patients with GC from a whole-genome perspective, suggesting that microbiome composition and function can be used for prognosis and diagnosis of GC.

We report the molecular attributes of a novel bisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, designated "Nigrospora oryzae partitivirus 1" (NoPV1), from a phytopathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae. The genome of NoPV1 contains two dsRNA segments (dsRNA1 and 2), 1875 bp and 1601 bp in length, respectively. dsRNA1 and -2 both have a single open reading frame encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and coat protein, respectively. NoPV1 has a high degree of sequence identity to members of genus Gammapartitivirus in the family Partitiviridae. This is the first report of a mycovirus in the family Partitiviridae that infects N. oryzae.

In this paper, through analysis on characteristics of the operation of the mine fanner, According to the requirement of low speed and smooth operation and quick response for AC speed regulating system of mine fanner, a new control system that based on vector control of Fuzzy-PID was designed. The simulation model was simulated and analysised by MATLAB/SIMULINK. The result indicated that the vector control of Fuzzy-PID system can not only quickly responded to the change of the load torque but also have good speed control performance, and has reliable engineering practical value.

According to the characteristics of mine fanner, the running characteristic and requirements of load was analyzed, and the fanner control system was simulated by using frequency control technology in this thesis. The speed flux double closed loop vector control system was designed by using the principle of the rotor field-oriented vector control and the mathematical model of asynchronous motor. The simulation model was simulated and analysised by MATLAB/Simulink. The result indicated that the vector control system can not only quickly responded to the change of the load torque but also have good speed control performance, and the mine fanner operation requirements was satisfied.

According to the requirement of smooth operation and accurate positioning for DC speed regulating system of mine hoist, a new speed control system that based on double closed-loop of Fuzzy-PID was designed. The best control scheme for mine hoist was also validated by simulation comparison with conventional PID control system in the MATLAB/Simulink. The result showed that the proposal was feasible and had practical value.

To get a broader view on the molecular mechanisms underlying somatic embryogenesis (SE) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), global analysis of cotton transcriptome dynamics during SE in different sister lines was performed using RNA-Seq. A total of 204 349 unigenes were detected by de novo assembly of the 214 977 462 Illumina reads. The quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) measurements were positively correlated with the RNA-Seq results for almost all the tested genes (R2 = 0.841, correlation was significant at the 0.01 level). Different phytohormone (auxin and cytokinin) concentration ratios in medium and the endogenous content changes of these two phytohormones at two stages in different sister lines suggested the roles of auxin and cytokinin during cotton SE. On the basis of global gene regulation of phytohormone-related genes, numerous genes from all the differentially expressed transcripts were involved in auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways. Analyses of differentially expressed genes that were involved in these pathways revealed the substantial changes in gene type and abundance between two sister lines. Isolation, cloning and silencing/overexpressing the genes that revealed remarkable up- or down-expression during cotton SE were important. Furthermore, auxin and cytokinin play a primary role in SE, but potential cross-talk with each other or other factors remains unclear.

This article designs and realizes a variable-frequency feeding system for quantitative packaging based on PLC. By analyzing diversified factors that affect precision and speed in weighing process, this paper puts forward a hybrid control strategy which combined fuzzy control and traditional PID control. The proposed control system meets the control requirements of high precision in weighing and improves production efficiency. The practical results show that the system possesses a desirable application value in the modern industrial manufacturing.

According to the requirement of smooth operation and accurate positioning for AC speed regulating system of mine hoist, a new control system that based on vector control of Fuzzy-PID was designed. The best control scheme for mine hoist was obtained, which was also validated by simulation comparison with conventional PID control system in the MATLAB/Simulink. The result showed that the proposal was feasible and had practical value.

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are involved in many aspects of plant development. In this study, biochemical and genetic approaches demonstrated that AGPs are abundant in developing fibers and may be involved in fiber initiation and elongation. To further investigate the role of AGPs during fiber development, a fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein gene (GhFLA1) was identified in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Overexpression of GhFLA1 in cotton promoted fiber elongation, leading to an increase in fiber length. In contrast, suppression of GhFLA1 expression in cotton slowed down fiber initiation and elongation. As a result, the mature fibers of the transgenic plants were significantly shorter than those of the wild type. In addition, expression levels of GhFLAs and the genes related to primary cell wall biosynthesis were remarkably enhanced in the GhFLA1 overexpression transgenic fibers, whereas the transcripts of these genes were dramatically reduced in the fibers of GhFLA1 RNA interference plants. An immunostaining assay indicated that both AGP composition and primary cell wall composition were changed in the transgenic fibers. The levels of glucose, arabinose, and galactose were also altered in the primary cell wall of the transgenic fibers compared with those of the wild type. Together, our results suggested that GhFLA1 may function in fiber initiation and elongation by affecting AGP composition and the integrity of the primary cell wall matrix.

Dirigent super-family abounds throughout the plant kingdom, especially vascular plants. To elucidate the function of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) DIR genes in lignification, two cDNAs (designated GhDIR1 and GhDIR2) encoding putative dirigent proteins were isolated from cotton cDNA libraries. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that GhDIR1 transcript was preferentially accumulated in cotton hypocotyls, whereas GhDIR2 was predominantly expressed in cotton fibers. Overexpression of GhDIR1 gene resulted in an increase in lignin content in transgenic cotton plants, compared with that of wild type. Histochemical assay revealed that the transgenic plants displayed more widespread lignification than that of wild type in epidermis and vascular bundle. Furthermore, the transgenic cotton plants displayed more tolerance to the infection of Verticillium dahliae. Our data suggest that GhDIR1 may be involved in cotton lignification which can block the spread of fungal pathogen V. dahliae.

Over the past few decades genetic engineering has been applied to improve cotton breeding. Agrobacterium medicated transformation is nowadays widely used as an efficient approach to introduce exogenous genes into cotton for genetically modified organisms. However, it still needs to be improved for better transformation efficiency and higher embryogenic callus induction ratios. To research further the difference of mechanisms for morphogenesis between embryogenic callus and non-embryogenic callus, we carried out a systematical study on the histological and cellular ultrastructure of Agrobacterium transformed calli. Results showed that the embryogenic callus developed nodule-like structures, which were formed by small, tightly packed, hemispherical cells. The surface of some embryogenic callus was covered with a fibrilar-like structure named extracellular matrix. The cells of embryogenic calli had similar morphological characteristics. Organelles of embryogenic callus cells were located near the nucleus, and chloroplasts degraded to proplastid-like structures with some starch grains. In contrast, the non-embryogenic calli were covered by oval or sphere cells or small clusters of cells. It was observed that cells had vacuolation of cytoplasm and plastids with a well organized endomembrane system. This study aims to understand the mechanisms of embryogenic callus morphogenesis and to improve the efficiency of cotton transformation in future.

In the moment-ratio imaging algorithm, which is based on the theory of healing of a wound, the energy of each strong earthquake is distributed around the epicenter according to certain rules, and the features of the Moment-ratio value ℛ are analyzed as the space and time change, so that the relationships between the moment-ration value ℛ and strong earthquakes can be found. In the present paper, regions divided, hypocenter depths and events completed magnitude analyses were carried out in the Chinese catalogue. By applying the moment-ratio imaging algorithm in which the parameters are adjusted, the processes of anomaly evolution which correspond to the epicenter and the surrounding value ℛ before earthquakes of M≥7.0 since 1966 in different areas of China were analyzed. It was found that the range area and imminent time of a coming earthquake could be confirmed quantitatively by analyzing the abnormal temporal and spatial variation of the value ℛ. The results showed that the temporal and spatial variation of the value ℛ could quantitatively reflect the temporal and spatial factors of a coming strong earthquake as well as the rule of medium rupture.

Behcet's disease (BD) accompanied by intestinal involvement is called intestinal BD. Although recent studies have attained positive feedback with the administration of anti-TNF-α agents in patients with BD, only a few reports on the study of etanercept in intestinal BD have been found. In this study, 35 cases of intestinal BD were treated with conventional therapy (prednisone or methotrexate) for a minimum period of 3 months (group 1). Another 19 patients who failed to respond to conventional therapy were then treated with etanercept (25 mg twice a week for 3 months). During each subsequent relapse, the patients were given the same treatment. The main outcome measures were the four criteria for diagnosis of BD (buccal ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular lesions, and skin lesions), the manifestation of intestinal involvement (abdominal symptoms, double-balloon enteroscopy), laboratory examinations of the acute phase reactants (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and C-reactive protein, and relapses. As a result of the administered therapy, the healing rate of buccal and genital ulcers, the remission rate of ocular lesions, skin lesions, and abdominal symptoms, the healing rate of intestinal ulcers, and the recovery rate of ESR and CRP were significantly higher in group 2 than those of group 1. The relapse rate in the etanercept therapy was reduced significantly when compared with conventional therapy group. In conclusion, etanercept treatment, in contrast to the conventional therapy, can result in better curative effect and less adverse reactions in intestinal BD.

Objective: To summarize the experience in the diagnosis and treatment of carotid body tumor (CBT). Materials and Methods: CBT in 18 cases was confi rmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Resection of the tumor under the carotid adventitial plane was performed in 10 cases, the tumor with the external carotid artery in fi ve cases, and the tumor with the internal and external arteries at the same time in three cases. Results: Neither death nor any major complications occurred in all the 18 cases. Our follow-up of the 18 patients revealed neither recurrence nor metastasis. Conclusion: DSA is the gold standard for the diagnosis of CBT. After confi rmation, thorough preoperative examination, suffi cient preoperative preparation, and correct surgical approaches can result in satisfactory surgical effects. Key words: Carotid body tumor, diagnosis, treatment.

To evaluate the value of laparoscopy combined with double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal diseases.Clinical data of 69 cases with suspected small bowel diseases undergoing laparoscopic and DBE for the diagnosis and treatment were retrospectively analyzed.The lesions were found in 48 cases by laparoscopy. DBE was required in the remaining 21 patients to identify the underlying condition. All the operations were successfully completed using the laparoscopic approach, including totally laparoscopic bowel resection (n=11), and laparoscopic-assisted bowel resection (n=58). There were no anastomotic leakage, postoperative bleeding, intestinal obstruction, or wound infection. All the patients were discharged within 7 to 9 days after surgery. Postoperative pathological examination showed vascular abnormally (n=10), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (n=20), intestinal adenocarcinoma (n=5), intestinal neurofibroma (n=2), diverticulum (n=5), intestinal mucosal ulceration (n=8), intestinal tuberculosis (n=3), postoperative pouch bleeding (n=1), intestinal polyp (n=6), Crohn's disease (n=5), Meckel diverticulum (n=2), metastatic kidney cancer (n=1), and metastatic lung cancer (n=1). Length of follow up ranged from 3 months to 4 years, during which no re-bleeding occurred, 2 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor died of local recurrence and liver metastasis, 1 patient with adenocarcinoma died of local recurrence involving pancreatic head, duodenum, and mesenteric vessels, 2 patients with metastatic disease died of peritoneal recurrence and liver metastasis.Laparoscopic combined with DBE has a high detection rate for small intestinal disease with accurate localization, less trauma, and quicker recovery.

Josephson junction array vo1tae standard (JJAVS) ftas been operated at the 4IMTT. s the Josephson junction can be viewed as an ideal volta9e/frequency converter 1measurelnerLt precision of dc volta9e at level of 1 volt has been greatly improved bi the advent of zero-crossin9 rf induced steps TITLe precision of the taeasureiuent is estiniated to be less than OO3 ppra.

Bollwarm has been a serious problem in cotton production in China since the 1990th. To breed transgenic pest-resistant cotton variety is one of the most economic measures. Bivalent insect-resistant Bt + CpTI gene transgenic cotton variety possesses stronger pest resistance compared with Bt cotton. CCRI 41 is an insect-resistant gene transgenic cotton variety bred by Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. A bivalent insect-resistant Bt+CpTI gene was transformed into a high-performance conventional cotton variety, and stable and high-performance transgenic lines were selected using stress-resistance screening and molecular assistant selection strategies. It was the first national released bivalent insect-resistant transgenic cotton variety in China. The cumulative extension acreage of CCRI 41 has reached 3 million ha extensive popularization of CCRI 41 since 2002 in 6 provinces in Yellow River Valley and has reaped economic benefits of 4.5 billion RMB yuan in total. These scientific achievements won the 2009 State Science and Technology Awards of China (2nd prize).