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Kobus Marais’s monograph Translation Theory and Development Studies: A Complexity Theory Approach carves out new territory in translation studies, namely what might be called translational development studies – but it also seeks to fuse that new subdiscipline with an invigorated complexity- theoretical framework. This article seeks to promote and advance Marais’s project by offering correctives to two areas where his own theoretical framework remains somewhat blurry – in fact, undeveloped – namely the translator’s agency and social constructivism. The article explores an emergentist theory of “icosis” (somatic plausibilization) as a solution that, like Marais’s own approach, is steeped in Peircean semeiotic.

Purpose: Dovitinib (TKI258) is an orally available inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), VEGF, and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. This phase I/II dose–escalation study was conducted to evaluate the safety, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of dovitinib in the treatment of advanced melanoma.Experimental Design: Patients with advanced melanoma resistant or refractory to standard therapies or for whom no standard therapy was available were enrolled. Dovitinib was administered at doses ranging from 200 to 500 mg/d.Results: Forty-seven patients were enrolled. The most frequently reported adverse events were fatigue (77%; grade ≥3, 28%), diarrhea (77%; grade ≥3, 11%), and nausea (77%; grade ≥3, 9%). Six dose-limiting toxicities were observed in the 400-mg and 500-mg dose cohorts, which consisted of grade 3 nausea, fatigue, and diarrhea and grade 4 fatigue events. The maximum tolerated dose was 400 mg/d. The best tumor response was stable disease, which was observed in 12 patients. Increases in plasma FGF23, VEGF, and placental growth factor and decreases in soluble VEGF receptor 2 were noted during the first cycle of treatment, consistent with FGF receptor (FGFR) and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) inhibition. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI analysis showed a dose-dependent decrease in tumor blood flow and vascular permeability with dovitinib therapy. A decrease in FGFR phosphorylation was observed in paired tumor biopsy samples from a patient treated with dovitinib at a dose of 400 mg/d.Conclusions: At a dose of 400 mg/d, dovitinib showed an acceptable safety profile and limited clinical benefit and inhibited FGFR and VEGFR. Clin Cancer Res; 17(23); 7451–61. ©2011 AACR.

PDF file - 131K, Abbreviations: AUC0-t, area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to t; Cmax, maximum concentration; CV%, coefficient of variation; PK, pharmacokinetic; SD, standard deviation; T1/2, half-life.

Supplementary Figures 1-8 from The Mechanisms of Differential Sensitivity to an Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Inhibitor (BMS-536924) and Rationale for Combining with EGFR/HER2 Inhibitors

Supplementary Tables 1-4 from The Mechanisms of Differential Sensitivity to an Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Inhibitor (BMS-536924) and Rationale for Combining with EGFR/HER2 Inhibitors

Mobbing is a widespread but risky behavior where prey actually approach and may even attack their predators. Small songbirds gather in multi-species flocks to direct mobbing at birds of prey such as the Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), a small diurnal species of owl in mountainous western North America. We hypothesized that intensity of mobbing behavior would vary according to risk to songbirds and that risk varied seasonally and across elevations. In particular, we expected mobbing intensity to change seasonally as a function of two primary sources of risk: seasonal dietary changes of pygmy-owls and distribution of pygmy-owls as a function of elevation. Pygmy-owls are known to shift their diet from mostly mammals in early spring to birds in early summer, so we hypothesized risk of predation would vary in parallel. Likewise, risk was expected to vary as the distribution of pygmy-owls was thought to vary seasonally across elevations. To elicit mobbing in a controlled manner, we conducted owl call playback experiments in the Oregon Coast Range mountains, United States. Overall, we found mobbing to be rare, observing it in 8.1% of 663 experiments. The frequency of mobbing did not appear to vary across elevations. Instead, mobbing varied mostly by season. The frequency of mobbing was highest during fall at lower elevations. Mobbing was rarest (1.3% of trials) during winter. Mobbing occurred during seasons when pygmy-owls tend to consume more birds, consistent with the hypothesis that seasonal variation in risk influences mobbing. In our study, mobbing happened when risk was higher. However, the increased risk may be offset by the influence of mobbing group size. Mobbing was more likely to occur at sites where the number of songbirds, especially chickadees (Poecile sp.) and nuthatches (Sitta sp.), was larger. Yet, even when songbird numbers were high, mobbing was rare during winter, suggesting an interaction between risk and energetic costs of mobbing. Additional experiments manipulating food resource availability may be able to reveal the strength and influence of the interaction on mobbing decisions.

Long-term changes in bird populations during winter are poorly evaluated in many parts of the world. We re-surveyed forest bird communities during winter, 2019-2021, in seven large plots originally surveyed from 1968 through to 1970, near Corvallis, Oregon, USA by Stanley Anderson, a graduate student at Oregon State University in the 1960s. Anderson counted birds and measured forest plant communities within the forests dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Coast Range Mountain foothills. His thesis included plot locations, summaries of vegetation characteristics and point estimates of bird densities for each plot. To our knowledge, the Anderson data represent the oldest structured survey of Pacific Northwest winter forest bird communities with density estimates. Given the paucity of similar data, we re-surveyed his plots after aligning methods with his and adding modern components (distance and time interval sampling) to facilitate comparisons of changes in abundances. We preserved more extensive metadata than were preserved from Anderson's surveys, including georeferenced point count survey locations to facilitate more precisely repeatable future re-surveys. Original surveys of winter bird populations in the Pacific Northwest, USA, based on georeferenced locations within seven large plots originally surveyed, 1968-1970. In addition to raw count data of all bird species detected, we include information from distance sampling and time-interval sampling methods. To our knowledge, this is one of the only structured surveys of winter forest bird populations in the Coast Range Mountains, USA.

Cellular functions, such as division and migration, require cells to undergo robust shape changes. Through their contractility machinery, cells also sense, respond, and adapt to their physical surroundings. In the cytoplasm, the contractility machinery organizes into higher order assemblies termed contractility kits (CKs). Using Dictyostelium discoideum, we previously identified Discoidin I (DscI), a classic secreted lectin, as a CK component through its physical interactions with the actin crosslinker Cortexillin I (CortI) and the scaffolding protein IQGAP2. Here, we find that DscI ensures robust cytokinesis through regulating intracellular components of the contractile machinery. Specifically, DscI is necessary for normal cytokinesis, cortical tension, membrane–cortex connections, and cortical distribution and mechanoresponsiveness of CortI. The dscI deletion mutants also have complex genetic epistatic relationships with CK components, acting as a genetic suppressor of cortI and iqgap1, but as an enhancer of iqgap2. This work underscores the fact that proteins like DiscI contribute in diverse ways to the activities necessary for optimal cell function.

Cross‐ecosystem subsidies move substantial amounts of nutrients between ecosystems. Emergent aquatic insects are a particularly important prey source for riparian songbirds but may also move aquatic contaminants, such as mercury (Hg), to riparian food webs. While many studies focus on species that eat primarily emergent aquatic insects, we instead study riparian songbirds with flexible foraging strategies, exploiting both aquatic and terrestrial prey sources. The goal in this study is to trace reliance on aquatic prey sources and correlate it to Hg concentrations in common riparian arachnids (Families Tetragnathidae, Opiliones, and Salticidae) and songbirds (Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas, Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus, Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus, Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia, and Yellow Warbler Setophaga petechia). We used stable isotopes of δ13C and δ15N and Bayesian mixing models in MixSIAR to determine the reliance of riparian predators on aquatic prey sources. Using mixed effects models, we found that arachnid families varied in their reliance on aquatic prey sources. While songbird species varied in their reliance on aquatic prey sources, songbirds sampled earlier in the season consistently relied more on aquatic prey sources than those sampled later in the season. For both arachnids and songbirds, we found a positive correlation between the amount of the aquatic prey source in their diet and their Hg concentrations. While the seasonal pulse of aquatic prey to terrestrial ecosystems is an important source of nutrients to riparian species, our results show that aquatic prey sources are linked with higher Hg exposure. For songbirds, reliance on aquatic prey sources early in the breeding season (and subsequent higher Hg exposure) coincides with timing of egg laying and development, both of which may be impacted by Hg exposure., To understand how exploiting emergent aquatic prey sources could also expose the riparian community to aquatic‐based contaminants, we used stable isotopes of δ13C and δ15N in a MixSIAR Bayesian mixing model to trace emergent aquatic prey in riparian predators (songbirds and arachnids). We determined that individual reliance on aquatic prey was positively correlated with mercury exposure, with songbirds relying more in aquatic prey early in the season. Our results show the seasonal pulse of aquatic prey to terrestrial ecosystems is likely an important source of nutrients to riparian species but may also drive season‐dependent exposure to aquatic contaminants.

THE SKITCHEWAUG TRAIL QUARRY in Springfield, Windsor County, Vermont, is located off the Skitchewaug Trail (Vermont Route 143), a few hundred yards south and east of where Interstate 91 crosses ove...

Norm theory was invented in 1986, by Daniel Kahneman and Dale T. Miller, as a decision-science subdiscipline of psychology, but with close connections with emerging embodied, embedded, enactive, extended and affective (4EA) cognitive science. Notably, they gave affective response a key role in marking not only the intensity but the cognitive load of norm-formative decision-making. A few years later, in the early 1990s, Gideon Toury, Andrew Chesterman, and other translation scholars began to theorize translational norms—with a very different model that apparently owed nothing to Kahneman and Miller’s pioneering work. In translational norm theory, norms are established based on the rational work of competent professionals, and anyone who doesn’t simply obey those norms cannot be considered a professional. This article rethinks translational norm theory using not only Kahneman & Miller but the later convergence of Merleau-Ponty’s lived experience with cognitive science in 4EA cognition.

Eugene Nida’s concept “dynamic equivalence” is well-known all over the world – or is it? In this paper I argue first that Nida himself didn't understand the implications of his concept very well, a...