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© 2019 European Association of Urology Two active surveillance risk calculators to predict disease reclassification on prostate biopsy are externally validated by the Movember Foundation's Global Action Plan (GAP3) consortium. They proved to be clinically useful and could reduce unnecessary biopsies, but need recalibration to local settings.

Injury to the ureter is relatively rare. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 21 cases of ureteric injury from penetrating trauma at the Lincoln Medical Center. Two injuries resulted from stab wounds and 19 from gunshot wounds. Total ureteric disruption occurred in 14 cases, partial transection in four and contusion in three. Preoperative screening was unreliable in accurately predicting the injury with hematuria being present in 66 per cent of cases. Similarly, intravenous urogram was diagnostic in 14 per cent and suspicious in another 42 per cent. Most injuries were diagnosed intraoperatively and exploration of the retro peritoneum remains the only definitive method of excluding ureteric injuries. Most patients were critically ill (mean ISS 27) due to associated injuries (90 per cent). Neither peritoneal contamination associated with hollow viscous injuries nor hypotension adversely affected the healing of ureteric anastomoses. Anastomotic leak developed in three (14 per cent) cases and one of them required operative correction. Another two patients developed infections related to the urinary tract.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of prone and sitting on the heart rates, respiration rates, and arterial oxygen saturation levels of premature infants. The positioning device used for sitting the infants was the premature infant seat, an experimental seat developed by the principal investigator. Thirty premature infants' heart rates, respiration rates, and arterial oxygen saturation levels were recorded in three 30-minute periods: 1) prone-baseline, 2) sitting in the premature infant seat, and 3) pronerecovery. One-way analysis of variance revealed statistically significant results for the effect of position change (p < .05). The difference between the infants' mean group values for the effect of position change on the dependent variables showed little clinical change between prone and sitting. No episodes of apnea or bradycardia occurred during the study. The results of this study suggest that sitting in the premature infant seat should be considered an alternative position to prone for clinically stable premature infants.