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Aims: Leptospirosis is endemically prevalent in coastal area of south Gujarat. Generally, pets are vaccinated against Leptospira interrogans but whosoever left unvaccinated, are prone to infection. The present study was conducted to detect canine leptospirosis and its prevalence from south Gujarat. Place and Duration of Study: A total of 46 serum samples and 33 urine samples were collected from 56 dogs suspected of having leptospira infection. The study was done from September 2019 to May 2020. Methodology: Serum samples were diagnosed by IgG based ImmunoComb solid phase dot ELISA test for antibody against genus specific Leptospira interrogans. Urine samples were visualized under dark field microscopy (DFM) following laboratory manual on leptospirosis of WHO. Sex and age of dogs were noted to find out the percent positivity and prevalence. Chi square test was applied to find out any significant difference among the age groups. Results: Out of 46 serum samples, 17 (36.95%) found positive by dot ELISA and out of 33 urine sample, 13 (39.39%) found positive by DFM. Sex wise prevalence found 42.10 percent (16/38) in Male while 55.55 percent (10/18) in female dogs. Age group wise prevalence was recorded 63.63 percent (07/11) in 1- ≤ 3 years group. 27.77 per cent (05/18) in > 3- ≤ 6 years group whereas, 51.85 percent (14/27) in > 6- ≤ 12 years group. Conclusion: Detection and prevalence of canine leptospirosis were studied first time from Gujarat. Overall 46.42 percent (26/56) dogs were diagnosed positive for canine leptospirosis. Dogs having age group of 1- ≤ 3 years found more susceptible. Prevalence was found more in female than male dogs.

A total of 2617 bovines (1682 cattle and 935 buffaloes) of coastal districts (Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad) of South Gujarat were screened for tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the most economically important ectoparasite of bovines worldwide. Farmers chiefly relied on chemical acaricides (67.52%) to kill the ticks, and under chemical method 44.09, 24.17, 30.50 and 1.24 % animals had received cypermethrin, deltamethrin, ivermectin and fipronil, respectively, thus favouring the resistance. In adult immersion test (AIT), the median lethal concentration (LC50) was 144.23, 93.97, 141.67 and 57.89 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was I in Valsad and II in other 3 districts for deltamethrin in AIT. In larval packet test (LPT), the median LC50 was 297.29, 126.81, 127.83 and 93.92 ppm for deltamethrin in Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad district, respectively. Resistance level was III in Bharuch and II in other district in LPT.

The study was done on detection and prevalence of canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) from the diarrhoeic dogs. Dogs presented with the diarrhoea and symptomatic illness, were tested for the CCoV and CPV infection. Diarrhoeic samples were directly processed for rapid diagnostic test using Immuno-chromatography based lateral flow assay test (LFA). It is a fast, rapid and specific for the CCoV and CPV detection. Out of total 109 samples processed by the LFA, 05 (4.58 %) were found positive for CCoV and 37 (33.94%) were positive for CPV. None of the samples showed concomitant infection of both the viruses. Age-wise prevalence of CCoV was found to be 7.93 (5/63) % in ≤3 months age group, and no positive case was found in other age groups. Similarly, the age wise prevalence of CPV was found to be 41.26 (26/63), 25.00 (9/26) and 20.00 (2/10) % in ≤3 months, 3 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months of age group, respectively. The prevalence of CCoV and CPV was found more in young puppies.

An on-farm trial for 90 days was conducted at four tribal villages to assess the effect of chelated mineral mixture (CMM) supplementation on blood biochemistry as well as hormonal and mineral status, nutrient intake and reproductive performance of the anoestrus buffaloes (n=24). The animals selected were randomly divided into two groups of 12 animals each. The group T1 was the control group (farmer’s feeding schedule), and T2 treatment group (T1 + CMM @ 50 g/animal/day). Blood collection was done on days 0, 45, and 90 of the experiment from the animals of both the groups for assessment of blood biochemical, hormonal, and mineral status of the animals. Average DM, DCP, and TDN intake in anoestrus buffaloes calculated as per information collected from farmers were statistically similar among both the groups and were as per ICAR requirements of animals. Results revealed significant (p less than 0.05) improvement in hemoglobin, serum glucose, total protein, total cholesterol, progesterone, estradiol and macro (Ca, P) – micro (Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mn) mineral status of chelated mineral supplemented group as compared to control animals. The number of days taken to come into oestrus in anoestrus buffaloes (51.22±3.78 vs 75.00±6.18 days for 9 vs 5 animals), as well as the cost of feeding (Rs. 5441 vs 8039), was also significantly (pless than 0.05) reduced upon supplementation of CMM as compared to control group. The control group recorded a 32.32% higher cost of rearing than the treatment group during the experimental period. The findings revealed the beneficial role of chelated minerals supplementation in improving the health, nutritional and reproductive status of anoestrus buffaloes.

Background and Aim: The most widely adopted technique to preserve the gross specimen of the parasite is immersions and storage in liquid preservatives. The present study aimed to describe the dry method of the preservation of Toxocara vitulorum using plastination technique. Materials and Methods: Acetone dehydrated parasites were incubated at –20°C for 1 month in five different plastination solutions, prepared by mixing melamine and turpentine oil with clove oil (MTCl)/chloroform (MTC)/isopropanol (MTI)/benzene (MTB)/xylene (MTX) in 1:1:1 ratio to infiltrate the polymer. Technical personnel was asked to assign weekly score for dryness, stickiness, shrinkage, glossiness, flexibility, and odor of the prepared model on a 5-point scale. Results: Overall, the plastinated parasites were dry, non-sticky, glossy, odorless, chemical-free, harmless, to some extent flexible, with detectable morphological structure including natural form but lost their natural color, and cuticle became translucent. A varying level of shrinkage was noted in all types of plastinated model, but it was least in MTCl model. One month post-plastination, the mean evaluation score for glossiness was maximum in the parasite plastinated in MTCl solution (4.50±0.17), followed by MTC (3.72±0.32), MTX (3.56±0.38), MTB (2.83±0.37), and MTI (2.31±0.33). Likewise, for flexibility, the score was maximum in the parasite plastinated in MTCl solution (4.36±0.16), followed by MTB (3.11±0.14), MTC (2.94±0.41), MTX (2.75±0.41), and MTI (1.97±0.28). The degree of dryness, stickiness, and odor of the prepared model varies non-significantly (p>0.05) with the polymer mixtures. Maximum shrinkage percentage in terms of length and width was 4.24% and 50%, respectively, in the parasites plastinated in MTB solution. Shrinkage percentage was minimal (1.81% in length and 25% in width) in the MTCl plastinated parasites. Shrinkage percentage in terms of dimension was statistically non-significant among the different polymer solutions. Plastinated models withstand the process of microbial decomposition. There were 5 and 11 odd points in favor of plastination and formalin preservation technique, respectively. Conclusion: The prepared T. vitulorum model in MTCl can be used as an adjunct to the parasite preserve in 10% formalin solution. The plastination technique can be used as an alternative method of liquid preservation.

Background: The study was aimed at molecular detection and assessment of important biomarkers in the natural cases of canine babesiosis. Methods: Blood samples of 239 dogs were examined in PCR by targeting 18S rRNA gene. Hematobiochemical, oxidant-antioxidant and plasma cortisol parameters were estimated in the dogs on the day of presentation. Result: The 18S rRNA gene sequence showed 100% homology with Babesia canis vogeli and phylogram formed a tight cluster of B. canis vogeli originated from India/other countries. Higher prevalence rate (P less than 0.05) was noted in the PCR (7.95%) than the cytological technique (3.76%). Hemogram of infected dogs showed decrease (P less than 0.05) in the mean value of hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, HCT, whereas an increase in MCHC, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and thrombocytes. The ALT (49.29±1.53 U/L), AST (48.33±2.93 U/L), total protein (10.56±0.60 g/dL), creatinine (1.41±0.10 mg/dL) and urea (19.32±0.97 mg/dL) showed significant (P less than 0.005) increase, whereas decrease in the levels of serum glucose (82.76±2.78 mg/dL) in the infected dogs. Activity of MDA and SOD was significantly (P less than 0.01) increased (7.50±7.08 nmole/µL blood) and decreased (0.015±3.91 nmole/µL blood) in the diseased dogs, respectively. Plasma cortisol concentration was 11.10±7.84 nmol/L and 2.77±5.78 nmol/L (P less than 0.01) in the infected and uninfected dogs, respectively.

Present experiment was carried out at Livestock Research Station, CVSc & AH, AAU, Anand, Gujarat (India) on twenty-four HF×Kankrej heifers with average body weight of 116.13 ± 4.74 kg and an average age of 281.92 ± 13.26 days to study the effect of feeding rice DDGS and mixture of wheat straw and groundnut straw on growth, feed intake and thyroid hormone profile of growing crossbred heifers. Three different concentrates containing 0, 20 and 40% rice DDGS (RDDGS) were offered to T1, T2 and T3 group heifers, respectively. RDDGS was given in place of soyaDOC in concentrate. Under each concentrate type, half of the heifers were offered wheat straw (R1 group) and another half a mixture of wheat straw and groundnut straw (R2 group) as dry roughage. The protein requirement of heifers was fulfilled as per ICAR (2013). Body weight was recorded at start and then at fortnightly, feed intake was calculated from the records of daily feed consumption and thyroid hormone profile was done in serum samples collected at start and then at 28 days interval throughout the experiment. Prior permission was taken from institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC, Project: 313/LPM/2019). The recorded data during the experiment was statistically analyzed by RBD factorial design. When roughage source was ignored, body weight of T3 group heifers was found significantly (p vs. 177.54 ± 4.63 & 178.99 ± 4.35).On avoiding concentrate source, body weight (kg) was significantly (p vs. 177.25 ± 3.59 kg). ADG of T3 group heifers (779.9 ± 23.2 g/head/d) was significantly (p vs. 703.9 ± 21.0), respectively. Ignoring concentrate source, ADG (g/head/d) of R2 group heifers was only numerically higher than that of (R1) heifers (751.1 ± 17.9 vs. 720.2 ± 18.6). Average DMI (kg/head/d) was found statistically similar between T1, T2 and T3 groups (4.70 ± 0.07, 4.65 ± 0.06 and 4.71 ± 0.06). The observed DMI (kg/100kg BW) in T1 group heifers that received 40% soyaDOC in concentrate was significantly (p vs. 2.59 ± 0.03 & 2.58 ± 0.03). There was non-significant difference in DMI (kg/kg BW gain) of crossbred heifers fed different concentrate. Ignoring concentrate source, the observed average DMI (kg/head/d) and DMI (kg /100kg BW) in R1 and R2 was (4.57 ± 0.05 & 4.81 ± 0.05) and (2.57 ± 0.03 & 2.65 ± 0.03), respectively. DMI (kg/head/d) and DMI (kg /100kg BW) increased significantly (p ± 4.09 & 52.30 ± 2.70) of T1, T2 and T3 group heifers remained statistically similar. When the concentrate source was ignored, serum triiodothyronine was significantly (p vs. 3.02 ± 0.13 ng/mL). The serum thyroxine concentration remained statistically similar on feeding different roughage (54.30 ± 2.16 & 53.94 ± 2.97 ng/mL). The results of the study indicate that RDDGS can replace soyaDOC fully in concentrate as a protein source and feeding mixture of groundnut straw and wheat straw is beneficial in terms of growth and do not affect normal body metabolism.

Background: The present study was undertaken to diagnose and characterize canine distemper virus (CDV) isolated from dogs of southern Gujarat, India. CDV is lethal disease of canines and felines. Total of 40 different samples were collected from 18 suspected stray dogs having different clinical signs which were processed for diagnosis and characterization of CDV.Methods: All samples were processed by employing different methods like, Immunochromatography based lateral flow test (LFA), IgG based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), one step RT-PCR, nested one step RT-PCR and virus isolation in MDCK cell line. Restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis was used to characterize CDV Nucleocapsid (N) gene. Conclusion: Only 04 samples (02 nasal and 02 ocular swabs) of 02 dogs found positive for LFA, while 14 serum samples out of 17 samples of 18 dogs found positive for IgG antibody. As all dogs were unvaccinated, serum samples found positive in IgG based ELISA considered for confirmative positive for CDV infection. Whereas 13 samples of 10 dogs found positive for one step RT-PCR and nested one step RT-PCR. In RE digestion, characteristic two bands were found. All representative CDV positive samples of 10 dogs showed characteristic cytopathic effect in MDCK cell line. On age group wise percent positivity was found 71.42 % (05/07) in 0 - ≤6 months, while 77.77% (07/09) in 6- ≤12 months of age group, whereas, both samples were found positive in 12 months and above group. Overall 77.77% (14/18) dogs found positive for CDV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on study of CDV infection in dogs from Gujarat state, India.

The dairy plants are looking for newer products for diversification and value addition. There is scope for the dairy industry to introduce newer products as healthy, convenience and ready to eat foods for capacity utilization and value addition, but because of complex biochemical composition and high water content, milk and milk products act as an excellent culture medium for growth and multiplication of varieties of microorganisms. Vacuum packaging reduces product shrinkage, trim losses by eliminating oxidation and freezer burn resulting it can enhance product quality. Now a day metabolized polyethylene terephthalate (MET PET) with vacuum packaging have a promising role in storage of various value added milk product. The developed value added Kalakand product (Indian cookie) could be stored successfully for 5 days in MET PET packaging material at 4±1°C and when the product was packaged under vacuum the shelf life increased up to 10 days at 4±1°C.

A total of 2617 large animals (1682 cattle and 935 buffaloes) of coastal districts (Bharuch, Surat, Navsari and Valsad) of South Gujarat were screened for tick infestation. The tick’s prevalence rate was (p less than 0.05) significantly higher in cross-breed (44.81%) as compared to indigenous cattle (22.93%)/ buffaloes (32.26%). Prevalence of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Hyalomma spp., Haemaphysalis spp. and mixed tick infestation was 57.80, 13.05, 20.32 and 8.83%, respectively. Infestation rate in large animals of less than 3 years had increased up to the level of 78.28%. Animals with poor body condition/ anaemia, kept in loose house (80.53%) and allowed group feeding (70.56%) had noted higher (p less than 0.05) prevalence rate of tick. Prevalence was highest in summer (41.84%) followed by rainy (40.65%) and winter (17.50%) season. It is quite demanding to know the area-wise prevalence of the hard ticks infecting animals.

This study described the detection, prevalence and phylogeny of Anaplasma marginale in the bovine (cattle and buffaloes) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick belonged to the tribal area of coastal South Gujarat, India, by amplifying 576 bp of major surface protein (msp) 5 gene using custom designed primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The PCR detection limit was up to 20 parasites/µl of blood in sensitivity experiment, and observed 100% specificity against Trypanosoma evansi, Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata. Prevalence rate of the A. marginale in the bovine (n = 211)) was 18.48% and 6.64% (p 0.05) as per the PCR and Giemsa stained blood smear, respectively. Febrile animals (35%) observed significantly (p 0.05) higher incidence rate than the non-febrile (14.62%). The amplified msp5 had single cut site for the EcoR1 enzyme, upon digestion yielded two fragments of 365 and 211 bp on 1.0% agarose gel. The current sequence (KC811329) showed 100% homology and 1064 total score with the published nucleotide sequences of msp5 of A. marginale in the NCBI-BLAST study. Monophyletic relationship was observed with high bootstrap proportion ( 76% in Neighbor-Joining/ Maximum Likelihood) between the current and published nucleotide sequences in the phylogeny. Twenty out of 39 A. marginale infected bovine recorded R. (B.) microplus on their body surface, out of which 18 had detected the infection. The rickettsia was in 55%, 65% and 25% of anterior half, posterior half and egg of tick, respectively.The test detected A. marginale in a carrier, pre-symptomatic and symptomatic vertebrate hosts (cattle and buffalo) and different body parts of the starved R. (B.) microplus including its egg. The current genotype could be an explanation for the frequent outbreaks of bovine anaplasmosis in the targeted areas.

Among haemoprotozoan diseases of the animals, babesiosis is a tick-transmitted disease caused by protozoans of the genus Babesia and it is characterized by haemolytic anemia and fever, with occasional hemoglobinuria and death (Ristic, 1981). Among six species causing bovine babesiosis, B. bigemina and B. bovis are the most important in tropical and subtropical regions (Radostits et al., 2008). The one host tick Boophilus microplus is responsible for transmission of the disease in India, both by trans-stadial and transovarian routes (Taylor et al., 2007; Lefevre et al., 2010). We came across an unusual and interesting observation about the Babesia associated with the cerebral form of the disease, the “cerebral babesiosis” in a Gir bullock, hence reporting in this communication.

An on-farm trial for 90 days was conducted using 20 anoestrus and 20 repeat breeder buffaloes to evaluate the effect of supplementing appropriate mineral mixtures (AMMs) on their return to heat. Anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes were randomly allotted to 2 treatments i.e. T1 (Ionic mineral mixture) and T2 (T1 + 25% extra zinc in chelate form). Average DMI, DCPI and TDNI in anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes calculated as per information collected from farmers were comparable among treatments. Average intake of calcium, phosphorus and copper was higher than the requirements in anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes. However, Zn intake was lower by about 65% of the requirement in all treatments. Blood glucose ranged from 57.4 to 62.4 mg/dl in T1 and T2 groups of anoestrus and repeat breeder buffaloes. On supplementing the T2 mineral mixture, the level of total protein, serum albumin, globulin, triglycerides and cholesterol increased (P

The time-integral of the output voltage vector of a three-phase inverter is often termed as the inverter flux vector. This paper addresses the control of a three-phase four-leg sinewave output inverter having an LC filter at its output, by controlling the flux vector in three dimensions. Flux vector control has the property that the output filter resonance is actively damped by the output voltage control loop alone. Further, the inverter switching action inherently regulates the output voltage rapidly against dc bus voltage variations. Flux vector control of sinewave output inverters finds several applications in three-phase four-wire systems. This paper presents the flux modulation method for three-phase four-leg inverters feeding unbalanced and nonlinear loads. All the necessary steps for the digital implementation of the flux modulator are presented. To provide experimental validation, the modulator is implemented as part of the control system for a stand-alone three-phase four-leg inverter with an LC filter at its output. Control system details are also provided. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the modulator and the control system in providing balanced voltages at the output of the LC filter even under highly unbalanced conditions with nonlinear loads. The resonance damping and voltage regulation properties of the modulator are also apparent from the experimental results.

The equilibrium kinetics, adsorption and desorption of various proteins on chromatographic adsorbents have been widely studied and published in the literature. What is lacking is a comprehensive review of the available information. In this article the equilibrium data has been summarized and presented in the form of dissociation constants. This summary leads to a chart of relative protein adsorption strength of various types of chromatography in terms of dissociation constants. Some of the factors affecting dissociation constants such as ligand concentration, pH, ionic strength and temperature have also been discussed. The results of this study can be used as important information for design, development, scale up and optimization of chromatographic processes for protein separations.

ABSTRACT The volatility of oilfield economics has always demanded operational efficiency and a need to put wells on production as quickly as possible. Conditions in today's oil and gas market have further increased these demands. To maintain stability under current conditions, operators must carefully consider all factors that can impede well productivity, and sand production is one of the most critical of these factors. For this reason, effective sand control methods that can be performed at a reduced cost and do not have to be implemented until needed are becoming increasingly more important in today's operational strategies. This paper will present one of three methods - a circulating thru-tubing sand control system that can be installed without pulling the production tubing or the downhole completion. This technique can be used for the repair of an original completion that has failed or in wells that are no longer economical to operate at flow rates restricted by sand production. An overview of the development, test, tool description, and installation will be presented. INTRODUCTION Thru-tubing gravel packs for small tubing sizes have traditionally been performed by tile squeeze or wash down packing method, particularly for 2-3/8-inch (6.03 cm) tubing size or tubing strings with an ID restriction.1 The squeeze method is undesirable with low pemeabilities or for fluid-sensitive formations and washdown systems may be limited by perforation interval length or fluid loss.2 The circulating thru-tubing system eliminates these problems, as it is not limited by perforation length, low permeabilities, or fluid-sensitive formations. In addition, the services can be performed with coiled tubing, which provides cost savings and reduces the chance of damage to the formation when compared to comparable rig-based remedial services.3 Fluid loss problems, which must be addressed in conventional IGP's (internal gravel packs) with some form of particulate or gel, are greatly reduced in this system since considerably less time is required to run the thru-tubing procedure in comparison to rig- based procedures; thus, the period of time during which fluid can be lost to the formation is minimal.4 Figure 1 shows a schematic of the equipment used in the thru-tubing circulating gravel pack. TOOL DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS The thru-tubing circulating tool system was developed for the Salice Number 1 well located in Marconia (MT), Italy. The well, a single-zone gas producer, had been completed with a 1.81-inch (3.073 cm)-ID landing nipple, located below a hydraulic-set-type production packer.

Two cases of retention of fetal membranes in she camel (camelus dromedarius) reported in north Gujarat region, India.

Successful surgical management of maternal dystocia due to incomplete dilation of cervix in doe.

A novel output stage design for four-phase ratioless dynamic logic is proposed for a low speed asynchronous pump circuit. The main features of the proposed circuit are that the precharge capacitance is reduced significantly, leading to lower power consumption, and the circuit can operate in the synchronous mode. Although more transistors are used in the circuit, there is no increase in the chip area.

Four-phase dynamic logic has been widely used to implement VLSI circuits. A technique which allows system designers to operate a custom-designed integrated circuit in different modes is to connect an input option pin to either a logic level 1 or a logic level 0 according to the specification by connecting it to Vcc or ground respectively. This method allows the designer to configure the operation of the circuit in one of the two modes. In this paper it is shown that each pin can be used to offer four modes of operation instead of two by the use of a simple multiplexing circuit. The circuit was simulated and its operation verified using the industry-standard program SPICE. The additional area required to implement the demultiplexing circuit on the chip may be offset by the saving achieved by the use of one pin to input four variables instead of two pins. Removal of an input pin from the integrated package results in the saving of silicon area on the chip as it eliminates the contact pad area and the associated input gate protection circuitry.

The formation constants of nickel complexes of catechol and pyrogallol have been determined by Irving-Rossotti method and compared with that of nickel-ethylenediamine complex. On treating nickel bis and tris ethylenediamine complexes with catechol and pyrogallol, ethylenediamine is replaced. The resulting solids have been analysed and characterised by magnetic and spectral studies.

Reaction of salicylaldehyde with bis ethylenediamine Ni(II) complex, resulting in the formation of Schiff base complex has been attempted earlier. In the present investigation similar template synthesis of Schiffbase complex has been attempted with coordinated ethylenediamine and prooylenediamine in the mixed ligand complexes [( L − L 2− ) M en or pn] where M = Ni(II) or Cu(II), L − L = catechol or 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene. The resulting complexes retain ( L − L 2− ) in their structure and the Schiffbase formed by the condensation of salicylaldehyde with the amine is bidentate, the −OH groups of the salicylaldehyde remaining uncoordinated. This has been confirmed by molar conductance, magnetic and spectral studies.