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Artificial Neural Networks are fine tuned to yield the best performance through an iterative process where the values of their parameters are altered. Optimization is the preferred method to determine the parameters that yield the minima of the loss function, an evaluation metric for ANN’s. However, the process of finding an optimal model which has minimum loss faces several obstacles, the most notable being the efficiency and rate of convergence to the minima of the loss function. Such optimization efficiency is imperative to reduce the use of computational resources and time when training Neural Network models. This paper reviews and compares the intuition and effectiveness of existing optimization algorithms such as Gradient Descent, Gradient Descent with Momentum, RMSProp and Adam that implement first order derivatives, and Newton’s Method that utilizes second order derivatives for convergence. It also explores the possibility to combine and leverage first and second order optimization techniques for improved performance when training Artificial Neural Networks.

The Black-Scholes Equation is arguably the most influential financial equation, as it is an effective example of how to eliminate risk from a financial portfolio by using a hedged position. Hedged positions are used by many firms, mutual funds and finance companies to increase the value of financial assets over time.The derivation of the Black-Scholes equation is often considered difficult to understand and overly complicated, when in reality most confusion arises from misunderstandings in notation or lack of intuition around the mathematical processes involved. This paper aims to take a simple look at the derivation of the Black-Scholes equation as well as the reasoning behind it.

In this paper, we investigate a novel 3-compartment model of HIV infection of CD4$^+$ T-cells with a mass action term by including two versions: one baseline ODE model and one delay-differential equation (DDE) model with a constant discrete time delay. Similar to various endemic models, the dynamics within the ODE model is fully determined by the basic reproduction term $R_0$. If $R_01$, there exists a positive equilibrium that is globally/orbitally asymptotically stable within the interior of a predefined region. To present the incubation time of the virus, a constant delay term $��$ is added, forming a DDE model. In this model, this time delay (of the transmission between virus and healthy cells) can destabilize the system, arising periodic solutions through Hopf bifurcation. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate and verify the results., 32 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables

Determining the solvability of equations has been an extended and fundamental study in Mathematics. The local-global principle states two objects are equivalent globally if and only if they are equivalent locally at all places. By applying this principle, the Hasse - Minkowski theorem is able to identify the existence of rational solutions of an equation. This paper explores the applications of the Hasse-Minkowski theorem to homogeneous quadratic forms in two and three variables. After providing some of the necessary proofs and definitions, we have been able to introduce some complete computer programs implementing the Hasse-Minkowski theorems and Legendre theorem with some supporting functions like the Eratosthenes sieve.This article was retracted on January 03, 2022.

Our paper was hugely inspired by Dr. Hohner’s master thesis, “The Hasse-Minkowski Theorem in Two and Three Variables.” More than half the length of our paper is our original programming implementation of various theorems, like the Hasse-­Minkowski theorem and Legendre’s theorem, and many supporting concepts, along with the algorithm analysis. We also shorten many proofs from Dr. Hohner’s paper by either providing an alternative shorter version or summarizing them. We credit him in section 1 on the binary and ternary quadratic form and the bibliography. However, the location of the credit section 1 was supposed to be before section 1, and this is a formatting mistake. Even though we made an effort to credit Dr. Hohner’s work, it could still be insufficient. We think it would be best to retract the paper for those listed reasons.

Let be a sequence of real numbers and let be any regular limitable method. We prove that, under some assumptions, if a sequence or its generator sequence generated regularly by a sequence in a class of sequences is a subsequential convergence condition for , then for any integer , the repeated arithmetic means of , , generated regularly by a sequence in the class , is also a subsequential convergence condition for .

In this paper, we introduce some new Tauberian-like conditions to retrieve slow oscillation of a real sequence (un) out of (C,1) summability of its generator sequence.

WOS: 000287564000021, In this paper, we introduce some conditions to recover subsequential convergence of an (A, k) summable sequence which is one-sidedly bounded by another sequence. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.