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Current methods to store and transfer medical neuroimaging data raise issues with security and transparency, and novel protocols are needed. Ethereum smart contracts present an encouraging new option. Ethereum is an open-source platform that allows users to construct smart contracts—self-executable packages of code that exist in the Ethereum state and allow transactions under programmed conditions. The present study developed a proof-of-concept smart contract that stores patient brain tumor data such as patient identifier, disease, grade, chemotherapy drugs, and Karnofsky score. The InterPlanetary file system was used to efficiently store the image files, and the corresponding content identifier hashes were stored within the smart contracts. Testing with a private, proof-of-authority network required only 889 MB of memory per insertion to insert 350 patient records, while retrieval required 910 MB. Inserting 350 patient records required 907 ms. The concept presented in this study exemplifies the use of smart contracts and off chain data storage for efficient retrieval/insertion of medical neuroimaging data.

Healthcare, one of the most important industries, is data-oriented, but most of the research in this industry focuses on incorporating the internet of things (IoT) or connecting medical equipment. Very few researchers are looking at the data generated in the healthcare industry. Data are very important tools in this competitive world, as they can be integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) to promote sustainability. Healthcare data include the health records of patients, drug-related data, clinical trials data, data from various medical equipment, etc. Most of the data management processes are manual, time-consuming, and error-prone. Even then, different healthcare industries do not trust each other to share and collaborate on data. Distributed ledger technology is being used for innovations in different sectors including healthcare. This technology can be incorporated to maintain and exchange data between different healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, insurance companies, laboratories, pharmacies, etc. Various attributes of this technology, such as its immutability, transparency, provenance etc., can bring trust and security to the domain of the healthcare sector. In this paper, a decentralized access control model is proposed to enable the secure interoperability of different healthcare organizations. This model uses the Ethereum blockchain for its implementation. This model interfaces patients, doctors, chemists, and insurance companies, empowering the consistent and secure exchange of data. The major concerns are maintaining a history of the transactions and avoiding unauthorized updates in health records. Any transaction that changes the state of the data is reflected in the distributed ledger and can be easily traced with this model. Only authorized entities can access their respective data. Even the administrator will not be able to modify any medical records.

In this paper, we focus on Information-Centric Delay-Tolerant Network (ICDTN), which incorporates the communication paradigm of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) into Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN). Conventional ICNs adopt a naming scheme that names the content with the content identifier. However, a past study proposed an alternative naming scheme that describes the name of content with the content descriptor. We believe that, in ICDTN, it is more suitable to utilize the approach using the content descriptor. In this paper, we therefore propose keyword-based ICDTN that resolves content requests and deliveries contents based on keywords, i.e., content descriptor, in the request and response messages.

Wenn man an die heutige Speichermenge, die benötigte Dateipersistenz, die hohe Verfügbarkeit und die größeren Dateigrößen denkt, war ein Speichersystem immer der zentrale Fehler, aber auch ein notwendiger Faktor für die meisten aktuellen End- und/oder Power-User. In Anbetracht des ungenutzten Speicherplatzes auf den Clients/Arbeitsplätzen der Endanwender, vor allem in großen Unternehmen, gibt es einigen oder im besten Fall sehr viel freien Speicherplatz, der für einen anderen Zweck wie eine kombinierte Dateiablage genutzt werden könnte. Ein Ort, an dem Daten sicher, ausfallsicher, redundant und immer zugänglich gespeichert werden können. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt ist IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), ein Peer-to-Peer-Hypermedia-Protokoll, das eine sichere inhaltsbasierte Adressierung und Funktionalität zur Speicherung und Verteilung von Daten in einem dezentralen verteilten Datensystem bietet, sehr gut geeignet, um oben genannte Speicherplätze zu kombinieren. Außerdem spart IPFS durch seine Deduplizierung von Dateien Bandbreite und wird in dieser Arbeit als grundlegendes Dateisystem für eine dezentrale Speichersystemlösung für Mehrbenutzerzwecke verwendet. Darüber hinaus bietet IPFS auch eine Versionskontrolle für Dateien. Doch die genannten Vorteile der Deduplizierung gehen leider mit einigen Nachteilen einher, wenn man IPFS in einem Mehrbenutzersystem einsetzt. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich speziell auf die Probleme, die in einem deduplizierten Dateisystem auftreten, das für den Mehrbenutzerbetrieb und die Dateispeicherung verwendet wird. IPFS behält die Anzahl der Dateien nicht im Auge und speichert Dateien nur einmal, wenn sie den Deduplizierungsregeln entsprechen. Dies ist ein Problem, wenn dieselbe Datei von zwei einzelnen Benutzern auf demselben System gespeichert wird. Daher wird in diesem Beitrag eine Lösung für das genannte Problem vorgestellt, indem eine zusätzliche Logikschicht eingeführt wird, die die gespeicherten Dateien, ihre Anzahl und die Benutzerrechte für die gespeicherten Dateien in einem privaten dezentralen Dateispeichersystem verfolgt. Diese Schicht wird durch eine Kombination von zusätzlichen Suiten und Protokollen realisiert. Dazu gehören IPFS als Dateisystem, IPFS-Cluster für die Verteilung und Propagierung von Inhalten im System und MongoDB als Datenbank, um Dateiberechtigungen und Dateizahlen auf gespeicherte Dateien abzubilden. Es bildet IPFS-Hashes von gespeicherten Dateien in der Datenbank ab, mit zusätzlichen Berechtigungen und Dateizahlen dieser. Die Ergebnisse dieses Papiers liefern zusätzliches Diskussionsmaterial über Verbesserungen des genannten Systems, indem die eingeführte Schicht zu einer vollständig dezentralen Lösung geändert wird, indem Berechtigungsinformationen von Dateien in einer Blockchain gespeichert werden. Thinking about today’s file sizes storage amount, needed file persistence, high availability and bigger file sizes, a storage system was always the central failure but also a needed factor for most of current end and/or power users. Considering the unused storage space on end user clients/workstations especially in big companies, there is some or in the best-case plenty free space that could be allocated and used for some other purpose like a combined file storage. A place where data can be stored securely, fail safe, redundant and always accessible. This taken into account IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), a peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol that offers secure content based addressing and functionality for saving and distributing data in a decentralized distributed data-system is very well suited for combining above mentioned storage spaces. Furthermore IPFS saves bandwidth through it's deduplication of files and is used in this paper as fundamental filesystem for a decentralized storage system solution for multi-user purposes. In addition IPFS also provides version control for files. But mentioned advantages of deduplication unfortunately come with some disadvantages when using IPFS in a multi-user system. This work focuses especially on the problem that arise in a deduplicated filesystem that is used for multi-user operation and file storage. IPFS does not keep track of file counts and stores files just once if they fit the deduplication rules. This is a problem when the same file is stored by two individual users on sad system. Therefore this paper presents a solution for mentioned problem by introducing an additional logic layer that keeps track of saved file, their count and user permissions on those saved in a private decentralized file storage system. This layer is realized through a combination of additional suites and protocols. That include IPFS as filesystem, IPFS cluster for the distribution and propagation of content across the system and mongoDB as database to map file permissions and file counts to saved files. It maps IPFS hashes of saved files into the database with additional permission and file counts of those. Findings of this paper provide additional discussion material about improvements of mentioned system by changing the introduced layer to a completely decentralized solution by saving permission informations of files to a blockchain.

Mit dem Aufkommen von Blockchain- und Smart Contracts ist eine steigende Komplexität der Transaktionen im Distributed Ledger ersichtlich. Dieses Problem führte dazu, die bei Transaktionen erzeugten Daten an einen Dienst auszulagern, der den hohen Speicherbedarf besser bewältigen kann. Diese Speicherlösung ist vorzugsweise als dezentraler Dienst wie IPFS organisiert. Der Gedanke, Transaktionsdaten auszulagern, ist zwar ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung, lässt aber einige Fragen offen. Zum einen ist die Frage, wem die Verantwortung für die Speicherung der Transaktionsdaten übertragen werden soll, nicht trivial. Ein weiteres Problem betrifft die Fehlertoleranz, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Verfügbarkeit der ausgelagerten Transaktionsdaten und die Verhinderung oder Erkennung von Manipulationen oder Datenverlusten. Diese Probleme, insbesondere das Letztere, werden in dieser Arbeit als Hauptdiskussionspunkte dienen. Lösungsansätze umfassen Proof of Storage (PoS), eine Form von Interactive Proof-Systemen, deren Einsatz speziell für die beweisbare Dateiablage vorgesehen ist. Solche Verfahren setzen die Existenz eines Verifizierers voraus, der das Auslagern einer Datei und das Ausstellen von Herausforderungen initiiert. Auf der Empfängerseite eines solchen Protokolls befindet sich ein Prüfer, der die Verfügbarkeit und Integrität der ausgelagerten Daten durch einen vom Protokoll vorgegebenen Herausforderungsmechanismus beweist. Diese Arbeit schlägt ein Schema vor, das für solche Probleme anfällig ist, und zielt darauf ab, die Verwendung von Proof of Storage zu motivieren. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Anfälligkeit für Proof of Storage durch eine lose Kopplung der Technologien von IPFS und Blockchain und das Fehlen von Mechanismen, wie z. B. Challenge/Response-Protokollen zur effizienten Bereitstellung von Proofs of Storage besteht. Darüber hinaus stellen wir unser Schema als ein potenzielles dezentrales Speichernetzwerk auf IPFS und Blockchain vor, das einen umfassenden Satz von Operationen wie das Hinzufügen, Löschen und Abrufen von Dateien erfordert. Erstes erfordert mehrere Schritte, um wirksam zu werden. Es beginnt mit einer Ankündigung eines Clients eine Datei auszulagern, gefolgt von einer Anfrage zur Speicherung durch einen Provider und deren entsprechender Annahme durch einen Client. Dieser Vorgang wird mit einem Acknowledgment abgeschlossen, die die erfolgreiche Auslagerung der Datei eines Kunden darstellt. Das Abrufen von Dateien erfordert die Abfrage des Distributed Ledgers nach dem Content Identifier des IPFS-Objekts. With the advent of blockchain and smart contract based applications comes a steady increase in the complexity of transactions made to the distributed ledger. This problem has led many solutions to outsource the relevant data produced in transactions into a service more capable of handling the high storage demand. This storage solution is preferably organized as a decentralized service like IPFS. While the notion of outsourcing transaction data is a step in the right direction, it leaves some issues unresolved. For one, the question of whom to assign the responsibility for storing the transaction data is a non-trivial one. Another issue is related to Fault Tolerance, especially when considering the availability of the outsourced transaction data and prevention or detection of tampering or loss of data. These problems, especially the latter one, will serve as the major discussion points in this work. Solutions involve proof of storage (PoS), which are a form of interactive proof-systems, whose use is specifically intended for provable file storage. Such schemes assume the existence of a verifier initiating the outsourcing of a file and the issuing of challenges. On the receiving side of such a protocol is a prover, proving the availability and integrity of the outsourced data through a challenge mechanism dictated by the protocol. This work proposes a scheme that is susceptible to such issues and aims to motivate the utilization of proof of storage. Susceptibility to proof of storage is argued to exist through a loose coupling of the technologies of IPFS and blockchain and the lack of mechanisms, such as a challenge/response protocol, to efficiently provide Proofs of Storage. Furthermore, we introduce our scheme as a potential decentralized storage network on IPFS and blockchain requiring a comprehensive set of operations, such as the adding, deletion, and retrieval of files. The first one, representing multiple steps to take effect. First, starting with an announcement and indication of a client’s will to outsource a file, following with a request for storage by a provider and its corresponding acceptance by a client. This procedure is finished with an acknowledgment, indicating successful outsourcing of a client’s file. Retrieval of files requires querying the distributed ledger for the content address of the IPFS Object.

Current IP based network does not always efficiently deliver contents over IP based network even though large size contents greatly increase traffic volume of network. Content Centric Network (CCN) has been proposed as new network architecture to solve this problem. CCN directly use a content identifier to obtain content without a content location in the network. Then, the user has to get a content identifier before requesting the content but a way to get content information including a content identifier has not been well studied in CCN architecture. To solve this problem, we propose a content registration method for CCN routers with a blockchain technology to get content information in the architecture. We design and implement the content registration in CCN software platform Cefore and evaluated content information registration time.

In Named Data Networking (NDN), a client requests a content object by its content identifier, instead of the server's IP address. When a router or a node around the client stores the content in the cache, it transfers the content from the cache. As a result, it is possible to provide information quickly and efficiently to many users. In NDN, a content distributor can configure the content's expiration time at each cache. The expiration time should be long enough to use the cache effectively and decrease the amount of traffic. However, if the expiration time is too long this increases the possibility of receiving old content. A shorter expiration time reduces this possibility but this causes the amount of traffic to increase instead. In order to solve this trade-off relationship, we proposed an automatic cache update method where each router queries the version number of all content in the cache to automatically remove old content. Since it is too difficult to set an appropriate inquiry interval for all the content, we also proposed a cache update method based on content update dynamic queries to dynamically change the inquiry interval when each content object is not updated. This paper improves this method by introducing a cooperative update mechanism to reduce the amount of traffic in the network and the number of times old content is received. It also evaluates the method on the generated topology that is similar to real topology and shows that, for example, when the cache size on all routers is large enough, although the difference in the average aggregated traffic is larger than that of the author's first method where the inquiry interval was 270 seconds by 49.1–84.9 GBytes for the experimental period (7 days) (= 4.9–8.4 MBytes per minute), the number of inquiries all routers generated is reduced by 131232.6– 1159687.9 times over 7 days (= 13.0–115.0 times per minute).

In this work, we explore a prediction method, based on the Kalman filter, for multimedia content delivery purposes. In summary, we predict the multimedia content based on their respective multimedia content identifier, such as by means unique identifiers in the network layer (using the DSCP field in an IP network, for example) or in the application layer (using application content tags, for example). A computational environment, simulating four multimedia services, is used to obtain experimental results. The obtained results show that the proposed method can be used to perform the multimedia content prediction based on their multimedia content identifiers. This approach is important to improve the multimedia content delivery and to increase the user-perceived Quality of Experience (QoE).

UCI (Universal Content Identifier) as a national digital content identification system for identifying digital content and ICN (Integrated Copyright Number) for copyright management are operated by Korea copyright commission. However, They are not interoperable with international standard identification system such as ISRC (International Standard Recording Code), ISWC (International Standard Works Code), and ISAN (International Standard Audiovisual Number) due to lack of linkage system. Hence, extra works with international standard identification system are needed for international market entry and integrated management of statistical information including content settlement in international market is impossible. In this paper, the domestic/international identification systems are surveyed, and by metadata analysis of identification systems, linkage method with UCI/ICN is proposed. And also by developing the prototype model, research direction to UCI/ICN with international standard identification system is proposed.

PurposeThis paper aims to present the semantic content identifier (SCI), a permanent identifier, computed through a linear‐time onion‐peeling algorithm that enables the extraction of semantic features from a text, and the integration of this information within the permanent identifier.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ SCI to propose a mechanism for simultaneously checking the authenticity and degrees of similarity between different information objects, and present an empirical investigation of the method. A management scenario for the control of the authentication process and the detection of the degree of violation of documents is proposed.FindingsSuch a mechanism could be adopted as a component of libraries' strategy for the protection of the copyrights for documents published on the web.Practical implicationsThe use of the proposed numeric code can be utilised efficiently as a constituent part of the digital object identifier (DOI) system, making its computation more efficient and meaningful.Originality/valueThe identifier proposed in the paper can result in a more efficient index for identifying and retrieving objects in a digital library, as well as online repositories and commercial applications that can handle information retrieval requests more effectively.

We introduce the standard content identifier Universal Content Identifier (UCI) and a watermarking system that embeds UCI for the broadcast content distribution services. Our proposed UCI embedder is designed in consideration of integrating with the previously established broadcast system and protecting the illegal distribution of broadcast contents. Our goal is that when broadcast content is transmitted, 28 byte UCI is embedded imperceptibly in the content itself in real-time and the embedded UCI is successfully extracted not only in the typical format used in the broadcast content distribution service but also in the illegally distributed broadcast contents. Usually the illegally distributed contents are modified from the original by changing resolutions, frame rates, or adjusting colors. In this paper, we present a watermarking scheme that embeds 28 byte UCI in broadcast content in real-time while keeping the visual quality high and the embedded watermark robust enough to survive through the various modification. The experimental results show that the embedded UCI remains in the various modified versions of content and that the visual degradation by embedding is not noticeable.

A digital object identifier refers to diverse technologies associated with assigning an identifier to a digital resource and managing the identification system. One type of implementation of a digital object identifier developed by the Korean Government is termed the Universal Content Identifier (UCI) system. It circulates and utilizes identifiable resources efficiently by connecting various online and offline identifying schemes. UCI tags can contain not only identifiers but also abundant additional information regarding contents. So, researchers and practitioners have shown great interest in methods that utilize the two-dimensional barcode (2D barcode) to attach UCI tags to digital contents. However, attaching a 2D barcode directly to a digital content raises two problems. First, quality of the content may deteriorate due to the insertion of the barcode; second, a malicious user can invalidate the identifying tag, simply by removing the tag from the original content. We believe that these concerns can be mitigated by inserting an invisible digital tag containing information about an identifier and digital copyrights into the entire area of the digital content. In this study, to protect copyrights of digital contents securely without quality degradation, we attempt to discover a sequence of process for generating a 2D barcode from a UCI tag and watermarking the barcode into a digital content. Such a UCI system can be widely applied to areas such as e-learning, distribution tracking, transaction certification, and reference linking services when the system is equipped with 2D barcode technology and secure watermarking algorithms. The latter part of this paper analyzes intensive experiments conducted to evaluate the robustness of traditional digital watermarking algorithms against external attacks.

The role of digital content identification system is being considered as a useful solution for the content management system and service system. Integrated Copyright Number(ICN), only one domestic identifier to the managing of copyright, can provide the service model in the copyright industry, because it include the information of copyright between the creator and the service provider on the digital work. Universal Content Identifier(UCI), has developed on the focus of digital content service, is somewhat lacking on the copyright management, but it is expected that systematical management and distribution system for copyright and digital work to be able to build as that make up for disadvantage with each identifier's advantage by UCI associate with ICN. In this context, This article can suggest the efficiency integrated structure and the service scenario. Therefore it is contribute to the efficient using and the effective running in the digital identification system. 키워드: ICN, UCI, 식별체계, 디지털저작물, 저작권 ICN, UCI, identifier system, digital content, copyrights * ** *** 본 연구는 저작권위원회 표준화과제 지원으로 수행되었음. 한국디지털콘텐츠산업협회 사무국장(oshosh24@gmail.com) (제1저자) 한국저작권위원회 유통진흥팀장(jjlee@copyright.or.kr) (공동저자) ■논문접수일자:2009년 8월 17일 ■최초심사일자:2009년 8월 20일 ■게재확정일자:2009년 9월 2일 ■정보관리학회지, 26(3): 317-333, 2009. [DOI:10.3743/KOSIM.2009.26.3.317] 318 정보관리학회지 제26권 제3호 2009

In this paper, we propose a scheme to associate content-based video signature with Universal Content Identifier (UCI) system of broadcast content for copyright identification and management. Note that content-based video signature can identify a previously distributed content since it is directly extracted from content itself without allocation process of identifier such as UCI. Thus, we design the schema of UCI application metadata, which provides a video signature in order to consistently maintain a systemic link between UCI and the video signature. Also, we present the scenarios of copyright identification, management and additional service, which are based on transmission and management mechanism of video signature with UCI identification system.

Content addressing is one of the basic issues while design of CAN architecture and solution. The paper is devoted to the problem of choice of identifier format, length and characteristic. Basic assumptions of CAN as one of Parallel Internets in IIP (Inzynieria Internetu Przyszlości) project are presented and requirements for content identifier are shown in this context. Discussion of possible solutions is presented and proposal of final identifier format is provided.

Nowadays, content management systems (CMSs) have been adopted by many different types of organizations to manage digital contents, but the increasing complexes and independency result in CMSs falling short of their ideal responsibilities. Interoperability and data redundancy are two issues we should solve, which are caused by adopting diverse metadata systems in CMSs. In this paper we propose a framework to provide abilities for uniformly accessing and managing multiple CMSs in a metadata integrated manner. Afterwards, accounting for reducing data redundancy and the convenience of customers, an unified content identifier (UCID) generation algorithm is proposed and successfully integrated with the metadata management.

The goal of Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology is to distribute digital contents in a secure manner that can protect and manage the rights for all participants in contents distribution value-chain including producers, providers, distributors, and consumers. In most existing DRM schemes, rights are granted per content to a consumer, and all the right-granting information including consumer identifier, content identifier, content decryption key and usage rules are tightly related and stored in the license. However, these schemes cause the problems that the license management will become complicated in proportion to increasing the number of contents or consumers, especially in large-scale content distribution scenarios. In this paper, we propose an efficient Right-granting Model with Hierarchical Group Rights (RMHGR) which can grant rights on some group of contents to a group of consumers. Furthermore, we propose a corresponding DRM system model which differs from previous DRM systems in terms of packaging mechanism, license structure, and content decryption key generation method. A comparison with other DRM schemes has shown that our proposed scheme is low overhead, scalable, and efficient for large-scale content distribution.

In most existing digital rights management scheme, rights are granted per content to a consumer, and all the right-granting information including consumer identifier, content identifier, content decryption key and usage rules are tightly related and stored in the license. However, these schemes cause the problems that the license management becomes complicated in proportion to increasing the number of contents or consumers, especially in large-scale content distribution scenarios. In this paper, we propose a scalable digital rights management framework which differs from previous DRM systems in terms of packaging mechanism, right-granting method and license structure, and content decryption key generation method. A comparison with other DRM schemes has shown that our proposed scheme is low overhead, scalable, and efficient for large-scale content distribution.

To realize various applications for content distribution via networks, the unique content identifier (Content ID) is indispensable. It can be used for negotiating secondary content use, automatic royalty sharing, content search and exchange, and illegal use detection. In August 1999, responding to a call from Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Yasuda at Univ of Tokyo, the Content ID Forum (cIDf) was established in Japan and began to construct a framework for contents distribution promotion while protecting copyrights. This document overviews the cIDf specifications and its activities.