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1. Commissioning and Initial Operation of FERMI@Elettra

Author

Di Mitri, S., Allaria, E., Appio, R., Badano, L., Bassanese, S., Bencivenga, F., Borga, A., Bossi, M., Busetto, E., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Casarin, K., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cocco, D., Cornacchia, M., Craievich, P., Cucini, R., Cudin, I., DAL FORNO, Massimo, D’Amico, F., D’Auria, G., Danailov, M. B., Delgiusto, P., Demidovich, A., De Monte, R., De Ninno, G., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, Eugenio, Ferry, S., Froehlich, L., Furlan Radivo, P., Karantzoulis, E., Kiskinova, M., Gaio, G., Gelmetti, F., Giannessi, L., Gobessi, R., Ivanov, R., Lonza, M., Lutman, A., Mahieu, B., Masciovecchio, C., Menk, R. H., Milloch, M., Musardo, M., Noe', Salvatore, Nikolov, I., Parmigiani, Fulvio, Pavlovic, L., Pedersoli, E., Penco, G., Petronio, M., Predonzani, M., Principi, E., Quai, E., Quondam, G., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovo’, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Wang, D., Alagia, M., Avaldi, L., Coreno, M., Feyer, V., Kivimaki, A., Bolognesi, P., de Simone, M., O’Keeffe, P., Devetta, M., Mazza, T., Piseri, P., Prince, K., Richter, R., Sergo, R., Stranges, S., Lyamayev, V., Ovcharenko, Y., Sjostrom, M., Biedron, S., Milton, S., IPAC'11/EPS-AG, S., Di Mitri, E., Allaria, R., Appio, L., Badano, S., Bassanese, F., Bencivenga, A., Borga, M., Bossi, E., Busetto, C., Callegari, F., Capotondi, K., Casarin, D., Castronovo, P., Cinquegrana, D., Cocco, M., Cornacchia, P., Craievich, R., Cucini, I., Cudin, DAL FORNO, Massimo, F., D’Amico, G., D’Auria, M. B., Danailov, P., Delgiusto, A., Demidovich, R., De Monte, G., De Ninno, B., Diviacco, A., Fabri, R., Fabri, W., Fawley, M., Feriani, Ferrari, Eugenio, S., Ferry, L., Froehlich, P., Furlan Radivo, E., Karantzouli, M., Kiskinova, G., Gaio, F., Gelmetti, L., Giannessi, R., Gobessi, R., Ivanov, M., Lonza, A., Lutman, B., Mahieu, C., Masciovecchio, R. H., Menk, M., Milloch, M., Musardo, Noe', Salvatore, I., Nikolov, Parmigiani, Fulvio, L., Pavlovic, E., Pedersoli, G., Penco, M., Petronio, M., Predonzani, E., Principi, E., Quai, G., Quondam, F., Rossi, L., Rumiz, C., Scafuri, C., Serpico, P., Sigalotti, S., Spampinati, C., Spezzani, M., Svandrlik, C., Svetina, M., Trovo’, A., Vascotto, M., Veronese, R., Visintini, M., Zaccaria, D., Zangrando, M., Zangrando, D., Wang, M., Alagia, L., Avaldi, M., Coreno, V., Feyer, A., Kivimaki, P., Bolognesi, M., de Simone, P., O’Keeffe, M., Devetta, T., Mazza, P., Piseri, K., Prince, R., Richter, R., Sergo, S., Strange, V., Lyamayev, Y., Ovcharenko, M., Sjostrom, S., Biedron, and S., Milton

Subjects
FEL, particle accelerator, free-electron-laser
Abstract

This article describes the design goals of FERMI@Elettra, reports on the goals achieved so far and shows how the facility development has been driven by the new research frontier of ultra-fast, extreme ultra-violet and soft X-ray science. The commissioning phases and first experience with user pilot experiments are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2011 by IPAC'11/EPS-AG.

Published
2011

2. Status of the FERMI@Elettra project

Author

Svandrlik, M., Allaria, E., Busetto, E., Callegari, C., Cocco, D., Craievich, P., Cudin, I., Miltcho Danailov, D Auria, G., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Ferianis, M., Gobessi, R., Karantzoulis, E., Kiskinova, M., Lonza, M., Masciovecchio, C., Noè, S., Parmigiani, F., Penco, G., Trovò, M., Vascotto, A., Visintini, R., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., FEL2011, M., Svandrlik, E., Allaria, E., Busetto, C., Callegari, D., Cocco, P., Craievich, I., Cudin, M., Danailov, G., D'Auria, S. D., Mitri, B., Diviacco, A., Fabri, R., Fabri, M., Feriani, R., Gobessi, E., Karantzouli, M., Kiskinova, M., Lonza, C., Masciovecchio, Noe', Salvatore, Parmigiani, Fulvio, G., Penco, M., Trovò, A., Vascotto, R., Visintini, M., Zaccaria, D., Zangrando, and M., Zangrando

Subjects
FEL experiments
Abstract

FERMI@Elettra, located next to the third-generation synchrotron light source Elettra in Trieste, Italy, is a seeded FEL user-facility covering the wavelength range from 100 nm (12 eV) to 4 nm (310 eV) [1]. The facility uses normal conducting linac and the wavelength range is covered with two lines, FEL-1 and FEL-2. Three beamlines will transport the FEL photons to the experimental stations, using proper tailoring optics and beam diagnostics to meet the research requirements. Beneficial occupancy of the new undulator and experimental hall was given at the end of summer 2010 when all auxiliary systems were also made available. The installation of the machine is now almost completed; commissioning of the linac has started in parallel to the installation activities and the commissioning of FEL-1 is in a well-advanced state. The first seeded lasing from FEL-1 was observed in December 2010 and the first experiments are starting in 2011. This paper gives an overview of the facility, as well as the general status of installation and commissioning, and a perspective into future developments and user programs.

Published
2011

3. Fermi@elettra status report

Author

Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cudin, I., Dal Forno, M., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Monte, R., Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Froehlich, L., Furlan Radivo, P., Gaio, G., Giannessi, L., Kiskinova, M., Lonza, M., Mahieu, B., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Fulvio Parmigiani, Penco, G., Predonzani, M., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., and Craievich, P.

4. Fermi seeded FEL progress report

Author

Svandrlik, M., Allaria, E., Bencivenga, F., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cudin, I., Dal Forno, M., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Monte, R., Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Finetti, P., Froehlich, L., Radivo, P. F., Gaio, G., Luca Giannessi, Kiskinova, M., Loda, G., Lonza, M., Mahne, N., Masciovecchio, C., Parmigiani, F., Penco, G., Plekan, O., Predonzani, M., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Sturari, L., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Mahieu, B., Craievich, P., IPAC 2013, M., Svandrlik, E., Allaria, F., Bencivenga, C., Callegari, F., Capotondi, D., Castronovo, P., Cinquegrana, P., Craievich, I., Cudin, G., D'Auria, DAL FORNO, Massimo, M. B., Danailov, R., De Monte, G., De Ninno, A. A., Demidovich, S., Di Mitri, B., Diviacco, A., Fabri, R., Fabri, W. M., Fawley, M., Feriani, Ferrari, Eugenio, P., Finetti, L., Fröhlich, P., Furlan Radivo, G., Gaio, L., Giannessi, M., Kiskinova, G. L., Loda, M., Lonza, B., Mahieu, N., Mahne, C., Masciovecchio, Parmigiani, Fulvio, G., Penco, O., Plekan, M., Predonzani, E., Principi, L., Raimondi, F., Rossi, L., Rumiz, C., Scafuri, C., Serpico, P., Sigalotti, S., Spampinati, C., Spezzani, L., Sturari, C., Svetina, M., Trovò, A., Vascotto, M., Veronese, R., Visintini, D., Zangrando, and M., Zangrando

Subjects
FEL
Abstract

FERMI, the seeded Free Electron Laser (FEL) located at the Elettra laboratory in Trieste, Italy, welcomed in December 2012 the first external users on the FEL-1 line. This line is based on a single stage of High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG), seeded by a UV laser, and covers wavelengths between 80 and 20 nm. The photon energy reached more than 300 J. The second FEL line, FEL-2, covering the lower wavelength range between 20 and 4 nm thanks to a double stage cascaded HGHG scheme, has generated its first coherent photons in October 2012. The latter is the first experimental demonstration of a seeded free electron laser configured as a two-stage cascade operating in the "fresh bunch injection” mode, where the second stage is seeded by the light produced by the first stage. This paper describes the status of the operation and user experiments with FEL-1 and reports about the progress in the commissioning of FEL-2.

5. Status of the fermi@elettra project

Author

Svandrlik, M., Allaria, E., Badano, L., Bassanese, S., Bencivenga, F., Busetto, E., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Coreno, M., Craievich, P., Cudin, I., Dal Forno, M., Danailov, M. B., D Auria, G., Monte, R., Demidovich, A., Ninno, G., Di Fraia, M., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W. M., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Fröhlich, L., Furlan Radivo, P., Gaio, G., Gobessi, R., Grazioli, C., Karantzoulis, E., Kiskinova, M., Lonza, M., Mahieu, B., Masciovecchio, C., Noè, S., Parmigiani, F., Penco, G., Principi, E., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svetina, C., Trovò, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Luca Giannessi, IPAC2012, M., Svandrlik, E., Allaria, L., Badano, S., Bassanese, F., Bencivenga, E., Busetto, C., Callegari, F., Capotondi, D., Castronovo, M., Coreno, P., Craievich, I., Cudin, DAL FORNO, Massimo, M. B., Danailov, G., D'Auria, R., De Monte, A., Demidovich, G., De Ninno, DI FRAIA, Michele, S., Di Mitri, B., Diviacco, A., Fabri, R., Fabri, W. M., Fawley, M., Feriani, Ferrari, Eugenio, L., Fröhlich, P., Furlan Radivo, G., Gaio, R., Gobessi, Grazioli, Cesare, E., Karantzouli, M., Kiskinova, M., Lonza, B., Mahieu, C., Masciovecchio, Noe', Salvatore, Parmigiani, Fulvio, G., Penco, E., Principi, F., Rossi, L., Rumiz, C., Scafuri, S., Spampinati, C., Spezzani, C., Svetina, M., Trovò, A., Vascotto, M., Veronese, R., Visintini, M., Zaccaria, D., Zangrando, M., Zangrando, and L., Giannessi

Subjects
FEL

6. Commissioning and initial operation of FEZRMI@ELETTRA

Author

Di Mitri, S., Allaria, E., Appio, R., Badano, L., Bassanese, S., Bencivenga, F., Borga, A., Bossi, M., Busetto, E., Callegari, C., Capotondi, F., Casarin, K., Castronovo, D., Cinquegrana, P., Cocco, D., Cornacchia, M., Craievich, P., Cucini, R., Cudin, I., Dal Forno, M., D Amico, F., D Auria, G., Danailov, M. B., Delgiusto, P., Demidovich, A., Monte, R., Ninno, G., Diviacco, B., Fabris, A., Fabris, R., Fawley, W., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Ferry, S., Froehlich, L., Furlan Radivo, P., Karantzoulis, E., Kiskinova, M., Gaio, G., Gelmetti, F., Giannessi, L., Gobessi, R., Ivanov, R., Lonza, M., Lutman, A., Mahieu, B., Masciovecchio, C., Menk, R. H., Milloch, M., Musardo, M., Noe, S., Nikolov, I., Parmigiani, F., Pavlovic, L., Emanuele Pedersoli, Penco, G., Petronio, M., Predonzani, M., Principi, E., Quai, E., Quondam, G., Rossi, F., Rumiz, L., Scafuri, C., Serpico, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Svandrlik, M., Svetina, C., Trovo, M., Vascotto, A., Veronese, M., Visintini, R., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Wang, D., Alagia, M., Avaldi, L., Coreno, M., Feyer, V., Kivimaki, A., Bolognesi, P., Simone, M., O Keeffe, P., Devetta, M., Mazza, T., Piseri, P., Prince, K., Richter, R., Sergo, R., Stranges, S., Lyamayev, V., Ovcharenko, Y., Sjostrom, M., Biedron, S., and Milton, S.

7. PERCIVAL: possible applications in X-ray micro-tomography

Author

G. Pinaroli, S. Dal Zilio, Dario Giuressi, L. Stebel, M. Scarcia, I. Gregori, R. Sergo, I. Shevyakov, S. Lange, Steve Aplin, HyoJung Hyun, U. Pedersen, B. Marsh, T. Nicholls, Sandro Donato, M. Niemann, Giuseppe Cautero, P. Goettlicher, Nicola Guerrini, B. Boitrelle, I. Sedgwick, Ralph H Menk, I. Cudin, Alessandro Marras, Cornelia B. Wunderer, Nicola Tartoni, H. Graafsma, J. Correa, Seungyu Rah, G. Lautizi, A. Greer, Manuela Kuhn, F. Orsini, Kyung Sook Kim, M. Zimmer, Pinaroli, G., Lautizi, G., Donato, S., Stebel, L., Cautero, G., Giuressi, D., Gregori, I., Zilio, S. D., Sergo, R., Scarcia, M., Cudin, I., Wunderer, C. B., Correa, J., Marras, A., Aplin, S., Boitrelle, B., Orsini, F., Goettlicher, P., Kuhn, M., Lange, S., Niemann, M., Shevyakov, I., Zimmer, M., Guerrini, N., Marsh, B., Sedgwick, I., Greer, A., Nicholls, T., Pedersen, U. K., Tartoni, N., Hyun, H., Kim, K., Rah, S., Graafsma, H., and Menk, R. H.

Subjects
gas and liquid scintillators), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Computer science, Computerized Tomography (CT) and Computed Radiography (CR), X-ray, Soft X-radiation, Micro tomography, X-ray detectors, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, Image processing, Scintillators, 0103 physical sciences, Medical imaging, Tomography, business, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

X-ray computed micro-tomography (μCT) is one of the most advanced and common non-destructive techniques in the field of medical imaging and material science. It allows recreating virtual models (3D models), without destroying the original objects, by measuring three-dimensional X-ray attenuation coefficient maps of samples on the (sub) micrometer scale. The quality of the images obtained using μCT is strongly dependent on the performance of the associated X-ray detector i.e. to the acquisition of information of the X-ray beam traversing the patient/sample being precise and accurate. Detectors for μCT have to meet the requirements of the specific tomography procedure in which they are going to be used. In general, the key parameters are high spatial resolution, high dynamic range, uniformity of response, high contrast sensitivity, fast acquisition readout and support of high frame rates. At present the detection devices in commercial μCT scanners are dominated by charge-coupled devices (CCD), photodiode arrays, CMOS acquisition circuits and more recently by hybrid pixel detectors. Monolithic CMOS imaging sensors, which offer reduced pixel sizes and low electronic noise, are certainly excellent candidates for μCT and may be used for the development of novel high-resolution imaging applications. The uses of monolithic CMOS based detectors such as the PERCIVAL detector are being recently explored for synchrotron and FEL applications. PERCIVAL was developed to operate in synchrotron and FEL facilities in the soft X-ray regime from 250 eV to 1 keV and it could offer all the aforementioned technical requirements needed in μCT experiments. In order to adapt the system for a typical tomography application, a scintillator is required, to convert incoming X-ray radiation (∼ tens of KeV) into visible light which may be detected with high efficiency. Such a taper-based scintillator was developed and mounted in front of the sensitive area of the PERCIVAL imager. In this presentation we will report the setup of the detector system and preliminary results of first μCTs of reference objects, which were performed in the TomoLab at ELETTRA.

Published
2020

8. Coherent Soft X-Ray pulses from an Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation Free-Electron Laser

Author

Eugenio Ferrari, Marco Veronese, Ivan Cudin, C. Scafuri, Emiliano Principi, Roberto Sauro, Lorenzo Raimondi, Davide Vivoda, Mauro Trovò, Paolo Sigalotti, M. Zaccaria, M. Svandrlik, Mihai Pop, D. Zangrando, Paolo Cinquegrana, Flavio Capotondi, Giulio Gaio, Carlo Spezzani, Bruno Diviacco, Giuseppe Penco, G. Kurdi, Simone Spampinati, Amin Ghaith, W. M. Fawley, Claudio Masciovecchio, Marcello Coreno, Marco Cautero, L. Badano, David Garzella, Fatma Iazzourene, Nicola Mahne, Eléonore Roussel, Vanessa Grattoni, Giovanni De Ninno, L. Sturari, F. Giacuzzo, Laura Foglia, Niky Bruchon, Dao Xiang, Ivaylo Nikolov, T. Tanikawa, Marie Emmanuelle Couprie, Primož Rebernik Ribič, S. Grulja, Miltcho B. Danailov, Chao Feng, Luca Giannessi, D. Castronovo, Mario Ferianis, Enrico Allaria, Marco Zangrando, Alexander Demidovich, A. Abrami, M. Bossi, Najmeh Mirian, Paolo Miotti, Gregory Penn, Fabio Frassetto, Eduard Prat, Michele Manfredda, Marco Malvestuto, Luca Poletto, Marco Lonza, Erik Hemsing, Hans-Heinrich Braun, Simone Di Mitri, Sven Reiche, Rebernik Ribic, P., Abrami, A., Badano, L., Bossi, M., Braun, H. -H., Bruchon, N., Capotondi, F., Castronovo, D., Cautero, M., Cinquegrana, P., Coreno, M., Couprie, M. E., Cudin, I., Boyanov Danailov, M., De Ninno, G., Demidovich, A., Di Mitri, S., Diviacco, B., Fawley, W. M., Feng, C., Ferianis, M., Ferrari, E., Foglia, L., Frassetto, F., Gaio, G., Garzella, D., Ghaith, A., Giacuzzo, F., Giannessi, L., Grattoni, V., Grulja, S., Hemsing, E., Iazzourene, F., Kurdi, G., Lonza, M., Mahne, N., Malvestuto, M., Manfredda, M., Masciovecchio, C., Miotti, P., Mirian, N. S., Petrov Nikolov, I., Penco, G. M., Penn, G., Poletto, L., Pop, M., Prat, E., Principi, E., Raimondi, L., Reiche, S., Roussel, E., Sauro, R., Scafuri, C., Sigalotti, P., Spampinati, S., Spezzani, C., Sturari, L., Svandrlik, M., Tanikawa, T., Trovo, M., Veronese, M., Vivoda, D., Xiang, D., Zaccaria, M., Zangrando, D., Zangrando, M., Allaria, E. M., Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules - UMR 8523 (PhLAM), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
echo-enabled harmonic generation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Physics::Optics, free-electron laser, X-ray, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Mathematical Sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Relativistic electron beam, High harmonic generation, ddc:530, free-electron-laser, Physics, business.industry, Free-electron laser, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optoelectronics & Photonics, Atomic electron transition, Physical Sciences, Harmonic, Cathode ray, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Lasing threshold
Abstract

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), which amplify light emitted by a relativistic electron beam, are extending nonlinear optical techniques to shorter wavelengths, adding element specificity by exciting and probing electronic transitions from core levels. These techniques would benefit tremendously from having a stable FEL source, generating spectrally pure and wavelength-tunable pulses. We show that such requirements can be met by operating the FEL in the so-called echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) configuration. Here, two external conventional lasers are used to precisely tailor the longitudinal phase space of the electron beam before emission of X-rays. We demonstrate high-gain EEHG lasing producing stable, intense, nearly fully coherent pulses at wavelengths as short as 5.9 nm (~211 eV) at the FERMI FEL user facility. Low sensitivity to electron-beam imperfections and observation of stable, narrow-band, coherent emission down to 2.6 nm (~474 eV) make the technique a prime candidate for generating laser-like pulses in the X-ray spectral region, opening the door to multidimensional coherent spectroscopies at short wavelengths. Echo-enabled harmonic generation in a free-electron laser enables 45th harmonic pulses from a 264 nm wavelength seed, yielding 5.9 nm wavelength coherent output.

Published
2019
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