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This study aims at assessing the Social Entrepreneurship Support Organizations (SESOs) in Jordan with an updated eco-system reflecting the better resourced Social Entrepreneurship eco-system characterized with comprehensive information; covering the stakeholders’ identification data, ongoing projects and initiatives, work scope, and their targeted groups, accurate data based on a well-developed survey and analysis of the survey data by the authors’ experience in this filed. This study also aims at assessing the SESOs capacity by coincide their desired needs and their actual needs and limit the social innovation concept variation among the different institutions in the ecosystem. This study also provides a survey analysis for the Social Entrepreneurship Support Organizations (SESOs); as an attempt to identify their characteristics and roles in Jordan by adopting the methodology of qualitative and quantitative analysis approach. Results show that (57.89%) of the SESO’s in Jordan have dedicated programs that focus on women's inclusion, and that (68.42%) are hiring more than 50% in their staff. Besides that, results also show that (59.65%) of the SESO’s in Jordan did not dedicate programs for people with disabilities (PWD); which is a high portion in neglecting this segment of people. Besides that (54.39%) do not have designed facilities friendly using for people with disabilities. Moreover, results show that (73.68%) had dedicated programs for youth with different age groups, and (77.19%) of the SESO’s in Jordan had attempted to identify, understand, and actively removing barriers that exist for certain groups of young people in society. Moreover, (70.18%) of the SESO’s in Jordan had organized specific outreach mechanisms to identify, meet, engage, and/or serve different population groups. Finally, results show that (38.60%) of the SESO’s in Jordan had dedicated programs for refugees.

From an empirical-based perspective, this paper explores the influence of intellectual capital factors on the performance of firms in the Dominican Republic. A Likert scale from one to seven was used to capture firms’ sensitivity to human, structural and relational capital factors. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out using the method of principal components with VARIMAX rotation. The final factorial scores were standardized to execute the regression analysis. Structural capital factors appear to be the dominant intellectual capital components within the Dominican context. Human capital factors play a vital role in performance in manufacturing and in-services firms, and relational capital factors are significant in determining their performance. This research contributes to the regional literature on intellectual capital studies in Latin America and the Caribbean. It puts forward some specific points related to the role of intellectual capital factors in explaining firms’ performance in small open economies such as that of the Dominican Republic.

Purpose This study was aimed to identify the effect of tax incentive practices on the sustainability of MSMEs during an outbreak of coronavirus pandemic in Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach To achieve this objective, the researcher has employed a quantitative research approach with an explanatory research design in which six hypotheses have been tested. The primary data were collected from 300 MSMEs owners/operators using structured questionnaires. A multiple regression model was employed to study the effect of tax incentives parameters on the sustainability of MSMEs. Findings According to the regression analysis, this paper revealed that tax holiday, tax allowance, reduction in the tax rate, accelerated depreciation, loss carry forward, and tax exemption have a positive and statistically significant effect on the sustainability of the MSMEs. Research limitations The current study was geographically focused on Ethiopia by considering the MSMEs sector. The subject wise was focused on the effect of the tax incentives on the sustainability of MSMEs. The primary data were limited to the year 2020. It might be improved in the future if other researchers incorporate large firms in the country and use secondary data for the analysis of multiple years. Also, future researchers will improve the same study by considering both monetary and non-monetary incentives as study variables. Practical implications To survive during the COVID-19 pandemic, MSMEs need support from the government in the form of tax incentives. The tax incentives play a great role in enhancing the growth and the sustainability of MSMEs as well as the economy as a whole. So the owners of MSMEs have to ask the government to obtain necessary support in the form of monetary and non-monetary incentives to be sustainable in economic activity. Also, the findings and recommendations of the current study might serve as an ingredient and be informative to the policymakers on the MSMEs sector. The governments have to continue to shape tax incentives policies to support the MSMEs’ sustainability by providing tax and non-tax incentives. Originality/value This study contributes to empirical evidence about the effect of tax incentives practices on the sustainability of MSMEs during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Ethiopia by considering six tax incentive practices in terms of tax holiday, tax allowance, reduction in the tax rate, accelerated depreciation, loss carried forward, and tax exemption.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the financial inclusion index and development variables in the least developed countries in Asia and Africa by using annual data of 42 countries for the period 2000–2019. The pooled panel regression and panel data analysis technique are used to explore this relationship. The empirical finding indicates that economic growth leads to financial inclusion. Unemployment and literacy rates are among the factors contributing to financial inclusion, and it is observed that women are more vulnerable than men are to lack financial inclusion. In less developed countries, the economy relies heavily on agriculture, and people are less financially inclusive when they live in rural areas of these countries. Also, pay inequality reduces financial inclusion rates and has a negative impact on development. The low financial inclusion rate reduces the levels of development in these countries. The results of this study can lead to the development and empowerment of vulnerable groups in the studied countries. In order to improve the conditions for development, policymakers should consider policies that enhance literacy, eliminate gender inequality and increase pay equality.

Although a great deal of research has been done on leadership styles, and university students have often been the subject of exploratory research in social sciences, the Full Range Leadership model has been applied to young people only in a few instances. In this article, the authors seek to survey the preferred leadership styles among Hungarian students and explore how they correlate with managerial and entrepreneurial inclination. A complex analysis of leadership style preferences of university students combined with their managerial and entrepreneurial inclination, social and cultural resources is rare in the research practice so far. The online questionnaire used in the research was completed by 335 university students studying economics, engineering and social studies both in Budapest and in the country. The questionnaire was completed by 335 university students. The results are exploratory and they amend the existing leadership typologies at some points. Based on the results of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire featuring 36 self-rating items, four distinct leadership styles emerged within the target group, representing the transformational, the supportive, the defensive, and the laissez-faire leadership types. The multivariate analysis has shown that while managerial inclination is related to the transformational style of leadership, entrepreneurial aspirations are associated with the transformational and supportive leadership styles.

Creativity is the ability to combine unique ideas, identifying new ways, systems and products in the organization. Creative workers in the organization can transform their organization to higher level by inventing new systems. This study tried to examine employees’ creativity in the bank at commercial bank of Ethiopia Woldia branches. The researcher used an institutional-based cross-sectional design and followed a mixed research approach. The researcher applied a census method to participate in respondents from four branches, which were on duty 182 employees in commercial bank of Ethiopia. The collected data were analyzed by using multiple regression method after proving the quality of the data. The study finding revealed that autonomy, supervisors’ support and role ambiguity significantly affects the creativity of employees in the workplace. The remaining variables self-efficacy and job complexity have no statistically significant effect on employees’ creativity in the bank.

This study, inspired by Peacock and Wiseman’s theory, attributes government size to political factors. The current study aims to analyze the effect of election cycles (election year, government ideology, Coalition and minority government) on government of size in selected developed and developing countries over the period (2002-2018). Statistical society includes twelve developing countries as a sample group and twelve developed countries as a control group. The research model has been estimated by using panel data and the generalized method of moments (GMM).The results showed that the election year and Coalition has had a positive and significant in both groups of selected countries on government of size. The minority government has had a negative and significant in both groups of selected countries on government of size. However, the effect of government's ideology index on government of size index in developed countries has had a positive and significant, while it was insignificant in developing countries. Furtheremore,, controlled variables, economic growth, openness of the economy, degree of urbanization and the index of misery on government of size were positive and significant. The effect of natural resource abundance on the size of government has been positive and significant in developing countries, while it was insignificant in developed countries.

The nature and structure of power in the post-Cold War global political economy has changed. In this regard, new dimensions of power, especially soft power, have become very important in strengthening the position and position of countries. Based on the evidence, the functioning and promotion of American soft power had changed dramatically under Obama. Reciprocally, the change in decision-making structure in this country and appointing Donald Trump seem to have affected this issue. The present study examines how Trump's appointment as a president and his domestic and foreign policies have affected the position of American power in the global political economy. The research hypothesizes that the political economy of American domestic and foreign policy in the Trump era has led to the decline of its soft power in the world system. In the present article, the context of political economy is the decline of US soft power and the mechanism of influence of Trump policies on the position of soft power in the country, focusing on the use of hardware resources in the context of unilateralism, tariff warfare and political populism, anti-immigration policies and the tensions with the media and political institutions are described by the Trump administration. The result of these policies has been a decline in US soft power characteristics in terms of disregard for human rights and political institutions, media freedom, a positive image of the United States in world public opinion, multilateralism, public diplomacy, and international treaties and institutions. Eventually, the soft power of the country in the global political economy has declined.

While some international relations scholars agree and some other disagree with the idea of a decline or weakening in US leadership since the early 1970s (specially affected by the collapse of the Bretton Woods International System), one of the main criteria to examin the notion of a decline in US leadership role is unilateralism in American foreign policy in defining Washington's relations with international institutions, as well as its allies. Meanwhile, Donald Trump's specific approach to post-World War II regimes and international institutions/regimes indicates a marked intensification of the US reconsideration of accepting continued international responsibilities as a world power and global leader. In this regard, Trump's cost/benefit approach (2016-2020) to USA relations with some international and regional organizations, such as NATO (as the main and most extensive and effective international security regime in the West for the past 70 years) is considered as the apparent and obvious preference of US national interests over the supportive role of this organization and a kind of breaking tradition of his government's defining US security relations and its national interest on both sides of the Atlantic. The current study aims to find both the roots and causes of Trump's critical approach to the security of NATO's European allies and the way this approach could be seen as a sign of declining or weakening US world leadership. Trump's refusal to provide low-cost security for NATO allies was considered as one of the main criteria for the decline of the US leadership role.

China has undergone a great transformation in the global economic scene. Only as late as 1978, China was languishing based on the world economic pyramid. Nowadays, it rules the roost (excluding the US) just after three decades. Three approaches have been applied to explain this astronomical rise including agential, structural, and institutional approaches. These approaches give important insights into it for any careful viewer, although each one explains only one piece of this great puzzle; in fact, as this paper demonstrates, it is not the presence or absence of institutional, structural, and agential contributors, but their ‘temporality’ or conjuncture that have shaped the destiny and quiddity of China’s economic transformation. This paper, while drawing upon all three approaches, employs process tracing to show that Chinese transformation has been nourished by timely conjuncture of all three factors in the three layers of long-term, middle-term, and short-term time. We also show that attentiveness to this missing link, i. e. temporality, especially in development studies, can help us, at once, to go beyond linear and teleological time and to grasp the opportunities and challenges of transformation in time.

Today, the quality of life and social challenges such as environmental pollutants are one of the most important fields of socio-political conflicts that in turn, have been led to nexus between “the social” and “the political”. The current study aims to figure out the influential factors on the extension, overarching and universalization of environmental movements in last decades in developed and developing countries applying an analytical methodology and empirical data and evidences. The important factors (hypothesis) are silent revolution or declination of new generation and citizens to post material values, irresponsibility of governments, development and industrialization with little attention to environmental ethics and using opportunities in global civil society and social networks, such as mobilizational, awakenings and making identification in organizing of public opinion and protests. On the basis of quantitative – empirical studies and world value surveys, the findings reveal that, nowadays, green groups and movements are the important challengers for governments and mobilizers of protestors in two practical- campaign and attitudinal dimensions for the advancement of goals, making governments and companies responsive and universalization of environmental ethics and discourse in the world. Multi millions participation protests at September 2015 is the most extraordinary manifestation of environmentalism.

Recently, some factors, especially economic crisis, have made it possible to criticize the policies of the ruling parties, making their policies deficiency and magnifying the current situation and chanting slogans about the unequal distribution of resources, indigenous people or the destruction of national resources. Right-wing parties have achieved remarkable success in elections by linking economic problems to foreigners, including political and economic institutions or immigrants, as well as government policy. The present article in a descriptive and analytical way, while paying attention to the role of economic crisis in the formation of far right in Hungary, believes that economic crisis in far right thinking is based on contexts beyond the economy and specifically is intensified by identical and cultural elements. In the other words, in the study and analysis of far-right, it should be noted that trends such as EU policy, including the imposition of economic austerity policies, guidelines on immigration and the implementation of specific policies by previous governments, are largely catalyzing and accelerating about the long term crisis. Therefore, some traces of fascist and monopolistic tendencies emerge in such currents, having nationalist origin, are extremely prone to become totalitarian and antagonistic currents. Using the Copenhagen School and in particular emphasizing the security of affairs in this approach, the current study aims to show how extreme right currents, including Hungary, draw a special situation of foreigners and immigrants to show various economic, social and cultural affairs as political issues.

Injecting rental sector revenues such as oil revenues in addition to the effects on the economic organ can also affect the political sectors. A significant part of political-economic studies in such countries has been related to the economic and political effects of the rent sector. In this paper, the authors proposed a theoretical model to describe the search for the causes of business cycles in a rentier economy. They believe that the economic structure and oil budget are in the form of political-business cycles of the opportunistic model, which in countries with rent-seeking economies, is a structural and permanent part of their economy and plays an important role in economic-political structure and decision-making. The results showed that, political instability due to the gap between the nation-state relationship, which is resultant of t dependency of the government budget on the revenues of the dominant (oil) sector in rented countries, and among other factors can lead to economic fluctuations and busines cycles. This instability, along with the traditional and supply-side approaches, can play an important role in explaining the causes of business cycles. Fluctuations in the rent sector can also lead to a new type of political- business cycle that is rooted in the structure of the state's oil budget and rent. In other words, the existing political-business cycles are due to the event and time of the election, while the new political- business cycles are a permanent phenomenon as long as the state budget depends on the revenues of the rent sector in the economy.

The Nordic model has become a brand at the international political economy; the adoption of the social-democratic model has had more effects than a pure economic consequences. However, although the application of the principles of free market, innovation and free trade has brought welfare states into the industrialized world with high levels of GDP and high quality of living standards, it is this special social construction and political stability that has enabled them to experience this level of economic and social capital. This social construction and political stability is the result of the intellectual-social context of the Nordic field. Nordic universal welfare states have a system of social welfare, the provision of social and public services. Each tradition has formed a hybrid system of both the social democratic model and capitalist model in the Nordic region. The current studyaims to find how socio-cultural traditions have formulated both the formation and the solution of the difficulties and dilemmas of the Nordic model of universal welfare state. Consequently, based on a descriptive-explanatory method, this article examines the socio-cultural traditions of the Nordic society, including the free peasant tradition, the socialist utopia tradition, the capitalist and the governing tradition, and explains how to configure these traditions in principles foundations of "human development", "hybrid economy", "social capital" and "public trust", "equality", "solidarity and property" and "Nordic development model".

One of the most important mechanisms of any government in the modern era has been the production of wealth, and, more importantly, the provision of appropriate conditions for the production of wealth through local governments. The experience of the political geography of governments, in the context of economic time and history, shows that, those federal and Centralist governments that delegate more power to local governments are more capable of generating wealth and economic prosperity than those centralist and focus-oriented governments that produce unprincipled wealth. The current study aims to compare and investigate the two models of local government in centralized and semi-centralized systems in comparison with the local governments of Iran, in terms of political management ability to generate the necessary capacity to produce wealth and income. This descriptive-analytical study applies the documents of the constitutional laws, financial laws and official statistics of the local governments during a year among the three countries including Germany, Japan and Iran. The findings reveal that the centralist government of Iran, despite having important economic capacities such as abundant mines, oil and gas resources, land area, river and water resources, the existence of three surrounding seas and historical-geographical and cultural background suitable for tourism, does not have the necessary ability and concentration to local governments in Germany and Japan to generate wealth. The local governments of Germany and Japan have the capacity to generate at least 10 to 23 times more wealth than the provinces of Iran due to their extensive constitutional powers and the support and cooperation of the central government showing the difference and dynamism of this type of political systems, in comparison with centralist systems such as Iran in terms of political management and increase of local income..

The persistence or decline of US Dollar as a pervasive international currency has been one of the most important issues in the field of international political economy, since the beginning of the 21st century. While some scholars point to the continued dominance of US Dollar by citing the dominance of the United States in the world political and economic equations, others refer to the decline in the hegemony of this international currency due to the US economic weakness and its international alternatives. The present study aims to recognize the factors affecting the persistence or decline of US Dollar hegemony in the 21st century by using descriptive-analytical method based on considering available data and to examin the scenarios resulting from these situations. After raising this question that whether the hegemony of US Dollar as an international currency is still continuing or is facing a decline in the 21st century, this article is hypothesizing that despite the various factors affecting the continuation or decline of US Dollar hegemony, it seems that the continuity of US Dollar hegemony, as an international currency, will be strongly linked to the continuation of the existing international system and the US capability to keep it. The findings of this study in the framework of hegemonic stability theory show that the US Dollar hegemony will continue with some fluctuations depending on the willingness, volition and producing public goods by the United States in the short- and medium-term. However, in the long term, given the economic preponderance of China and other other emerging economies, a multi-currency monetary system may be formed in which the US Dollar would be a currency among other currencies.

Following the migration of the prophet Mohammad to Medina, establishing the new political structure and increasing the number of Muslims, the newly established government faced new challenges and realities. One of these realities and challenges was the economic life of Medina society and the need for its organization. Accordingly, the present study based on a descriptive and explanatory method, try to answer the question of how economic strategies of Nabawi Government could transcend the traditional economy to Islamic one and what strategies were employed in that time. In fact, the aim of this study is to investigate the policies, strategies and approaches of the holy Prophet management in the economic arena and introducing it as an example for real Islamic economy. The results indicated that the Prophet Mohammad tried to illuminate the basic strategies and future of Islamic government in the economic arena based on the tangible necessities and realities. These strategies originated both from revelational and nabawi teachings and based on realities and necessities of establishing Islamic government, recognizing the elements and capacities of Mohajirin and Ansar as well as circumstances of new environment and context. Trying to eliminate traditional treats, illuminating new concepts and elements of Islamic economy, endorsing economical basis of Muslims and cutting their dependence to Moshrkin and Ahlol-Ketab were some of the new strategies of Nabawi government. Therefore, the Prophet Mohammad sought to present and put new thinking and strategies in the new economy so as to organize new kind of economy in Medina which is called Islamic economy.

In recent years, the determinants of productivity have gone beyond the mentioned items in growth theories, and the role of political factors in this base has attracted the attention of researchers. In fact, the role and position of political factors in promoting productivity is a reality that cannot be indifferent, and inattention in this regard can cause irreparable damage on productivity component trends. This paper analyzed the effect of political factors indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) on productivity components (total factor productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity) at 15 selected developing countries during 2006 to 2017 with using of panel data econometrics based on dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach. The variables of foreign direct investment, research and development, degree of economics openness and banking credits were also included as control variables at models. The results indicate that all indicators of political factors have had a positive effect on productivity components. In relation to control variables, we see positive relationships. Therefore, according to the results, it can be acknowledged that, the significant part of productivity growth depends on political factors. Therefore, it seems necessary that the governments of developing societies, while accurately recognizing political structures should pay special attention to the role of components at political factors and establish more political stability, so that they can provide opportunities to improve productivity components as much as possible.

Artificial intelligence is the ecosphere’s prevalent and most comprehensive general acquaintance common-sense cognitive engine. The artificial intelligence (AI) business platform model is virtually at affluence with cloud SaaS model. It concerns AI solutions that can work together on the top layer of the other digital systems, like a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) business system. AI admittances in the digital data fluid through the coordination, fueling business enhancements over phases. In this business model, the business will safekeep a recurrent subscription. This paper endeavors to emphasize on the preventative side of the use of AI and machine learning (ML) technology to enterprise digital platform business model innovation and business dynamics. We acme the strategic implications and innovations with analytics. We explore the derivations of data-driven insights, models, and visualizations.

Mainly, the study is aimed at exploring the internal business factors and their impact on firm performance in micro- and small-scale enterprises. The study employed a descriptive and explanatory research design and used a quantitative research approach. The study is conducted on Amhara region, North Wollo zone, Lalibela city administration micro- and small-scale enterprise operators, and in this study, the dependent variable is the performance of SMEs while independent variables are managerial factors, workplace factors, and entrepreneurial factors. To achieve the objectives of the study, 199 sample micro and small enterprises are selected from the 395 target populations. It used an explanatory design with stratified and simple random sampling techniques. The study employed descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis methods. The finding shows that the independent variables managerial factors and workplace-related factors have a positive and significant effect on small business performance in the study area. Also, there is an insignificant relationship between entrepreneurial factors and the dependent variable.

This study aims to investigate the socioeconomic determinant factors that affect the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in North Wollo and Waghimira Zone selected towns. In this study, a cross-sectional research design with both descriptive and explanatory research design has been employed, and 303 owners of enterprises have participated. The towns were selected purposely, and the respondents were also selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The data were analyzed by using STATA v-14 and applied descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis (odds ratio). The finding of the study revealed that age of the owner, access to finance, family business background, and interest rate most likely affect the growth of the enterprises with the statistically significant level. On the contrary, entrepreneurship training, the experience of the owner, the inflation rate, and competition less likely affect the growth of the enterprises with a statistical significant level. The remaining factors such as gender of the owners, education background, business age, business type, business location, social responsibility, tax rate, and social attitude were not statistically significant to determine the growth of MSEs.

In this study, we examine how the 2008-2009 Global Crisis has affected the informal payments/gifts paid by manufacturing firms. We compare the crisis period to the post-crisis period and found that the manufacturing firms believed that the incidence of bribes went down significantly after the crisis ended. When we differentiate the firms with respect to size, structure, legal form, gender of the owners, gender of the top manager, and whether or not they held an international quality certification, we find that the results hold for almost all classifications of firms. When we go into more detail and examine the incidence of bribes in customs/imports, courts, and taxes/tax collection, we found similar results. In almost all categories of firms, the respondents saw a significant drop in the incidence of bribes in all of these areas (i.e. customs/imports, courts, and taxes/tax collection) after the crisis ended.

The importance of introducing internal audit in the company's operations is reflected in the fact that it significantly increases the quality of making large business decisions of top management in companies. Internal audit largely depends on the introduced system of internal control in companies, but it must be emphasized that the existence of external factors influencing the business operations of companies must be taken into account. Business decisions are made by top management, among other things, based on the recommendations of internal auditors who have done a partial internal audit of the system entrusted to them by the decision of top management in the form of orders to join the internal audit. The goal of improving good corporate governance is a continuous goal set by top managers of the company, and in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to take into account the recommendations of internal auditors from the previous period of the company's operations. In this paper, the authors emphasize the importance of a realistic approach to internal audit by the company's top management, because only in this way can a valid business decision be made by top management that will be strengthened by the views of internal auditors who performed internal audit of individual business segments. This observation of the work of internal audit is the primary goal of observing safer business operations of the company and the results obtained in the paper are a realistic presentation of the implementation of internal control and internal audit as part of achieving and obtaining real contribution of authors in the context of raising managerial position in companies.

Economic and financial mathematics uses elements of mathematical analysis (N-dimensional space, rows, series, derivation, integration), probability calculus and linear algebra (vector, linear system of equations, programming) in all areas of economics. In this paper we analyse the EUR / USD exchange rate between 01/13/2017 - 02/15/2018. The sample element number of the examined data set is 420,544 (four hundred and twenty thousand five hundred and fortyfour). Name of the data: standard critical points (O, H, L, C) of a one-minute time window. Especially what we want to know about EUR / USD exchange rate? We want to know when the trend ends. When we want to know the end of a trend, we look for the inflection point of the function. The condition for the existence of the inflection point is that there exists a third-order derivative of the function and the second-order derivative at this point must be equal to zero, and that the third-order derivative must not be equal to zero. In this research we use histogram, moving average, the 12-day and 26-day averages for the study period, polynomial trend determination, the linear trend definition, the polynomial average of the examined period, the logarithmic trend and special the sixth degree polynomial for analyse and for possibility of forecasting using an econometric model. With the help of the Excel spreadsheet, it was possible to project in a certain number of steps. We made the projection for five step lengths. Forecasting has proved to be a good approach to what has actually happened, which is a good reason for us to continue working and to keep the direction we have started, to do further research in the specific field.

The purpose of this paper is to explain stress and how the stress affected the entrepreneurs. As an introduction to this paper will be elaborated what actually stress is and how the individual experiences the stress and cope with that. We will explain the most important models of occupational stress, which differ in terms of perspectives and approaches, such as work overload, reduced control, rapid change, unpredictable environments, which cause the stress. Explaining why entrepreneurs have the most stressful jobs and reasons for causing the stress among them. We will give a recommendation which strategies to use to manage stress as an entrepreneur, and how to turn negative energy into positive result.The data will be provided through the literature available in this area and published papers, i.e. the available edited data and information from previous research that can be used to specify the research problem.The realization of the objectives of the research will use the inductive method, first of all, to come to individual conclusions about the phenomena examined, as well as the deductive method which, through analysis, abstraction and generalization, will provide general conclusions.

We proposed that in this short paper we make a brief analysis of rural development. We started from its definition as a process, as a direction of action and as a phenomenon, reaching its 3 plans (economic, social and ecological), as well as the 2 main forms of rural development, namely sustainable and multifunctional. The two forms of rural development are complementary, sustainable development being the qualitative side, having as object the definition of the rules to be followed on the use of resources and the direction of present activities, so as not to prejudice the interests of future generations in their use. Multifunctional development refers to the quantitative side, ie the generation of multiple activities, in compliance with the criteria imposed by sustainable development, as well as obtaining income from them, which should be an alternative to traditional income-generating activities.

The environments where innovation occurs are often as varied as the areas of endeavors that aspiring innovators could pursue. This systematic review followed the guidelines of the Campbell Collaboration and PRISMA to consolidate the findings of 74 studies into the Expectancy-Value-Cost motivation theoretical framework as a means of usefully isolating for decision-makers the environmental factors that impact the motivation to innovate. The results of this review reveal that additional study of interdisciplinary samples is needed to gather deep narrative and case-driven data that considers the experiences of innovators in addition to organizations. Leaders, including decision-makers, teachers, and supervisors, can set a precedent for their learners and workers to use their past experiences and to feel safe to take intelligent risks and make reasonable mistakes in pursuit of innovating. Ensuring that project teams have a mix of experiences and backgrounds can make for more productive collaborations. Proactively addressing costs can increase workplaces’ psychological safety and stability, which enables workers and learners to better focus on the endeavors at hand. The articles’ evaluation illustrates that conversation about innovation promotion is dominated by business, which reduces the opportunity to learn from other innovation-driven disciplines or take truly interdisciplinary approaches.

Financial instability causes imbalances also externally, in terms of sovereign risk, a fact caught in the countries of the European Union. The paper aims to capture the positive elasticity of the sovereign risk premium to the macrostability deterioration, structural balance proving to be the most significant factor for the period 2005-2019.

The Covid 19 pandemic has disturbed the whole world and has affected the sectors of activity of all countries, predominantly in a negative way. The first five months of the year 2020 marked the beginning of this pandemic, overshadowing all the world’s nations and influencing, in a way or another, the rhythm and the nature of the population's life. The goal of this article is to present some general aspects of this pandemic, focusing my attention especially on one of the domains that has prospered in this “dark” period regarding the personal life, environment, communication and economy, more exactly on the online commerce. The e-commerce is one of the few domains that gained a lot in this period, registering considerable increases. We can say that the online commerce has become, for most traditional stores, a kind of a lifeline, the respective stores having to implement, if they had not already, or to expand, in an accelerated way, the online sales and at the same time, to introduce services for picking up the so-called "click and collect" purchases on the one hand and home delivery on the other hand. In this article, I have analyzed the way in which the e-commerce has developed in Romania and based on the graphic, I noticed that the pandemic period has registered the largest increase.

The starting point in today's economy is that software today is embedded in all pores of human life, private and work environment. Developed software of companies makes the economy of a country stronger and the life of the inhabitants of a country much more comfortable, assuming that it is modern and developed in accordance with modern standards. Software solutions are increasingly relying on process automation in the economy, with numerous activities performed daily with the presence and use of modern technology where automation processes cannot be imagined without the application of modern software solutions. Application software and software development engineering today have an extremely complex task, more than ever before. Quality software engineering makes a positive contribution to the development of flexible, reusable software solutions relevant to a large number of users. Nevertheless, software development is accompanied in parallel by numerous recurring problems, which can be grouped into several large categories that will be described in this study.

This article aims to understand the extent to which social entrepreneurship (SE) contributes to the construction of a collective dimension linked to social innovation (SI). We aim to propose new ideas that can deliver insights into the SE phenomenon. This research is also distinct from entrepreneurial ecosystems as its development already requires some successful entrepreneurial action and to do it, the structuring and consolidation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem constitutes a real challenge for the development of SI. This work has been based on a participant observation of eight major events dedicated to social entrepreneurship or the shared economy. In-depth interviews with Tunisian social entrepreneurs were also conducted in order to enrich our corpus. The results show the necessary cooperation of social entrepreneurs for a sustainable and responsible social innovation. Indeed, the analysis emphasizes that the viability and sustainability of a social innovation rests essentially on a collective construction, beyond common social values.

The article details on known and less known information about the human brain, growndbreaking discoveries across the history in terms of the structure of the human brain, cutting-edge noninvasive and invasive research techniques used in cognitive neuroscience studies, which aim to identify the neural bases of cognitive processes. The article also gives account of the role played by the most renown patient in neuroscience for understanding brain functioning. In addition, the study emphasizes meaningful inputs from cognitive neuroscience research with the purpose of improving economic decision-making during day-to-day economic activities.

COVID-19 is an infectious disease that appeared in late 2019 in Wuhan, a city in central China. The rapid spread of the disease turned it into a pandemic only a few months after its onset affecting all countries of the world. Controlling and stopping it are real challenges for all mankind. This paper analyzes the evolution of COVID-19 in the South-West Oltenia region of Romania, between April and September 2020, as well as the similarities and disparities between the counties belonging to this region. In this regard, two indicators were used, namely the cumulative infection index at 14 days per 1000 inhabitants (CII) and the total number per person infected with Covid-19 (STNI) in county i, at time j, per 100,000 inhabitants with home in that county. The research was based on the series of data collected by authors from the daily communiqués of the Strategic Communication Group within the Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Throughout history, pandemics have had a dramatic impact on all spheres of activity in human society. Nowadays, the whole world is facing a ruthless virus, Covid-19 or Coronavirus, which is a topical issue. The Covid-19 pandemic has evolved rapidly and caused changes for both the medical system and the economic and social systems of states around the world. This crisis has affected thousands of lives and continues to put great pressure on economic systems. These events show that economic and social issues need to be managed as soon as possible and solutions need to be promoted to support the sectors affected by the pandemic crisis. Tourism is a sector of consequence being severely affected by the imbalances of the socio-economic metasystem that includes it. Attempts to predict the likely impact of the pandemic on the tourism economy were quickly overcome by the speed with which the situation grew as the pandemic spread. Tourism is of particular importance in the world economy as well as in the national economy and must be supported by limiting losses, relaunching business and avoiding long-term negative effects. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis viewed from a different perspective may provide a rare and invaluable opportunity to rethink and reset tourism to a better path for the future. Such a vision requires a community-centered tourism framework that redefines and reorients tourism based on the rights and interests of local communities. The purpose of this article is to inform and analyze the impact that this virus has on world tourism, but also national tourism. In this context, tourism in our country has also been severely affected.

Taking into account that following the application of various accounting regulations for the same company and the reporting period, the information provided by the financial statements of an entity regarding the operating leasing transactions in the lessee's accounting (prior to the date of 01.01.2019) was not sufficient for investors and analysts in order to make decisions, to ensure comparability between entities, but also to determine the degree of indebtedness and used capital, they adjusted the elements of the statement of financial position with the information on operating leasing found in the explanatory notes. Looking from this perspective and taking into account the major importance of the complete description of economic phenomena related to the operational leasing transactions in lessee’s accounting, we considered it useful to conduct a study to analyze the possibility of reducing the differences in the presentation of similar phenomena from an economic point of view, in the financial reporting of the lessee, respectively in the way of accounting for its operational leasing transactions, in order to facilitate the interpretation of information on these operations, in all markets and to all users of accounting information. In this regard, we will address issues related to ensuring complete registration in accounting, depending on the national and international reference, ensuring the comparison of the usefulness of accounting information in the two variants.

Knowledge creation and management is the central element of the knowledge-based economies that characterize advanced societies. The transition from the paradigm given by Francis Bacon "Knowledge is power" to "knowledge sharing and management is power" has shown that isolation does not produce value without sharing it to all the granular components of the company, in order to be, there, managed both vertically, between the layers of the company and especially horizontally, distributed, for the efficient management of each final component. The creation of knowledge is the result of the production and management of information, seen as representations of real events, produced or predicted, and these, in today's world are eminently related to the digital skills of those who produce and manage this information. Following the COVID 19 pandemic, there was a turning point in the use of the digital, online, offline or computational environment in response to pandemic challenges and the lack of these digital skills did not lead to the predicted and desired developments of the knowledge society. This article aims to show the need for the evolution of digital skills in the context of knowledge management, starting from digital literacy as the first stage of digital skills defined by and reaching the strategy imposed by the need for the COVID pandemic 19.

Creative Accounting is an Anglo-Saxon concept that describes communication practices and techniques, often at the limit of law and lawlessness, where the information in the financial statements is adjusted by professional accountants so as to satisfy the interests of their users. The positive aspect of creative accounting (exploiting the gaps in accounting standards and norms to provide solutions to existing problems) is diminished by accountants who use their knowledge to manipulate accounting information on which the position and performance of the entity are valued. The link between creative accounting practices and business decline has been highlighted by the numerous economic scandals that have led to flawed bankruptcies. The objective of this research is to identify creative accounting techniques and the risks of using them in the context of overcoming the limit between legality and illegality. In order to realize the present article, I will use the theoretical documentation, based on the specialized papers that exist at international level, but also on an empirical research based on the studies of the big bankruptcies of the international companies that used creative accounting techniques.

In order to achieve the main objective of the European Central Bank and implicitly of the national central banks that make up the European System of Central Banks, the Governing Council of the ECB bases its decisions on a two-pillar monetary policy strategy and implements them both through ordinary monetary policy, as well as through unconventional measures. Monetary policy is the set of actions by which monetary authorities monitor and regulate the amount of currency in circulation, the level of interest rates, exchange rates and other economic and monetary indicators in order to achieve the general objectives of economic policy. The main monetary policy instruments used to achieve the objectives are market operations, permanent facilitation and the establishment of minimum required reserves.

In the present research the fiscal system is approached from the perspective of its resemblance to a tree, whose photosynthesis is influenced by the way in which its components interact and develop, as well as according to the relationship of the fiscal system with the elements of the external environment and fiscal policy objectives. The main purpose of this study, which aims to be achieved, is to introduce, for the first time in the literature the concept of tax culture, as an indispensable component of the fiscal system and to highlight the importance and interdependence between it and the elements constituents of the fiscal system. This qualitative research is divided into five sections, which have the role of achieving the main goal, and the research methodology involves the study of literature and finally we can offer our own conclusions, designed to bring pluses in knowledge. The results of the research show that, on the one hand, the tax culture refers to the education of the taxpayer through specific programs, in terms of compliance with payment, and, on the other hand, the development of national culture also refers to a metamorphosis of tax administrations, because they play an important role in modern fiscal systems. The development of a fiscal system that serves the economy also requires efforts to create a national tax culture that, in the long run, can have a significant impact on both government revenues and also on the growth and development of a stable state-citizen relationship. This research strengthens the idea that the development of the national tax culture, as an element of the fiscal system, is an important step in achieving fiscal policy objectives.

The rapid evolution of information and communication science and technologies has an impact on any aspect of human relations. Modern computer systems provide the possibility of automatic control of various activities, which involve the management of funds. The computerization of public institutions allows at the same time to several users of the administration, the access to the desired information, which have become a strategic resource in the development of the society. Financial accounting information is the product of accounting and external reporting systems that quantify and disclose to the public data on the financial position and performance of local government. In the digital environment, the ability to compete and evolve increasingly depends on the innovative and efficient application of new information and communication technologies. Public authorities make a constant effort to achieve the integration of their own information systems, to allow information to flow freely within its systems, and thus to create an efficient administration. The undertaken research envisages a combination of current exploratory research methods, which offers vast possibilities in the study of the influence of financial and accounting information on managerial decisions and economic growth, as well as on the development of localities. The purpose of this paper is to present the influence of financial accounting information, their transparency, the infrastructure of the locality, county or region, on their economic growth and development. Information technology contributes to the support of decision-making processes, as well as to the involvement in working groups, which determines the increase of performance.

A constant concern for decision-makers in all countries of the world always remains to provide the framework for sustainable growth. Economic growth cannot be achieved without investigations, from internal or external sources, regardless of the level of development in a country. With the study, we sought to analyze the evolution of spending on investigations and its influence on economic growth, resulting from managerial decisions. Some series of statistical data are presented in this article to show the collective importance of budget revenues and attracting new sources of funding, such as European funds, in order to increase investigation expenditures, even if, in assessing the effort-effect, effort ratio. being easy to identify, and the effect are harder to quantify. The dynamics of investigations in Romania depend on attracting new sources of foreign financing, such as European non-reimbursable funds from the European Union. The absorption of EU funds is an objective of national interest and a solution to stimulate investment and the economy. Public investment is low-efficiency, with management gaps, especially in project preparation, prioritization and public procurement, and private investigations are affected by persistent legal uncertainty and bureaucracy. Fiscal policy changes, poor strategic planning of investigations and delays are real obstacles to the growth of significant investigations in the medium and long term.

The COVID-19 pandemic has irreversibly changed the traditional academic approach, revealing unprecedented perspectives on both university management and the new requirements of the economic environment, requirements regarding the new skills required by the economic environment from graduate students. The informational impact generated both by the increase of the volume, speed, variety and variability of the data with the decrease of their veracity and the return to the concepts of parallel and distributed computing to face these changed environmental characteristics, made the economic environment discover, value and to want to preserve knowledge - seen as the reunion of contextualized information, specialized knowledge, values and human resources they have. The challenge for universities is great, immediate and inevitable. The way they will react can no longer be a traditional one and it will be necessary that all this information flow can be doubled by that of the human resource that can use all the new tools so that with the accumulation of new information he can understand them and turn them into actionable perspectives that provide decision-makers with decision support. This paper addresses an evolutionary scenario of organizational management by implementing the principles and process of competitive intelligence in the broader framework of knowledge management

The first medical activity privatized after 1990 was dentistry, and dentists were the first medical entrepreneurs in Romania. Today we are talking about a strong competitive market, a market in which we find ultra-performing clinics both in terms of logistics and that of doctors. When we talk today about health entrepreneurship, we are talking about an extremely vast field where we find doctors who run a business, a medical office, a pharmacy or managers who run a private clinic, a practice, a pharmacy, a laboratory, but also businesses with services related to the medical field (medical equipment, IT, medical insurance, marketing and medical training, etc.). The Romanian medical system, which is in full expansion, but marked by a multitude of acute problems to be solved, needs a strong private component. As the literature argues, private niche clinics and medical centers, either as an alternative to the exodus of health personnel or as a nursery of highly trained medical staff, contribute to increasing the quality of medical services and become an increasingly strong competitor of the state health system. In this paper want to present the state of entrepreneurship in the medical field in Romania, the variations of medical entrepreneurship, the stages of developing a business in the field of health, but also the most representative businesses in this field of activity that can be used as an example of good practice, referring of course to the current period which is extremely difficult but also profitable for the business environment in the medical field.

Financial performance is a method of subjective measurement used as an alternative to measuring overall health from a financial point of view. Financial performance shows the ability of a company to generate and control its own resources. A lot of researchers use financial performance indicators to compare similar companies from the same industry in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a company. This article highlights the way in which airlines are appraised based on financial indicators. The purpose of the paper is to create a ranking of the largest airlines in Europe, which we will differentiate in terms of their financial performance. The sample includes 15 companies from the European airline industry, which are in the top 20 largest companies in Europe in terms of the number of passengers on board. A number of 6 financial ratios were used, these being the most used in scientific research when it comes to measuring financial performance. The analyzed period was 3 years, from 2016 to 2018. The performance indicators aggregation method was determined using the ARAS method, a method of analysis with several criteria. This method helps us optimize the values of companies with certain ideal values. The results showed that Rayanair, which had the most passengers transported during the analysis period, does not record the best financial appraisals in the sample.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the employment rate by districts and the expenses related to unemployment. The processed values are collected from the "TEMPO ONLINE" database of The National Institute of Statistics. The setting up of the employment rate results - by aggregating the values by districts and Bucharest. I believe that the employment rate and the expenses concerning unemployment are factors of national interest with significant effects on the working population.

India is the major producer of Areca nut in the world. Volatile demand and price are the major challenges for the Areca nut growers in India. The use of time series models to manage the price risk has become the interest of academicians today. This paper deals with developing an appropriate model to predict the prices of a new variety of Areca nut in Karnataka using monthly price data for the period January 2009 to December 2018. Box Jenkins ARIMA methodology is used to develop the model. Along with ARIMA estimates, log-likelihood, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criterion statistics are also estimated to decide on the appropriate model. ACF and PACF correlograms for residuals of ARIMA are used to do the diagnostic check of the selected ARIMA model. Appropriate model to forecast the new variety Areca nut price is ARIMA (3, 1, 3)

The government, in most democratic states, has the supreme monopoly characteristic of public services, services that are realized through fiscal policy instruments, respectively through government revenues and expenditures. This research aims to provide the defining substrates of fiscal policy, so that a theoretical model of the fiscal system’s functioning to can be outlined, from the perspective of the three sectors of the state, respectively: the economic, social and political plan. In order to achieve this objective, it was used as a research method, the case study of the specialized literature, being a qualitative research, meant to bring pluses in knowledge. Establishing the fiscal strategy at the level of state's political plan has direct effects on the economic plan, and, depending on the fiscal policy at the national level, there may be influences on the social plan of the country. Thus, any political choice affects the socio-economic component of the state and vice versa. The design of the taxation system can be considered an essential ingredient in public policies, as it mainly finances government spending. Based on the study, it was concluded that the use of public revenues and expenditures in order to influence the degree of the economy’s development, makes fiscal policy to be considered the medicine or the drug of public finances, which can cure or worsen the existing situation.

“In recent decades, the revolution generated by entrepreneurship is perceived as a symbol of tenacity and success, enjoying unprecedented attention, not only at the political, economic and social levels, but also in sports. Sports entrepreneurship is interdependent and interconditioned with many factors, macro and micro, and can take the form of different businesses, depending on the stage, impact and type of focus on the commercial or social dimension. The major contribution of sports entrepreneurship to economic growth, to increasing competitiveness is today an unanimously recognized reality. The revelation of its beneficial effects in economic and social terms have radically transformed the opinions and perceptions towards entrepreneurship in sports organizations, currently considered an active and determining factor. Currently, managers in sports organizations seek to achieve better communication of the organization with employees and customers to understand, on the one hand, the needs and hopes for the organization, and on the other hand, to determine their reaction to accomplished changes. Most sports organizations that have a certain level of development, have their own formal communication channels, which are exemplified by its specific written documents, which must be respected with a sense of responsibility by the employees of the sports organization. The main means of communication in the sports entrepreneurship environment are: direct meetings, internal relations, face-to-face discussion, mobile, notice board within the organization, email or other electronic sources, presentation and others. In the modern entrepreneurial environment, knowledge, mastery and acceptance of communication becomes extremely important, it is necessary that it be approached both as a science and as an art. Effective communication, both informatively and emotionally, establishes the personal brand of a sports organization, strengthens professional relationships and partnerships and streamlines time, having a lasting effect on professional development and ensuring our path safe and stable to success.”

Political and economic relations between the Persian Gulf states and the Red Sea countries, along with their historical background, have been accompanied by many ups and downs. With the intensification of disputes and rivalries between Persian Gulf states in the light of the revolutionary developments in the Middle East in 2011 onwards, these rivalries and alliances also covered other areas, including the Red Sea, and the Red Sea enjoyed a strategic position in the strategic policies of the Persian Gulf countries, especially Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia became a major player in the political and economic scene of this strategic region by deepening its economic and political strategies in the Red Sea. In this article, the aim is to use the approach of international political economy and focusing on the Red Sea and Horn of Africa region, to find the goals and reasons for the economic and political presence of Saudi Arabia in this region. The main question is, what are the economic and political benefits of Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea? Our hypothesis is: economic goals such as maritime trade, economic investments and implementation of economic projects and political goals such as regional coalition building, weakening the power of Turkey / Qatar and Iran / Ansaru Allah Yemen the most important variables and economic and political advantages of Saudi Arabia are in the Red Sea. Findings show that the Red Sea has a strategic priority in the view of Saudi leaders to be able to develop their power in this strategic region and this goal is being pursued simultaneously with economic and political tools.

The financial order of the international political economy after World War II with the center of the United States and its partners was formed on the basis of the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, and since then the IMF and World Bank have served as key representatives of this order in the world economy. China's rise and expansion of its influence and economic power, It has led us to see more of this actor in the financial field of international political order. The purpose of this article is to study China's financial minilateralism and its impact on the financial order of the international political economy and the analytical-explanatory method will be answered to this question of how China's financial multilateralism has challenged the international financial order since the 2008 financial crisis? In response, it is assumed that after the 2008 financial crisis, China has created a New parallel historical block to the international financial order by spreading the idea of financial multilateralism to abroad, thereby has challenged the hegemonic position of the existing financial order. The findings show that China has tried by normalization and dissemination Chinese ideas through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Unconditional Loan Procedures, the BRICS Finance and Reserve Fund, and financial and monetary cooperation with other countries in the framework of the Silk Road Revival Project organized a new type of financial minilateralism outside institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF and created a new configuration in the historical structure of the international institutional order.