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Supplementary for: complex decision-making strategies in a stock market experiment explained as the combination of few simple strategies. The file is in a PDF format (PDF 3.3 MB)

Background: Tobacco use during pregnancy entails a serious risk to the mother and harmful effects on the development of the child. Europe has the highest tobacco smoking prevalence (19.3%) compared with the 6.8% global mean. Between 20% to 30% of pregnant women used tobacco during pregnancy worldwide. These data emphasize the urgent need for community education and implementation of prevention strategies focused on the risks associated with tobacco use during pregnancy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an intervention that incorporates a serious game (Tobbstop) to help pregnant smokers quit smoking. Methods: A two-arm randomized controlled trial enrolled 42 women who visited 2 primary care centers in Catalonia, Spain, between March 2015 and November 2016. All participants were pregnant smokers, above 18 years old, attending consultation with a midwife during the first trimester of pregnancy, and had expressed their desire to stop smoking. Participants were randomized to the intervention (n=21) or control group (n=21). The intervention group was instructed to install the game on their mobile phone or tablet and use it for 3 months. Until delivery, all the participants were assessed on their stage of smoking cessation during their follow-up midwife consultations. The primary outcome was continuous tobacco abstinence until delivery confirmed by the amount of carbon monoxide at each visit, measured with a carboxymeter. Results: Continuous abstinence until delivery outcome was 57% (12/21) in the intervention group versus 14% (3/21) in the control group (hazard ratio=4.31; 95% CI 1.87-9.97; P=.001). The mean of total days without smoking until delivery was higher in the intervention group (mean 139.75, SD 21.76) compared with the control group (mean 33.28, SD 13.27; P

Cooperation is one of the behavioral traits that define human beings, however we are still trying to understand why humans cooperate. Behavioral experiments have been largely conducted to shed light into the mechanisms behind cooperation and other behavioral traits. However, most of these experiments have been conducted in laboratories with highly controlled experimental protocols but with varied limitations which limits the reproducibility and the generalization of the results obtained. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, some experimental approaches have moved human behavior experimentation from laboratories to public spaces, where behaviors occur naturally, and have opened the participation to the general public within the citizen science framework. Given the open nature of these environments, it is critical to establish the appropriate protocols to maintain the same data quality that one can obtain in the laboratories. Here, we introduce Citizen Social Lab, a software platform designed to be used in the wild using citizen science practices. The platform allows researchers to collect data in a more realistic context while maintaining the scientific rigour, and it is structured in a modular and scalable way so it can also be easily adapted for online or brick-and-mortar experimental laboratories. Following citizen science guidelines, the platform is designed to motivate a more general population into participation, but also to promote engaging and learning of the scientific research process. We also review the main results of the experiments performed using the platform up to now, and the set of games that each experiment includes. Finally, we evaluate some properties of the platform, such as the heterogeneity of the samples of the experiments and their satisfaction level, and the parameters that demonstrate the robustness of the platform and the quality of the data collected., 17 pages, 11 figures and 4 tables

Jocs x la Salut Mental és un projecte de ciència ciutadana que analitza les interaccions entre persones amb problemes de salut mental, familiars i cuidadors de forma participada i vol aportar nou coneixement sobre el model d’atenció comunitària en salut mental. Un seguit de sessions de treball han donat forma a una plataforma digital que permet jugar i plantejar un conjunt de dilemes socials a voluntaris de tota Catalunya. Hem estudiat plegats les interaccions socials allà on es relacionen els diversos actors implicats en salut mental. Els resultats de l’estudi es publiquen en format d’article de recerca científica en la revista d’accés obert Scientific Reports: Anna Cigarini, Julián Vicens, Jordi Duch, Sánchez, and Josep Perelló, Quantitative account of social interactions in a mental health care ecosystem: cooperation, trust and collective action, Scientific Reports 8: 3794 (2018), doi 10.1038/s41598-018-21900-1. Les dades estan anominitzades i obertes a Zenodo, amb doi 10.5281/zenodo.1175627 i amb llicència CC BY-SA-4.0. També podeu veure un vídeo resum a:http://www.ub.edu/opensystems/ca/projectes/games-x-mental-health/

Jocs X la Salut Mental és un projecte de ciència ciutadana que analitza les interaccions entre afectats, familiars i cuidadors de forma participada. Un seguit de sessions de treball han donat forma a una plataforma digital que permet jugar i plantejar un conjunt de dilemes socials a voluntaris de tota Catalunya. Hem estudiat plegats les interaccions socials allà on es relacionen els diversos actors implicats en salut mental. Els resultats de l’estudi es publiquen en format d’article de recerca científica en la revista d’accés obert Scientific Reports: Anna Cigarini, Julián Vicens, Jordi Duch, Sánchez, and Josep Perelló, Quantitative account of social interactions in a mental health care ecosystem: cooperation, trust and collective action, Scientific Reports (2018), doi 10.1038/s41598-018-21900-1. Les dades estan anominitzades i obertes a Zenodo, amb doi 10.5281/zenodo.1175627 i amb llicència CC BY-SA-4.0. També podeu veure un vídeo resum a: xxxxx &nbsp

Mental disorders have an enormous impact in our society, both in personal terms and in the economic costs associated with their treatment. In order to scale up services and bring down costs, administrations are starting to promote social interactions as key to care provision. We analyze quantitatively the importance of communities for effective mental health care, considering all community members involved. By means of citizen science practices, we have designed a suite of games that allow to probe into different behavioral traits of the role groups of the ecosystem. The evidence reinforces the idea of community social capital, with caregivers and professionals playing a leading role. Yet, the cost of collective action is mainly supported by individuals with a mental condition - which unveils their vulnerability. The results are in general agreement with previous findings but, since we broaden the perspective of previous studies, we are also able to find marked differences in the social behavior of certain groups of mental disorders. We finally point to the conditions under which cooperation among members of the ecosystem is better sustained, suggesting how virtuous cycles of inclusion and participation can be promoted in a 'care in the community' framework. This work was partially supported by Federació de Salut Mental Catalunya; by MINEICO (Spain), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through grants FIS2013-47532-C3-1-P (JD), FIS2016-78904-C3-1-P (JD), FIS2013-47532-C3-2-P (JP), FIS2016-78904-C3-2-P (JP, AC); by Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain) through Complexity Lab Barcelona (contract no. 2014 SGR 608, JP) and through Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca (contract no. 2013 DI 49, JD, JV); and by the EU through FET Open Project IBSEN (contract no. 662725, AS) and FET-Proactive Project DOLFINS (contract no. 640772, AS).

Supplementary materials (PDF 3.9 MB)

Decisions made in our everyday lives are based on a wide variety of information so it is generally very difficult to assess what are the strategies that guide us. Stock market provides a rich environment to study how people make decisions since responding to market uncertainty needs a constant update of these strategies. For this purpose, we run a lab-in-the-field experiment where volunteers are given a controlled set of financial information -based on real data from worldwide financial indices- and they are required to guess whether the market price would go “up” or “down” in each situation. From the data collected we explore basic statistical traits, behavioural biases and emerging strategies. In particular, we detect unintended patterns of behavior through consistent actions, which can be interpreted as Market Imitation and Win-Stay Lose-Shift emerging strategies, with Market Imitation being the most dominant. We also observe that these strategies are affected by external factors: the expert advice, the lack of information or an information overload reinforce the use of these intuitive strategies, while the probability to follow them significantly decreases when subjects spends more time to make a decision. The cohort analysis shows that women and children are more prone to use such strategies although their performance is not undermined. Our results are of interest for better handling clients expectations of trading companies, to avoid behavioural anomalies in financial analysts decisions and to improve not only the design of markets but also the trading digital interfaces where information is set down. Strategies and behavioural biases observed can also be translated into new agent based modelling or stochastic price dynamics to better understand financial bubbles or the effects of asymmetric risk perception to price drops.\ud \ud

Decisions taken in our everyday lives are based on a wide variety of information so it is generally very difficult to assess what are the strategies that guide us. Stock market therefore provides a rich environment to study how people take decision since responding to market uncertainty needs a constant update of these strategies. For this purpose, we run a lab-in-the-field experiment where volunteers are given a controlled set of financial information -based on real data from worldwide financial indices- and they are required to guess whether the market price would go up or down in each situation. From the data collected we explore basic statistical traits, behavioural biases and emerging strategies. In particular, we detect unintended patterns of behavior through consistent actions which can be interpreted as {\it Market Imitation} and {\it Win-Stay Lose-Shift} emerging strategies, being {\it Market Imitation} the most dominant one. We also observe that these strategies are affected by external factors: the expert advice, the lack of information or an information overload reinforce the use of these intuitive strategies, while the probability to follow them significantly decreases when subjects spends more time to take a decision. The cohort analysis shows that women and children are more prone to use such strategies although their performance is not undermined. Our results are of interest for better handling clients expectations of trading companies, avoiding behavioural anomalies in financial analysts decisions and improving not only the design of markets but also the trading digital interfaces where information is set down. Strategies and behavioural biases observed can also be translated into new agent based modelling or stochastic price dynamics to better understand financial bubbles or the effects of asymmetric risk perception to price drops.

Els mercats fi nancers, entre molts altres contextos socials i econòmics, amaguen diverses relacions amb la 􀄰 sica estadís􀆟 ca. Sense anar més lluny, el model matemà􀆟 c de les co􀆟 tzacions fi nanceres és el mateix u􀆟 litzat per a la teoria de gasos o per les par􀆡 cules en suspensió en un líquid. En aquest ar􀆟 cle recorrem la trajectòria de l'anomenada econo􀄰 sica des de 1900 i presentem algunes de les contribucions a la matèria feta per membres de Complexitat.CAT.

This paper examines Ildefons Cerda's 1860 Plan for the Urban Expansion of Barcelona; specifically, how and why it was conceived in a unique way, in which the provision of services to the population was an important part. Cerda based his expansion proposal on an in depth socio statistical study of old Barcelona's population conditions. The high mortality rates of the working class population and poor health and education conditions pushed Cerda to design a new type of urban planning, which he defined as "urbanism". In hisproposal for the new city, he planned the location of services such as marketplaces, schools and hospitals. The first part of this paper introduces the urban and political preconditions of Barcelona and the statistics on which Cerda based his contribution. The second part uses location theory and a geographic information system (GIS) to analyse the pattern of location and thepopulation served by markets and hospitals. In addition, topographic maps from 1926 and 1975 are used to study the development of the expansion up to when it was fully developed. The evolution of the city differed from Cerda's proposal, partly due to unexpected increases in population density, the built environment, and higher amounts of building occupation. Nevertheless, Cerda's layout of streets and avenues has prevailed. V članku se obravnava načrt urbane širitve Barcelone, ki ga je leta 1860 izdelal Ildefons Cerda, ali natančneje, kako in zakaj je bilo mesto zasnovano na tako edinstvni način, pri čemer je imelo pomembno vlogo zagotavljanje storitev prebivalstvu. Cerdajev predlog širitve je temeljil na poglobljeni družbeno-statistični študiji bivalnih pogojev v stari Barceloni. Visoka umrljivost pripadnikov delavskega razreda ter slabi zdravstveni in izobraževalni pogoji so Cerdaja napeljali k oblikovanju nove vrste urbanističnega načrtovanja, ki jo je opredelil kot "urbanizem". V predlogu za novo mesto je predvidel posebna območja za storitve, kot so tržnice, šole in bolnišnice. V prvem delu članka so opisane urbanistične in politične okoliščine v Barceloni, predstavljeni pa so tudi statistični podatki, na katerih je Cerda oblikoval svoj prispevek. V drugem delu članka je s pomočjo lokacijske teorije in geografskega informacijskega sistema (GIS) analiziran vzorec lokacij in prebivalcev, ki uporabljajo tržnice in bolnišnice. Na podlagi topografskih načrtov iz let 1926 in 1975 je opravljena študija razvojaširitve vse do končne stopnje. Dejanski razvoj mesta je bil drugačen od Cerdajevega predloga, in sicer deloma zaradi nepričakovane rasti gostote prebivalstva in grajenega okolja ter večje zasedenosti stavb, vseeno pa je bil osnova za razporeditev ulic in avenij.

We study the scaling of fluctuations with the mean of traffic in complex networks using a model where the arrival and departure of "packets" follow exponential distributions, and the processing capability of nodes is either unlimited or finite. The model presents a wide variety of exponents between 1/2 and 1 for this scaling, revealing their dependence on the few parameters considered, and questioning the existence of universality classes. We also report the experimental scaling of the fluctuations in the Internet for the Abilene backbone network. We found scaling exponents between 0.71 and 0.86 that do not fit with the exponent 1/2 reported in the literature., 4 pages, 4 figures

El futbol, i concretament el F.C. Barcelona, ha estat un espai molt poc visitat per les ciències socials. Amb l'objectiu de trencar aquesta incomunicació sorgeix la idea de la tesi doctoral titulada: "Futbol, metàfora d'una guerra freda", on, des de l'antropologia social i cultural, s'ha intentat fer un retrat del Barça i una aproximació acadèmica d'aquest fenomen social que trenqui amb els reduccionismes, els tòpics i el menyspreu que des del món universitari, sovint, s'ha dedicat al Barça i al món de l'esport en general. Per què el Barça ocupa tant d'espai social a Catalunya? Quina societat és aquesta on multitud de gent dedica una part important del seu temps a seguir la trajectòria d'un club de futbol? A emocionar-se amb els seus gols, les seves victòries o les seves derrotes? Per què s'articulen discursos nacionals en nom seu? Respondre i explicar correctament, amb rigor i de forma entenedora, aquestes i d'altres qüestions ha estat l'objectiu d'aquest estudi. Capítol rere capítol es van repassant i desxifrant tots els aspectes simbòlics i rituals que l'entorn blaugrana genera. Començant per una contextualització històrica del F.C. Barcelona i seguint per una anàlisi mitològica del club, la seva anàlisi com a símbol identitari i una lectura antropològica dels ritus que es generen al voltant de l'entitat blaugrana: partits de futbol, jornada de portes obertes, ofrena floral a en Rafael Casanova, els actes del centenari, la visita al Museu del Club, les celebracions de victòria, etc.La segona part de la tesi està dedicada a la interpretació dels ritus barcelonistes analitzant-los amb la mirada del que jo havia après dels clàssics de l'antropologia: Douglas, Durkheim, Geertz, Leach, Gluckman, Lévi-Strauss, Mauss, Radcliffe-Brown i Victor Turner, al qual vull fer una menció especial, ja que aquesta tesi té un deute molt gran amb l'obra d'aquest autor. De fet, la seva teoria del símbol desenvolupada al seu llibre la selva dels símbols ha estat una eina d'interpretació permanent al llarg de la tesi; així com la seva noció de ritu com a drama social desenvolupada al seu llibre el procés ritual que ens permet llegir el futbol com una enorme posada en escena que una societat fa per veure's a si mateixa i per dramatitzar tant el que la uneix com els conflictes que la travessen.Seguint aquests ensenyaments, la tesi posa en evidència que els estadis de futbol són un espai privilegiat per llegir els valors d'una societat, les seves tensions, la seva transformació, allò que ens uneix i allò que ens separa... En definitiva, que l'estudi del futbol és també un viatge al moll de l'os de la societat catalana i una bona eina de diagnosi dels conflictes que la travessen, també els latents o potencials.La tesi acaba amb un epíleg obert en què s'analitzen les relacions dels rituals esportius i, concretament, els generats pel Barça, amb els ritus religiosos. Al final s'arriba a la conclusió que aquestes relacions van més enllà de la simple analogia per esdevenir una mena de religió etniconacional., Football, and most precisely FC Barcelona (FCB), has been very much neglected by the social sciences. With the aim of breaking away from this isolation emerges the idea of the doctoral thesis titled: " Football, metaphor of a cold war. An anthropological study of Barça", where, from the social and cultural anthropology, it has been tried to draw a portrait of Barça, as well as an academic approximation to this social phenomenon which breaks up with reductionisms, clichés, and the contempt shown by the university world to Barça and the world of sports in general.Why does Barça take up so much social space in Catalonia? What kind of society is this where thousands of people devote an important part of their time to follow the career of a football club? Where they get excited with their goals, their victories or defeats? Why are national speeches formulated in their name? To answer and explain correctly, with rigor and in an understandable way these and other questions has been the aim of this research.Chapter by chapter all the symbolic aspects and rituals that the 'bluereds' environment generates are being revised and deciphered. Beginning with a historical contextualisation of the FCB and following with a mythological analysis of the club; their analysis as an identity symbol, and an anthropological reading of the rites that are generated around the blaugrana sporting body (football matches, open doors days, floral offering to Rafael Casanova, the centennial ceremonies, the visit to the Museum of the club, the victory celebrations, etc.The second part of the thesis is devoted to the interpretation of the 'bluereds' rites analysing them with that gaze learnt from the classics of anthropology: Douglas, Durkheim, Geertz, Leach, Gluckman, Lévi-Strauss, Mauss, Radcliffe-Brown, and Victor Turner whom I'd like to make a special mention, since this thesis is in big debt with this author's work. In fact, his theory of the symbol developed in his book the "Forest of the symbols" has been a tool of permanent interpretation along the thesis; as well as his notion of rites as a social drama developed in his book "The ritual process" that allows us to read the football like an enormous setting in scene done by a society in order to see itself and to dramatize what unites it as well as the conflicts it goes through. Following these teachings, the thesis shows that football stadiums are a privileged space to read the values of a society, their tensions, their transformation, the things that unite people and the things that divide them... in short, the study of football is also a trip to the marrow of the Catalan society and a good diagnosis tool of the conflicts that it goes through, the latent or potential ones. The thesis ends up with an opened epilogue where the relationships of the sport rituals, specially those generated by Barça, are analysed with the religious rites. At the end we come to the conclusion that these relationships go beyond the simple analogy to become a sort of ethnic-national religion

En patología humana esta demostrat que després d'una antrectomia les tècniques de reconstrucció per restablir el trànsit intestinal descrites per Billroth produeixen una morbilitat i uns quadres clínics coneguts com a SÍNDROMES POST-GASTRECTOMIA. En un estudi multicèntric realitzat a Catalunya el 1994 s'evidència que només el 19% de cirurgians fan una reconstrucció en Y de Roux després d'una antrectomia.Per això hem volgut demostrar experimentalment en la rata les diferències que es troben a la mucosa del remanent gàstric després d'una antrectomia.MATERIAL I MÈTODES: 4 grups de 10 animals cada un: grup control, grup BI, grup BII, grup Y de Roux. Al grup control es fa una gastrotomia i a la resta antrectomies i reconstrucció segons tècnica de Billroth I,II o Y de Roux.A les 12 setmanes sacrifici i determinació de: pes a les 6 i 12 setmanes, variacions de glicèmia, creatinina, proteïnes, triglicèrids i insulina en sang, número de colònies i tipus de germen que creix en el remanent gàstric, volum i concentració d'àcids biliars en el suc del remanent gàstric, alteracions histpatològiquess en el munyó gàstric i àrea perianastomòtica.RESULTATS: 1.- Evolució del pes: menor increment de pes del grup BII i major en el grup Y de Roux sent les diferències estadísticament no significatives. 2.- Augment en el grup Y de Roux dels triglicèrids sent això estadísticament significatiu sobre el grup BII, augment no significatiu de la insulina en el grup Y de Roux. 3.- Major nombre de colònies per c.c. en el grup BII amb flora més homogènia (E.Coli) que el grup control, major nombre de càndides en el grup Y de Roux amb nombre de colònies semblant al grup control. 4.- Diferències estadísticament significatives de major volum i concentració d'àcids biliars en el grup BII respecte al grup Y Roux. 5.- Augment de mucosa gàstrica hiperèmica i infiltració de cèl·lules gegants en el grupo BII respecte al Y de Roux estadísticament significatiu, augment de tumoracions (pòlips hiperplàsics) 7 en el grup BII, 0 en el grup control, 2 en el BI i 3 en el Y de Roux. Correlació entre augment de pes i augment d'insulinèmia en el grup Y de Roux. Correlació entre augment de colònies i augment de volum i concentració d'àcids biliars. Correlació entre erosions perianastomòtiques i tumoracions amb augment de concentració d'àcids biliars.CONCLUSIONS: Conclusió final: existeix una relació directa entre: la concentració dels àcids biliars, la presència de colònies bacterianes i l'afectació de la mucosa gàstrica, en els animals amb una reconstrucció tipus Billroth II., In human pathology it has been demonstrated that after an antrectomy, reconstruction techniques to re-establish intestinal tract described by Billroth produce morbidity and some well-known clinical diseases as POST-GASTRECTOMY SYNDROMS. In a multicentric study carried out in Catalonia in 1994 it was observed that only 19% of surgeons carry out a Roux-en-Y reconstruction after an antrectomy. For this reason, we wanted to demonstrate, experimentally in the rat, differences in the mucous of the gastric remanent after an antrectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 4 groups of 10 animals each: Control group, Group BI, Group BII, Group Roux-en-Y. A gastrotomy was performed to the control group. And antrectomies with reconstruction according to technique of Billroth I,II or Roux-en-y, to the rest of the groups. After 12 weeks: sacrifice and determination of: weigh to the 6 and 12 weeks, glicemy variations, creatinine, proteins, triglicerids and insulin in blood, nº of colonies and germ type that has grown in the gastric remanent, volume and concentration of biliary acids in the juice of the gastric remanent, histpatologic alterations in the gastric stump and perianastomotic area. RESULTS: 1. - Weight evolution: smaller increment of weight in group BII and bigger group Roux-en-Y being statistically differences not significant. 2. - Increase in the group Roux-en-Yof the triglicerids being statistically significant in group BII, non significant increase of the insulin in group Roux-en-Y. 3. - bigger number of colonies for c.c. in group BII with homogeneous flora (E.Coli) than in the control group, bigger nº of candid in the group Roux-en-Y with similar nº of colonies than the control group. 4. - Bigger statistically differences of volume and concentration of biliary acids in the group BII regarding the Roux-en-Y group. 5. - Increase of mucous gastric hyperaemia and infiltration of giant cells in the group BII regarding the Roux-en-Y group statistically significant, tumours increase (hyperplasic polyps) 7 in group BII, 0 in group control, 2 in BI and 3 in the Roux-en-Y group. Correlation between increases of weight and insulinemia increases in the Roux-en-Y group. Correlation between increases of colonies and increases of volume and concentration of biliary acids. Correlation between perianastomotic erosions and tumours with increases of biliary acids concentration. CONCLUSIONS: It does exist a direct relationship among biliary acids concentration, presence of bacterial colonies and the gastric mucosa affectation in animals with a Billroth II reconstruction.

Energy performance of island tourism has been analyzed in the literature. However, tourist services tend to concentrate in tourist hubs, especially where mass tourism predominates (e.g., Mediterranean), and the energy metabolism of these systems has not yet been assessed. The present paper models and estimates the energy metabolism of tourist hubs in the Menorca Island (Spain) by integrating social, geographical and environmental methods. Mobility (both external and internal) and consumption of lodging services were characterized through surveys to users (tourists) and business managers. An environmental assessment evaluated CO2 emissions, and energy self-sufficiency potential was estimated via GIS data. The results indicate that, on average, a tourist consumes 4756MJ with associated emissions of 277kg of CO2 per stay (20 days on average). Of all the energy flows, external mobility contributes the most to total emissions (77%). For every day spent in a tourist hub, a tourist consumes between 29MJ and 93MJ in lodging services, consumption that could be 100% satisfied by photovoltaic systems, and these systems would result in positive effects for the island. Sustainable tourism management might focus on promoting environmentally friendly transportation, energy efficient practices, and environmental communication through ecolabeling. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.