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Perpendicular exchange bias (EB), which combines the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the ferromagnetic (FM) - antiferromagnetic (AFM) exchange coupling, is extremely important in the high-density AFM spintronics. However, the effective modulation of EB remains challenging, since the alternant spins at the AFM/FM interface are strongly pinned by the AFM layer. Voltage tuning of EB through the magnetoelectric coupling provides a potential way to achieve a rapid magnetization switching in an energy-efficient manner. Nevertheless, the interfacial strain mediation of perpendicular EB induced by E-field remains unexplored. In this work, we obtain perpendicular EB nanostructure by room-temperature fabrication process, and demonstrate the voltage tunable perpendicular EB in Pt/IrMn/(Co/Pt)2/Ta/(011) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 multiferroic heterostructure. To enhance the voltage control effect on perpendicular EB, we further investigate both strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling and ionic liquid gating method in the thinned EB system with the structure of Pt/IrMn/Co/Pt/Ta. As a result, the voltage induced lattice distortion effectively transmits to the AFM/FM interface, while the charge accumulation in gating method generates a relatively large hysteresis loop offset that has not been observed before at room temperature. The voltage manipulation of perpendicular EB at room temperature provides new possibilities towards novel AFM devices and memories with great energy-efficiency and ultra-high density., 21 pages, 6 figures

The ferrite circulator is a kind of microwave devices which is complex-shaped and composed of both metal and dielectrics. It is time-consuming to compute the accurate threshold of multipaction discharge in ferrite circulators with particle-in-cell simulation or Monte Carlo simulation.

Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a problematic type of nonlinear distortion en- countered in many communication systems. To analyze the PIM distortion resulting from ma- terial nonlinearity, a 2D PIM simulation method based on COMSOL is proposed in this paper. As an example, a rectangular waveguide ¯lled with nonlinear dielectric was taken. Both of the e®ect of nonlinear coe±cients and geometrical discontinuities were taken into consideration. The contribution of this paper is to make the PIM simulation more convenient, especially for those who are not good at analytical methods, and those who are not familiar with computational techniques. This type of analysis will aid in the development of PIM prediction, as well as PIM mitigation in the future.