Search

Resin infiltration (RI) is used to mask enamel opacities. There are three recommended etching cycles. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that favorable esthetics outcomes can be obtained by increasing the etching cycles. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated etching cycles during RI application on esthetic changes and surface roughness of demineralized enamel at multiple treatment stages. Artificial demineralization was prepared on the buccal surface of ninety sound extracted premolars. The teeth were divided into nine groups (n = 10); with each consecutive group having one additional etching cycle up to nine etching cycles. Resin infiltrant was performed twice, first for 3 min (Resin 1) and again for 1 min (Resin 2). Surface roughness and esthetic changes were assessed using a profilometer (Ambios XP-200) and Minolta spectrophotometer, respectively, at baseline (sound enamel), etching, resin 1, resin 2, 7 days, and 28 days post resin applications. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between the different stages and various groups of etching cycles on surface roughness, F(48, 126) = 3.48, p < 0.001. There was a significant interaction between the different stages and various groups of etching cycles on color changes, F(4, 126) = 1.177, p = 0.045. The surface roughness of demineralized enamel infiltrated with RI was less than that of sound enamel (baseline). There is a significant difference in color changes between resin 1 and resin 2 (p < 0.05). After five etching cycles, RI improved the esthetic of the color of teeth similar to the baseline. Surface roughness and color changes remained constant for 28 days. RI can be considered an effective and predictable treatment option for the restoration of early enamel lesions owing to its better surface characteristics and reliable masking effects. The color stability and surface roughness stay unaltered for up to 28 days.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of topical fluoride application and diode laser-irradiation on the hardness of demineralized enamel and to evaluate the esthetic improvement of the white spot lesions (WSLs) using a visual analog scale (VAS). Materials and Methods: Artificial WSLs (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surface of 45 human third molars. The teeth were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 15): group A, fluoride only; group B, combined therapy of fluoride and diode laser; and group C, control. Vicker’s hardness number (VHN) was measured at baseline, after demineralization and after treatment. To evaluate the esthetic improvement after treatment, 14 raters evaluated each group’s photographs using a 100-millimeter VAS. A one-way ANOVA or Brown-Forsythe and Games-Howell post hoc procedure were performed for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05 for all tests. Results: Group A mean VHN was significantly higher than groups B and C, and group B was significantly higher than group C (P

Good margin integrity with a tight seal of the adhesive interface is considered one of the key factors for the clinical success of composite restorations. This study investigated the effect of enamel etching with phosphoric acid on the margin integrity of self-etch bonded composite restorations in demineralized enamel. Crowns of bovine incisors were assigned into 14 groups (n = 10 per group) of which ten groups (groups 1–5 and 8–12) were demineralized (21 days, acid buffer, pH 4.95) to create artificial carious lesions. Standardized Class V cavities were prepared in all specimens. Demineralized groups were either etched with phosphoric acid for 10, 30, 60, or 120 s (groups 2–5 and 9–12), or no etching was performed (groups 1 and 8). The non-demineralized (sound) groups were etched for 10 s (groups 7 and 14) or remained non-etched (groups 6 and 13). Resin composite restorations were then placed using either a one-step (iBond Self Etch, groups 1–7) or two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond, groups 8–14). Margin integrity of the restorations was assessed after thermocycling (5000×, 5–55 °C) using scanning electron microscopy, and the percentage of continuous margins (%CM) was statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). Phosphoric acid etching significantly increased %CM in both demineralized and sound enamel. For iBond Self Etch, a significant increase in %CM in demineralized enamel was observed with increased etching times. All etched groups treated with Clearfil SE Bond and those etched for 60 or 120 s and treated with iBond Self Etch showed similar %CM in demineralized enamel as in etched sound enamel, and significantly higher %CM than in non-etched sound enamel. In conclusion, enamel etching with phosphoric acid improves margin integrity of composite restorations in demineralized enamel when bonded with the examined adhesives.

Background: Enamel mineral density is dependent on a balanced dynamic process of demineralization and remineralization. Objective: We evaluated the remineralization potential of experimental calcium- containing primer (CaP) application on enamel subsurface lesions. Methods: Demineralized enamel samples obtained from bovine incisor teeth were prepared and cut buccolingually. All samples were divided into 4 main groups according to the type of primer: CLEARFIL SE BOND 2 Primer (SEP), experimental calcium-containing primer (CaP) and bond: CLEARFIL SE BOND 2 Bond (SEB), CLEARFIL Protect Bond (PBB) treatment: (1) SEP-SEB (2) SEP-PBB (3) CaP-SEB (4) CaP-PBB. Each group was subdivided according to storage time in artificial saliva: immediately, 1 month and 6 months. Then, the samples were analyzed using transverse micro radiography (TMR). Additionally, the samples treated with each primer were prepared for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) observation. Two-way ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis of mineral loss (&Delta, Z: vol%&middot, &micro, m). Results: CaP-PBB had the significantly lowest &Delta, Z at all storage times, while SEP-SEB had the highest &Delta, Z (p &lt, 0.05). SEM observations revealed that new crystals were formed on the surface after 6 months, and the ratio of calcium on the enamel increased in the EDS analysis. Conclusion: Experimental calcium-containing primer can provide additional mineral deposition, with even further deposition when combined with a fluoride-containing bond.

0\. Titelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\. Einleitung 1 2\. Literaturübersicht 3 3\. Ziel der Untersuchung 21 4\. Material und Methode 22 5\. Ergebnisse 33 6\. Diskussion 49 7\. Schlussfolgerung 58 8\. Zusammenfassung 59 9\. Literaturverzeichnis 61 10\. Anhang 71, Zusammenfassung Die Symptome der Xerostomie werden üblicherweise durch die Verwendung von Speichelersatzmitteln behandelt. Bei entsprechender Zusammensetzung scheinen diese ein nicht zu vernachlässigendes demineralisierendes Potential zu besitzen. Ein Produkt auf Leinsamenbasis (Salinum®) wurde diesbezüglich noch nicht untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Studie war daher, den Effekt von verschiedenen Leinsamenlösungen mit unterschiedlichen Kalzium- und Phosphatkonzentrationen bei zwei pH-Werten sowie von Salinum® auf den Mineralgehalt und die Läsionstiefe von prädemineralisierten bovinen Schmelzproben in vitro zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden aus dem Kronenbereich von 33 frisch extrahierten Rinderfrontzähnen 130 Schmelzproben präpariert. Diese wurden in Kunstharz eingebettet und unter ständiger Wasserkühlung oberflächlich poliert. Der linke Bereich der Probenoberfläche wurde mit Nagellack abgedeckt (Kontrolle). Anschließend wurden die Proben in einer Demineralisationslösung bei 37 °C gelagert (14 Tage, pH 5,0). Die Hälfte des demineralisierten Bereiches wurde im Anschluss ebenfalls mit Nagellack abgedeckt. Hiernach wurden die Proben (n = 10) in den 13 unterschiedlichen Speichelsubstituten für 14 Tage bei 37 °C gelagert, welche alle 12 Stunden erneuert wurden. Nach Beendigung der Lagerung wurden 100 µm dicke Dünnschliffe angefertigt, die mikroradiografisch (TMR für Windows, Version 2.0.27.2) hinsichtlich Mineralverlust und Läsionstiefe untersucht wurden. Das Produkt Salinum® führte zu einem signifikant höheren Mineralverlust als Lösungen mit gleichen Sättigungsgraden bezüglich Apatit. Diese Studie zeigte, dass die Phosphatkonzentration (ALM; p = 0,094) sowie der pH-Wert (ALM; p = 0,397) keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Mineralgehalt und die Läsionstiefen hatten. Kalzium hingegen beeinflusste nur den Mineralgehalt signifikant (ALM; p = 0,003). Die Lösungen mit einer hohen Konzentration an Kalzium (222 mg/l) und Phosphat (444 mg/l) und daher mit einem hohen Sättigungsgrad hinsichtlich verschiedener Apatite führten zu einer signifikanten Remineralisation der untersuchten Proben (p < 0,05; t-Test). Das Produkt Salinum® kann auf Grundlage dieser In-vitro-Studie bei bezahnten Patienten nicht empfohlen werden. Mit zunehmender Kalzium- und Phosphatkonzentration kann jedoch das Remineralisationspotential von Speichelersatzmitteln auf Leinsamenbasis erhöht werden., Summary Usually saliva substitutes are used for alleviation of the distressing symptoms of xerostomia. However, many artificial salivas seem to have a demineralizing potential. So far a linseed based product (Salinum®) has not been investigated. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effects of various linseed based solutions differing in calcium and phosphate concentrations at two different pH values and Salinum® on the mineral loss and the lesions depths of pre-demineralized bovine enamel. From 33 freshly extracted bovine incisors 130 enamel specimens were prepared. The samples were embedded in epoxy resin and polished under water cooling up to 4000 grit. The surface was partially covered with nail varnish (control of sound enamel). Subsequently, the enamel specimens were stored in a demineralising solution for 14 days at 37 °C (pH 5.0). Half of the demineralised areas were covered with nail varnish again. The samples (n = 10) were stored in 13 different solutions for two weeks at 37 °C that were renewed every 12 hours. After exposure the specimens were cut perpendicular to the enamel surface and the sections were ground to a uniform thickness of 100 µm. The specimens were studied with a digital image analysing system. A dedicated software (TMR for Windows, version 2.0.27.2) was used to calculate mineral loss and lesion depths. Salinum® induced a significantly greater mineral loss compared to equivalent saturated solutions with respect to apatites. Phosphate concentrations (GLM; p = 0,094) as well as pH (GLM; p = 0,397) did not significantly influence mineral loss and lesion depths. Calcium significantly influenced the mineral gain (GLM; p = 0,003). The solution with a high calcium and phosphate concentration (222 mg/l and 444 mg/l) having a high degree of saturation was capable to remineralize the specimens significantly (p < 0.05; t-test). Within the limitations of an in vitro study it can be concluded that Salinum® should not be recommended for dentate patients. With increasing calcium and phosphate concentrations the remineralizing properties of linseed based saliva substitutes could be enhanced.