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WHAMM, a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family, is an actin nucleation promoting factor (NPF) that also associates with membranes and microtubules. Here we report that WHAMM is required for autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR). WHAMM knockout causes impairment of autolysosome tubulation, which results in accumulation of enlarged autolysosomes during prolonged starvation. Mechanistically, WHAMM is recruited to the autolysosome membrane through its specific interaction with PI(4,5)P2. WHAMM then works as an NPF which promotes assembly of an actin scaffold on the surface of the autolysosome to promote autolysosome tubulation. Our study demonstrates an unexpected role of the actin scaffold in regulating autophagic lysosome reformation., After autophagic cargo degradation, autolysosomes undergo a reformation process to recycle lysosomal membrane components. Here, Dai et al. demonstrate that the actin nucleation promoting factor WHAMM is required for autolysosome reformation by providing an actin scaffold to drive tubulation.

In view of the shape memory alloy (SMA) actuation and sensing properties of smart materials, using of SMA output larger driving force in the process of phase transformation, a biasing SMA rigid elastic coupling drive sucker control system has been designed. Using field programmable gate array (FPGA) for generating a pulse width modulated control mode, the resistance detection feedback circuit controls the current feedback, and monitors the pressure of the adsorption mechanism, thus achieving the micro-adsorption mechanism SMA drive control. Experiments show that the system not only has better precision and a certain response speed, but also has good adaptability and self-protection ability.

We have synthesized a bicopper(II) complex of N,N′,N″,N‴-tetra(2-aminoethyl)-1,1,2,2-ethanetetraamide and determined its crystal structure by X-ray diffraction. The complex has two dioxotetraamine sub-units linked by a CC bond. Each copper is situated in a square-pyramid consisting of four nitrogen atoms and one water molecule. The nitrogen atoms of the amido groups have stronger coordination ability than those of amino groups because of their deprotonation. The complex binds 10 water molecules and forms 22 hydrogen bonds. The large network of hydrogen bonds stabilizes the crystal. The complex has an EPR spectrum both in the solid and in frozen aqueous solution corresponding to mononuclear copper(II). Each copper has a magnetic moment of 1.74 μB. It has two redox processes at 0.62 and 0.79 V (vs SCE), respectively. IR, TG and conproportionation constants were also discussed.

Experimental data of hydrolytic polymerization of lanthanide ions in aqueous solution were treated by graphic method, computer fitting and pq analysis, species present were ascertained and hydrolysis constants obtained. Ln (OH)2+ and Ln2 (OH)24+ predominated in the species of all hydrolysis products. When the first and the second hydrolysis constants were plotted against radii and effective nuclear charge of lanthanide ions, the curves obtained conformed with the “three-division groups” rule. Correlation between hydrolysis constants of Ln2 (OH)24+ and other hydrolysis constants is linear. Using the above empirical correlations we calculated hydrolysis constants of all lanthanide ions and obtained satisfactory results which showed good regularity for hydrolysis of lanthanide ions and thus systematized all data of the reaction.

Bonding mechanism of cis-Pt(NH_3)_2Cl_2 with DNA has been studied by CNDO/2 cal- culation.The computed results of the six models considered indicated that from the point of view of overlap population Q)(AB)and two atoms energy E_(AB),the most favorable bonding form was that between platinum and two N_7 atoms,from guanines(G)to form [(NH_3)_2PtG_2]~(2+).Thus,intrastrand cross-linkage mechanism which had been previously proposed by some authors was confirmed by our calculation.Chelation mechanism could not completely be excluded.Under certain conditions, it was possible for platinum to combine with a guanine through its N_7 and O(C_6)to form a chelate, but it was unstable as compared with [(NH_3)_2PtG_3]~(2+). Although the intrastrand cross-linkage mechanism is favored by our calculation,the question of how such a mode of combination hampers replication of DNA remains to be solved.

Sodium silicate in solution has been studed by ~(29)Si NMR spectroscopy. It was found that for solution of sodium silicate with mole number equal to 1, as the concentration of the solution lowered, the degree of polymerization decreased and the relative concentration of monosilicate anion increased, the lower the concen- tration of silicate solution, the more the relative concentration of monosilicate. It was also found that the regular changes of chemical shift δ and spin lattice relaxation time T_1 of various species of silicon and added salt effect on sodium silicate solution varied with mole number and concentration of the silicate in solution.

The solid state redox reaction of iron (III) oxalate with sodium nitrate and tin(II) chloride was investigated in hydrogen atmosphere and helium atmosphere by use of a non-isothermal technique. The evolved gases (EG) formed during the reaction were directly detected by gas chromatography, and the solid products were also identified by XRD, Mossbauer spectra and IR. The results show that the solid state redox reaction can go to completion because electron transfer is much easier than mass diffusion along the boundaries of the reactant. The releasing of crystal and coordination water during the redox reaction also facilitates completion of the reaction. The mechanism of the solid state reaction is also discussed.

Here we report a review of the results of our studies in recent years on reactions of coordination compounds in solid state at ordinary ard medium temperatures. The studies have been made mainly by means of gas chromatography coupled with various spectroscopic methods. The results are described with respect to the following aspects

The thermal decomposition of K 3 Co(CN) 5 L (L = CN − , NO 2 − , N 3 − , NO) in a hydrogen atmosphere has been studied by gas chromatography. The first stage of thermal decomposition of these complexes is to release crystal water if contained, and the second stage is to dissociate the ligand at very high speed, with a large amount of heat being released when LN 3 − . Thirdly, the residual cyano-cobalt complex is further decomposed to form HCN, (CN) 2 and N 2 and a little NH 3 and CH 4 . In the presence of iron powder, the evolution of NH 3 is increased greatly, whereas HCN disappeared entirely. The influence of reduced iron powder upon the decomposition is also studied.

The solid state reaction of sodium nitrate and iron (III) oxalate in hydrogen atmosphere was investigated by gas chromatography, Mossbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that there is no reaction below 240°C between them while iron (III) Oxalate decomposes itself into α-FeC2O4 and gives off CO2 and H2O peaks at 180°C. The reaction takes place at 260—300°C when sodium nitrate oxidizes α-FeC2O4 to Fe (III) compound and releases large amount of CO2 and a little NO and O2. Different mole proportions and particle sizes of reactants have no obvious effect on solid state reaction. Because of the catalyzing effect of Fe (III) compound, sodium nitrate and its reduction product, sodium nitrite decomposes at 380—500°C and Fe (III) compound is transformed into γ-Fe2O3 at 460°C.

Some properties and thermal decomposition of iron (III) oxalate supported on HZSM-5 and HY zeolites have been studied by GC, IR, and Mossbauer spectroscopy methods. Thermal decomposition of unsupported iron (III) oxalate took place in two stages: as indicated by peak α (giving CO2) and peak γ (yielding CO and CO2), but for iron (III) oxalate supported on zeolites, an additional peak β (producing CO and CO2) appeared as a result of the interaction between C2O42− and Al3+. At 500°C Fe2(C2O4)3-HZSM-5 system produced α-Fe in H2 due to the weak interaction between the salt and the support. For Fe2(C2O4)3-HY system in H2, at 500° the solid products consisted of α-Fe and a little highly dispersed Fe (0) together with Fe (II) and F(III) oxides, which were difficult to be reduced.

Thermal decomposition of nitrourea salts (K, Na, Ag, Ba) was studied in hydrogen atmosphere, helium atmosphere and vacuum by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The evolution of dinitrogen oxide, water, hydrazine, nitrogen dioxide and the formation of cyanate salts during thermodecomposition of nitrourea salts in helium and hydrogen were confirmed. In vacuum the evolved gaseous products changed to dinitrogen oxide, water, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen gas indicating that interreaction between evolved gaseous products occurred. The same solid products – cyanate salts – are formed showing vacuum having no effects upon the decomposition mechanism.