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Plants that are adapted to harsh environments offer enormous opportunity to understand stress responses in ecological systems. Stipa capillacea is widely distributed in the frigid and arid region of the Tibetan Plateau, but its signal transduction system under cold stress has not been characterized. In this study, we isolated a cDNA encoding the signal transduction protein, ScCBL6, from S. capillacea, and evaluated its role in cold tolerance by ectopically expressing it in Arabidopsis. Full-length ScCBL6 encode 227 amino acids, and are clustered with CBL6 in Stipa purpurea and Oryza sativa in a phylogenetic analysis. Compared with tolerance in wild-type (WT) plants, ScCBL6-overexpressing plants (ScCBL6-OXP) were more tolerant to cold stress but not to drought stress, as confirmed by their high photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm) and survival rate under cold stress. We further compared their cold-responsive transcriptome profiles by RNA sequencing. In total, 3931 genes were differentially expressed by the introduction of ScCBL6. These gene products were involved in multiple processes such as the immune system, lipid catabolism, and secondary metabolism. A KEGG pathway analysis revealed that they were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and biomacromolecule metabolism. Proteins encoded by differentially expressed genes were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and vacuoles, suggesting that ScCBL6 exerts a wide range of functions. Based on its tonoplast subcellular location combined with integrated transcriptome and physiological analyses of ScCBL6-OXP, we inferred that ScCBL6 improves plant cold stress tolerance in Arabidopsis via the regulation of photosynthesis, redox status, and tonoplast metabolite transporters.

MYB transcription factor, which contains a conserved DNA binding domain, has been found in almost all eukaryotes. MYB genes have variable functions in plants and are involved in many pathways. We systemically analyzed the MYB gene family in three Ericaceae species, Rhododendron williamsianum Rehder & E.H. Wilson, Rhododendron delavayi Franch., and Vaccinium corymbosum L., and one outgroup, Actinidia chinensis Planch., with 99, 156, 480, and 185 MYB genes found, respectively. The MYB genes were classified into five types based on the number of conserved MYB motifs, and the two repeat (2R) types were dominant in all four species. The percentage of 2R type MYB ranged from 48.5% to 87.9% depending on the species. We further classified the conserved MYB motifs into M1, M2, and M3 types based on motif definition. We found an abundance of 3xM2 type in the 3R group, but found a species-specific type preference for 1R and 2R genes. In searching for Arabidopsis drought-resistant genes, we detected 34 potential candidates in four species. The expression profile of R. delavayi showed 11 candidate drought-resistant RdMYB genes, which provide a potential molecular design target for breeders. Our results describe the MYB gene family in these four species and could play an important role in future analyses.

BackgroundThe genus Rhododendron (Ericaceae), a species-rich and widely distributed genus of woody plants, is distinguished for the beautiful and diverse flowers. Rhododendron delavayi Franch. and Rhododendron irroratum Franch., are highly attractive species widely distributed in south-west China and abundant new varieties have been selected from their genetic resources.MethodsWe constructed chromosome-scale genome assemblies for Rhododendron delavayi and Rhododendron irroratum. Phylogenetic and whole-genome duplication analyses were performed to elucidate the evolutionary history of Rhododendron. Further, different types of gene duplications were identified and their contributions to gene family expansion were investigated. Finally, comprehensive characterization and evolutionary analysis of R2R3-MYB and NBS-encoding genes were conducted to explore their evolutionary patterns.ResultsThe phylogenetic analysis classified Rhododendron species into two sister clades, ‘rhododendrons’ and ‘azaleas’. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis unveiled only one WGD event that occurred in Rhododendron after the ancestral γ triplication. Gene duplication and gene family expansion analyses suggested that the younger tandem and proximal duplications contributed greatly to the expansion of gene families involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and stress response. The candidate R2R3-MYB genes likely regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis and stress tolerance in Rhododendron will facilitate the breeding for ornamental use. NBS-encoding genes had undergone significant expansion and experienced species-specific gain and loss events in Rhododendron plants.ConclusionsThe reference genomes presented here will provide important genetic resources for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of plants in this economically important Rhododendron genus.

A large Nb–Ta ore deposit was found in the Yushishan leptynite in the west Qilian Orogenic Belt (QOB). Based on a field geological survey and using a Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS)) methods, eight Nb minerals (fergusonite, polycrase, columbite, Nb-rutile, aeschynite, pyrochlore, microlite, and ilmenorutile) were found to occur in the leptynite. This accounted for approximately 69% of Nb, with fergusonite, polycrase, and columbite being the dominant phases. The other 17.90% Nb as a minor element was dispersed in titanium magnetite–maghemite, and another 13.00% Nb was dispersed in gangue minerals. Nb minerals are formed mainly by two metallogenesis stages. The first stage is magmatic genesis to form four Nb minerals, euhedral-subhedral fergusonite, polycrase, pyrochlore, and microlite, which are crystallized within or between primary minerals, such as quartz and feldspar. Late alteration phenomena are locally observed. The second stage is the hydrothermal genesis of columbite, anhedral fergusonite, Nb-rutile, and aeschynite, which are dispersed in the fissures of the wall rocks as irregular veins and lump assemblages. Meanwhile, they are closely associated with metasomatic chlorite, albite, and secondary quartz. Furthermore, direct metasomatism among different Nb minerals is also found at the local scale. The Nb percentage of these two Nb mineral mineralization types is approximately equal, which reflects two main mineralizing periods. The first stage of mineralization occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (834–790 Ma). Magmatism of this period produced early niobium and formed fergusonite, polycrase, pyrochlore, microlite, and zircon. The initial enrichment of Nb, Ta, and other rare metals occurred during this stage. The second stage of mineralization occurred in the Caledonian period (490–455 Ma). Large-scale and intense tectonic–magmatic thermal events occurred in the western part of the QOB due to the plate subduction and convergence (510–450 Ma). Hydrothermal activity in this period formed columbite, fergusonite, Nb-rutile, and aeschynite. Moreover, rare metal elements in the Nb-bearing rocks activated and migrated at short distances, forming in situ Nb–Ta-rich ore deposits.

Plant adaptation to drought stress is essential for plant survival and crop yield. Recently, harnessing drought memory, which is induced by repeated stress and recovery cycles, was suggested as a means to improve drought resistance at the transcriptional level. However, the genetic mechanism underlying drought memory is unclear. Here, we carried out a quantitative analysis of alternative splicing (AS) events in rice memory under drought stress, generating 12 transcriptome datasets. Notably, we identified exon skipping (ES) as the predominant AS type (>80%) in differential alternative splicing (DAS) in response to drought stress. Applying our analysis pipeline to investigate DAS events following drought stress in six other plant species revealed variable ES frequencies ranging from 9.94% to 60.70% depending on the species, suggesting that the relative frequency of DAS types in plants is likely to be species-specific. The dinucleotide sequence at AS splice sites in rice following drought stress was preferentially GC-AG and AT-AC. Since U12-type splicing uses the AT-AC site, this suggests that drought stress may increase U12-type splicing, and thus increase ES frequency. We hypothesize that multiple isoforms derived from exon skipping may be induced by drought stress in rice. We also identified 20 transcription factors and three highly connected hub genes with potential roles in drought memory that may be good targets for plant breeding.

Link prediction plays an important role in information filtering and numerous research works have been made in this field. However, traditional link prediction algorithms mainly focus on overall prediction accuracy, ignoring the heterogeneity of the prediction accuracy for different links. In this paper, we analyzed the prediction accuracy of each link in networks and found that the prediction accuracy for different links is severely polarized. Further analysis shows that the accuracy of edges with low edge betweenness is consistently high while that of edges with high edge betweenness is consistently low, i.e. AUC follows a bimodal distribution with one peak around 0.5 and the other peak around 1. Our results indicate that link prediction algorithms should focus more on edges with high betweenness instead of edges with low betweenness. To improve the accuracy of edges with high betweenness, we proposed an improved algorithm called RA_LP which takes advantage of resource transfer of the second-order and third-order paths of local path. Results show that this algorithm can improve the link prediction accuracy for edges with high betweenness as well as the overall accuracy.

Compared with the traditional needle driving method, hybrid maglev needle driving is a new weft knitting machine technology, which alleviates the problems of noise, heat, and needle breakage. However, in the structure of needle arrays, magnetic disturbance between permanent magnet knitting needles leads to unstable needle control. Therefore, this paper attempts to solve this problem through a performance analysis of hybrid maglev needle driving. Based on the structure, the magnetic force distribution model of permanent magnet knitting needles is established. Aiming at the magnetic interference between magnetic arrays, a magnetic shielding material, silicon steel with a high permeability, is proposed to optimize the driving structure of a magnetic levitation needle array. Through simulation and experimental analysis, the influence of different silicon steel thicknesses on magnetic field shielding is analyzed. It is concluded that the optimal value of a silicon steel sheet is 1 mm and that the optimal gauge of hybrid maglev knitting needles is 8 mm. Finally, compared with the theoretical and simulation analysis, the experimental results have indicated that the proposed optimized structure of the gauge of hybrid maglev knitting needles is correct and effective.

The brain spatula has been an essential neurosurgical instrument since the early 20th century, when medical advancements enabled surgeons to operate deep intracranially for the first time. Monitoring the brain retraction pressure, especially at an early stage of the intradural procedure, is useful in preventing brain damage or postoperative cerebral swelling. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of effective methods that meet the demand for quantitative and real-time evaluation of applied pressure on brain tissue. In this study, a compact and wireless sensing system, encapsulated by soft biocompatible materials, for quantitatively assessing the pressure between brain tissue and a spatula, is proposed. The absence of physical tethers and the ion gel-based construction of the micro-structured sensor represent key defining features, resulting in high measurement accuracy of 1.0/N with reliable water-proof capabilities. Moreover, these sensors can be linked to a server network or mobile client for possible brain damage alerts as important safety addition. With our devices, detailed pressure data on retracting operations can be collected, analyzed, and stored for medical assistance as well as to improve surgery quality.

Hydrological variation in the past ∼2 kyr is important for understanding the impact and driving forces of climate changes in the present and future, especially in arid areas. Sediment is one of the most useful archives in such a time period, and selection and validation of qualified hydrological proxies is the key point for reconstruction of hydrology in the past centuries. However, such research still faces a challenge due to limited knowledge of physiochemical implications of the traditional proxies in the specific lake, and difficulties to discriminate dry-wet from warm-cold signals. Here, a sediment core collected from Keluke Lake, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China was analyzed for iodine and uranium concentrations, to explore their potential as a new hydrological proxy in the arid regions for reconstructing the dry-wet changes during the past ∼2200 years. A significant correlation between iodine and uranium concentrations (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) was observed in the sediment core, and four peak events of synchronously varied iodine and uranium concentrations occurred in the studied sediment core. This indicates similar physiochemical behaviors of the two elements from the catchment to the sediments via lake water. During drier periods, as vegetation degradation and soil organic substance content decreased, water-soluble iodine and uranium were intensively leached, and fine particle associated iodine and uranium were seriously eroded from catchment soils. Meanwhile, the suspended matter concentrations and organic substance content in lake water increased as well, which facilitated more iodine and uranium to be deposited and recorded in the sediment as peak events. The four dry events coincide with the reported climatic changes in other lake sediments, ice core and aeolian sediments, and also correspond with the society evolution in this area, including the establishment of Tuyuhun Kingdom (313–663 CE), Tubo Empire (618–842 CE), Mongolian tribes (1495–1591 CE, and the Han population immigration driven by a severe drought disaster in 1876–1879.

Summary Azalea belongs to Rhododendron, which is one of the largest genera of flowering plants and is well known for the diversity and beauty in its more than 1000 woody species. Rhododendron contains two distinct groups: the most high‐altitude and a few low‐altitude species; however, the former group is difficult to be domesticated for urban landscaping, and their evolution and adaptation are little known. Rhododendron ovatum has broad adaptation in low‐altitude regions but possesses evergreen characteristics like high‐altitude species, and it has floral fragrance that is deficient in most cultivars. Here we report the chromosome‐level genome assembly of R. ovatum, which has a total length of 549 Mb with scaffold N50 of 41 Mb and contains 41 264 predicted genes. Genomic micro‐evolutionary analysis of R. ovatum in comparison with two high‐altitude Rhododendron species indicated that the expansion genes in R. ovatum were significantly enriched in defence responses, which may account for its adaptability in low altitudes. The R. ovatum genome contains much more terpene synthase genes (TPSs) compared with the species that lost floral fragrance. The subfamily b members of TPS are involved in the synthesis of sesquiterpenes as well as monoterpenes and play a major role in flora scent biosynthesis and defence responses. Tandem duplication is the primary force driving expansion of defence‐responsive genes for extensive adaptability to the low‐altitude environments. The R. ovatum genome provides insights into low‐altitude adaptation and gain or loss of floral fragrance for Rhododendron species, which are valuable for alpine plant domestication and floral scent breeding.

The pollution caused by the chemical cleaning of polymer coatings when recycling printing screens can be alleviated through laser cleaning. The interaction mechanism between the laser beam and polymer coating is studied, a laser ablation threshold model of the cross-linked polymer is constructed, and principles of laser bonding and photoionization are discussed. When the laser energy density is 7.8

Plants that are adapted to harsh environments offer enormous opportunity to understand stress responses in ecological systems.

Liquid metal-based electronic devices are attracting increasing attention owing to their excellent flexibility and high conductivity. However, a simple way to realize liquid metal electronics on a microscale without photolithography is still challenging. Herein, the wettability and adhesion of liquid metal are controlled by combining the stirring method, femtosecond laser microfabrication, and sacrificial layer assistant. The adhesive force of liquid metal is dramatically enhanced by adjusting its oxidation. The wetting area is limited to a micro-pattern by a femtosecond laser and sacrificial layer. On this basis, a high-resolution liquid metal printing method is proposed. The printing resolution can be controlled even less than 50 μm. The resultant liquid metal pattern is applied to electronic skin, which shows uniformity, flexibility, and stability. It is anticipated that this liquid metal printing method will hold great promise in the fields of flexible electronics.

Pursuing flexible tactile electronic skin sensors with superior comprehensive performances is highly desired in practical applications. However, current flexible tactile electronic skin sensors suffer insufficient flexibility and sensitivity, as well as high-cost and low-efficiency in fabrication, and are susceptible to contamination in sensing performances. Here, a highly sensitive all-flexible tactile sensor (AFTS) is presented with capacitive sensing that combines a double-side micropyramids dielectric layer and a liquid metal (LM) electrode. The design and fabrication of LM-based AFTS are based on supermetalphobicity induced by femtosecond laser. The supermetalphobic micropyramids lead to a high sensitivity up to 2.78 kPa

The continuous development of information technology has increased the level of automation and informatization in the manufacturing industry, which makes it necessary for companies to effectively monitor their assembly lines. Aiming to visualize the monitoring challenges of the assembly line production process, taking the industrial detonator automatic assembly line as the research object and referring to the digital twin five-dimensional model, a visualization monitoring method that utilizes an assembly line based on a digital twin is proposed. First, the architecture of the assembly line visualization monitoring system based on digital twin is constructed, and its specific operation flow is studied. Then, three key implementation methods, including assembly line virtual entity model construction, data collection in the assembly process and complex equipment error detection, are studied. Finally, a visualization monitoring system for the industrial detonator automatic assembly line is designed and developed, which verifies that the proposed method is effective in the visualization monitoring of the assembly line.

In this paper, we propose a novel multi-user access in wireless optical communication based on the quantum detection of the coherent state. In this case, the coherent states are used as the signal carrier and a technique of quantum detection is applied to distinguish between signals from different users. To accomplish this task, two main quantum measurement methods are introduced; one is minimum error discrimination (MED), and the other is unambiguous state discrimination (USD). The theoretical derivation implies that the two methods can both distinguish between the signals from different users efficiently when the average photon number is large enough. Typically, the numerical result shows that in the two-user case, the channel capacity will approach the theoretical maximum limit when the average photon number is greater than 2.5 for MED and 5 for USD in the absence of noise. The MED gains more channel capacity than the USD at the same average photon number. However, the USD wins the error-correction scene with its free-error capability. Furthermore, the detection error probability and channel capacity for the USD with the thermal noise are examined. The result shows that increasing the signal average photon number can continue the USD’s advantage of error-free detection even if in the presence of thermal noise. In addition, compared with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), the bit error rate (BER) against signal-to-noise rate (SNR) performance of USD has been improved.

In recent years, the demand for optical components such as microlenses has been increasing, and various methods have been developed. However, fabrication of submillimeter microlenses with tunable numerical aperture (NA) on hard and brittle materials remains a great challenge using the current methods. In this work, we fabricated a variable NA microlens array with submillimeter size on a silica substrate, using a femtosecond laser-based linear scanning-assisted wet etching method. At the same time, the influence of various processing parameters on the microlens morphology and NA was studied. The NA of the microlenses could be flexibly adjusted in the range of 0.2 to 0.45 by changing the scanning distance of the laser and assisted wet etching. In addition, the imaging and focusing performance tests demonstrated the good optical performance and controllability of the fabricated microlenses. Finally, the optical performance simulation of the prepared microlens array was carried out. The result was consistent with the actual situation, indicating the potential of the submillimeter-scale microlens array prepared by this method for applications in imaging and detection.

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) have become an effective method to provide materials with sliding performance and, thus, achieve liquid repellency, through the process of infusing lubricants into the microstructure of the surface. However, the construction of microstructures on high-strength metals is still a significant challenge. Herein, we used a femtosecond laser with a temporally shaped Bessel beam to process NiTi alloy, and created uniform porous structures with a microhole diameter of around 4 µm, in order to store and lock lubricant. In addition, as the lubricant is an important factor that can influence the sliding properties, five different lubricants were selected to prepare the SLIPSs, and were further compared in terms of their sliding behavior. The temperature cycle test and the hydraulic pressure test were implemented to characterize the durability of the samples, and different liquids were used to investigate the possible failure under complex fluid conditions. In general, the prepared SLIPSs exhibited superior liquid repellency. We believe that, in combination with a femtosecond laser, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces are promising for applications in a wide range of areas.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) could cause lethal diarrhea and dehydration in suckling piglets, which can adversely affect the development of the global swine industry. The lack of effective therapeutical and prophylactic treatment especially for PEDV variant strains underlines the importance of effective antiviral strategies, such as identification of novel antiviral agents. In the present study, the antiviral activity of cinchonine against PEDV was investigated in Vero CCL81 and LLC-PK1 cells at a non-cytotoxic concentration determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in vitro. We found that cinchonine exhibited a significant suppression effect against PEDV infection and its inhibitory action was primarily focused on the early stage of PEDV replication. Moreover, we also observed that cinchonine could significantly induce autophagy by detecting the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II by using western blot analysis. Cinchonine treatment could inhibit PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner in Vero CCL81 cells, while this phenomenon disappeared when autophagy was attenuated by pre-treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3MA. Consequently, this study indicated that cinchonine can inhibit PEDV replication via inducing cellular autophagy and thus from the basis for successful antiviral strategies which potentially suggest the possibility of exploiting cinchonine as a novel antiviral agent.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Whole-genome sequencing of ASFV is necessary to study its mutation, recombination, and trace its transmission. Uncultured samples have a considerable amount of background DNA, which causes waste of sequencing throughput, storage space, and computing resources. Sequencing methods attempted for uncultured samples have various drawbacks. In this study, we improved C18 spacer MDA (Multiple Displacement Amplification)-combined host DNA exhaustion strategy to remove background DNA and fit NGS and TGS sequencing. Using this workflow, we successfully sequenced two uncultured ASFV positive samples. The results show that this method can significantly reduce the percentage of background DNA. We also developed software that can perform real-time base call and analyses in set intervals of ASFV TGS sequencing reads on a cloud server.

The T2/RNase gene family is widespread in eukaryotes, and particular members of this family play critical roles in the gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system in plants. Wild diploid strawberry (Fragaria) species have diversified their sexual systems via self-incompatible and self-compatible traits, yet how these traits evolved in Fragaria remains elusive. By integrating the published and de novo assembled genomes and the newly generated RNA-seq data, members of the RNase T2 gene family were systematically identified in six Fragaria species, including three self-incompatible species (Fragaria nipponica, Fragaria nubicola, and Fragaria viridis) and three self-compatible species (Fragaria nilgerrensis, Fragaria vesca, and Fragaria iinumae). In total, 115 RNase T2 genes were identified in the six Fragaria genomes and can be classified into three classes (I–III) according to phylogenetic analysis. The identified RNase T2 genes could be divided into 22 homologous gene sets according to amino acid sequence similarity and phylogenetic and syntenic relationships. We found that extensive gene loss and pseudogenization coupled with small-scale duplications mainly accounted for variations in the RNase T2 gene numbers in Fragaria. Multiple copies of homologous genes were mainly generated from tandem and segmental duplication events. Furthermore, we newly identified five S-RNase genes in three self-incompatible Fragaria genomes, including two in F. nipponica, two in F. viridis, and one in F. nubicola, which fit for typical features of a pistil determinant, including highly pistil-specific expression, highly polymorphic proteins and alkaline isoelectric point (pI), while no S-RNase genes were found in all three self-compatible Fragaria species. Surprisingly, these T2/S-RNase genes contain at least one large intron (>10 kb). This study revealed that the rapid evolution of T2/S-RNase genes within the Fragaria genus could be associated with its sexual mode, and repeated evolution of the self-compatible traits in Fragaria was convergent via losses of S-RNase.

In the process of wood surface processing, it is easy to cause safety accident. Therefore, it is very necessary to find a new and clean processing method instead. In this paper, the laser automatic processing method is used instead of manual work, exploring the ablation of milled wood surfaces with nanosecond pulse laser. Four commonly used kinds of wood were selected, and milled separately in three different directions. The generation mechanism of micro burrs was analyzed under different working conditions. Then, a laser ablation experimental platform was established, and used to ablate the milling-induced burrs on the four kinds of wood. The ablated surfaces were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the observations, the interaction between laser and surface burrs was investigated, and laser ablation deburring was modelled on ABAQUS. On this basis, the authors discussed how laser ablation deburring is affected by multiple laser parameters. The results show that cross-grain milling leads to more burrs on wood surface than parallel-to-grain milling and against-grain milling; for nanosecond laser ablation of wood surface burrs, the ablation efficiency and ablated surface quality could be optimized, when the output power falls between 300 mJ and 400 mJ; when the other parameters of the laser remain unchanged, there exists an optimal power density that helps to remove the surface burrs, without greatly affecting the nearby areas. The research results shed important new light on the deburring of wood products with the aid of pulse laser. Finally, it is proved that the mode of laser machining instead of traditional manual operation is feasible.

The origination of new genes is important for generating genetic novelties for adaptive evolution and biological diversity. However, their potential roles in embryonic development, evolutionary processes into ancient networks, and contributions to adaptive evolution remain poorly investigated. Here, we identified a novel chimeric gene family, the chiron family, and explored its genetic basis and functional evolution underlying the adaptive evolution of Danioninae fishes. The ancestral chiron gene originated through retroposition of nampt in Danioninae 48-54 million years ago (Mya) and expanded into five duplicates (chiron1-5) in zebrafish 1-4 Mya. The chiron genes (chirons) likely originated in embryonic development and gradually extended their expression in the testis. Functional experiments showed that chirons were essential for zebrafish embryo development. By integrating into the NAD+ synthesis pathway, chirons could directly catalyze the NAD+ rate-limiting reaction and probably impact two energy metabolism genes (nmnat1 and naprt) to be under positive selection in Danioninae fishes. Together, these results mainly demonstrated that the origin of new chimeric chiron genes may be involved in adaptive evolution by integrating and impacting the NAD+ biosynthetic pathway. This coevolution may contribute to the physiological adaptation of Danioninae fishes to widespread and varied biomes in Southeast Asian.

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus and has been found associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs. Compared with PCV2, research into PCV3 cap gene sequencing is deficient. To investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of PCV3, we collected 1291 samples from 211 pig farms throughout 15 provinces and municipalities. 312 out of 1291 samples were tested positive by PCR. We further sequenced and analyzed 164 PCR-positive samples. The majority (61.8%) of isolates we sequenced belong to genotype PCV3c. PCV3c is also the dominant genotype in Hubei, Hunan, Hebei province and Chongqing city. We found 3 sites under positive selection and located in predicted epitope peptide, revealing that the pig’s immunity may be a reason those sites are undergoing highly positive selection.

The grain size analysis and end-member modeling of clastic fractions in the Selin Co basin sedimentary sequence have been revealing variations of aeolian activity in the central Tibetan Plateau since 3,900 cal yr BP. The grain-size distributions measured in this study were classified into three statistical end-members that may be connected to clastic material inputs from a variety of sources and transport processes. Among these, the EM3 fraction (modal grain size of ∼138 μm) was suggested to indicate the aeolian activity history in the central Tibetan Plateau. The results indicate that the aeolian activity in this region occurred under dry and cold conditions since 3,900 cal yr BP, with three strong aeolian activity intervals at 3,200–2,900 cal yr BP, 2,400–1,400 cal yr BP, and after 130 cal yr BP. Comparison with other records showed that solar insolation, weakening Indian summer monsoon, and the strengthening westerlies have a direct relationship with the aeolian activity in the central Tibetan Plateau. We therefore suggest that the atmospheric circulation patterns and effective humidity may have a strong impact on the water balance and weathering intensity in the arid and semiarid areas, hence affecting dust emissions. Also, the coarse detrital end-member fraction of lake sediments is suggested as a potential aeolian activity proxy.

The error coupling analysis is important for machining accuracy of thin-walled parts. However, most of the error coupling analysis methods only based on multiple error sources with a single feature, without considering the coupling relationship of these errors between features. This paper no longer focuses on analyzing the machining error of a single feature, but discusses the error coupling phenomenon between each other and interrelated features. First, interactive factors during machining multiple features are analyzed. Subsequently, according to the main interactive factors, the models about geometric interaction and machining interaction of multi feature processing are established. Afterwards, based on the comprehensive error model obtained through the transformation of the coordinate systems, an efficient error control method of multi feature thin-walled parts is proposed. Finally, the approach has been validated through an illustrative case study using a sample part with complex machining features.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a typical pesticide, with global application for over 40 years. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of B. thuringiensis ZZQ-130 from a salt lake; this strain has 31 pesticidal genes, including five cry genes, one vip gene, two vpa genes, and two vpb genes.

Simulating the adsorption behavior of Sb(V) on goethite is of great significance for predicting the mobility of Sb(V) in soil. However, there is still a lack of charge distribution and multisite surface complexation (CD-MUSIC) models that conform to the actual adsorption mechanism. Therefore, our research combined the previous EXAFS results with the SCMs and established two CD-MUSIC models (Model I, which introduced bidentate binuclear and bidentate mononuclear complexes, and Model II, which introduced bidentate mononuclear and monodentate mononuclear complexes). It is also one of the rare cases that bidentate edge- and corner-sharing adsorption complexes have been distinguished by introducing different amounts of H

Patterning liquid metal (LM) on a solid surface is highly required for flexible electronics. However, a simple way to prepare repairable and reconfigurable LM patterns remains a challenge. In this ...

Intensified livestock system produced large amount of bio-waste, and improper disposal of livestock manure has led to severe environmental consequences. However, knowledge about the time-dependent changes of manure-derived nitrate and soil bacterial diversity along the soil profiles is limited. Vertical variation of soil bacterial diversity and composition in a manure-amended maize field and adjacent non-manured woodland was investigated using high-throughput sequencing technique in spring and autumn along a 1-m profile depth. The soil is classified as aquic inceptisol with a bulk density of 1.31 g cm−3, and a sandy loam texture. The results showed that significant higher amount of nitrate (up to 172.13 mg kg−1) was detected along the soil profile loaded with cattle manure compared with the adjacent non-manured woodland. Soil δ15N-NO3− composition from maize field fall between + 5 and 25‰, while those from woodland fall between − 5 and 15‰. No significant difference in bacterial richness between the two land uses was found, while clear separation of bacterial structure was detected even to the deep soil layers. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil organic matter, C/N ratio, nitrate content, pH, and moisture were the major factors influencing the variance of bacterial community composition. Bacterial networks in the maize field harbor more modules than those in the adjacent woodland. Negative standardized effect size measure of mean nearest taxon distance in the soils tended to be more phylogenetically clustered than expected by chance, and was more likely to be clustered along the depth. These findings suggested that soil bacterial β diversity was strongly affected by multi-nutrient properties in terms of high livestock manure load, and had important implications for assessing the environmental impacts on belowground biodiversity in sandy loam soils.