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Introduction Electronic referral (e-referral) to quitlines helps connect tobacco-using patients to free, evidence-based cessation counseling. Little has been published about the real-world implementation of e-referrals across U.S. health systems, their maintenance over time, and the outcomes of e-referred patients. Aims and Methods Beginning in 2014, the University of California (UC)-wide project called UC Quits scaled up quitline e-referrals and related modifications to clinical workflows from one to five UC health systems. Implementation strategies were used to increase site readiness. Maintenance was supported through ongoing monitoring and quality improvement programs. Data on e-referred patients (n = 20 709) and quitline callers (n = 197 377) were collected from April 2014 to March 2021. Analyses of referral trends and cessation outcomes were conducted in 2021–2022. Results Of 20 709 patients referred, the quitline contacted 47.1%, 20.6% completed intake, 15.2% requested counseling, and 10.9% received it. In the 1.5-year implementation phase, 1813 patients were referred. In the 5.5-year maintenance phase, volume was sustained, with 3436 referrals annually on average. Among referred patients completing intake (n = 4264), 46.2% were nonwhite, 58.8% had Medicaid, 58.7% had a chronic disease, and 48.8% had a behavioral health condition. In a sample randomly selected for follow-up, e-referred patients were as likely as general quitline callers to attempt quitting (68.5% vs. 71.4%; p = .23), quit for 30 days (28.3% vs. 26.9%; p = .52), and quit for 6 months (13.6% vs. 13.9%; p = .88). Conclusions With a whole-systems approach, quitline e-referrals can be established and sustained across inpatient and outpatient settings with diverse patient populations. Cessation outcomes were similar to those of general quitline callers. Implications This study supports the broad implementation of tobacco quitline e-referrals in health care. To the best of our knowledge, no other paper has described the implementation of e-referrals across multiple U.S. health systems or how they were sustained over time. Modifying electronic health records systems and clinical workflows to enable and encourage e-referrals, if implemented and maintained appropriately, can be expected to improve patient care, make it easier for clinicians to support patients in quitting, increase the proportion of patients using evidence-based treatment, provide data to assess progress on quality goals, and help meet reporting requirements for tobacco screening and prevention.

This paper explores the potential economic gains of allowing additional flexibility in gear choice, within rights-based management programs. A case study of US west coast sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) provides an example of a commercially important species where gear-switching is currently occurring within the individual fishing quota (IFQ) program, allowing us to isolate the economic potential of gear flexibility along two important margins: size and quality. We conduct a hedonic price analysis of ex-vessel prices using panel fish ticket data and linear mixed-effect econometric models to examine the influences of gear, size, condition, fishing sector, port group, landing month, and year on the price of sablefish. We generate a counter-factual scenario that represents the IFQ fishery where the use of fixed gear is prohibited by predicting what the size composition of catch would have been if the sablefish had been caught with trawl gear. We find that the flexibility of targeting sablefish with fixed gear between 2011 and 2016 generated an annual mean 10.45% increase in total revenue, or US$1.17 million, compared with the trawl-only scenario. These results show sablefish value increases through implementing gear flexibility, which contributes to a broader conversation of allocative efficiency.

Recreational fishing is practiced by ~ 350 million people globally, and while it historically has been thought to have minimal ecological impact relative to commercial fishing, numerous recreational fisheries have recently declined or collapsed. The potential for recreational fishing to contribute to ecological decline, as well as the incentives of recreational anglers that are distinct from those of commercial fishers, highlights the need for greater understanding of recreational fisheries regulatory options. To aid managers in the decision-making process, we conduct the first comparative review of all seven major approaches to recreational fisheries regulation: harvest size restrictions, harvest quantity restrictions, spatial management, temporal restrictions, accessibility restrictions, rights-based management, and gear restrictions. We provide a synthetic guide for students and practitioners covering how these regulations can benefit target stocks, their potential limitations in achieving sustainability, and angler perceptions of their relative effectiveness and behavioral impositions. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of each strategy, we identify three key fishery metrics that together can guide selection of a suitable combination of regulations that will achieve the requisite biological outcome without restricting angler behavior more than is necessary. With this perspective, we reflect on uncertainties that complicate informed and effective, recreational fisheries regulation.

IntroductionAsian immigrants to the U.S. smoke at higher rates than U.S.-born Asians. However, few programs exist to help these immigrants quit and little is known about their real-world effectiveness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded the Asian Smokers' Quitline to serve Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese immigrants nationwide. This study examines service utilization and outcomes from the first 7 years of the program.MethodsFrom August 2012 to July 2019, the Asian Smokers' Quitline enrolled 14,073 Chinese-, Korean-, and Vietnamese-speaking smokers. Service utilization rates and cessation outcomes were compared with those of an earlier trial (conducted 2004-2008) that demonstrated the efficacy of an Asian-language telephone counseling protocol. Data were analyzed in 2019.ResultsAsian Smokers' Quitline participants came from all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The main referral sources were Asian-language newspapers (37.2%), family and friends (16.4%), healthcare providers (11.9%), and radio (11.9%). Overall, 37.6% were uninsured, 38.8% had chronic health conditions, and 15.4% had mental health conditions. Compared with participants in the earlier trial, Quitline participants received 1 fewer counseling session (3.8 vs 4.9, p14,000 Asian-language-speaking smokers across the U.S. in its first 7 years. This quitline could serve as a model for delivering other behavioral services to geographically dispersed linguistic minority populations.

Which management actions work best to prevent or halt overfishing and to rebuild depleted populations? A comprehensive evaluation of multiple, co-occurring management actions on the sustainability status of marine populations has been lacking. Here we compiled detailed management histories for 288 assessed fisheries from around the world (accounting for 45% of those with formal stock assessments) and used hierarchical time-series analyses to estimate effects of different management interventions on trends in stock status. Rebuilding plans, applied less commonly than other management measures (implemented at some point historically for 43% of stocks), rapidly lowered fishing pressure towards target levels and emerged as the most important factor enabling overfished populations to recover. Additionally, the ratification of international fishing agreements, and harvest control rules specifying how catch limits should vary with population biomass, helped to reduce overfishing and rebuild biomass. Notably, we found that benefits of management actions are cumulative—as more are implemented, stock status improves and predicted long-term catches increase. Thus, a broad suite of management measures at local, national and international levels appears to be key to sustaining fish populations and food production. Wise management is critical to sustaining fisheries. This study finds that rebuilding plans, ratification of international agreements and harvest control rules yield strong benefits and that these are cumulative.

Blueberry is considered a functional food due to various beneficial health effects associated with its consumption. Therefore, we examined the cardiovascular benefits of a blueberry polyphenolic extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were administered with blueberry polyphenolic extract for 15 weeks. SHR showed significant augmented media-to-lumen ratio compared to WKY rats and blueberry polyphenolic extract significantly improved media-to-lumen ratio. SHR also had high blood pressure (BP), cardiac remodeling, and diastolic dysfunction and treatment did not affect BP or cardiac structure and function. SHR showed significantly increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and blueberry polyphenolic extract did not lower MDA. The levels of interleukin 6 and nitrate/nitrite ratio were unaltered in SHR. SHR showed a significant increase in the pro-apoptotic marker, Bax. Blueberry polyphenolic extract significantly lowered Bax. Our study shows that blueberry polyphenolic extract is beneficial in preventing vascular remodeling and cardiac apoptosis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Similar to many other berries, blueberries are repertoire of many phytochemicals including polyphenols. Along with its considerably well-established role as a sought after berry, blueberries have been at the forefront of approaches to hharnessing health benefits from plant food sources. Several studies have attempted to unravel the role of blueberry and their major phytochemicals in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and reported their beneficial effects. Our pre-clinical study found that blueberry polyphenolic extract can reduce vascular remodeling in the setting of hypertension. This new finding further suggests the potential of blueberry-based phytochemicals. Further exploration of blueberries and their phytochemicals and positive outcomes from such studies can lead to substantial benefits for consumers and economy as a whole.

People who smoke are at increased risk of serious COVID-19-related disease but have had reduced access to cessation treatment during the pandemic. This study tested 2 approaches to promoting quitline services to Medicaid members who smoke at high rates: using COVID-19-specific messaging and offering free nicotine patches. The hypotheses were that both would increase enrollment.A California Medicaid mailing from October 2020 to January 2021 (N=7,489,093) included 4 versions of a flyer following a 2 × 2 design comparing generic with COVID-19-specific messaging and a no-patch with free-patch offer. The main outcome measure was quitline enrollments. Quit outcomes (attempted quitting, quit ≥7 days, quit ≥30 days) were assessed at 2 months. A subsequent free-patch offer was sent to all members (N=7,577,198) from April 2021 to June 2021. Data were collected in 2020-2021 and analyzed in 2022.The first mailing generated 1,753 enrollments. Response rates were 0.023% and 0.024% for generic and COVID-19-specific messaging, respectively (p=0.538), and 0.006% and 0.041% for no-patch and free-patch offers, respectively, the latter being 6.7 times more effective than the former (p0.0001). Quit outcomes were comparable across conditions. The subsequent free-patch offer generated 3,546 enrollments at $40.28 per enrollee.In a Medicaid mailing during COVID-19, offering free patches generated more than 6 times as many quitline enrollments as offering generic help. COVID-19-specific messaging was no more effective than generic messaging. Offering free patches was highly cost-effective. Medicaid programs partnering with quitlines should consider using similar strategies, especially during a pandemic when regular health care is disrupted.

Introduction Financial incentives have been shown to improve recruitment of low-income smokers into tobacco quitline services and to improve cessation outcomes. The present study evaluated their use to re-engage low-income smokers who had already used a quitline. Aims and Methods Randomly selected Medicaid smokers (N = 5200) who had previously enrolled in a quitline were stratified by time since enrollment (3, 6, 9, or 12 months) and randomly assigned in a 2 × 4 factorial design to receive, by mail or telephone, an invitation to reengage, with an offer of no financial incentive or $10, $20, or $40. The primary outcome measure was re-engagement, defined as use of an additional evidence-based quitline service within 90 days. Data were collected from May 2014 to October 2015 and analyzed in 2022. Results Of 5200 participants invited to reengage in quitline services, 9.3% did so within 90 days, compared to 6.3% of a randomly selected comparison group (n = 22 614, p Conclusions Low-income smokers who previously used quitline services can be motivated to reengage in treatment. Mailed letters and automated calls are effective re-engagement strategies. Financial incentives can increase the effectiveness of re-engagement letters. Inviting Medicaid smokers to re-engage with quitline treatment may help to address socioeconomic health disparities and should be standard practice. Implications Nicotine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, yet most cessation services are designed to help smokers through only one quit attempt. Smoking is increasingly concentrated in populations with physical and psychological co-morbidities, which can make quitting more difficult and impact whether smokers reach out for additional help following relapse. This study examined whether the timing, method, and content of an offer for further assistance influenced re-engagement rates for a vulnerable population of smokers—Medicaid beneficiaries. Relapsing smokers are responsive to re-engagement offers as early as three months, but there is a closing window of opportunity to reach them.

Along the U.S. West Coast, sustainable manage­ment has rebuilt fish stocks, providing an oppor­tunity to supply nutrient-rich food to adjacent coastal communities where food insecurity and diet-based diseases are common. However, the market has not successfully supplied locally sourced seafood to nutritionally vulnerable people. Rather, a few organizations make this connection on a limited scale. We used a “positive deviant” approach to learn how these organizations’ efforts developed, how they overcame challenges, and what conditions enabled their interventions. We found that organizations in these positive deviant cases provided fish from a wide variety of species and sources, and distributed them through different channels to a diversity of end consumers. A key factor facilitating success was the ability to negotiate a price point that was both profitable and reasonable for organizations supplying nutritionally vulnerable or low-income consumers. Further­more, securing access to grants overcame initial costs of establishing new supply channels. All cases highlighted the importance of individual cham­pi­ons who encouraged development and cultural connections between the initiative and the nearby community. Organizations overcame key chal­lenges by establishing regulations governing these new channels and either using partnerships or vertically integrating to reduce costs associated with processing and transport. Oftentimes training and education were also critical to instruct workers on how to process unfamiliar fish and to increase consumer awareness of local fish and how to pre­pare them. These lessons illuminate pathways to improve the contribution of local seafood to the healthy food system.

Background Levodopa (l-dopa) is the frontline treatment for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, prolonged use of l-dopa results in a motor complication known as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in ~50% of patients over 5 years. Objectives We investigated neurovascular abnormalities in a rat model of LID by examining changes in angiogenesis and dopamine-dependent vessel diameter changes. Methods Differences in striatal and nigral angiogenesis in a parkinsonian rat model (6-OHDA lesion) treated with 2 doses of l-dopa (saline, 2, and 10 mg/kg/day subcutaneous l-dopa treatment for 22 days) by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-RECA1 co-immunofluorescence. Difference in the vasomotor response to dopamine was examined with 2-photon laser scanning microscopy and Dodt gradient imaging. Results We found that the 10 mg/kg l-dopa dosing regimen induced LID in all animals (n = 5) and induced significant angiogenesis in the striatum and substantia nigra. In contrast, the 2 mg/kg treatment induced LID in 6 out of 12 rats and led to linearly increasing LID severity over the 22-day treatment period, making this a promising model for studying LID progression longitudinally. However, no significantly different level of angiogenesis was observed between LID versus non-LID animals. Dopamine-induced vasodilatory responses were exaggerated only in rats that show LID-like signs compared to the rest of groups. Additionally, in juvenile rats, we showed that DA-induced vasodilation is preceded by increased Ca2+ release in the adjacent astrocytes. Conclusion This finding supports that astrocytic dopamine signaling controls striatal blood flow bidirectionally, and the balance is altered in LID. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Peptic ulcer disease causing perforation is extremely rare in children and primarily affects teenagers. We present a case of a perforated peptic ulcer in a 6-year-old with abdominal pain and emesis with CT findings of moderate pneumoperitoneum and pelvic free fluid without a distinct cause. He was emergently transferred, found to be peritonitic, and taken to the operating room for diagnostic laparoscopy revealing an anterior duodenal ulcer, and underwent laparoscopic Graham patch repair. Postoperatively, the child had positive fecal antigen for H. pylori. He was treated with triple therapy and underwent subsequent testing to confirm eradication. Perforated peptic ulcer is an uncommon pediatric surgical problem, and imaging may not be diagnostic as in the case presented here. Thus, clinicians need to maintain a high index of suspicion when evaluating children with free air and a surgical abdomen in the setting of long-standing abdominal pain.

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) eco-labeling program provides fisheries a pathway to demonstrate their sustainability by undergoing an environmental certification. Like other standard-setters, the MSC’s ‘theory of change’ presumes that markets use this information to select for sustainable products, providing an incentive for producers to improve their practices and become certified. However, the underlying mechanisms which actually work to link market behavior and participation in the program in different contexts have not been systematically identified. We draw on broad MSC field experience to identify processes that have supported the theory of change in individual fisheries. Then, we develop a broadly applicable rapid assessment protocol, relying on a semi-structured interviews of key informants, to gather systematic evidence for key dynamics within the theory of change: the effects of going through MSC certification on market processes, partnerships in the fishery, and governance. In a pilot test of the protocol, we identify important common and idiosyncratic processes in three canned product fisheries: United States west coast albacore tuna, Brittany sardines, and Portuguese sardines. We find that the harvesters and buyers/processors in these fisheries sought certification primarily to expand or maintain their market share, and that certification was synergistic with stakeholder cooperation. The cases demonstrate how our rapid assessment interviews allow program participants to relate their experience in their own words yet facilitate systematic comparison to identify common mechanisms within the theory of change. We propose its wider application to systematically advance our understanding of social and economic processes that drive of eco-label interventions in different geographies and supply chains around the world.

Bristol Bay, Alaska, is home to the largest sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fishery in the world, harvesting an average of 25 million fish with an ex-vessel value exceeding US$100 million annually. Daily fishing effort is adaptively managed to achieve stock-specific escapement goals. Traditional methods for defining these goals relied on stock–recruitment analysis; however, this approach often ignores three fundamental sources of uncertainty: estimation error, implementation uncertainty, and time-varying recruitment dynamics. To compare escapement goal alternatives, we conducted a management strategy evaluation that simulated time-varying recruitment across production regimes and replicated the daily in-season management process. Results indicate (i) implementation uncertainty can be reasonably approximated with simple rules reflecting fishery managers’ daily decision process; (ii) despite implementation uncertainty, escapement goals are likely to be realized or exceeded, on average; and (iii) management strategies targeting escapement levels estimated by traditional methods to produce maximum sustainable yield may result in lower catch and greater variability in fishing opportunity compared with a strategy with defining high and low escapement goals that are targeted depending on assessed run size, which may maximize future catch while reducing the frequency of extremely low harvests.

We characterize the ecological, economic, and community performance of 21 major tuna fisheries, accounting for at least 77% of global tuna production, using the Fishery Performance Indicators. Our analysis reveals that the biggest variations in performance among tuna fisheries are driven by the final markets that they target: international sashimi market tuna fisheries considerably outperform a comparison set of 62 non-tuna fisheries in the Fishery Performance Indicator database, international canned tuna market fisheries perform similarly to the comparison set, and tuna fisheries supplying local markets in coastal states considerably underperform the comparison set. Differences among regional fishery management organizations primarily reflect regional species composition and market access, despite stark variation in governance, management, and other enabling conditions. With a legacy of open access, tuna’s harvest sector performance is similar across all fisheries, reflecting only a normal return on the capital and skill invested: industrial vessels slightly outperform semi-industrial and artisanal vessels. Differences emerge in the post-harvest sector however, as value chains able to preserve quality and transport fish to high value markets outperform others., Building an economically healthy fishing industry that supports participating communities is challenging and requires consistent performance measures. Here the authors compare the performance of world’s major tuna fisheries and find large differences, primarily in post-harvest sector benefits.

We develop an economically sophisticated management strategy evaluation for four sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka) fishing districts in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to evaluate whether proposed increases in escapement goals — the number of fish allowed up each river to spawn — could improve fishery outcomes for the industry and the region. Higher escapements increase average runs toward biological maximum sustainable yield, but this is driven by infrequent years of very abundant runs. Our economic model shows processors do not add capacity in response to infrequent abundant runs. Therefore, interannual variance in district-specific catch increases because years with little or no fishing become more frequent to meet higher escapement in low-run years, but industry cannot capture greater value in the high-run years. In abundant runs, processors shift available labor to focus on high-volume, lower-margin products; in very abundant years, insufficient processing capacity allows additional fish to escape. Mobile driftnet vessels that can move to rivers experiencing high runs each year benefit, but district specialists in the small boat and set-net fleets are more vulnerable to years with little or no catch.

Sustainably managed wild fisheries support food and nutritional security, livelihoods, and cultures (1). Harmful fisheries subsidies—government payments that incentivize overcapacity and lead to overfishing—undermine these benefits yet are increasing globally (2). World Trade Organization (WTO) members have a unique opportunity at their ministerial meeting in November to reach an agreement that eliminates harmful subsidies (3). We—a group of scientists spanning 46 countries and 6 continents—urge the WTO to make this commitment...

Alongside government driven management initiatives to achieve sustainable fisheries management, there remains a role for market-based mechanisms to improve fisheries outcomes. Market-based mechanisms are intended to create positive economic incentives that improve the status and management of fisheries. Research to understand consumer demand for certified fish is central but needs to be mirrored by supply side understanding including why fisheries decide to gain or retain certification and the impact of certification on them and other stakeholders involved. We apply semi-structured interviews in seven different Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fisheries that operate in (or from) Western Australia with the aim of better understanding fisheries sector participation in certification schemes (the supply side) and the impacts and unintended benefits and costs of certification. We find that any positive economic impacts of certification were only realised in a limited number of MSC fisheries in Western Australia, which may be explained by the fact that only a small proportion of Western Australian state-managed fisheries are sold with the MSC label and ex-vessel or consumer market price premiums are therefore mostly not obtained. Positive impacts of certification in these Western Australian fisheries are more of a social and institutional nature, for example, greater social acceptability and increased efficiency in the governance process respectively. However, opinion is divided on whether the combined non-monetary and monetary benefits outweigh the costs.

Significance This article compiles estimates of the status of fish stocks from all available scientific assessments, comprising roughly half of the world’s fish catch, and shows that, on average, fish stocks are increasing where they are assessed. We pair this with surveys of the nature and extent of fisheries management systems, and demonstrate that where fisheries are intensively managed, the stocks are above target levels or rebuilding. Where fisheries management is less intense, stock status and trends are worse. We review evidence on the half of world fisheries that are not assessed or intensively managed and suggest their status is much worse than where fisheries are intensively managed., Marine fish stocks are an important part of the world food system and are particularly important for many of the poorest people of the world. Most existing analyses suggest overfishing is increasing, and there is widespread concern that fish stocks are decreasing throughout most of the world. We assembled trends in abundance and harvest rate of stocks that are scientifically assessed, constituting half of the reported global marine fish catch. For these stocks, on average, abundance is increasing and is at proposed target levels. Compared with regions that are intensively managed, regions with less-developed fisheries management have, on average, 3-fold greater harvest rates and half the abundance as assessed stocks. Available evidence suggests that the regions without assessments of abundance have little fisheries management, and stocks are in poor shape. Increased application of area-appropriate fisheries science recommendations and management tools are still needed for sustaining fisheries in places where they are lacking.

Wild capture fisheries produce 90 million tonnes of food each year and have the potential to provide sustainable livelihoods for nearly 40 million people around the world (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf). After decades of overfishing since industrialization, many global fish stocks have recovered, a change brought about through effective management. We provide a synthetic overview of three approaches that managers use to sustain stocks: regulating catch and fishing mortality, regulating effort and regulating spatial access. Within each of these approaches, we describe common restrictions, how they alter incentives to change fishing behaviour, and the resultant ecological, economic and community‐level outcomes. For each approach, we present prominent case‐studies that illustrate behaviour and the corresponding performance. These case‐studies show that sustaining target stocks requires a hard limit on fishing mortality under most conditions, but that additional measures are required to generate economic benefits. Different systems for allocation allow stakeholder communities to strike a locally acceptable balance between profitability and employment.

Traditional co-management of common property resources involves stakeholders contributing knowledge and ideas about rules for access and extraction, which are analyzed and implemented by the regulator. We examine an emerging alternative system, in which self-identifying clubs of users are allocated a share of a total allowable extraction, that they manage with considerable autonomy. When multiple clubs concurrently extract under different self-selected rules, users gravitate toward more profitable regulations in subsequent seasons, putting evolutionary pressure on less profitable systems. We show experimentally that strong individual property rights, and the efficiencies associated with them, emerge endogenously from this process. A taste for competition among some individuals limits realized efficiency, but not extensive adoption of individual rights. Thus, regulators need not directly implement strong individual rights to achieve their benefits; regulators may instead assign a collective property right and provide a self-governance pathway toward management that supports better outcomes.

Although processors can be a significant source of fishery-based employment and rent generation, land-based processors are often not included in analyses of fishery management impacts, gene...

Sexual abuse is an often overlooked public health issue for boys and men. Given its prevalence and well-documented connection to mental and physical health disorders, the relevance of male survivor input and engagement in health care research is profound. Using a community-based participatory research design, an in-person focus group with male survivors of sexual abuse and researchers was conducted. This paper describes the top ten research questions male sexual abuse survivors would like to have answered. Survivors were most interested in knowing how sexual abuse and assault impact men’s emotional and sexual functioning, what factors are involved in preventing and treating sexual assault-related emotional distress, and what can be done to prevent sexual abuse of boys and men. The fact that some of the questions survivors expressed an interest in knowing about have actually previously been investigated by researchers suggests a disconnect in translating evidence-based findings. Clinical and resear...

Sustainability of global fisheries is a growing concern. The United Nations has identified three pillars of sustainability: economic development, social development, and environmental protection. The fisheries literature suggests that there are two key trade-offs among these pillars of sustainability. First, poor ecological health of a fishery reduces economic profits for fishers, and second, economic profitability of individual fishers undermines the social objectives of fishing communities. Although recent research has shown that management can reconcile ecological and economic objectives, there are lingering concerns about achieving positive social outcomes. We examined trade-offs among the three pillars of sustainability by analyzing the Fishery Performance Indicators, a unique dataset that scores 121 distinct fishery systems worldwide on 68 metrics categorized by social, economic, or ecological outcomes. For each of the 121 fishery systems, we averaged the outcome measures to create overall scores for economic, ecological, and social performance. We analyzed the scores and found that they were positively associated in the full sample. We divided the data into subsamples that correspond to fisheries management systems with three categories of access—open access, access rights, and harvest rights—and performed a similar analysis. Our results show that economic, social, and ecological objectives are at worst independent and are mutually reinforcing in both types of managed fisheries. The implication is that rights-based management systems should not be rejected on the basis of potentially negative social outcomes; instead, social considerations should be addressed in the design of these systems.

We report a two-year field experiment that solicited residents of Jamestown, Rhode Island, USA, to fund contracts with farmers willing to provide public goods associated with improving the nesting success of grassland birds, particularly the Bobolink. This experiment explores the potential to leverage valuation research for the purpose of enhancing charitable contributions in a manner consistent with developing markets for ecosystem-service public goods; we focus on individuals' willingness to contribute revenue. The direct-mail marketing experiment collected over $16,000 through four provision point, money-back guarantee mechanisms: a voluntary contribution mechanism with a proportional rebate; a pivotal mechanism based on the Clarke tax; and two novel uniform price mechanisms, each presented in discrete choice and open-ended response formats. We find that citizens do respond strategically: consistently lower offers in the open-ended format suggest a high incidence of cheap riding, but also a significant effect of higher suggested offer thresholds. These framing effects dominated differences among mechanisms, as revenue generated from the proportional rebate and one of the uniform price mechanisms approached the potential for revenue generation estimated under the incentive compatible pivotal mechanism.

Dynamic coupling of blood supply with energy demand is a natural brain property that requires signaling between synapses and endothelial cells. Our previous work showed that cortical arteriole lumen diameter is regulated by N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDARs) expressed by brain endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endothelial NMDARs (eNMDARs) regulate functional hyperemia in vivo. In response to whisker stimulation, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and hemodynamic responses were assessed in barrel cortex of awake wild-type or eNMDAR loss-of-function mice using two-photon microscopy. Hyperemic enhancement of rCBF and vasodilation throughout the vascular network was observed in wild-type mice. eNMDAR loss of function reduced hyperemic responses in rCBF and plasma flux in individual vessels. Discovery of an endothelial receptor that regulates brain hyperemia provides insight into how neuronal activity couples with endothelial cells.

This article provides the first rigorous analysis of the effects of revenue sharing and social capital and identifies the mechanism through which revenue sharing and social capital affect resource outcomes. Revenue sharing alters harvest incentives but also fosters social capital through bonding a group financially, which can affect the incentive for cooperation. Similarly, social capital counteracts the incentive to free-ride induced by revenue sharing in addition to sustaining the incentive to cooperate. Using data collected from Japanese fishery groups, we find evidence that revenue sharing improves economic outcomes primarily through incentivizing fishers to develop their information networks.

Astrocytes express neurotransmitter receptors that serve as sensors of synaptic activity and initiate signals leading to activity-dependent local vasodilation and increases in blood flow. We previously showed that arteriolar vasodilation produced by activation of cortical astrocytes is dependent on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endogenous agonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these effects are mediated by NMDA receptors expressed by brain endothelial cells. Primary endothelial cultures expressed NMDA receptor subunits and produced nitric oxide in response to co-agonists, glutamate and D-serine. In cerebral cortex in situ, immunoelectron microscopy revealed that endothelial cells express the GluN1 NMDA receptor subunit at basolateral membrane surfaces in an orientation suitable for receiving intercellular messengers from brain cells. In cortical slices, activation of astrocytes by two-photon flash photolysis of a caged Ca2+compound or application of a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist caused endothelial NO generation and local vasodilation. These effects were mitigated by NMDA receptor antagonists and conditional gene silencing of endothelial GluN1, indicating at least partial dependence on endothelial NMDA receptors. Our observations identify a novel astrocyte-endothelial vasodilatory signaling axis that could contribute to endothelium-dependent vasodilation in brain functional hyperemia.

In an already large, complex Japanese seafood market, demand for ecolabeled seafood can vary across consumer segments in a way that may have important implications for marketing strategies for sustainable seafood. In contrast to previous studies of consumers’ willingness to pay for ecolabeled seafood, this article analyzes retailers’ best pricing strategy when consumer preferences for ecolabeled seafood are heterogeneous. An auction experiment involving consumers in Tokyo is analyzed with a latent class model to estimate variation in willingness to pay, differentiated by consumer characteristics. Results show that there is heterogeneity in price premiums, implying that representative consumer estimates are misleading. Further, higher premiums are not easily associated with observable demographic factors or high willingness to pay for the unlabeled product, leading to a complex pricing problem for retailers who wish to capture maximum revenue through price pairs for unlabeled seafood and seafood be...

Astrocytes are glial cells that are distributed throughout the central nervous system in an arrangement optimal for chemical and physical interaction with neuronal synapses and brain blood supply vessels. Neurotransmission modulates astrocytic excitability by activating an array of cell surface receptors and transporter proteins, resulting in dynamic changes in intracellular Ca2+ or Na+ . Ionic and electrogenic astrocytic changes, in turn, drive vital cell nonautonomous effects supporting brain function, including regulation of synaptic activity, neuronal metabolism, and regional blood supply. Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with aberrant oligomeric amyloid β generation, which leads to extensive proliferation of astrocytes with a reactive phenotype and abnormal regulation of these processes. Astrocytic morphology, Ca2+ responses, extracellular K+ removal, glutamate transport, amyloid clearance, and energy metabolism are all affected in AD, resulting in a deleterious set of effects that includes glutamate excitotoxicity, impaired synaptic plasticity, reduced carbon delivery to neurons for oxidative phosphorylation, and dysregulated linkages between neuronal energy demand and regional blood supply. This review summarizes how astrocytes are affected in AD and describes how these changes are likely to influence brain function. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Common-pool resource regulations are developed through a combination of resource assessment, economic analysis, and politics. We investigate a management institution wherein users can influence a proposed common extraction cap through costly effort, or lobbying. Our model incorporates two user types: a few harvesters who efficiently handle extraction externalities, and a larger number who do not. Without regulation, we observe the efficient harvesters extracting more than the social optimum, consistent with Nash equilibrium. Given the opportunity to lobby, we observe harvesters contributing to move inefficient proposed caps toward more efficient levels. However, lobbying is a public good and, consistent with Nash equilibrium, the user type with weaker preference free rides on the type with stronger preferences leading to insufficient lobbying and inefficient regulations, especially when the cap must be lowered. This highlights an important limitation to participatory governance mechanisms when participation is costly.

A limited ability to target or avoid individual stocks complicates successful output management in multispecies fisheries. For vessels in these fisheries, reducing harvest of one species often requires simultaneous reductions in harvest of other stocks. The extent to which multispecies allocation targets can be met may depend critically on harvesters’ ability to substitute production across species. We introduce a measure of compositional control that captures the level of forgone production resulting from imperfect selectivity. This metric is then applied to data from the New England multispecies groundfish fishery and used to test for evidence of limited selectivity in the composition of individual vessel daily landings. Results indicate that increases in landings of one species generally require simultaneous increases in landings of other species — a finding that suggests difficulty in substituting production across groundfish species. Our measure is seen to vary widely through time as well as across vessels and species and may be affected by both environmental conditions and incentives created through management. The model developed here should hold value for managers and researchers seeking to assess interstock economic trade-offs in multispecies fisheries.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text., Evidence suggests that the activation of the endocannabinoid system offers cardioprotection. Aberrant energy production by impaired mitochondria purportedly contributes to various aspects of cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether cannabinoid (CB) receptor activation would attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction induced by endothelin-1 (ET1). Acute exposure to ET1 (4 hours) in the presence of palmitate as primary energy substrate induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics and expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation (ie, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α, a driver of mitochondrial biogenesis, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1β, facilitator of fatty acid uptake). A CB1/CB2 dual agonist with limited brain penetration, CB-13, corrected these parameters. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulator of energy homeostasis, mediated the ability of CB-13 to rescue mitochondrial function. In fact, the ability of CB-13 to rescue fatty acid oxidation–related bioenergetics, as well as expression of proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1β, was abolished by pharmacological inhibition of AMPK using compound C and shRNA knockdown of AMPKα1/α2, respectively. Interventions that target CB/AMPK signaling might represent a novel therapeutic approach to address the multifactorial problem of cardiovascular disease.

International audience; Cooperative‐based catch share systems can be implemented such that the members of the same fishery cooperative are jointly and severally liable for not exceeding collectively assigned fishing rights. In practice, this means that a regulator can take away catch privileges from an entire cooperative that overruns its collective quota, effectively creating a penalty much larger than what could be recovered with an individual fine. Fishery cooperatives then typically implement their own internal compliance regime that includes monitoring and penalties. This article first reviews compliance practice in cooperative‐based catch share systems by examining the commonalities and differences in the way compliance regimes are structured (observation and reporting requirements, penalty scheme, internal enforcement authority and indemnification mechanisms) in a number of internal agreements from fishery cooperatives in North America and in Europe. Based on our review of cooperatives and the literature on compliance, we discuss how incentives to comply may be different for an individual fisherman operating in a fishery cooperative where joint and several liability applies as compared to an individual fishing quota baseline situation without fishery cooperative. Our review suggests that, from the regulators’ point of view, joint and several liability can increase the level of compliance for a given enforcement expenditure. However, the regulator cannot rely solely on cooperatives to carry out controls and must ensure that the cooperatives themselves have an interest in setting up an effective monitoring system and will enforce sanctions within the cooperative.

A short-backfire antenna (SBA) with corrugated structure on the aperture edge of the main reflector is designed to suppress sidelobe and enhance the isolation. The corrugated SBA is suitable for closed-pack antenna array. Early prototype antenna measured results indicate that the radiation pattern is well fit to the design and simulation. The simulation also indicates that the spill over temperature is below 11K over 700- 900MHz if the SBA is integrated to the 100-meter Green Bank Telescope.

Lost benefits from overfishing and economic inefficiency affect fisheries-dependent economies and communities most, making sound management of the resource vital. There are different approaches to fisheries management. The wealth-based model argues that in fisheries-dependent economies, the policy objective should be to maximise resource rent and redistribute the wealth. The welfare model argues that fisheries should function as poverty alleviation. We hypothesise that in fisheries-dependent developed economies, wealth-based fisheries management will lead to better triple bottom line outcomes. Both models are used in the Faroe Islands. To test the hypothesis, three Faroese fisheries are analysed using the Fishery Performance Indicators. The wealth-based managed fisheries had better triple bottom line outcomes but all three fisheries had very high Community performance. This is due to the many welfare services provided to Faroese citizens—services that to a large extent are funded by the wealth generated in the fishery, emphasising the importance of good management.

This special section of Marine Policy is devoted to applications of the Fisheries Performance Indicators (FPIs). The overall objective of these indicators is to provide a low cost, easily accessible and rapid assessment tool that measures an overall status of a particular fishery anywhere in the world where all three sustainability pillars; ecology, community, and economics are considered [2] . The eight case studies that follow this introduction are the result of a collaboration between researchers at the Institute for Sustainable Food Systems at the University of Florida, researchers and colleagues around the world and the Environment for Development (EfD) Global Hub at University of Gothenburg. EfD is a global network of environmental economics research centers aiming at effective management of the environment in the Global South. The rest of this introduction is organized in the following manner. The next section gives a brief introduction to FPIs, the third section provides a quick background to EfD, its Marine research program and how the FPIs were developed, Section 4 has an overview and some descriptive data from the 149 fisheries currently in the FPI data base, Section 5 gives an overview of the eight new case studies, and the last section concludes.

We introduce two novel mechanisms for provision point public goods, motivated by the design of uniform price auctions: The uniform price auction mechanism (UPA) collects an endogenously determined uniform price from everyone offering at least that price, while the uniform price cap mechanism (UPC) collects the uniform price from everyone offering at least that price, plus the full offer of everyone offering less. UPC has the same undominated perfect equilibria as standard provision point (PPM) and proportional rebate (PR) mechanisms, and UPA a somewhat broader set. However, our mechanisms' different marginal penalty structures may facilitate equilibrium selection and lead to higher contributions and more frequent provision. Through laboratory experiments, using both homogeneous (symmetric) and heterogeneous induced values, we show our mechanisms improve upon PR and PPM: UPC generates higher aggregate contributions than PR and PPM, leading to higher provision rates than PPM; UPA attracts much higher contributions, although it provides less frequently. This ranking emerges because high offers are more common (especially among high value people in the heterogeneous environment) in the uniform price mechanisms, where higher offers only increase the payment when needed for provision.

The study of genital diversity has experienced rapidly burgeoning attention over the past few decades. This research has shown that male genitalia in internally fertilizing animals exhibit remarkably rapid and complex evolution. In recent years, a consensus has emerged that sexual selection is responsible for much of the observed genital diversity, with natural selection largely playing a subsidiary role. Despite enhanced understanding of the key proximate forms of selection responsible for genital evolution, we still have a poor grasp of the broader, ultimate causes and consequences of the striking diversity of genitalia. Here, we highlight three topics that have so far received comparatively little attention and yet could prove critically important. First, we encourage investigation of ecology's direct and indirect roles in genital diversification, as ecological variation can influence selection on genitalia in several ways, perhaps especially by influencing the context of sexual selection. Second, we need more research into the effects of genital divergence on speciation, as genital differences could enhance reproductive isolation through either a lock-and-key process (where selection directly favors reproductive isolation) or as an incidental by-product of divergence. Third, we echo recent calls for increased research on female genitalia, as non-trivial female genital diversity exists, and multiple mechanisms can lead to rapid diversification of female genitalia. For all three topics, we review theory and empirical data, and describe specific research approaches for tackling these questions. We hope this work provides a roadmap toward increased understanding of the causes and consequences of the conspicuous diversity of primary sexual traits, and thus toward new insights into the evolution of complex traits and the phenotypic causes of speciation.

Introduction Pregnant smokers are advised to quit; however, many struggle to do so. Behavioral counseling can increase quitting success, but the efficacy of telephone counseling for pregnant smokers has not been established. This study tests the efficacy of pregnancy-specific counseling, embedded in the ongoing operations of a state quitline. Design In this two-group RCT, participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (telephone counseling plus self-help materials, n =584) or the control group (self-help materials only, n =589). Setting/participants Participants were pregnant smokers (N=1,173) in the first 27 weeks of gestation who called a state quitline between September 2000 and May 2003 for help with quitting. Intervention The primary component of the intervention was telephone counseling using a semi-structured protocol developed specifically for pregnant smokers. It drew its basic structure and clinical content from a previously tested counseling protocol for adult quitline callers, while including pregnancy-specific content and additional counseling sessions (nine rather than the standard five). Main outcome measures Subjects were evaluated on prolonged abstinence at the third trimester (about 29 weeks' gestation) and at 2 and 6 months postpartum. Data were analyzed in 2015. Results Abstinence was higher for the intervention than the control group at the end of pregnancy (30-day abstinence, 29.6% vs 20.1%; p p p p Conclusions A pregnancy-specific counseling protocol, embedded in a state quitline, was effective in helping pregnant smokers quit and stay quit postpartum. Wide adoption of this intervention could help reduce the rate of maternal smoking and prevent its devastating health consequences. Trial Registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02144883.

We introduce two institutions that provide multiple public good units, assuming that a market-maker has the ability to establish groups of contributors. We set up an experiment where either all N individuals form one group to provide two units (aggregated approach), or divide the N participants into two groups, and each group provides one unit separately, with all individuals benefiting from any unit(s) provided (disaggregated approach). Our results show that the disaggregated approach produces higher contributions on average. We also find that the rebate of excess contributions has a larger influence in increasing contribution under the aggregated approach. (JEL D71, H41)

Introduction This study examined survey data from before and after California expanded its Medicaid program under the Affordable Care Act. It assessed changes in the insurance status of smokers, the proportion of smokers in Medicaid, and the health and well-being of those smokers relative to their counterparts in other insurance groups. Methods The study compared two data sets from the California Health Interview Study, the 2011–2012 (N=42,935) and 2016 (N=21,055) surveys. Measures include health insurance status, smoking status, chronic health conditions, frequency of doctors’ visits, and psychological distress. Data were analyzed in 2018. Results From 2011–2012 to 2016, the estimated number of California smokers in Medicaid nearly doubled from 738,113 to 1,447,945, and the proportion of smokers covered by Medicaid increased from 19.3% to 41.5%. Compared with those with private insurance, smokers in Medicaid were more likely to have chronic disease, have made five or more doctors’ visits in the past year, and be in severe psychological distress. In 2016, a total of 51.4% of all adult smokers with chronic disease conditions and 57.8% of those in severe psychological distress were covered by Medicaid. Conclusions With Medicaid covering a much higher proportion of smokers, especially of those smokers with chronic disease and in psychological distress, state Medicaid programs and plans must make tobacco cessation a top priority. They should encourage clinicians to ask, advise, and assist all smokers, track progress in reducing smoking prevalence, employ mass communication strategies to drive quit attempts, improve access to medications, and develop or expand programs to help smokers quit. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Advancing Smoking Cessation in California's Medicaid Population, which is sponsored by the California Department of Public Health.

INTRODUCTION:Most successful trials of financial incentives for smoking cessation have offered large rewards contingent on outcomes. This study examines whether more modest incentives to encourage engagement, non-contingent on outcomes, also increase cessation; whether sending medications directly to participants boosts quitting; and whether these strategies are effective in Medicaid. STUDY DESIGN:Three-group RCT of usual care (UC); nicotine patch (NP); and NP and financial incentive (NP+FI). SETTING/PARTICIPANTS:Medicaid beneficiaries calling the California Smokers' Helpline, 2012-2013 (N=3,816). Data were analyzed in 2017. INTERVENTION:All participants enrolled in evidence-based, multisession telephone counseling. All received proof of enrollment with which they could obtain free quitting aids at their pharmacy. NP and NP+FI also received nicotine patches sent to their homes. NP+FI received up to $60 for completing counseling calls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Quit attempt rate, 7-day and 30-day abstinence at 2 and 7 months, and 6-month prolonged abstinence (primary outcome). RESULTS:In both complete-case and intention-to-treat analyses, outcomes trended upward from UC to NP to NP+FI. Differences between NP and UC were generally nonsignificant. By contrast, the NP+FI group significantly outperformed the other groups on all measures. In intention-to-treat analysis, compared with UC, NP+FI was more likely to make a quit attempt (68.4% vs 54.3%, p

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Introduction: Previous studies found that offering free nicotine patches significantly increases calls to quitlines, although most used pre–post designs and did not directly compare the effects of patches and other incentives. The current study with California Medicaid members used a 2 × 2 design to directly assess the effects of offering free patches and incentives on calls to a quitline. The hypotheses were that offering either would make members more likely to call, and that offering both would increase demand even further. Methods: Flyers were inserted into a mailing sent to 4,268,696 Medicaid households, with one of four offers: (1) free counseling; (2) counseling plus patches; (3) counseling plus a $20 gift card; and (4) counseling plus patches and gift card. Ninety percent received the first offer and 10% received one of the other three offers, in equal proportions. The mailers shipped late 2013 to early 2014. Data were collected 2013–2015 and analyzed 2018. Results: Response rates were 0.029% for counseling, 0.115% for counseling plus patches, 0.122% for counseling plus gift card, and 0.200% for counseling, patches, and gift card. Both patches and gift cards had statistically significant effects (both p

Introduction Little is known about how incentives may encourage low income smokers to call for quitline services. This study evaluates the impact of outreach through health channels on California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) quitline caller characteristics, trends, and reach. Study design Longitudinal study. Setting/participants Medi-Cal quitline callers. Intervention Statewide outreach was conducted with health providers, Medi-Cal plans (all-household mailings with tracking codes), and public health organizations (March 2012–July 2015). For incentives, Medi-Cal callers could ask for a $20 gift card; in September 2013, callers were offered free nicotine patches. Main outcome measures Caller characteristics were compared with chi-square analyses, joinpoint analysis of call trends was performed accounting for Medi-Cal population growth, referral source among Medi-Cal and non–Medi-Cal callers was documented, and the annual percentage of the population reached who called the Helpline was calculated. Analyses were conducted 2016–2018. Results Total Medi-Cal callers were 92,900, a 70% increase from prior annual averages: 12.4% asked for the financial incentive, 17.3% reported the mailing code, and 73.3% received nicotine patches while offered. Among the two thirds of callers who completed counseling, 15.5% asked for the financial incentive, and 13.6% reported the mailing code. A joinpoint analysis showed call trends increased 23% above expected for the Medi-Cal population growth after mailings to providers and members began, and decreased after outreach ended. Annual reach increased from 2.3% (95% CI=2.1, 2.6) in 2011 to peak at 4.5% (95% CI=3.6, 5.3) in 2014. Among subgroups with higher reach rates, some also had higher rates of asking for the financial incentive (African Americans, American Indian), reporting the tracking code (whites), or both (aged 45–64 years). Medi-Cal callers were more likely than non–Medi-Cal callers to report providers (32.3% vs 23.8%) and plans (19.7% vs 1.4%) as their referral source, and less likely to cite media (20.2% vs 44.4%, p Conclusions Statewide outreach through health channels incentivizing Medi-Cal members increased the utilization and reach of quitline services. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Advancing Smoking Cessation in California's Medicaid Population, which is sponsored by the California Department of Public Health.