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The detection of resistant strains of Clostridioides difficile against existing antibiotics and the side effects led to the investigation of alternative agents. Inhibition zones of various essential oils to four strains of C.difficile and other Clostridium species ranged from 8·32 to 44·18 mm. The highest zone was observed in cinnamon and tea tree essential oils. and The MIC values varied between 0·39–25 (%, v/v). The main components were cinnamaldehyde (85·64%) in cinnamon essential oil, 4-terpineol (83·6%) was determined in tea tree essential oil. Additive effects were found between cinnamon essential oil and vancomycin and between cinnamon and tea tree essential oils, and the FICI values were 0·512 and 0·517, respectively. Both cinnamon and tea tree essential oils showed antibiofilm activities against all tested C. difficile strains at all tested concentrations. Essential oils may be used as a supplement in addition to treatment in the control of C. difficile-related diseases.

Aims This work examines the available scientific evidence about the efficiency of essential oils (EO) as an alternative therapy to traditional treatment of fungal infections, including onychomycosis, assessing the effect of the three EO most frequently studied for their antifungal activity (thyme, cinnamon and tea tree EO) against three causative agents of fungal diseases in humans: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex and Candida albicans. Methods and Results The PRISMA statement protocol was followed to conduct a bibliographical search and 54 articles that met all the inclusion criteria were retrieved. Differences were observed in the MIC and MFC values depending on the micro-organism strain and the EO used. The lowest MIC were observed with Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO (0.013–1120 μl ml−1) against the three micro-organisms. For MFC, the lowest value was found for Thymus vulgaris EO (4.2 μl ml−1) against Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusions The antifungal effects of EO could be a very promising solution to overcome the therapeutic shortcomings of antimycotic medication. More experiments are needed to examine the properties of these oils to devise effective and nonaggressive therapies for treatment of dermatophytosis. Significance and Impact of Study The results indicate that EO remain good candidates for future treatments and could provide a solution for failed medications and/or adverse reactions to current pharmacological treatments.

Aims Firstly, Cinnamomum zeylani essential oil (CZEO) was isolated and characterized. Secondly, CZEO was used in Malva sylvestris mucilage (MSM) coating and its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects on lamb meat slices were evaluated in 10 days at 4°C. Methods and Results The main chemical compounds and functional groups of the CZEO were identified and quantified by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer and by an Fourier transform infrared spectrometer respectively. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of CZEO were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent-based and aluminium chloride methods respectively. Various microbiological, physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluations were also utilized regarding the coated lamb meat slices. CZEO contains benzyl benzoate (40.93%), caryophyllene oxide (26.07%) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (13.01%), with strong radical scavenging activity and antibacterial effect against investigated pathogenic microorganisms. The CZEO-loaded MSM edible coating greatly postponed the growth of microorganisms and extended the product life (>10 days). The pH value, moisture content and hardness of the samples were also preserved more efficiently when high concentrations of the essential oil were incorporated into the edible coating (p < 0.05). The CZEO-rich MSM coating was also able to possess considerable activity against lipid oxidation in lamb meat samples, and significantly decreased the production of primary and secondary oxidation products (p < 0.05). Moreover, sensory parameters of the samples were preserved more efficiently during cold storage when the CZEO-enriched edible coating, particularly MSM + 2% CZEO was used. Conclusions The use of edible coating based on MSM and CZEO is therefore effective in reducing microbial growth and chemical reactions in lamb meat during the storage period. Significance and Impact of the Study The importance of the results of this study is in order to increase the use of natural preservatives, maintain food safety and of course the health of the people in the community.

With the increasing attention to food preservation and environmental safety, there is great pressing demand to explore novel edible and environment-friendly food packaging films. In the present study, a new kind natural curdlan (CD) film was developed with the addition of bacterial cellulose (BC) and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) at 2% and 10% (w/w) amounts, with regard to improve mechanical properties and investigate potential food applications. Our results showed that the tensile strength, the crystallinity and the thermal stability of the CD/BC blending film were improved, while the water vapor permeability, moisture content and the lightness were reduced. Moreover, the CEO addition to the CD/BC film further increased the barrier properties and also mechanical properties. The results of FTIR and XRD were applied for analyzing the potential interactions of the film matrix. Finally, addition of CEO endowed the blending films with good antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity, which could effectively inhibit the bacterial growth and the lipid oxidation of chilled chicken during the preservative period. Thus, this work demonstrates that the novel CD/BC/CEO blending film with improved mechanical and barrier properties can be of great potential for developing food packaging material for promising applications.

The effects of a new edible sodium alginate (SA) coating incorporating cinnamon essential oil nanocapsules (CEO-NPs) and nisin were investigated with beef slices in refrigerated storage for 15 days. All beef samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties (pH, weight loss, and total volatile base nitrogen) and antimicrobial activity against total bacteria. Changes in color parameters and sensory attributes of all beef samples also were evaluated. Incorporation of the complex of CEO-NPs and nisin into the SA coating retarded the growth of microorganisms and reduced lipid oxidation, as determined by pH, total volatile base nitrogen, and total bacteria counts. This treatment also extended the shelf life of beef slices to 15 days. The SA coating with CEO-NPs and nisin significantly reduced weight loss and improved color, odor, texture, and purge quality of the beef samples. These results suggest that treatment with the SA coating enriched with CEO-NPs and nisin can significantly retard the deterioration of beef slices, and the complex of CEO-NPs and nisin can improve antioxidant, antibacterial, and sensory properties of the SA coating. This new edible coating could be useful for preserving beef slices.

To enable the further exploration of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of proanthocyanidins (PACs) with dentin biomodification abilities, Cinnamomum verum was selected for scaled-up purification of mixed A-/B-type, medium-size PAC oligomers. Sequential purification by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), Sephadex LH-20, and semi-prep HPLC chromatography yielded four underivatized tetrameric (5–8) and two pentameric (9–10) PACs. Their unambiguous structural characterization involved extensive spectral and chemical degradation approaches to show that epicatechin units are connected by plant-specific combinations of doubly-linked A- and singly-linked B-type interflavanyl linkages. The biomechanical properties (via dynamic mechanical analysis) and physico-chemical structure (via infrared spectroscopy) were assessed to evaluate the biomodification potency of PAC-treated collagen in a pre-clinical dentin model. This study revealed that (4→8) vs. (4→6) bonds in PAC interflavan linkages have limited influence on biomechanical outcomes of dentin. By exhibiting a 25-fold increase in the complex modulus of treated dentin compared to control, aesculitannin E (5) was found to be the most potent PAC known to date for enhancing the mechanical properties of dentin in this preclinical model.

Aims Root rot caused by Fusarium solani is an important disease seriously affecting the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus. Therefore, this study was performed to elucidate the antifungal activities and mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde treatment against F. solani and its control effect for A. membranaceus root rot. Methods and Results Cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of F. solani in dose-dependent, and the median effective concentration was 178.68 μl l−1. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy, propidium iodide staining, cell leakage experiments and ergosterol quantitation illuminated that cinnamaldehyde could alter the mycelial morphology, damage the plasma membrane and hinder the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Besides, cinnamaldehyde induced the generation of reactive oxygen species by synergistically upregulating the genes encoded subunits for NADPH oxidase. The disease suppression efficacy of 600 μl l−1 cinnamaldehyde against A. membranaceus root rot was 92.98 ± 6.08% (p < 0.05) under greenhouse conditions. Conclusions This study proved that cinnamaldehyde could markedly inhibit the growth of F. solani in vitro and effectively suppress the occurrence of A. membranaceus root rot, perhaps by inducing oxidative damage, which results in the distortion of F. solani, and the destruction of cell membrane integrity and permeability. Significance and Impact of the Study This study first explores the antifungal mechanisms of cinnamaldehyde against F. solani in vivo and vitro, thereby providing a promising candidate for disease biocontrol.

Due to the high prevalence of noise and vibration exposure in most industries, this study aimed to investigate the effects of simultaneous exposure to noise and vibration on sex hormone levels and fertility capacity in rats, as well as the protective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon. In this experimental study, 64 adult male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups, control, noise (N), cinnamon (C), noise + cinnamon (NC), vibration (V), vibration + cinnamon (VC), noise + vibration (NV) and groups Noise + Vibration + Cinnamon (NVC). Groups C, NC, VC and NVC received a 75 mg/kg dose of cinnamon extract by gavage. The rats of groups N and NC, V and VC and NV and NVC were each exposed to noise at 100 dB (700-5700 Hz), vibration acceleration of 1 m/s

In this study, the antibacterial properties of the volatile components of four essential oils (cinnamon, clove, origanum, and peppermint oil) and five of their components (allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), carvacrol, citral, eugenol, and (+)-limonene) against five food-related bacteria (Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Enterococcus faecalis) were evaluated. The results of disc volatilization method revealed that AITC exhibited antibacterial activity against the five tested strains at the lowest concentration, as did cinnamon oil and carvacrol. Moreover, the total aerobic bacterial count in coleslaw salad was suppressed in all test groups treated with AITC compared to that in control.

In this study, for the first time, the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) leaves were evaluated and investigated using various bioanalytical methods. In addition, the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-amylase, which are associated with various metabolic diseases, were determined. Further, the phenolic contents of the essential oil were determined using LC-HRMS chromatography. Twenty-seven phenolic molecules were detected in cinnamon oil. Moreover, the amount and chemical profile of the essential oils present in cinnamon oil was determined using GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. (E)-cinnamaldehyde (72.98%), benzyl benzoate (4.01%), and trans-Cinnamyl acetate (3.36%) were the most common essential oils in cinnamon leaf oil. The radical scavenging activities of cinnamon oil were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and (ABTS•+) bioanalytical scavenging methods, which revealed its strong radical scavenging abilities (DPPH•, IC50: 4.78 μg/mL; and ABTS•+, IC50: 5.21 μg/mL). Similarly, the reducing capacities for iron (Fe3+), copper (Cu2+), and Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) were investigated. Cinnamon oil also exhibited highly effective inhibition against hCA II (IC50: 243.24 μg/mL), AChE (IC50: 16.03 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC50: 7.54μg/mL). This multidisciplinary study will be useful and pave the way for further studies for the determination of antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition profiles of medically and industrially important plants and their oils.

Today, the increment in microbial resistance has guided the researches focus into new antimicrobial compounds or transmission systems. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an opportunistic pathogen, producing a biofilm responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections which are often difficult to eradicate with available antibiotics. On the other hand, Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon oil) (CO) is widely used as a natural antibacterial agent and Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are promising carriers for antibacterial compounds due to their lipophilic nature and ease of transmission through the bacterial cell wall. In this study, nanoparticles containing cinnamon oil (CO-SLN) were prepared by dual emulsion method and evaluated in terms of particle size, shape, entrapment efficiency (EE), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), oil release kinetics, and cell compatibility. The antibacterial activity of CO-SLN and CO against 10 drug-resistant E. coli strains was investigated. The anti-biofilm activity of CO-SLN on the selected pathogen was also investigated. Nanoparticles with an average size of 337.6 nm, and zeta potential of -26.6 mV were fabricated and their round shape was confirmed by TEM images. The antibacterial effects of CO-SLN and CO were reported with MIC Value of 60–75 µg/mL and 155–165 µg/mL and MBC value of 220–235 µg/ml and 540–560 µg/ml, respectively. On the other hand, CO-SLN with 1/2 MIC concentration had the greatest inhibition of biofilm formation in 24 h of incubation (55.25%). The data presented indicate that the MIC of CO-SLN has significantly reduced and it seems that SLN has facilitated and promoted CO transmission through the cell membrane.

Background/aim The aim of this study was to investigate the administration of cinnamon extract that is known to be effective in decreasing the high blood glucose and the distribution of NGF and Trk-A receptor in pancreas with immunohistochemistry way. Materials and methods The experimental groups were defined as control, sham, cinnamon, diabetes, and diabetes-cinnamon. At the end of the experiment, the pancreatic tissue samples were obtained for the rats. The hematoxylin-eosin and triple staining were used to examine histology. The immunohistochemical methods were performed on the sections of pancreatic tissue. In all groups, the body weight and fasting blood glucose obtained from the male and female rats and the values were statistically evaluated. Results The NGF immunoreactivity was observed in acinus, excretory pars, excretorius ducts, and islets of Langerhans for the pancreatic tissues of female and male rats in all groups. The Trk-A immunoreactivity was observed in acinus and islets of Langerhans for the pancreatic tissues of female and male rats in the control, sham, and cinnamon groups. Conclusion As a result, it was determined that the cinnamon, which is effective on blood glucose levels, has a positive effect on the NGF production in pancreas.

Background Edible oils have proven health benefits in the prevention and treatment of various disorders since the establishment of human era. This study was aimed to appraise neuropharmacological studies on the commonly used edible oils including Cinnamomum verum (CV), Zingiber officinale (ZO) and Cuminum cyminum (CC). Methods The oils were analyzed via GC-MS for identifications of bioactive compounds. Anti-radicals capacity of the oils were evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals scavenging assays. The samples were also tested against two important acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which are among the important drug targets in Alzheimer’s disease. Lineweaver-Burk plots were constructed for enzyme inhibition studies which correspond to velocity of enzymes (Vmax) against the reciprocal of substrate concentration (Km) in the presence of test samples and control drugs following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Docking studies on AChE target were also carried out using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2016.0802) software. Results (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of thirty-four compounds in Cinnamon oil (Cv.Eo), fourteen in ginger oil (Zo.Eo) and fifty-six in cumin oil (Cc.Eo). In the antioxidant assays, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited IC50 values of 85, 121, 280 μg/ml sequentially against DPPH radicals. Whereas, in ABTS assay, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo showed considerable anti-radicals potentials with IC50 values of 93, 77 and 271 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, Cv.Eo was highly active against AChE enzyme with IC50 of 21 μg/ml. Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against AChE with IC50 values of 88 and 198 μg/ml respectively. In BChE assay, Cv.Eo, Zo.Eo and Cc.Eo exhibited IC50 values of 106, 101 and 37 μg/ml respectively. Our results revealed that these oils possess considerable antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory potentials. As functional foods these oils can be effective remedy for the prevention and management of neurological disorders including AD. Synergistic effect of all the identified compounds was determined via binding energy values computed through docking simulations. Binding orientations showed that all the compounds interact with amino acid residues present in the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and catalytic anionic site (CAS) amino acid residues, oxyanion hole and acyl pocket via π-π stacking interactions and hydrogen bond interactions.

Cinnamon was been a widely used plant in medicinal and spices for a long time and has spread all over the world. However, the differences in the components of the bark from Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum verum, the two most common types of cinnamon, have not been thoroughly investigated. In the present experiment, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography LTQ-Orbitrap Velos Pro hybrid mass spectrometer-based metabolomics coupled with chemometrics and feature-based molecular networking were employed to dramatically distinguish and annotate Cinnamomum cassia Bark and Cinnamomum verum bark. As a consequence, principal component analysis, orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminates analysis, and heat map analysis demonstrated clear discrimination between the profiles of metabolites in cinnamon. Besides, as the known compounds, proanthocyanidins (cinnamtannin B1 and procyanidin B2) and alkaloids (norboldine, norisoboldine) with variable importance in the projection scores >6, and an unknown alkaloid (formula C24 H33 NO6 ) were selected as the best markers to discriminate cinnamon. Furthermore, large numbers of proanthocyanidins and alkaloids components were identified through feature-based molecular networking for the first time. Our investigation provides new ideas for the discovery of quality markers and identification of unknown components in natural products.

This study mainly compare glycaemic responses of a control yoghurt (typical dairy yoghurt) against two novel yoghurt products with added spices oleoresins (Cinnamon yoghurt - Cinnamomum zeylanicum, turmeric yoghurt - Curcuma longa) using 16 healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. Blood glucose concentrations were measured at fasting state and 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min following the ingestion, using a Blood Glucose Monitoring System and blood glucose response curves were plotted. Nutritional and physicochemical properties were also compared and no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between novel yoghurts and the control within the storage period. Significant reductions in peak blood glucose concentration and area under the curve (AUC) (P

Malaria is still a public health concern, with around half-million deaths annually. On the other hand, excessive use of chemical insecticides led to resistance in mosquitoes and environmental pollutions. In this study, compounds of essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were first identified. Chitosan nanoparticles containing each essential oil were then prepared using the ionic gelation method. The repellent effect of the essential oils and as-prepared nanoformulations was in the range of 3–34 min, compared to DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) with a protection time of 62 ± 5 min. Moreover, chitosan nanoparticles containing E. cardamomum and C. zeylanicum essential oils with particle sizes of 204 ± 10 and 178 ± 7 nm induced 100% larval mortality against Anopheles stephensi at 25 µg.mL−1 concentration; their LC50 values were obtained at 7.58 and 2.98 µg.mL−1. Interestingly, the nanoformulations showed no cytotoxicity on the human skin normal cell line, HFFF2. The prepared nanoformulations could thus be used as extremely effective and safe larvicides against the malaria mosquito vector.

Background To improve the utilization rate of cinnamon essential oil and compensate for the shortcomings of its easy decomposition and oxidation, the microemulsion of cinnamon essential oil was prepared using Tween 80 and anhydrous ethanol as surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively. The effects of the surfactant type, Km value, preparation temperature and aqueous pH on the quality of the microemulsion were studied via a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The slow-release performance of cinnamon essential oil microemulsion and the control performance of the insect repellent package on the rice weevil were characterized. Results The results showed that, when Tween 80 was used as a surfactant and anhydrous ethanol was used as a cosurfactant, the Km value was 3:1, preparation temperature was 40 °C, aqueous pH was 5 and prepared cinnamon essential oil microemulsion was of the O/W type. The microemulsion had strong stability and a 81.5-nm concentrated particle size distribution, and possessed excellent embedding and sustained-release effects. The prepared insect repellent active package prolongs the use time and the effect of cinnamon essential oil. The repellent rate of the rice weevil was as high as 100% after 48 h, and the contact mortality and fumigation mortality rates of the rice weevil also reached 96.67% and 86.67%, respectively, after 96 h. Conclusion The prepared cinnamon essential oil microemulsion and active packaging had a good sustained-release effect. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Packaging of foods by using edible antimicrobial films (EAF) incorporated with essential oils is able to reduce the spoilage of food due to surface contamination. Essential oils are highly volatile and have strong aromas that can affect their function and consumer acceptance. This paper discussed the effect of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) concentrations on the antimicrobial activity and sensory acceptability of EAF produced from seaweed through a casting method. The CEO was added into the formulations at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g/kg levels. The EAF showed antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms with the highest antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 40 g/kg CEO. However, based on the results obtained from a sensory evaluation using a 7-points hedonic scale, the overall acceptability was 3.23 which was lower than the minimum acceptability score of 4. Hence, the highest acceptable level of CEO in the EAF was 30 g/ kg. It is recommended that the CEO of 30 g/kg could be incorporated into edible film and act as an alternative method to extend the shelf life of packaged foods.

Cinnamon bark is an important spice worldwide. In this study, the chemical diversity of various commercially available cinnamon barks that difered in their production areas and utility applications (culinary spice or medicines) were investigated by the use of 1 H NMR metabolomics. Our results indicated that principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the 1 H NMR spectra of the cinnamon bark methanolic extracts including the deduction of their species by nucleotide sequence analysis enabled diferentiation of the cinnamon barks according to their species, production areas and utility applications. The constituents of Vietnam cinnamon were found to difer signifcantly from the other samples investigated based on PCA score plots and HCA constellation dendrograms. Coumarin was found to be a key compound for the discrimination of Vietnamese cinnamon by multivariate analysis of the 1 H NMR spectral data and direct comparison of the 1 H NMR spectra. In addition, coumarin was quantifed using quantitative NMR methods. As a result, coumarin was contained in Vietnamese cinnamon at a higher level compared to other cinnamons. This study indicated that 1 H NMR metabolomics could deduce spices, utility, and producing area of commercially available cinnamon barks. Furthermore, combining quantitative 1 H NMR methods with 1 H NMR metabolomics enable quantifcation of coumarin in cinnamon bark on a single measurement.

Anti-tumour efficacy of doxorubicin is hindered by the cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity induced by reactive oxygen species during its metabolism. As Cinnamomum zeylanicum has proven antioxidant potential, objective of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective activity of Cinnamomum bark extract against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis was carried out and dose response effect and the cardioprotective activity of Cinnamomum were determined in vivo. 180 mg/kg dexrazoxane was used as the positive control. Plant extracts were free of heavy metals and toxic phytoconstituents. In vivo study carried out in Wistar rats revealed a significant increase (p

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Plant-based essential oils are promising anti-virulence agents against the multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) leaf and Eugenia caryophyllus (clove) flower bud essential oils revealed eugenol (73 and 75%, respectively) as their major component, with β-caryophyllene, eugenyl acetate, and α-humulene as common minor components. Cinnamon leaf and clove essential oils had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 600 and 500 µg/mL, respectively against the C. albicans RSY150 reference strain and 1000 and 750 µg/mL, respectively for the clinical reference strain ATCC 10231. The combined oils are additive (FICI = 0.72 ± 0.16) and synergistic (0.5 ± 0.0) against RSY150 and the clinical reference strain, respectively. Mycelial growth was inhibited by sublethal concentrations of either essential oil, which abolished colony growth. At half of the lowest combined lethal concentration for the two oils, the yeast-to-hyphal transition and mycelial growth was potently inhibited. Mutant strains als1Δ/Δ, als3Δ/Δ, hwp1Δ/HWP1+, and efg1Δ/Δ were sensitive to either or both oils, especially efg1Δ/Δ. In conclusion, oils of cinnamon leaf and clove and their combination significantly impact C. albicans virulence by inhibiting hyphal and mycelial growth. This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (RGPIN-06649-2018) to T.E.S.D. Faculty yes

Essential oils have been used by indigenous peoples for medicinal purposes since ancient times. Their easy availability played an important role. Even today, essential oils are used in various fields—be it as aromatic substances in the food industry, as an aid in antibiotic therapy, in aromatherapy, in various household products or in cosmetics. The benefits they bring to the body and health are proven by many sources. Due to their complex composition, they offer properties that will be used more and more in the future. Synergistic effects of various components in an essential oil are also part of the reason for their effectiveness. Infectious diseases will always recur, so it is important to find active ingredients for different therapies or new research approaches. Essential oils extracted from the bark of trees have not been researched as extensively as from other plant components. Therefore, this review will focus on bringing together previous research on selected bark oils to provide an overview of barks that are economically, medicinally, and ethnopharmaceutically relevant. The bark oils described are Cinnamomum verum, Cedrelopsis grevei, Drypetes gossweileri, Cryptocarya massoy, Vanillosmopsis arborea and Cedrus deodara. Literature from various databases, such as Scifinder, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, among others, were used.

Background In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in developing natural feed additives that can stabilize ruminal pH and thus prevent or eliminate the risk of severe subacute rumen acidosis. Herein, 3 experiments were conducted using a semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. In the experiment (Exp.) 1, the efficacy of 9 plant extracts (1.5 mg/ml), compared to monensin (MON; 12 μg/ml), to counteract ruminal acidosis stimulated by adding glucose (0.1 g/ml) as a fermentable carbohydrate without buffer was assessed for 6 h. In Exp. 2, cinnamon extract (CIN) and MON were evaluated to combat glucose-induced acidosis with buffer use for 24 h. In Exp. 3, the effect of CIN and MON on preventing acidosis when corn or barley grains were used as substrate was examined. Results In Exp. 1, cinnamon, grape seeds, orange, pomegranate peels, propolis, and guava extracts significantly increased (P P P P P P P Conclusions It can be concluded that CIN can be used effectively as an alternative antibiotic to MON to control ruminal acidosis when corn is used as a basal diet.

Black pepper powder (BPP) and cinnamon powder (CP) are traditionally used as food ingredients and can apply related to developing a functional product. In this study, BPP and CP were used as an ingredient in mixed-spice ice cream (MSIC). The physicochemical properties, textural properties, and sensory qualities were investigated as key points. BPP (0.51–17.49 g) and CP (8.79–51.21 g) were combined using a central composite design (CCD) with 2 centerpoints. The optimized BPP and CP for the MSIC were 15.00 g and 34.00 g, which exhibited firmness and overrun at 3210.65 ± 105.74 g.force and 61.63 ± 0.60%. The MSIC with optimized BPP and CP also provides high bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities with cinnamaldehyde and piperine as flavor characteristics. The findings indicated that BPP and CP can enhance the functional properties and provide alternative flavors in the food product, providing an innovative approach to deliver health-beneficial combinations for consumer satisfaction.

The bilayer anti-ultraviolet preservation films were developed successfully by incorporating the cinnamon essential oil (CEO) to chitosan (CH) as the bioactive layer, and incorporating the TiO

Avocadoes are a rich source of nutrients and nutraceuticals that preserve human health. Nevertheless, this fruit is susceptible to phytopathogen infection during the postharvest period causing severe economic losses. Herein, we report on the in situ antifungal assessment of biodegradable films impregnated with the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum (CvEO) as natural fungistatic coatings to extend postharvest quality of Hass avocadoes (Persea americana cv. Hass). These coatings were evaluated on fruits previously infected with a native strain of Fusarium verticillioides. The cytotoxic assessment of CvEO on F. verticillioides revealed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3±0.0 g L

“True cinnamon” is often fraudulently replaced by other varieties for economic reasons. In the powdered form, it is not possible to distinguish the varieties visually, but they differ in their sensory profile, in particular in the aromatic compound coumarin content which has also been deemed hepatotoxic in animal models. Molecular and analytical techniques exist which can be used for authentication but are expensive, time-consuming, and destructive. As an alternative, we tested three different miniaturized spectroscopic techniques namely, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), near-infrared (NIR) and fluorescence (FLUO) to authenticate cinnamon samples. Out of the three, UV–Vis and NIR were superior to FLUO. The separation with UV–Vis and FLUO could be visually identified after pre-processing the spectral data and subsequently submitting it to principal component analysis (PCA). When chemometrics were applied a correct classification rate by variety of 89%, 90% and 89% for UV–Vis, NIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively, was observed. The usage of miniaturized spectrophotometers combined with PCA and classification algorithms was found promising to authenticate cinnamon.

Background: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in various biomedical applications. However, limited reports are currently available about the safety of biofabricated AgNPs using Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extracts. Objectives: The current study is aimed to assess the potential toxicity of biosynthesized AgNPs (using C. zeylanicum) by subacute oral administration in experimental rats. Methods: AgNPs were biofabricated using methanol extract of C. zeylanicum bark and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Twenty-four Rattus norvegicus female rats were divided into 4 groups (6 animals per group) as follows: Group-I was the control, while groups II, III, and IV were given 0.85, 1.76 and 3.53 mg/kg doses of AgNPs, respectively for 14 consecutive days. After 14 days of oral administration of AgNPs, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured using an ELISA technique. Serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were also determined as well as histopathologic features of the liver and the kidney. Results: AgNPs did not induce any changes in mean body weight, biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, urea and creatinine), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD and CAT) and histopathologic features (of the liver and kidneys) of the treated groups when compared to control group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the oral administration of biogenic AgNPs (biofabricated using methanol extract of C. zeylanicum) to rats at a specific dose is relatively safe and does not show any signs of toxicity.

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread over more than 100 countries all over the world. The World Health Organization has recognized Coronavirus as a pandemic and finding an effective drug for this infectious disease is of high importance. In this study, we have explored the potent inhibitors of COVID-19 main protease from Tinospora cordifolia an Ayurvedic herb locally called as Amrita meaning ‘immortality’ and two other Ayurveda plants namely Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans. Saponarin, a phytochemical present in Tinospora cordifolia showed a very promising result with the binding affinity of − 8.75 kcal/mol. Remdesivir and Favipiravir, the experimental drugs that are known to show inhibitory activity towards COVID-19 are used as a control. The Docking results were verified by the means of molecular dynamic analysis. This study suggests that Saponarin can be a potential inhibitor for the main protease of the COVID-19.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Ocimum basilicum are two plants used by many cultures for food and medicinal purposes. The phenolic composition of ethanol extracts of both plants were determined by HPLC–DAD. A total of seventeen compounds were identified in C. zeylanicum with trans cinnamic acid (179.90 ± 0.45 µg/g) and coumarin (84.50 ± 0.41 µg/g) as major constituents while ten compounds were detected in O. basilicum with rosmarinic acid (360.40 ± 1.28 µg/g) and vanillic acid (36.30 ± 0.25 µg/g) as major constituents. C. zeylanicum exhibited higher inhibition on AChE (54.30 ± 0.97%) and BChE (66.43 ± 0.84%) than O. basilicum with lower AChE (23.43 ± 0.51%) and BChE (33.83 ± 0.75%) inhibitions. Both extracts showed moderate inhibition of tyrosinase and urease enzymes. The quorum sensing (QS) inhibition of O. basilicum and C. zeylanicum was evaluated by two assays: violacein inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum CV12472 and QS inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. Excellent inhibition of violacein synthesis in CV12472 was exhibited by C. zeylanicum with 100% inhibtion at MIC to MIC/4 and further inhibitions of 48.0 ± 2.0% (MIC.8) and 27.9 ± 1.2% (MIC/16). QS inhibition diameter zones on C. violaceum CV026 at MIC were 13.0 ± 1.0 mm and 10.5 ± 1.0 mm for C. zeylanicum and O. basilicum respectively. Since both extracts could inhibit violacein synthesis in CV12472 and QS in CV026, they could block signal production and signal reception in QS mediated processes in bacteria. These results indicate that both plants can be used to remedy microbial resistance and Alzheimer’s diseases.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum is a widely utilized condiment for its therapeutic uses since ancient times. It is indigenous to Sri Lanka and Southern India. Cinnamon is one of the ancient spice which belongs to the Lauraceae family. In the modern era, it is widely used in industrial products like candies, chewing gums, mouthwash, and toothpaste. It is a well-considered plant remedy used in the treatment of many diseases in a traditional system like Ayurveda and the Folk system of medicine. It is used in many polyherbal formulations for curing various ailments. The plant is enriched with many vital oils and other derivatives such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. Eugenol is the active principle constituent associated with many biological activities. The main therapeutic actions of the plant are antimicrobial, wound healing, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, anti-anxiety, and anti-Parkinson’s. The present review has summarized the therapeutic and pharmacological value of Cinnamomum zeylanicum along with its utilization in the Folklore medicinal system.

Introduction and Aim:Nanoparticles for some metals can be used in the treatment of diseases caused by different pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics due to the antibacterial properties of thesenanoparticles.In the current study, thesynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag) from Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extractwas investigated. Materials and Methods:One mL of cinnamon bark extract was added to 50mL of 1mM of the silver nitrate (AgNO3). After incubation time of bark extract with AgNO3at room temperature for 1-18hours, the silver nanoparticles synthesis through changed colour of the mixture to dark brown.The UV, TEM and FT-IR analysis were carried out to characterize the biosynthesized Ag-NPs, UV-Vis scan showed absorption around 435 nm while TEM showedAg-NPs spherical shape and the sizes of the and FT-IR spectrum detected the presence of different functional groups responsible for reduction and stability of Ag-NPs in an aqueous solution. Results:Biosynthesized Ag-NPs showed inhibitory effect against someGram-negative bacterial species that have complete resistance to the antibiotics P, NA, VA, E, TE. The inhibition zone of Ag-NPs wasdetermined as follows (Citrobacter freundii19mm, Klebsiella pneumonae23mm, E.coli 23mm, Enterobacter spp 20 mm, Acinetobacter baumannii20mm.Therefore, Ag-NPs can be used as alternative treatment for some antibiotics. Conclusion: The Ag-NPs can be successfully prepared form Cinnamomum bark plant. Besides their low cost, these NPs had an antibacterial effect especially against Gram negative bacteria which had a complete resistance to the most common antibiotics

Existing evidence has uncovered the potential health benefits of cinnamon intake; however, its effect on liver function is unclear. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes. Relevant articles were identified through a systematic search in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase up to September 2020. All trials assessing the effect of oral cinnamon supplementation on serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in adults were included. The pooled effect sizes were obtained using the random-effects model and expressed as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of seven original trials (nine treatment arms) involving a total of 256 subjects were included in the final analysis. The pooled analysis indicated that cinnamon supplementation had no significant effect on serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP. However, there was a significant reduction in ALT levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (MD: -4.01 U/L; 95% CI: -6.86, -1.15) and in trials with low-dose supplementation (1,500 mg/d), follow-up duration longer than 12 weeks, and in the elderly patients (aged50 years). The beneficial effects of cinnamon intake were also shown in AST levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and trials with long-term follow-up (12 weeks). Longer-term, oral cinnamon supplementation may improve serum levels of liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further high-quality studies are needed, especially in populations with abnormal liver enzyme levels, to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of cinnamon on liver function.

Background: The quality and efficacy of culinary herbs commonly practiced in Asia as a remedy for seasonal illnesses such as cold, flu, congestion, fever and inflammation, etc. The extemporaneous preparations of these culinary herbs are being formulated as traditional practice either in the form of extract, decoction, and paste etc. These culinary herbs are being practiced for curing sporadic illnesses since ancient time. Objectives: In present study five herbs’ i.e. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Carum carvi (caraway), Oreganum vulgare (oregano) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) have been obtained from the market to assure quality of herbs in local market. Methodology: Various quality control tests including microscopic evaluation, physico-chemical characteristics, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been performed to determine their compliance with the standards. The TLC has been used for the identification of the active ingredients on comparison of their Rf values with the reference standard. FTIR Spectra of these materials have been obtained to identify and confirm structural information and assignment of functional groups. Results: Many of the herbal samples used in this study have been complied with the available official standards as given in Pharmacopoeia. If the samples did not comply with the standards then it indicates that the sample belongs to spurious quality of raw herb, which is the prime cause that may interfere with the therapeutic efficacy and variability of outcomes. Conclusion: This study help to provide a significant data to herbal drug manufacturers for authentication of commercially available herbs which may be used in the formulation of extemporaneous or commercially available herbal medicine.

Trichinellosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease that has become a public health concern since its reported human outbreaks in many countries. The traditional therapy has many adverse effects in addition to the developing resistance. So, this necessitates finding effective natural alternatives. The current study targeted to assess the potential therapeutic effects of Zingiber officinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in comparison to albendazole, a conventional therapy for treatment of trichinosis. Sixty mice were classified into five groups (12 mice each), non-infected control, infected control, combined albendazole and prednisolone, Zingiber officinale, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum treated groups. Mice sacrifice was performed on the 7th and 35th days post infection for intestinal and muscular phases respectively. Efficiency of the used preparations was assessed by parasitological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical studies in addition to ultrastructural evaluation using transmission electron microscopy. A significant reduction in the mean number of T. spiralis adult worms and larvae was observed in Zingiber officinale and Cinnamomum zeylanicum treated groups, (64.5%, 50.8%) and (68%, 54.6%) respectively. Also, both extracts showed moderate cytoplasmic reactivity for TGF-β1, (69.3% & 67.8%) respectively. The highest reduction in serum TNF- α level was observed in Zingiber officinale treated group during the muscle phase (58.4%) while in the intestinal phase was 50%. The ultrastructural study revealed degenerative effects on both adults and larvae in addition to obvious improvement of the histopathological changes in the small intestine and muscles. We concluded that these herbal extracts especially Zingiber officinale can be considered a practical and successful alternative for the treatment of trichinellosis.

Antifungal activity of extracts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) were evaluated in vitro against 17 Penicillium spp. Seed disease and rotten fruit caused by these species cause considerable loss of quality for different agricultural products. Isolates of Penicillium spp. were screened for production of patulin an important serious mycotoxin. About 70.59% of Penicillium spp. produced this toxin in concentrations ranging from 4 to 31 ppb. The response of Penicillium spp. to plant extracts differed according to the plant extract and concentration. Cinnamon extract showed the greatest effect on P. asperosporum, P. aurintogriseum and P. brevicompactum, and cloves extract produced the greatest effect on P. chermesinum and P. duclauxii. Turmeric extract had less effect on P. duclauxii. Cloves extract was the most effective in reducing the growth of Penicillium spp. On the other hand, ginger extract with all concentrations used had less effect against most Penicillium spp in the laboratory. Plant extracts are promising as natural sources of environmentally friendly compounds in laboratory studies.

Background and Aims: This study was designed to make a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of cinnamon on blood pressure (BP). Methods: A systematic computerized literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were conducted up to August 2019. All RCTs using cinnamon supplements in adults were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Results: Out of 927 records, 8 trials that enrolled 582 participants were included. The pooled effect size showed that SBP did not change following cinnamon supplementation. (WMD: -0.61mmHg; 95% CI: -1.36, 0.14, P= 0.111). Also cinnamon supplementation in long-duration (≥ 8weeks) had a significant effect on SBP (WMD: -1.25 mmHg; 95% CI: -2.22, -0.28, P= 0.012). Pooled analysis showed that cinnamon had a significant effect on DBP (WMD: -0.93mmHg, 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.32, P= 0.003). In addition, results from both duration subsets and high dose (>1500 mg/day) of cinnamon supplementation were significant. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that cinnamon supplementation has favorable effects on DBP although results about SBP were not the same. Nonetheless, further studies are required.

We have investigated the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum sensing potencies of six Essential Oils (EOs) obtained from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), curcuma (Curcuma longa L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and sage (Salvia officinalis). The study was conducted on 20 multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enteritidis clinical strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericide concentrations were displayed by microdilution. The effect on biofilm formation was tested on polystyrene plates. The anti-quorum sensing effect was determined by measuring the inhibition of violacein production by Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. The influence of EOs on the adhesion of Salmonella strains to HT-29 cells was studied. The potency of S. enteritidis to infect and kill Caenorhabditis elegans was evaluated. The cinnamon, thyme, and clove EOs showed remarkable antibacterial properties. Biofilm formation was significantly reduced by the six EOs: 99.10% for cinnamon, 97.64% for clove, 95.90% for thyme, 79.84% for rosemary, 28.98% for curcuma, and 15.55% for sage. The MIC/2 of clove EO exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition of violacein production (99.03%), followed by thyme (91.68%) and cinnamon (84.13%) EOs. Thyme extracts exhibited an important anti-adhesive potency. Clove EO behaves as an effective regulator of Salmonella virulence in nematodes.

Cinnamon is a well-known natural spice and flavoring substance used worldwide. The objective of the present work is to explore the possible antitumor and immunomodulatory potencies of cinnamon essential oil (Cinn) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). A total of fifty female Swiss albino mice were sub-grouped into five groups (n = 10), namely, normal (a non-tumorized and non-treated) group; EAC-tumorized and non-treated group; Cinn (non-tumorized mice received Cinn, 50 mg/kg per body weight daily) group; a group of EAC-tumorized mice treated with Cinn and the final positive control group of EAC-tumorized mice received cisplatin. Eight compounds were identified from Cinn using UPLC-MS-Qtof and NMR analysis. Compared to EAC untreated group, Cinn successfully (P P 0/G1 phase was noticed following Cinn treatments (~ 24.5%) compared to EAC group. Moreover, Cinn markedly evoked an antitumor immune response by elevating the percentage of splenic T helper (CD3+CD4+) and T cytotoxic (CD3+CD8+) cells. It is noteworthy that Cinn treatments significantly restored different hematological alterations as well as liver and kidney functions in EAC-tumorized mice. In conclusion, results suggest that Cinn has a good antitumor and immunostimulatory potencies against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. The mechanism underlying its antitumor activity may be attributed to its immunostimulatory effects which increase its potential as a promising anticancer candidate.

The electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (trans-p-coumaric acid), trans-3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (trans-caffeic acid), trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, (trans-ferulic acid) and trans-3-phenylacrylic acid (trans-cinnamic acid) with α-cyclodextrin were measured in the temperature range of 288.15 K–318.15 K. For the first time in the literature, using the limiting molar conductivity (Λmo) obtained from conductivity measurements, the values of the complexation constants (Kf) of the salts of phenolic acid derivatives with α-cyclodextrin were determined using a modified low concentration chemical model (IcCM). An attempt was also made to analyze the individual thermodynamic functions ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo describing the complexation process as a function of temperature changes. The obtained results show that the process of formation of inclusion complexes is exothermic and is spontaneous.

SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for causing 6,218,308 deaths globally till date and has garnered worldwide attention. The lack of effective preventive and therapeutic drugs against SARS-CoV-2 has further worsened the scenario and has bolstered research in the area. The N-terminal and C-terminal RNA binding domains (NTD and CTD) of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein represent attractive therapeutic drug targets. Naturally occurring compounds are an excellent source of novel drug candidates due to their structural diversity and safety. Ten major bioactive compounds were identified in ethanolic extract (s) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Origanum vulgare, and Petroselinum crispum using HPLC and their cytotoxic potential was determined against cancer and normal cell lines by MTT assay to ascertain their biological activity in vitro. To evaluate their antiviral potential, the binding efficacy to NTD and CTD of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein was determined using in silico biology tools. In silico assessment of the phytocomponents revealed that most of the phytoconstituents displayed a druglike character with no predicted toxicity. Binding affinities were in the order apigenin catechin apiin toward SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid NTD. Toward nucleocapsid CTD, the affinity decreased as apigenin cinnamic acid catechin. Remdesivir displayed lesser affinity with NTD and CTD of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid proteins than any of the studied phytoconstituents. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results revealed that throughout the 100 ns simulation, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein NTD-apigenin complex displayed greater stability than SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein NTD-cinnamic acid complex. Hence, apigenin, catechin, apiin and cinnamic acid might prove as effective prophylactic and therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2, if examined further in vitro and in vivo. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ten major bioactive compounds were identified in the extract(s) of four medicinally important plants viz. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamomum tamala, Origanum vulgare and Petroselinum crispum using HPLC and their biological activity was also evaluated against cancer and normal cell lines. Interestingly, while all extract(s) wielded significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, no significant toxicity was found against normal cells. The outcome of the results prompted evaluation of the antiviral potential of the ten bioactive compounds using in silico biology tools. The present study emphasizes on the application of computational approaches to understand the binding interaction and efficacy of the ten bioactive compounds from the above plants with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein N-terminal and C-terminal RNA binding domains in preventing and/or treating COVID-19 using in silico tools. Druglikeness and toxicity profiles of the compounds were carried out to check the therapeutic application of the components. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to check the stability of ligand-protein complexes. The results provided useful insights into the structural binding interaction(s) that can be exploited for the further development of potential antiviral agents targeting SARS-CoV-2 especially since no specific therapy is still available to combat the rapidly evolving virus and the existing treatment is more or less symptomatic which makes search for novel antiviral agents all the more necessary and crucial.

This work aims to obtain and characterize a spray-dried product (SDP) from an extractive solution of Cinnamomum zeylanicum leaves, to produce a talc for feet. Initially, the influence of the amount of drug, solvent and extractive method were verified, through factorial design (22), evaluating as responses the total flavonoid content (TFC), dry residue (DR) and extraction efficiency (EE). In the drying operation the following conditions were studied: inlet temperature and proportion of adjuvants. Three talc formulations containing cinnamon PES were also obtained and evaluated for Carr's Index (CI), Hausner Factor (HF), Angle of Repose (AR) and Moisture. According to the results, negative influence was observed using 5 g drug in relation to TFT (-1.02) and EE (-44.14), whereas the solvent ethanol (100%) showed positive influence on the responses, with better content. As for the extraction method, turbolysis showed positive responses for TFT (+2.03), RS (+3.21) and EE (+1.36), being chosen for the other experiments. In the drying operation, the best results were evidenced when 10% adjuvant and inlet temperature of 100 °C were used in relation to TFT and technological properties (CI, FH and AR). Finally, the determination of excipients and their proportions in the formulation presented satisfactory values for moisture and technological properties. The methodologies employed presented important results to produce a talc for feet based on SDP from C. zeylanicum, however further studies are needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of the finished product. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo obtener y caracterizar un producto secado por pulverización (PSP) a partir de una solución extractiva de las hojas de Cinnamomum zeylanicum, para producir un talco para los pies. Inicialmente, se verificó la influencia de la cantidad de droga, del solvente y del método extractivo, a través de la planificación factorial (22), evaluando como respuestas el contenido total de flavonoides (CTF), el residuo seco (DR) y la eficiencia de extracción (EE). En la operación de secado se estudiaron las condiciones: temperatura de entrada y proporción de adyuvantes. También se obtuvieron tres formulaciones de talco que contenían PES de canela y se evaluaron en cuanto al índice de Carr (CI), el factor de Hausner (HF), el ángulo de reposo (AR) y la humedad. De acuerdo con los resultados, se observó una influencia negativa utilizando 5 g de droga en relación con el TFT (-1,02) y el EE (-44,14), ya el disolvente etanol (100%) mostró una influencia positiva en las respuestas, con mejor contenido. En cuanto al método extractivo, la turbolisis mostró respuestas positivas para TFT (+2,03), RS (+3,21) y EE (+1,36), siendo elegida para los demás experimentos. En la operación de secado, los mejores resultados se evidenciaron cuando se utilizó un 10% de coadyuvante y una temperatura de entrada de 100 °C en relación con el TFT y las propiedades tecnológicas (CI, FH y AR). Finalmente, la determinación de los excipientes y sus proporciones en la formulación presentó valores satisfactorios de humedad y propiedades tecnológicas. Las metodologías empleadas presentaron resultados importantes para la producción de un talco para los pies a base de PSP de C. zeylanicum, sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios para garantizar la seguridad y la eficacia del producto final. Este trabalho tem como objetivo obter e caracterizar um produto seco por aspersão (PSA) a partir de uma solução extrativa das folhas de Cinnamomum zeylanicum, para produção de um talco para pés. Inicialmente foram verificados a influência da quantidade de droga, solvente e método extrativo, através de planejamentos fatoriais (22), avaliando como respostas o teor de flavonoides totais (TFT), resíduo seco (RS) e eficiência de extração (EE). Na operação de secagem foram estudadas as condições: temperatura de entrada e proporção de adjuvantes. Também foram obtidas três formulação de talco contendo PSA de canela e avaliados quanto ao Índice de Carr (IC), Fator de Hausner (FH), Ângulo de repouso (AR) e Umidade. De acordo com os resultados, influência negativa foi observada utilizando 5 g de droga em relação a TFT (-1,02) e EE (-44,14), já o solvente etanol (100%) apresentou influência positiva sobre as respostas, com melhor teor. Quanto ao método extrativo, a turbólise apresentou respostas positivas para TFT (+2,03), RS (+3,21) e EE (+1,36), sendo escolhido para os demais experimentos. Na operação de secagem, os melhores resultados foram evidenciados quando utilizados 10% de adjuvante e temperatura de entrada de 100 °C em relação ao TFT e as propriedades tecnológicas (IC, FH e AR). Por fim, a determinação dos excipientes e suas proporções na formulação apresentaram valores satisfatórios para umidade e propriedades tecnológicas. As metodologias empregadas apresentaram resultados importantes para a produção de um talco para pés a base de PSA de C. zeylanicum, entretanto são necessários mais estudos, a fim de assegurar a segurança e eficácia do produto acabado.

The regular release kinetics of active ingredients is inconsistent with the demand of meat preservation. Herein, the pH-triggered dynamic mechanism of packaging film was developed based on L100 polymer incorporated with Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) by coaxial electrospinning. The acquired results revealed that UV-vis and fluorescence spectra confirmed the pH release behavior. The fabricated film was quickly dissolved and transformed from solid to liquid phase, resulting in a faster release rate of CEO from 68.9 % to 98.2 % with the pH increasing. The morphological structure verified the core-shell structure formation with a specific surface area value of 7.22 m

Background The leaf of Ceylon cinnamon (true cinnamon) is traditionally claimed for a variety of health benefits. However, reported scientific information is scanty and needs urgent attention for value addition. Methods Ethanolic (95%) and Dichloromethane:Methanol (DM, 1:1 v/v) leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon were evaluated for a range of medically important bioactivities namely anti-inflammatory [nitric oxide scavenging activity (NOSA), superoxide scavenging activity (SCA), COX1 and COX2 inhibition], growth inhibition & cytotoxicity against MCF7, HePG2 and AN3CA carcinoma cell lines, glutathionase-S-transferase (GST) inhibition and antilipidemic (anti-HMG-CoA reductase, anti-lipase, anti-cholesterol esterase, and cholesterol micellization inhibition) properties in vitro (n = 3). Further, a range of bioactive compounds in both leaf extracts was also quantified (n = 3). Results Both leaf extracts had all the investigated bioactive compounds and possessed moderately potent bioactivities compared to the reference drugs used in the study. Ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) exhibited the highest activities (IC50: μg/mL) for NOSA (40.26 ± 0.52), SCA (696.24 ± 40.02), cholesterol esterase inhibition (110.19 ± 1.55), cholesterol micellization inhibition (616.69 ± 7.09), GST inhibition (403.78 ± 2.70) and growth inhibition (GI50: 144.84 ± 1.59-269.00 ± 0.51) & cytotoxicity (LC50: 355.44 ± 9.38-717.71 ± 23.69) against studied cancer cell lines. In contrast, COX1 & COX2 (IC50: 6.62 ± 0.85 and 44.91 ± 3.06 μg/mL) and HMG-CoA reductase & lipase inhibitory activities (36.72 ± 4.74 and 19.71 ± 0.97% inhibition at 200 and 600 μg/mL) were highest in DM extract. ELE also showed the highest quantities (0.81 ± 0.06-104.38 ± 1.79) of tested compounds (mg/g extract) where eugenol was the highest and gallic acid was the lowest among quantified. Conclusion Both leaf extracts of Ceylon cinnamon had all the tested bioactive compounds and possess all the investigated bioactivities. This is the 1st study to report all the investigated bioactivities of the leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon.

The aim of the study to estimate the antioxidant action and protecting effect of ethanolic cinnamon extract against CCl4 induced toxicity in male rats. To determine the effect of different concentrations of ethanolic cinnamon extract on male rats that fed a high cholesterol diet that induced hyperlipidemia. The experiment has been conducted in the present study., aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective, role of Cinnamomum zeylanicum ethanolic extract in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxic male rats, The cinnamon and its oil reported to have many beneficial uses in food preservation due to antioxidant of cinnamon. The Phenolic compounds extracted from cinnamon such as hydroxyl cinnamaldehyde and the hydroxycinnamic acid act as scavengers of peroxide radicals and avoid oxidative damage (Mathew and Abraham, 2006; Leela, 2008). Ranjbar et al, (2006) observed individuals consuming cinnamon tea showed increased total serum antioxidant status, increased thiols such as glutathione, NADPH, NADH, SOD, and decreased lipid peroxidation.

Dalchini bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) being a vast treasure of phytoconstitutents have a tremendous ethnomedicinal value. Dalchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) being a delicious spice with an impressive effects on health and metabolism. Cinnamon barks are available in the market in lot of varieties. So it’s difficult to identify and select dalchini adulterant by numerous substituent and exhausted drugs which are of fewer efficacies and have an harmful effects for human beings. Dalchini are adulterate with Cinnamon cassia, Cinnaniomon burmanii, Cinnaniomon loureirii with other spices and amurud (Psidium guajava, common guava, lemon guava) etc. The present chapter is an attempt to cater various techniques for the identified of the adulterants and substitutes to shot out deterioration of herb potential.

Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has antibacterial properties, but its ability to suppress the formation of multi-species oral biofilms has not been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion (CEON) against oral biofilms formed using a microcosm biofilm model. The biofilms were formed on bovine enamel specimens over a 7-day period, during which all specimens were treated with one of three solutions: 5% CEON (n = 35), 0.5% cocamidopropyl betaine (n = 35), or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX; n = 35). Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were determined by the red/green ratios (R/G values) of 7-day-old mature biofilms photographed with quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital, the number of aciduric bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) within each biofilm, and the absorbance of bacterial suspensions. One-way and repeated-measures analysis of variance were performed to compare differences among the three solutions. R/G values were lowest in the 0.12% CHX group, but not significantly differ from the 5% CEON group. The number of CFUs and absorbance were lowest in the 5% CEON group. This study showed that nanoemulsified CEO inhibited the maturation of multi-species oral biofilms and the growth of oral microorganisms in biofilms, including aciduric bacteria that cause dental caries.