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Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture, versatile use and high yield, which can largely solve the problems of food security. Various types of weeds can cause significant losses of its yield, which can reach 50% or more, which makes it necessary to provide for protective measures against them in technological schemes of corn cultivation. In corn cultivation technologies, the weed control system is of great importance, since corn grows very slowly at the beginning of the growing season. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of various agrotechnical techniques on the number and variety of weeds in sugar corn crops in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. The tasks of the research are to determine the number and species composition of weeds during the growing season of sweet corn; to determine the effect of herbicides on weeds in sugar corn crops. The experiments were carried out in LLC “Kuznetsovskaya” agricultural company of the Ilovlinsky district of the Volgograd region and in S.A. Popov’s farm of the Chernoyarsky district of the Astrakhan region. The research period is 2009...2015. The contamination was determined by quantitative and weight method on an area of 1 m2. According to all variants of the experiment, the contamination was attributed to a mixed juvenile and long-term type, while no stable patterns were observed in changing the ratios between these components.As a result, it has been revealed that the number of weeds in LLC “Kuznetsovskaya” of the Ilovlinsky district of the Volgograd region varied from 6 to 17 pcs./m2. For dump tillage, this indicator varied from 6 to 11 pcs./m2, for zero tillage – 13...17 pcs./m2. In S.A. Popov’s farm of the Chernoyarsky district of the Astrakhan region, the number of weeds for dump tillage was 4...9 pcs./m2, depending on the influence of agrotechnical reception, for zero tillage contained from 10 to 17 pcs./ m2.

Sugar sorghum is mainly used for green fodder, haylage and silage. The accumulation of sugars occurs throughout the growing season. The relevance of the study is to identify a high-yielding variety or hybrid of sugar sorghum containing a large amount of sugars, which are later used for the manufacture of feed. The purpose of the study: to assess the impact of agrotechnical techniques on the feed evaluation of sugar sorghum. Tasks: to consider the dynamics of the accumulation of sugars in the stems of sugar sorghum; to calculate the yield of sugar from the stems of sugar sorghum; to determine the biochemical composition and gross energy of the green mass of sugar sorghum. The experience is three-factor in four-fold repetition. The experimental fi were located in the LLC “Kuznetsovskaya” Agricultural Complex of the Ilovlinsky district. The research period is 2009...2015. The research provided for the study of the nutritional value of sugar sorghum (crude protein, fat, protein, sugar, BEV). When determining the dynamics of the accumulation of sugar sorghum, the best indicator was on the variant of the joint use of the biostimulator of growth Lignohumate and mineral fertilizer on the hybrid Slavyansk homestead. For dump tillage, the average accumulation of sugars on this hybrid varied from 5.5 to 18.4% of dry matter, for zero tillage – 6.1 to 18.65%. The amount of sugar yield was influenced by the yield and concentration of sugars in the stems. The largest content was on the hybrid Slavic household. For dump and zero tillage, the best option was against the background of the combined use of a growth biostimulator and mineral fertilizer, amounting to 11.3 and 13.3 t/ha, respectively. When further determining the biochemical composition of sorghum, the best indicators for the content of crude protein, fat, fi and ash were on the Debut variety. On the Slavic fi VS variety and the Slavic homestead hybrid, these indicators had average values. The amount of nitrogen-free extractive substances contained more on the Slavic homestead hybrid, averaging 64.9%.

The number of soil microorganisms affect the fertility of the soil and the processes occurring in the soil microflora. An urgent research problem is the rationale for the use of intensive technologies for the cultivation of sweet corn using progressive methods for obtaining a highly productive crop based on the principles of resource conservation, biologization and ecologization. The purpose of the research is to study the toxicity and biological activity of the soil after sowing sweet corn. The tasks are to determine the biological activity and toxicity of the soil, and comparative impact of agricultural practices in the study of soil toxicity. Two-factor experiment in quadruple repetition. The experiments were carried out on the farm enterprise of Popov S.A., the Chernoyarsky district of the Astrakhan region. The research period was 2009…2015. Determination of biological activity and toxicity was carried out at the beginning of the research in 2009 and 2015. According to the assessment of the intensity of the destruction of cellulose on O.E. Pryazhnikova’s scale biological activity was characterized as strong. A close correlation dependence on experience factors was noted, the relationship between the signs was high and direct. When determining the toxicity of the soil, we came to the conclusion that at the beginning of the research favorable conditions for the development of the studied crop were formed on soils cultivated by moldboard cultivation. According to zero tillage, an increase in soil toxicity was observed, which was expressed in a decrease in seed germination, the mass of seedlings. Revisited in 2015. Soil toxicity after zero tillage decreased in all variants, seed germination increased, on average, by 5...8%. As a result of the accumulation of plant residues on the soil surface, an upper humus layer was formed, leading to a constant penetration of ai r into the soil.

Croissant is one of the puff pastry products. This product is widely distributed in France. The assortment of croissants is very diverse, but in order to increase the assortment and improve the quality of this product, spelt grain flour has been used in our research. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of spelt flour of the Alcoran variety on the quality of puff pastry. The tasks are to consider the production technology of croissant; to investigate the organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of croissant; to calculate the economic efficiency of the production of croissant. The methods used are the following: the regulatory framework of the research is the legislation of the Russian Federation on standardization and certification, regulatory documents (GOST, technical specifications). The assessment of organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters has been carried out according to the technical specifications 10.71.11-046-38826547-2016. The results are: trial baking has been conducted in the Volgograd State Agrarian University at the Department of Processing Technologies and Food Safety. Puff yeast dough for Croissant is divided into two main technological processes: kneading yeast dough; lamination of dough. The appearance of the croissant with spelt flour is vague, the color is brown, there is a taste of «nutty flavor», sweeter. The conclusion: when calculating the profitability of croissant production, it has been found that the raw material costs of spelt flour products are 1.6 times higher, which is associated with the cost of spelt grain flour. The calculation of profitability has shown an increase in costs by 2% in the production of croissants with spelt flour. The production of spelt culture refers to organic farming. Healthy natural products lead to an increase in the cost of raw materials, which cannot but affect the cost of further products.

Objective: to perform a comparative study of the clinical features of atypical depression (AtD) in affective disorders of various origins: in bipolar affective disorder (BAD), recurrent depressive disorder (RDR) and psychogenic depression (PD).Patients and methods. A sample of 250 depressed patients aged 18 to 65 years were examined, of which 77 participants (50 women and 27 men) with symptoms of AtD were included to the study. Group 1 included 35 patients with BAD, group 2 – 18 patients with RDR, and group 3 – 24 patients with diagnoses including PD. The patients' condition was assessed using the diagnostic criteria for affective disorders according to ICD-10 and DSM-5 with a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).Results and discussion. AtD detection rate was 30.8%, including 45.4% in BAD, 23.4% – in RDR, and 31.2% – in PD. AtD manifested at the age of about 20 years, and was more common in women. AtD in BAD occurred more often in individuals with cycloid, hyperthymic, and hysterical features. Affective fluctuations before the disease onset, a significantly greater number of depressive episodes in history were characteristic. The most frequent typical depressive symptoms included: daily and seasonal mood fluctuations, morning deterioration of well-being, decreased appetite. High comorbidity with metabolic endocrine diseases was observed. AtD in RDR often began spontaneously in individuals with emotionally labile, psychasthenic, and hysterical features. The most common typical depressive symptoms included melancholy, derealization, weakness, ideas of self-accusation, suicidal thoughts and attempts. A high comorbidity with cardiovascular diseases was found. AtD in PD occurred more often in psychasthenic individuals. The most characteristic symptoms included: increased appetite, anxiety, asthenia, superficial night sleep, hypochondriacal inclusions. Comorbidity with skin and gastrointestinal diseases was observed.Conclusion. The identified features of the clinical picture and course of AtD in BAD, RDR, and PD can be used for earlier and more accurate evaluation of affective disorders and the adequate treatment administration.

Objective: to compare depression treatment efficacy with and without antidepressants (ADs) in men and women with bipolar affective disorder (BAD).Patients and methods. We enrolled 100 patients with BAD (F31.3–F31.5 according to ICD-10), including 50 women aged 33.0 [23.0; 50.2] years and 50 men aged 37.5 [29.5; 47.2] years using prospective and retrospective methods. Various antidepressants, normothymics, antipsychotics combinations were used to treat depression. We performed a comparative analysis of treatment efficacy with and without antidepressants in men and women subgroups. Clinical assessment at the baseline and the end of 1, 2, 4, 6-th week of therapy (or at discharge) included a specially developed clinical examination chart and the following psychometric scales: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Clinical Global Impression – Severity of illness (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression – Improvement (CGI-I).Results and discussion. Women tended to have a slower improvement in the condition compared to men. Maximum reduction in MADRS score and a CGI-I, CGI-S higher frequency of clinical improvement and remission was observed in men and women who did not receive antidepressants than patients who did not receive antidepressants. When BAD type was included in the analysis, in patients treated with antidepressants, transient symptoms of the opposite pole occurred in 24.7% of patients of both sexes with bipolar affective I disorder (BAD I) and in 16.8% with bipolar affective II disorder (BAD II). There were no significant gender differences in patients with BAD I, while women predominated in BAD II group (22.5% compared to 7.8% men). No significant treatment-emergent affective switch was observed with tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in both groups (21; 16.7; 16.7% in men and 28; 21.8; 12.5% in women, respectively). The assessment of intermission revealed that women were significantly more likely to have shorter periods between phases (42% compared to 22% in men). In addition, women were significantly more likely to have shorter periods between phases (42% compared to 22% in men) when the intermission duration was included in the analysis. In some patients with severe depression and infective first-line therapy (anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics), antidepressants prescription can increase treatment effectiveness. However, several factors should be considered, such as BAD type and variant, depression severity, treatment-emergent affective switch in history, and gender.Conclusion. A decision about antidepressants' dosage and treatment duration requires a dynamic follow-up of the patient in order to discontinue the antidepressants as fast as possible and decrease the risk of treatment-emergent affective switch and shortening of remission period.

Aim. To assess the variability of the NAT2 gene and to comparatively analyze the prevalence of NAT2 polymorphisms and acetylation types among Yakut and Russian patients newly diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), permanently residing in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Materials and methods. The study included 197 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (132 Yakuts and 65 Russians) aged (43.3 ± 14.4). The following single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR): NAT2*5 (rs1801280, Т341С), NAT2*6 (rs1799930, G590A), NAT2*7 (rs1799931, G857A), NAT2*11 (rs1799929, C481T), NAT2*12 (rs1208, A803G), and NAT2*13 (rs1041983, C282T). Genetically determined basal metabolic rates were calculated using the NATpred online tool. Results . 75% of residents, both of Yakut and Russian ethnicity, were identified as carriers of NAT2 polymorphic variants known to be related to isoniazid biotransformation. NAT2*6 and * 13 allelic variants were more frequent in Yakuts (occurring in 40.9% and 64.4%, respectively); variants NAT2*5, *6, *11, *12 , and * 13 were more common in Russians (69.2; 55.4; 67.7; 69.2, and 64.6%, respectively). The NAT2*5, *7, *11 , and * 12 polymorphisms were found to be significantly ethnicity-dependent. The study established substantial prevalence of medium acetylation type (58.3%) in Yakuts and slow acetylation type in Russians (61.5%). Correlations were shown between ethnicity and different prevalence rates of rapid, medium, or slow acetylation types among patients with TB. Conclusion . The observed NAT2 polymorphism distribution patterns and isoniazid acetylation types among Yakut and Russian patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB demonstrated that pharmacologic responses can be significantly different between ethnic groups. Findings of pharmacogenetic studies in Yakut and Russian populations should be incorporated in clinical practice for personalized administration of isoniazid.

Atypical depression (AtD) is contrasted with classical endogenous melancholic depression and is characterized by the presence of its uncharacteristic abnormalities, but the list of the latter varies from individual symptoms (increased appetite, weight gain, drowsiness, weakness, and anxiety) and their concurrence to syndromes accompanying depression (anxiety-phobic, obsessive-compulsive, panic attacks, derealization-depersonalization, hypochondriacal syndrome). In accordance with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, AtD is a symptom complex that includes mood reactivity and at least two of the following symptoms: hyperphagia, hypersomnia, lead-palsy, and personality sensitivity. AtD has been described within a variety of disorders: recurrent depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, dysthymia, cyclothymia, and psychogenic depression. The paper describes a clinical case of atypical depressive syndrome within the framework of type 2 bipolar disorder in a 51-year-old patient. AtD was concurrent with dermatitis herpetiformis (Dühring's disease) in some depressive episodes; it was accompanied by various somatic complaints in other cases. The latest episode of AtD occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic and included obvious reactive anxiety-phobic disorders. A detailed clinical and psychopathological analysis of history data, mental state, and ongoing therapy was carried out, which clearly reflects difficulties in the differential diagnosis of AtD and the use of adequate treatment.

The confectionery industry is an independent production sector in the food processing industry. The purpose of the work is to improve the quality of products and expand the assortment of confectionery - cupcake, which consists in adding vegetable puree (pumpkin). The object of the study is the Dutch cupcake. In the Volgograd State Agrarian University at the Department of Processing Technologies and Food Safety, test baking of a cupcake confectionery with the addition of pumpkin puree was carried out. According to organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters, the cupcakes met the requirements of State Standard 15052-2014 “Cupcakes. General technical conditions”. When comparing the test samples, there are no significant differences, it differs in that the product with the addition of pumpkin puree has the smell and taste of pumpkin, and the porosity of the product decreases slightly, all this has a positive effect on the studied product. The profitability of the cupcake products with the addition of pumpkin puree is 1% higher than the control sample. A cupcake with the addition of pumpkin puree can be recommended as a preventive nutrition.

To maximize profits, entrepreneurs need to continually expand their product mix. Bakery products require constant updating. In our study, in the production of wheat bread, we used cedar flour as a food additive. The purpose of the study is to improve the production of bakery products, which consists in the addition of cedar flour. The study was carried out at Volgograd State Agrarian University. Wheat bread was backed by straight dough method. After that, studies were carried out on the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of the bakery product. A tasting assessment was also carried out. In terms of organoleptic characteristics, wheat bread with cedar flour had an indistinct shape, with uniform porosity, without voids and traces of impurity, in taste and smell it corresponded to this product, with a slight smell of walnut, color from light yellow to dark brown, and in the places of the cut and the sides are lighter. By all indicators, wheat bread with cedar flour met the requirements of GOST 31805-2018. The profitability of the product has been calculated. The production of wheat bread with cedar flour is 8% higher than the production of wheat bread. The production of bakery products with the addition of cedar flour is an important reserve for using the production potential of the bakery industry at the present stage of its development.

Ensuring the health of the population is a task of the national importance. One of the most significant factors that determine a person’s health and performance is nutrition. In a highly competitive environment, manufacturers face one of the main tasks - the creation of new competitive products with high-quality indicators and preventive properties. Improving the quality of baked goods is one of the problems of bakery production. The article deals with the theoretical possibility and practical feasibility of using spelt flour in the production of baked goods with improved consumer benefits. Spelt flour is a valuable raw material for the production of bakery and flour confectionery products of increased nutritional and biological value. The use of whole grain spelt flour in the recipe of wheat bread allows creating products for dietary and curative and preventive purposes. In the course of the work, experimental baking of wheat bread with different dosages of wheat and spelt flour was carried out. Samples of wheat bread with a different combination of spelt and wheat flour of the highest grade in the ratios of 5:95; 10:90; 15:85% were studied. The research was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Agricultural Raw Materials and Public Catering, Volgograd State Agrarian University. The results of the influence of spelt flour application on the organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of wheat bread are presented. As a result of the conducted research, the possibility of producing wheat bread using spelt flour was established, and the optimal dosage of spelt and wheat flour which allows one to obtain bread with high organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters was identified.

To explore psychopathological features of affective disorders in the structure of schizotypal disorder.The study included 102 patients with schizotypal disorder, aged from 18 to 60 years. Assessment was done using clinical/ psychopathological method and psychometric scales - Calgary depression scale in patients with schizophrenia (CDSS), General Clinical Impression scale (CGI), Yang's mania scale (YMRS).Affective disorders are noted in the majority of inpatients with schizotypal disorder. They are represented by depressive disorders of variable severity, and mixed depressive states. A group of patients with schizotypal disorder was identified in whom the symptoms of the affective disorder constituted the main clinical picture of the disease, whereas concomitant neurosis-like disorders were formed solely during the exacerbation of depression, correlated with its severity and reduced on antidepressant therapy along with depressive symptoms. Observed reversibility of productive disorders allowed us to consider the dynamic of these states as similar to the atypical affective phase, and the natural course of the disorder as close to the paroxysmal type in the form of distinct depressive phases. In patients with persistent neurosis-like disorders, affective disorders accompanied axial symptoms of the disease and made a large impact on the structure of the exacerbation of the endogenous process. A reduction of depressive symptoms in these patients was accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of axial symptoms of the disease, however the complete reduction of axial symptoms and remission was not observed.Цель исследования. Изучение психопатологических особенностей аффективных нарушений в структуре шизотипического расстройства. Материал и методы. Обследованы 102 пациента с шизотипическим расстройством в возрасте от 18 до 60 лет, проходивших стационарное лечение. Обследование проводилось клинико-психопатологическим методом, использовались также психометрические шкалы - шкала депрессии Калгари у больных шизофренией (CDSS); шкала общего клинического впечатления (CGI), шкала мании Янга (YMRS). Количественные показатели обрабатывались статистически. Результаты и заключение. Установлено, что аффективные нарушения отмечаются у большинства больных с шизотипическим расстройством. Они представлены депрессиями различной степени тяжести и смешанными депрессивными состояниями. Выделена группа пациентов с шизотипическим расстройством, у которых симптоматика аффективного регистра являлась ведущей, при этом сопутствующие неврозоподобные расстройства формировались лишь в рамках экзацербации депрессии, коррелировали с ее выраженностью и при проведении антидепрессивной терапии подвергались редукции вместе с депрессивной симптоматикой. Тенденция к обратимости продуктивных расстройств позволила расценивать динамику состояния как близкую к атипичной аффективной фазе, а течение заболевания было приближено к приступообразному типу в виде очерченных депрессивных фаз. У пациентов с наличием персистирующих неврозоподобных расстройств аффективные нарушения сопутствовали осевой симптоматике заболевания и вносили большой вклад в структуру экзацербации эндогенного процесса. Редукция депрессивной симптоматики у них сопровождалась снижением интенсивности проявлений ведущей симптоматики заболевания, однако полной редукции осевой симптоматики и становления качественной ремиссии не происходило.

The key problem of modern farming is the search for an alternative to traditional arable farming, which leads to a permanent decline in soil fertility, primarily to a decrease in organic matter and significant loss of moisture. The study was aimed at studying the effect of waste and zero tillage on the agro-physical indicators of the soil, yield, sugar accumulation dynamics and the economic efficiency of cultivation of a sugar sorghum hybrid Slavic homestead. The experience was conducted in Commercial Farmers Association “Kuznetsovskaya”, Ilovlinsky District of the Volgograd Region, on zonal subtypes of light chestnut soils in the period from 2009 to 2015. Research methods were used according to generally accepted methods and recommendations. When considering the effect of treatments on soil density, there was an increase in soil compaction due to zero tillage. When determining the state of aggregation of soil by zero tillage, the number of valuable aggregates was 69.43 % versus 65.43 % for land tillage. The coefficient of structure was zero tillage. The yield of sugar sorghum amounted to 54.7 t/ha, which showed an increase of 7 % relative to dump soil treatment. The zero tillage profitability ratio was 104 %. The transition to zero processing will provide increased productivity, reduce the need for labor and technology, reduce the time for field work, make it more optimal, increase the income of agricultural enterprises, increase the wages of workers and improve their social conditions, which is an important economic and social advantage of resource-saving technology.

The article is devoted to the issue of the growth of bakeries, their competitiveness, the possibility of introducing new progressive equipment into production and the ability to enter new consumer markets. The study is conducted on the basis of the Volgograd State Agrarian University in the department “Processing technologies and food security”. The aim of the study is to study the use of natural raw materials used to improve the quality, nutritional value and increase the competitive raw materials. As an additive, water is replaced with carrot juice, in the proportion of 50:50 and 100 %. Then there is the definition of organoleptic and physico-chemical properties. The use of carrot juice improves the quality characteristics of bread, the physico-chemical indicators correspond to State Standard 27842-88. In addition the economic efficiency of production of wheat bread is calculated. The level of profitability of wheat bread production with the replacement of water with carrot juice in the proportion of 100 % is 15.25 %, which is 5 % higher than the control sample.

The study investigated effectiveness and safety of a cytoprotector mexicor in patients with chronic cor pulmonale (CCP). All participants (n=56; age 38-80 years) were divided into four groups. Group I (n=16) received a standard pulmonary therapy, while Group II (n=20) also received mexicor (300 mg/d intravenously, for 10 days), Group III (n=10) received a standard therapy plus verapamil (80-240 mg/d for 10 days), and Group IV (n=11) was administered intravenous mexicor (300 mg/d) plus verapamil (80-240 mg/d) for 10 days. All participants underwent daily measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, 6-minute walk test, spirography, Holter ECG monitoring, echocardiography, and colour Doppler ultrasound of common and internal carotid arteries. Adding mexicor to the standard therapy of CCP patients increased treatment effectiveness for the leading pathology, as well as for co-morbidities (heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias). Additionally, in these patients, mexicor improved effectiveness and safety of verapamil treatment, increasing its antihypertensive and antiarrythmic activity and reducing its negative effects on intracardiac hemodynamics.

The study of clinical-psychopathological characteristics of initial stages of schizotypal disorder was carried out on a sample of 54 male inpatients. Based on the results of clinical-psychopathological and follow-up studies, authors found that symptoms of initial stages of schizotypal disorder presented by non-psychotic depressive disorders. Dissociation of depressive symptoms, heterogeneity and unsteadiness of leading affect, marked polymorphism of depressive presentations, presence of concomitant neurotic-like and psychopathic-like disorders are characteristic of these depressive disorders. Five clinical variants of states described in the initial stages of disease are singled out: depression with symptom- complex of asthenic incompetence (25.9%), apathic-adynamic depression (27.7%), anxiety-depressive (16.6%), depersonalization-depressive (20.4%) states, hypochondriac depressions (9.3%).

The study was designed to assess clinical efficiency and safety of nebivolol in patients with cardiovascular problems and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It included 50 patients of whom 25 were given daily 5 and 25 mg of nebivolol and 80-100 mg of verapamil. Nebivolol was shown to significantly reduce arterial pressure, heart rate, and the number of ventricular extrasystoles. The drug was well tolerated by the patients and had no adverse effect on bronchial patiency.