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El presente artículo se centra en analizar el feminismo cercano a la izquierda abertzale durante los años setenta y ochenta. Cogiendo como punto de partida 1977 hasta el año 1988, en el artículo se examina la trayectoria y la ideología de las dos organizaciones feministas de la izquierda abertzale de este periodo, KAS Emakumeak y Aizan! Las fuentes con las que cuenta el artículo son actas de congresos feministas celebrados durante estos años, declaraciones públicas y artículos de las dos organizaciones y libros y artículos académicos que analizan el feminismo de la época. El artículo intenta comprender la interrelación entre el feminismo y el nacionalismo radical vasco. La hipótesis que defiende el artículo es que aunque el nacionalismo vasco radical no consiguió instrumentalizar el feminismo como una herramienta para conseguir más simpatizantes, consiguió crear un feminismo particular, un feminismo abertzale.

Many Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates are chemically protected against predation by marine natural products of different types. Antarctic potential predators mostly include sea stars (macropredators) and amphipod crustaceans (micropredators) living in the same areas (sympatric). Recently, alien species (allopatric) have been reported to reach the Antarctic coasts, while deep-water crabs are suggested to be more often present in shallower waters. We decided to investigate the effect of the chemical defenses of 29 representative Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates from seven different phyla against predation by using non-native allopatric generalist predators as a proxy for potential alien species. The Antarctic species tested included 14 Porifera, two Cnidaria, two Annelida, one Nemertea, two Bryozooa, three Echinodermata, and five Chordata (Tunicata). Most of these Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates were chemically protected against an allopatric generalist amphipod but not against an allopatric generalist crab from temperate waters. Therefore, both a possible recolonization of large crabs from deep waters or an invasion of non-native generalist crab species could potentially alter the fundamental nature of these communities forever since chemical defenses would not be effective against them. This, together with the increasing temperatures that elevate the probability of alien species surviving, is a huge threat to Antarctic marine benthos.

In the context of future climate change new habitats will be threatened and unique species will be forced to develop different strategies to survive. Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr. is an endemic species from the Pyrenees with a very particular habitat. We explored the capacity and strategies of S. longifolia plants to face different severities of drought stress under both natural conditions and controlled water stress followed by a re-watering period of 20 days. Our results showed a role for abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and cytokinins (CKs) in plant survival from drought stress, and as the stress increased, ABA lost significance and SA appeared to be more associated with the response mechanisms. Moreover, photo-oxidative stress markers revealed that both xanthophyll cycles played a photoprotection role with a stronger participation of the lutein epoxide cycle as the stress was more intense. Severe drought decreased the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv /Fm ) below 0.45, being this the limit to survive upon rewatering. Overall, our results proved different strategies of S. longifolia plants to cope with drought stress and suggested a Fv /Fm threshold to predict plant survival in high-mountain environments.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si lo hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, Some patients with COVID-19 pneumonia develop an associated cytokine storm syndrome that aggravates the pulmonary disease. These patients may benefit of anti-inflammatory treatment. The role of colchicine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and established hyperinflammation remains unexplored. In a prospective, randomized controlled, observer-blinded endpoint, investigator-initiated trial, 240 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and established hyperinflammation were randomly allocated to receive oral colchicine or not. The primary efficacy outcome measure was a composite of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (CPAP or BiPAP), admission to the intensive care unit, invasive mechanical ventilation requirement or death. The composite primary outcome occurred in 19.3% of the total study population. The composite primary outcome was similar in the two arms (17% in colchicine group vs. 20.8% in the control group; p = 0.533) and the same applied to each of its individual components. Most patients received steroids (98%) and heparin (99%), with similar doses in both groups. In this trial, including adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and associated hyperinflammation, no clinical benefit was observed with short-course colchicine treatment beyond standard care regarding the combined outcome measurement of CPAP/BiPAP use, ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation or death

Oxidative stress and hormonal regulation are hallmarks of a/biotic stress responses in plants. However, little is known about their linkage with whole-organismal mortality in long-lived species. Here, we examined the validity of photo-oxidative stress markers and stress-related phytohormones as predictive proxies of mortality risk in the perennial herb Plantago lanceolata. Capitalizing on its broad ecological niche, we examined photo-oxidative stress markers (Fv/Fm ratio, contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and tocochromanols, and the extent of lipid peroxidation) and stress-related phytohormones (ABA, salicylic acid and jasmonates contents) as proxies of mortality in three populations of sub-tropical and Mediterranean habitats: Virginia (VA, U.S.A.), Catalonia (CAT, Spain), and Queensland (QLD, Australia). Stress markers were measured together with the vital rates of survival, growth, and reproduction on a total of 279 individuals. Stress marker data were collected during the summer and death/survival was monitored after two and four months. Whole-organism mortality was similarly high in both sub-tropical non-native populations (ca. 30 % after a drought in VA and QLD), but lower in the native population (ca. 10 % in CAT). The contents of antioxidants (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene) and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle (DPS) were good proxies of mortality risk in VA and QLD. DPS and all carotenoid contents per unit of chlorophyll were lower four months in advance in dead than in alive plants in VA and QLD, thus suggesting reduced photoprotective capacity increased the mortality risk in non-native populations. We show that whole-organismal mortality in P. lanceolata is associated with a reduced capacity to enhance photoprotection under abiotic stress conditions. The validity of various stress markers as predictive proxies of mortality risk is discussed.

Mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus L.) are dioecious perennial plants that are highly adapted to Mediterranean climates but display a high sensitivity to winter periods. In order to understand how sex, leaf phenology and ecological context could condition sensitivity to winter and associated mechanisms to acclimate to these conditions, photoinhibition and photo-oxidative stress markers were examined in mastic trees (P. lentiscus) from a natural population growing in the Garraf Natural Park for a consecutive 12-month period (seasonal study), as well as in three populations naturally growing in the Montseny Natural Park, including the highest altitudes described for this species, during winter (altitudinal study). Results from these studies indicate that both the winter period and higher elevation influenced the degree of photoinhibition, but this was not conditioned by sex. In fact, winter photoinhibition occurred transiently even though it was accompanied by chlorophyll loss and malondialdehyde contents. Stress acclimation was achieved through biochemical adjustments in chloroplasts, characterized by anthocyanin shielding, increased de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle as well as tocopherol accumulation, and phenological adaptations, the latter allowing a complete resetting of the physiological performance of leaves. Moreover, although females showed higher lipid peroxidation than males during the coldest winter months, at the highest elevation and during flowering in spring, this oxidative stress was mild and transient with no negative consequences for the physiology of plants. It is concluded that evergreen mastic trees acclimate to winter conditions and higher elevations by activation of antioxidant defenses together with phenological adjustments, altogether playing a crucial role in plant survival. Sexual dimorphism in mastic trees appears as a relevant factor when considering sensitivity to photo-oxidative stress in winter and altitudinal conditions.

High-mountain ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, providing habitats that shelter a great variety of unique species. Climate change is increasing the severity and recurrence of drought events, potentially endangering many species. We studied the distribution of a monocarpic perennial plant, Saxifraga longifolia and evaluated altitudinal changes in leaf physiological performance, with a particular emphasis on trade-offs and drought vulnerability in nine natural populations. Drought vulnerability of the studied populations covering almost the entire distribution range of the species was considered taking into account both ecological and physiological markers. The distribution of S. longifolia outside the Pyrenees was limited to the high eastern and North-west mountains of the Iberian Peninsula, constituting geographically highly isolated populations. We found that trade-offs between the activation of defense responses against abiotic and biotic stresses occur in this species, with populations occurring at high elevation showing less sensitivity to drought stress but higher endogenous contents of biotic defensive compounds. Furthermore, drought stress appeared to be a key factor in the distribution of this species, with populations growing at lowest elevations being the most exposed to the potential negative effects of climate change. It is concluded that, despite S. longifolia has developed complex mechanisms to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions of high-mountain ecosystems, global change is threatening its survival, most particularly in the regions most exposed to drought events.

Jasmonates are widely found in the plant kingdom and play a key role in both plant biotic and abiotic defense and plant development. Jasmonates activity under abiotic stress conditions have been extensively investigated in model plants, but little is known about the bioactive forms and their functions in non-model species, particularly in plants growing in their natural environment. Here, we performed a jasmonate profiling approach to unravel changes in the specific jasmonate signature of leaves as a function of environmental conditions, including the measurement of both free and conjugated forms of jasmonates by UHPLC–MS/MS, during the summer and autumn in Saxifraga longifolia plants growing in their natural habitat in the Pyrenees. We evaluated the climatological factors governing specific jasmonate signatures and the correlation between jasmonate accumulation and leaf morphology, PSII efficiency and pigment accumulation, including anthocyanins, chlorophylls and carotenoids. The results showed a jasmonate profiling characterized by an accumulation of free jasmonic acid and its precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, with the amino acid conjugated forms being much less abundant. Among amino acid conjugates, jasmonoyl-isoleucine, jasmonoyl-valine and jasmonoyl-phenylalanine were the most abundant forms. Contents of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid decreased, while those of free jasmonic acid increased during summer drought stress events. The five amino acid conjugated forms did respond similarly to environmental changes with progressive decreases from summer to autumn, but irrespective of drought events. Endogenous contents of free jasmonic acid correlated positively with those of anthocyanins. Furthermore, exogenous jasmonate applications on leaves increased anthocyanin contents, thus confirming a link between jasmonates and anthocyanin accumulation in S. longifolia plants.

Background and Aims Monocarpic plants are those that flower, produce seeds and then die. Although most monocarpic plants are annual or biennial, some of them are perennial. However, relatively little is known regarding the biology of monocarpic perennials. Pyrenean saxifrage (Saxifraga longifolia) is a monocarpic perennial that is well adapted to high-mountain ecosystems. Here, we evaluated altitudinal changes in clonality in various populations growing in their natural habitat with particular emphasis on the physiological costs of clonal growth. Methods We assessed the percentage of clonal plants in nine populations growing in their natural habitat, as well as the plant stress response of clonal and non-clonal plants, in terms of photoprotection and accumulation of stress-related phytohormones, in a 3-year study at Las Blancas (2100 m a.s.l.). We also evaluated the influence of plant size on the activation of defensive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Key Results We found that 12 % of Pyrenean saxifrage plants growing at the highest altitudes (2100 m a.s.l.) produced lateral rosettes which survived the flowering of the main rosette and shared the same axonomorphic root, thus escaping monocarpic senescence. This clonal growth did not worsen the physiological performance of plants growing at this altitude. Furthermore, increased plant size did not negatively affect the physiology of plants, despite adjustments in endogenous stress-related phytohormones. In contrast, maturity led to rapid physiological deterioration of the rosette, which was associated with monocarpic senescence. Conclusions This study shows that the evolution of clonality has allowed Pyrenean saxifrage to survive harsh environmental conditions and it provides evidence that harsh environments push plant species to their limits in terms of life form and longevity.

[spa] Los ecosistemas de alta montaña son puntos calientes de biodiversidad, ya que proporcionan hábitats que albergan una gran variedad de especies únicas. El clima por encima del límite forestal se caracteriza por tener temperaturas extremas, elevada radiación solar y fuertes vientos, y se espera que las condiciones ambientales sean aún más duras en el marco actual del cambio climático, lo que aumentará la gravedad y la recurrencia de los eventos de sequía y pondrá en peligro a muchas especies. En este contexto, la capacidad fisiológica para responder a estas condiciones ambientales severas determinará el éxito de la supervivencia de las especies. Exploramos la influencia de la altitud y la sequía en una planta perenne, monocárpica y endémica de los Pirineos, Saxifraga longifolia, revelando adaptaciones para hacer frente al escenario de cambio climático actual de alta montaña. Evaluamos la acumulación de pigmentos, la activación de los sistemas antioxidantes y los cambios en el perfil hormonal bajo condiciones naturales y controladas. Investigamos las estrategias para hacer frente al aumento de la altitud y a las condiciones ambientales del verano alpino, con especial énfasis en las respuestas al estrés de la sequía tanto en condiciones naturales como controladas. Las condiciones de sequía activaron mecanismos de fotoprotección y antioxidantes, activando los ciclos de xantofilas (VAZ y L/Lx) y promoviendo la acumulación de antocianinas y tocoferoles. Los ajustes fisiológicos a la sequía se debieron principalmente a las acciones combinadas del ácido abscísico, el ácido salicílico y las citoquininas. Además, encontramos que la clonalidad y la latencia de las semillas pueden servir como mecanismos para prolongar la longevidad en poblaciones que se encuentran a gran altitud. Además, las plantas mostraron un endurecimiento por congelación al modificar la morfología de la hoja y la composición de la antena de captación de luz de los fotosistemas, lo que garantiza la tolerancia a la congelación durante las condiciones invernales. Concluimos que a pesar de que S. longifolia ha desarrollado mecanismos complejos que operan a nivel celular, de planta entera y poblacional para adaptarse a las duras condiciones ambientales que prevalecen actualmente en los ecosistemas de alta montaña en los Pirineos, los eventos de sequía podrían conducir a un aumento de la mortalidad dentro del marco del cambio global., [eng] High-mountain ecosystems are hotspots for biodiversity, providing habitats that shelter a great variety of unique species. Climate above the timberline is characterized by extremes in temperature, wind and solar radiation, and environmental conditions are expected to be even harsher in the current framework of climate change particularly increasing the severity and recurrence of drought events, potentially endangering many species. In this context, the physiological capacity to respond to these severe environmental conditions will determine their survival success. We explored the influence of altitude and drought in a monocarpic perennial endemic from the Pyrenees, Saxifraga longifolia, unveiling high-mountain adaptations to the current climate change scenario. We assessed pigment accumulation, activation of antioxidant systems and changes in hormonal profiling under both natural and controlled conditions. We explored the strategies to face increasing altitude and contrasting environmental conditions during the summer, with an emphasis on drought stress responses under both natural and controlled conditions. Drought conditions triggered photoprotection and antioxidant mechanisms, activating both xanthophyll (VAZ and L/Lx) cycles, and promoting anthocyanin and tocopherol accumulation. Physiological adjustments to drought were driven mainly by a cross- talk between abscisic acid, salicylic acid and cytokinins. Furthermore, we found that clonality and seed dormancy may serve as mechanisms to prolong longevity in populations occurring at high elevation. In addition, plants showed frost pre-hardening by modifying leaf morphology and photosystems light harvesting antenna composition, ensuring freezing tolerance under winter conditions. We conclude that despite S. longifolia has developed complex mechanisms that operate at the cellular, whole-plant and population levels to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions currently prevailing in high-mountain ecosystems in the Pyrenees, drought events could lead to an increased mortality in the framework of global change.

El centro de salud Parte Vieja/Alde Zaharra de Donostia- San Sebastian atiende una poblacion de 13.843 ciudadanos de los cuales 2174 son mayores de 75 anos (15.6% )Esto nos convierte en uno de los centro con poblacion mas envejecida de nuestra comunidad.Estamos ubicados en la Parte Vieja, contamos con muchos turistas y con la existencia de muchas barreras arquitectonicas .Todo ello dificulta el acceso a las personas con problemas de movilidad . Esto nos supone realizar un alto numero de domicilios ,tanto a enfermeras como a medicos, y nos hace plantearnos una nueva forma de organizarnos. Para ello ,lo primero en detectarse es una disparidad en la carga asistencial entre los diferentes cupos medicos, existiendo cupos con una alta presion asistencial a domicilio frente a otros con menor presencia en el domicilio;se plantea el formar parejas de cupos (cupo grande/cupo pequeno) permitiendo una distribucion mas homogenea del trabajo. Se disena una reestructuracion de las agendas para disponer de dias con mas tiempo para acudir a realizar visitas a domicilio. Este dia el otro cupo medico asume mayor actividad de consulta. En nuestro analisis se considera prioritario diferenciar los tiempos de la visita a domicilio en funcion de la complejidad.. se disenan avisos espontaneos de 20 minutos y avisos programados de 40 minutos . Ademas organizamos la atencion a domicilio urgente realizada por el equipo enfermera-medico que da respuesta a la demanda no demorable. Asi se evita interrumpir la agenda de los medicos que estan en consulta programada. Este sistema nos permite que pacientes que precisen un mayor seguimiento (pacientes pluripatologicos y pacientes en fase final de la vida) tengan un mayor soporte con dos EAP como referencia asistencial fomentando el trabajo compartido y multidisciplinar para la gestion de pacientes complejos.Es importante la labor que desarrolla el area de atencion al paciente en la gestion de las agendas de los profesionales implicados.Resulta clave la comunicacion con el paciente y se identifica como un problema la ausencia de informacion clinica actualizada en el domicilio del paciente, para solventar este problema se disena un documento escrito al que llamamos “carpeta del paciente”. Este documento es en soporte papel y debe ser periodicamente actualizado constando de dos areas bien diferencias. Una de ella dirigida al profesional y otra al paciente. De forma paralela se disena un pastillero al que llamamos “kit de rescate paciente cronico”. Este se disena de forma homogenea para todos los pacientes y pueden recurrir a el cuando se lo indican de forma telefonica el profesional sanitario responsable de su seguimiento .Esto le puede permitir al paciente modificar el tratamiento al paciente de forma inmediata evitando su desplazamiento a la oficina de farmacia. Con ello se pretende gestionar de forma mas adecuada nuestra actividad en los domicilio y mejorar la documentacion clinica en domicilio que permitiria una mejor toma de decisiones cuando el paciente no es atendido por su equipo habitual( emergencias, urgencia a domicilio...). Dispondriamos tambien de un botiquin de rescate .

Dimorphic plant species can show distinct nutrient needs due to sex-related differences in nutrient allocation to reproductive structures, which can potentially affect their sensitivity to photoinhibition and photo-oxidative stress. Here, we investigated sex-related differences in the extent of photo-oxidative stress in male and female individuals of U. dioica exposed to a combination of severe drought and nutrient starvation. Male and female individuals of U. dioica subject to severe drought stress were exposed to various levels of nutrient availability. First, a set of plants grown under field conditions and exposed to summer drought was used to test the effects of nutrient supply (given as NPK fertilizer). Secondly, the effects of various phosphate concentrations in the nutrient solution were tested in drought-stressed potted plants. The Fv/Fm ratio (maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry), photoprotection capacity (levels of carotenoids, including the xanthophyll cycle, and vitamins C and E), and the extent of lipid peroxidation (hydroperoxide levels) were measured. Results showed that an application of the NPK fertilizer to the soil had a positive effect on drought-stressed plants, reducing the extent of lipid peroxidation in both males and females. P deficiency led to residual photoinhibition, as indicated by significant reductions in the Fv/Fm ratio, and enhanced lipid peroxidation in females, but not in males. We conclude that (i) increased nutrient availability in the soil can alleviate photo-oxidative stress in drought-stressed U. dioica plants, and (ii) U. dioica plants show sexual secondary dimorphism in terms of photoinhibition and photo-oxidative stress, but this is only apparent when stress infringed on plants is very severe.

Seed dormancy determines population dynamics and it is an essential feature of the ecology of high-mountain plants. Although altitudinal changes in the ecological and physiological performance of Pyrenean saxifrage (Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr.) has been investigated to some extent, nothing it still know about how seed dormancy is influenced by environmental conditions imposed by altitude in these plants. Here, we evaluated altitudinal changes in seed viability and germination, but also on the endogenous contents of phytohormones and antioxidants in Pyrenean saxifrage. We found that, despite seed germination decreased at the highest population (2100 m a.s.l.) relative to the other two populations (at 570 and 1100 m a.s.l.), the highest population showed the highest seed viability, thus indicating increased seed dormancy. Hormonal profiling of the seeds revealed that this dormancy was modulated physiologically, in particular by increased abscisic acid accumulation, while gibberellin contents kept constant, relative to the seeds of the other two populations. Furthermore, seed xanthophyll contents, in particular those of lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and antheraxanthin increased with altitude, while those of α-tocopherol kept unaltered. We conclude that the lower temperature imposed by altitude strongly influences not only seed viability and germination, but also seed dormancy, and that changes associated to temperature differences among populations are modulated at the physiological level by increasing the accumulation of abscisic acid and xantophylls in mature seeds. Results strongly support the contention that physiological seed dormancy has evolved as a means to increase plant survival under harsh environmental conditions in Pyrenean saxifrage plants growing in their natural habitat.

α-Actinin, an actin-binding protein of the spectrin superfamily, is present in most eukaryotes except plants. It is composed of three domains: N-terminal CH-domains, C-terminal calcium-binding domain (with EF-hand motifs), and a central rod domain. We have cloned and expressed Neurospora crassa α-actinin as GST and GFP fusion proteins for biochemical characterization and in vivo localization, respectively. The intracellular localization pattern of α-actinin suggests that this protein is intimately associated with actin filaments and plays an important role in the processes of germination, hyphal elongation, septum formation, and conidiation. These functions were confirmed by the experiments on the effect of α-actinin gene deletion in N. crassa.

El presente trabajo desarrolla la figura de la gestación por sustitución comenzando por su conceptualización, sus acepciones y características principales. Se coloca especial atención a los derechos humanos de las personas involucradas en este procedimiento, entre ellas, la gestante, los comitentes y el niño que nace.Las ventajas de obtener una regulación legal por sobre la prohibición expresa o el silencio de la ley, analizándose las distintas estrategias judiciales en Argentina. Finalmente, se explicitan las características de los proyectos de ley recientemente presentados en el ámbito legislativo argentino para impulsar una regulación integral de la gestación por sustitución.

El angiosarcoma de mama es una entidad extremadamente infrecuente y de pronóstico infausto, que puede darse de forma primaria, o secundaria a radioterapia tras cirugía conservadora de mama. Puede presentarse como una masa palpable, o bien, como lesiones cutáneas violáceas que pueden simular cambios benignos derivados de la radioterapia. El diagnóstico precoz es esencial, tomando muestras para biopsia de dichas lesiones, y prestando especial interés a la inmunohistoquímica. El tratamiento de este tipo de neoplasias es un tema controvertido ya que, dada la rareza de su aparición, no existen protocolos definidos sobre la actitud a seguir, siendo de vital importancia las terapias asociadas a cirugía radical. Aquí se presenta un caso de una paciente de 62 años que desarrolla un angiosarcoma cutáneo de mama, secundario a radioterapia, clínicamente observado como lesiones papulares violáceas sobre la zona irradiada previamente, tras un carcinoma de mama tratado con cirugía conservadora, con una supervivencia de aproximadamente 12 meses entre el diagnóstico y el éxitus de la paciente. Breast angiosarcomas are very rare malignancies with an unfortunate prognosis, which can occur in a primary form, or secondary to radiotherapy after conservative breast surgery. It can present as a palpable mass, or as violaceous cutaneous lesions that can mimic benign changes derived from radiotherapy. Early diagnosis is essential, biopsying such lesions, and paying particular attention to immunohistochemistry. The treatment of this type of neoplasias is a controversial issue since, given the rarity of its appearance, there are no defined protocols to be followed, being the therapies associated with radical surgery of vital importance. Here we present a case of a 62-year-old female patient who develops cutaneous angiosarcoma of the breast secondary to radiotherapy, clinically observed as violaceous papular lesions on the previously irradiated area, after a breast cancer treated with conservative surgery, and with a survival of approximately 12 months between the diagnosis and the patient’s success.

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has a remarkable capacity to adapt to various environments and to survive with limited nutrients. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of a novel small non-coding RNA: NrsZ (nitrogen-regulated sRNA). We show that under nitrogen limitation, NrsZ is induced by the NtrB/C two-component system, an important regulator of nitrogen assimilation and P. aeruginosa's swarming motility, in concert with the alternative sigma factor RpoN. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NrsZ modulates P. aeruginosa motility by controlling the production of rhamnolipid surfactants, virulence factors notably needed for swarming motility. This regulation takes place through the post-transcriptional control of rhlA, a gene essential for rhamnolipids synthesis. Interestingly, we also observed that NrsZ is processed in three similar short modules, and that the first short module encompassing the first 60 nucleotides is sufficient for NrsZ regulatory functions.

Global change is exerting a major effect on plant communities, altering their potential capacity for adaptation. Here, we aimed at unveiling mechanisms of adaptation to high altitude in an endemic long-lived monocarpic, Saxifraga longifolia, by combining demographic and physiological approaches. Plants from three altitudes (570, 1100, and 2100 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) were investigated in terms of leaf water and pigment contents, and activation of stress defense mechanisms. The influence of plant size on physiological performance and mortality was also investigated. Levels of photoprotective molecules (α-tocopherol, carotenoids, and anthocyanins) increased in response to high altitude (1100 relative to 570 m a.s.l.), which was paralleled by reduced soil and leaf water contents and increased ABA levels. The more demanding effect of high altitude on photoprotection was, however, partly abolished at very high altitudes (2100 m a.s.l.) due to improved soil water contents, with the exception of α-tocopherol accumulation. α-Tocopherol levels increased progressively at increasing altitudes, which paralleled with reductions in lipid peroxidation, thus suggesting plants from the highest altitude effectively withstood high light stress. Furthermore, mortality of juveniles was highest at the intermediate population, suggesting that drought stress was the main environmental driver of mortality of juveniles in this rocky plant species. Population structure and vital rates in the high population evidenced lower recruitment and mortality in juveniles, activation of clonal growth, and absence of plant size-dependent mortality. We conclude that, despite S. longifolia has evolved complex mechanisms of adaptation to altitude at the cellular, whole-plant and population levels, drought events may drive increased mortality in the framework of global change.

El present projecte té l'objectiu d'establir els criteris i requisits mínims per al disseny de la instal·lació elèctrica completa controlada en part amb un sistema domòtic, sistemes de protecció contra incendis i climatització del local, així com justificar les solucions adoptades per complir amb la normativa vigent. La parcel·la on s'ubica aquest restaurant està a Barberà del Vallès com veurem més endavant en el plànol de situació.

L’any 1983 es va aprovar a Catalunya la primera llei sobre la normalització lingüística en la que s’estableix que la llengua vehicular de les escoles catalanes serà la llengua catalana. La gran feina realitzada per la comunitat educativa des de que la norma entra en vigor, fa que la immersió lingüística sigui un èxit. En els darrers 15 anys, l’allau d’alumnes immigrants ha augmentat molt a les escoles i malgrat que la immersió lingüística continua donant bons resultats acadèmics, això no es veu reflectit en l’ús quotidià del català. Centrarem el nostre article en l’anàlisi del Projecte Lingüístic, posant èmfasi en l’ús oral de la llengua com a mitjà de comunicació, d’una escola pública del barri del Besòs i el Maresme de la ciutat de Barcelona, amb un més d’un 50% d’alumnat d’origen immigrant i més d’un 30% d’alumnat d’ètnia gitana que fora de l’escola tenen un contacte amb la llengua i la cultura catalana pràcticament inexistent. Els resultats mostren que l’ús de la llengua catalana es limita a l’àmbit acadèmic i que els instruments previstos en el Projecte Lingüístic no estan donant els resultats esperats. Es proposen mesures per intentar desenvolupar un Projecte Lingüístic més efectiu, mitjançant el qual es detectin les carències al més aviat possible de manera que es puguin implantar solucions a curt termini. In 1983, the first linguistic normalization law was approved in Catalonia. In this law stablished that Catalan would be the main language in Catalan schools. The work was mostly done by the education community which made the language immersion succeed. In the last 15 years, the number of immigrant pupils has increased and, even though the linguistic immersion still gives good academic results, it is not reflected in their daily use of Catalan. The article is focused on the analysis of the Linguistic Project, emphasizing the oral use of the language as a communication channel, in a public school from the neighbourhood of Besòs i el Maresme (Barcelona), with more than 50% of immigrant pupil and more than 30% of gypsy pupils, that out of school have practically nonexistent contact with the Catalan language and culture. The results show that Catalan language is limited to academic use and the provided instruments in the Linguistic Project are not giving the expected results. This study proposes some mesures in order to develope a more effective Linguistic Project, whereby deficiencies can be detected as early as possible so they could implement efficient solutions in a short-term.

Spectrin was first described in erythrocytes where it forms a filamentous network in the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane and participates in the membrane's structural integrity in addition to controlling the lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins. In fungi, spectrin-like proteins have been described in the plasma membrane, concentrated mainly in the region of maximum apical expansion. This localization led to the idea of a spectrin based membrane skeleton in fungi participating in mechanical integrity of the plasma membrane, generating and maintaining cell polarity. The occurrence of spectrin-like proteins in filamentous fungi, yeasts and Oomycetes, however, is questionable since the presence of such proteins has only been demonstrated with immunochemical methods using antibodies whose specificity is unclear. There is no evidence of a gene coding for the high molecular weight alphabeta-spectrin in the genome of these organisms. Mass spectrometric analysis of the anti alphabeta-spectrin immunoreacting peptides from Neurospora crassa and Phytophthora infestans identified them as elongation factor 2 (NCU07700.4) and Hsp70 (PITG_13237.1), respectively. An attempt was made to correlate the reactivity of anti-spectrin antibody to a common feature of these three proteins i.e., spectrin, elongation factor 2 and heat shock protein 70, in that they all have a hydrophobic region implicated in chaperon activity.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Título, resumen y palabras clave disponibles en español y en inglés Se plantea el aprendizaje dialógico como una propuesta de enseñanza-aprendizaje novedosa y de interés en la actualidad. Centrándose en su potencialidad en la educación, se plantea cómo en un centro de Educación Infantil y Primaria se ha apostado por la innovación para dar un giro en la enseñanza hacia el aprendizaje dialógico. Se están implementando dos prácticas formativas propias que se apoyan en el aprendizaje dialógico: grupos interactivos y tertulias literarias. También se explica ampliamente cómo se vienen desarrollando desde cursos anteriores, así como el proceso de investigación llevado a cabo en paralelo a la innovación: una investigación–acción colaborativa en la que participan profesores del centro y profesores universitarios que asesoran en el proceso de implantación. Se concluye añadiendo que, tras implementar grupos interactivos en seis aulas del centro a lo largo de este curso, las formas convencionales de enseñar han mudado progresivamente de forma notable y se plantean las posibilidades de este enfoque dialógico de enseñanza–aprendizaje en la educación especial, su aportación al cambio en el centro y las repercusiones que ha tenido en las formas de trabajo de todos los implicados. ESP

Nous avons étudié le rôle de l' α-actinine dans le développement de "Neurospora crassa". A l'aide des outils bioinformatiques, nous avons trouvé un gêne codant pour l'α-actinine puis nous avons caractérisé ce dernier biochimiquement. Nous avons déterminé sa localisation "in situ" et "in vivo" pendant la germination et pendant la croissance hyphale. Bien que le rôle exact de l'α-actinine n'ait pas pu être totalement élucidé, l'étude phénotypique du transformant ("knock-out" partiel de l'α-actinine) nous amène à penser que cette protéine participe avec l'actine à la coordination de la germination, la formation des septa et l'établissement des ramifications hyphales lors de la croissance du champignon. En outre, nous avons pu déterminer que l'α-actinine est la seule protéine appartenant à la superfamille des spectrines chez les champignons filamenteux, les levures et les Oomycètes et représente un membre "primitif" de cette superfamille.

Les cèl·lules estan exposades a diferents estímuls mecànics al llarg de la seva vida. Actualment s'accepta que les forces mecàniques juguen un paper important en funcions crítiques cel·lulars com ara la proliferació, diferenciació, mobilitat cel·lular, apoptosi, síntesi de proteïnes i DNA i expressió gènica, entre d'altres. Les cèl·lules pulmonars estan exposades a forces mecàniques derivades de la respiració, flux sanguini i tensió superficial. En concret, les cèl·lules epitelials que envolten les vies aèries estan exposades a forces de tensió i compressió durant el cicle respiratori. Per altra banda, forces anormals exercides sobre teixits pulmonars contribueixen a moltes situacions patològiques. Així, per exemple, la deformació mecànica indueix la proliferació de cèl·lules epitelials alveolars, jugant un paper important en el manteniment de la integritat de l'epiteli especialment durant processos de reparació després de dany pulmonar. Durant l'aplicació de diferents estratègies de ventilació mecànica, tractament bàsic en els pacient amb dany pulmonar agut (ALI) i la seva forma més severa, el síndrome d'afecció respiratòria aguda (ARDS), s'ha observat un augment en la producció de mediadors inflamatoris com la trombina i el trencament de la barrera alveolocapil·lar que contribueix en el dany pulmonar induït pel ventilador i en la formació d'edema pulmonar. Un altre exemple de forces mecàniques exercides sobre el teixit respiratori, i en concret en la via aèria superior, és l'induït pel ronc, el qual té lloc quan el teixit de la via aèria superior es relaxa i comença a vibrar. Aquesta situació és experimentada típicament per pacients que pateixen apnea/hipoapnea o la síndrome de resistència en la via aèria superior. Actualment hi ha evidències fisiològiques i histològiques, i estudis moleculars que exhibeixen inflamació en pacients amb trastorns respiratoris de la son.En aquesta tesi s'ha estudiat el paper de diferents estímuls mecànics en dues condicions patològiques. En un cas s'ha estudiat com la vibració pot induir una resposta inflamatòria en cèl·lules epitelials bronquials a través de la sobreexpressió de la citoquina IL-8. Més concretament, s'ha dissenyat un novedós model experimental que ens permet tastejar si l'aplicació d'un estímul mecànic vibratori amb una freqüència i amplitud similars a les sofertes pels teixits de la via aèria superior quan es ronca és capaç d'induir una desposta inflamatòria a nivell cel·lular. L'estudi s'ha focalitzat en avaluar si la vibració dispara una resposta inflamatòria caracteritzada per la sobreexpressió d'interluquina 8 (IL-8) a través de les vies de senyalització de la proteïna kinasa activada per mitògen (MAPK), tal com suggereix quan les cèl·lules estan subjectes a una deformació del substrat. L'altre estudi s'ha centrat en estudiar com un estímul mecànic de deformació o estirament juntament amb un mediador inflamatori, en aquest cas la trombina, poden alterar les propietats mecàniques de les cèl·lules epitelials i contribuir al trencament de la barrera alveolocapil·lar agreujant la formació d'edema pulmonar

Since the introduction of Fuzzy Set s, thousands of papers have been published around this idea, and Fuzzy Logic as part of Soft Computing has became a new field of research with a rapid grow, with many applications in real life and with a promising future towards Computing with Words and Perceptions. Fuzzy Logic deals from its beginning with computational intelligence, and that, under Zadeh's suggestions and insights, is now changing to the wider field of Computing with Words and Perceptions, where a more cognitive type of computing can be developed. Computing with Words and Perceptions opens up a new methodology, built on Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing, to address the way humans solve com- plex problems, communicate and act through perceptions and words. All of these tasks involve a high leve1 of imprecision, cont ext -depended information and interaction, which cannot be grasped only by numerical and symbolical approaches. In order to make this transition from numbers to perceptions and from symbols to words, we need Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic, although not any kind of Fuzzy Logic but one review and oriented towards Computing with Words and Perceptions, and furtherrnore we need to develop new tools and do experiments with Computing with Words and Perceptions systems. Resumen Desde la introducción de los conjuntos borrosos en 1965, miles de artículos se han publicado alrededor de esta idea. La lógica borrosa, actualmente englobada dentro del Soft-Computing, se convertido desde entonces en un campo de investigación en rápida expansión, con numerosas aplicaciones en la vida real y con un futuro prometedor en la computación con palabras y percepciones. La lógica borrosa trató en sus comienzos con la inteligencia computacional, pero actualmente se está dirigiendo hacia la computación con palabras y percepciones, donde se puede desarrollar una computación más "cognitiva" , todo ello gracias en gran medida a las sugerencias e impulso de Lotfi Zadeh. La computación con palabras y percepciones introduce una nueva metodolo gía, basada en la lógica borrosa y el Soft-Computing, para abordar la forma en que las personas resuelven problemas complejos, se comunican y actúan a través de las palabras y las percepciones. Todas estas tareas conllevan un alto grado de imprecisión, de interacción y de información dependiente del contexto; lo cual no puede ser analizado únicamente mediante enfoques numéricos o simbólicos. Para poder realizar ésta transición de los números a las percepciones y de los símbolos a las palabras necesitamos los conjuntos borrosos y la lógica borrosa pero no cualquier tipo de lógica borrosa, sino una revisada y orientada a la computación con palabras, y además necesitamos desarrollar nuevas herramientas y realizar experimentos con sistemas que computen con palabras y percepciones.

To investigate the functional significance of a cytoskeletal spectrin-like protein, we studied its localization pattern in Neurospora crassa and sought the answer to whether it is a substrate for another apically localized protein, the calcium-dependent protease (CDP II). Immunoblots of crude extracts from exponentially growing mycelia, separated by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using antichicken alpha/beta-spectrin antibodies, revealed a single band of approximately relative mass (Mr) 100 kDa with an isoeletric point (pI) in the range of 6.5 to 7.0. Despite rigorous efforts, we could not confirm the presence of an Mr 240- to 220-kDa spectrin-like protein in N. crassa. The immunofluorescence- and immunogold-labeling Mr 100-kDa protein showed its predominance along the plasma membrane of the conidia during the swelling phase of germination. In contrast, in the germ tubes and the growing hyphae, the localization was polarized and concentrated mainly in the apical region. The in vitro proteolysis experiments showed that indeed this protein is a preferred substrate of CDP II which is, as mentioned previously, also localized in the apical regions of the hyphae. These results indicate a putative functional relationship between these two proteins (spectrin-like protein and CDP II) in the dynamics of tip growth.

Obra impulsada por el Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics de la Generalitat de Cataluña y la Fundación BBVA cuyo objetivo es analizar la incidencia territorial de la actuación del sector público español. Una parte importante del libro se centra en el análisis de los patrones territoriales de gasto e ingresos tributarios de los distintos niveles de la administración pública. El estudio de las políticas de gasto indica que las Comunidades Autónomas han hecho un uso efectivo de su autonomía y han exhibido una notable diferenciación en sus políticas de gasto para adecuar sus ofertas de bienes y servicios a las heterogéneas necesidades y preferencias de sus ciudadanos. Los autores de este estudio aprecian una reducción progresiva de las diferencias interregionales en la financiación básica per cápita de las CC.AA. de régimen común, aunque todavía queda un trecho significativo por recorrer. El diseño del sistema de financiación autonómica resulta también, sin perjuicio de sus fortalezas, claramente mejorable.Tras el análisis de las políticas presupuestarias realizado en los primeros capítulos, la obra profundiza en el estudio de la incidencia de estas políticas sobre la distribución territorial de la renta y la actividad económica. De su lectura se concluye que la actuación del sector público ha contribuido de manera muy notable a la reducción de las disparidades de renta per cápita entre regiones, eliminando aproximadamente una tercera parte de las diferencias de renta per capita. Este importante efecto redistributivo proviene en exclusiva de la recaudación tributaria.El libro contiene también un análisis de la convergencia regional y sus determinantes, con especial atención al papel de la inversión pública en infraestructuras, que ha sido claramente convergente durante el período autonómico. Por último, la obra ofrece un análisis tentativo de la distribución territorial de la localización de la actividad económica, a partir del estudio de la ubicación de las sedes sociales de las grandes empresas.La obra facilita a los investigadores, responsables políticos y a la opinión pública especializada un amplio balance de las primeras dos décadas de funcionamiento del sistema autonómico en España., Finnancial support of the BBVA Foundation

Este trabajo comienza con una descripción del concepto de conocimiento, una clasicación de los tipos de conocimientos que nos interesan y una relación de los métodos que se han usado para representar los distintos tipos de conocimientos, así como el interés en usar la lógica borrosa para representar conocimiento impreciso. En el capítulo 2 expondremos qué son los conjuntos borrosos y su origen, así como, las distintas interpretaciones que se hacen de los conjuntos borrosos y las diferentes técnicas utilizadas para hallar su función de pertenencia. En el capítulo 3 efectuaremos una recopilación de las teorías de conjuntos borrosos hasta llegar a las teorías estándar y las teorías de conjuntos imprecisos, como propuesta axiomática para intentar clarificar qué es una teoría de conjuntos borrosos. También plantearemos las limitaciones que éstas tienen para representar conocimiento impreciso. En el capítulo 4 expondremos un nuevo concepto de conjunto borroso como representación del uso de un predicado en el lenguaje. Propondremos después, un método para representar predicados, variables lingüísticas, relaciones entre predicados y razonamiento no formal (basado en conocimiento), apoyado en el uso de varias teorías estándar. En el capítulo 5 explicaremos las características del sistema CW00(Computing with Words prototipo 0 - versión 0) que hemos construido para representar conocimiento impreciso a partir de las propuestas del capítulo anterior. En el capítulo 6 sacaremos las conclusiones que se deriven de la revisión de las teorías de conjuntos borrosos y su mejor adecuación para la representación del conocimiento, siendo CW00 a la vez un buen ejemplo del uso simultaneo de diversas teorías y un sistema para experimentar con los conjuntos borrosos en el lenguaje.