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Recently, a large number of experimenters have found that the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease may be related to the gut microbiome and proposed the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptors, especially Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are key mediators of gut homeostasis. In addition to their established role in innate immunity throughout the body, research is increasingly showing that the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways shape the development and function of the gut and enteric nervous system. Notably, Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 are dysregulated in Parkinson’s disease patients and may therefore be identified as the core of early gut dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. To better understand the contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 dysfunction in the gut to early α-synuclein aggregation, we discussed the structural function of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 and signal transduction of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in Parkinson’s disease by reviewing clinical, animal models, and in vitro studies. We also present a conceptual model of the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, in which microbial dysbiosis alters the gut barrier as well as the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to a positive feedback loop for chronic gut dysfunction, promoting α-synuclein aggregation in the gut and vagus nerve.

This paper focuses on automated design of microwave filter. We propose a software framework based on extended Python package which holds Python and ANSYS HFSS COM (Component Object Model). In addition, modified space mapping algorithm is also introduced to improve design efficiency. Examples are presented to illustrate the application of the software framework.

Web services composition has gained a considerable momentum as a means to create and streamline business-to-business collaborations within and across organizational boundaries. The composition approach proposed in this paper can enable user to generate a composite Web service with minimal execution price dynamically. After modeling Web services with rules and eliminating semantics conflicts among parameters of Web service models, we can compute a deduced network with inputs given by user. Based on the deduced network, a set of composition plans for every output can be obtained with a backward deduction approach. In order to get the composition plan which has the minimal execution price, all the output's composition plan sets should be joined by Cartesian product.