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Out of 64 possible catastrophic events in the whole world, about 34 of them have been experienced in Iran; more than 80% of the regions are exposed to natural disasters risks such as earthquakes exposure. Domestic insurance capacity does not cover this volume of risk and the need for external reinsurance capacity is always felt. Catastrophe bonds structure as a financial & insurance innovative solution (Alternative Risk Transfer Instruments) allows an issuing institution to transfer catastrophic exposures and risk to capital market's investors by creating capital relief and additional risk capacity for our insurance industry. We adjusted the formal cat bonds structure with the Islamic jurisprudence. According to the systematic review research method 8 steps, the Sukuk model was implemented based on the extracted concepts from 23 Farsi articles and 50 English articles. After that interviews by 18 experts who were selected by purposive & Snowball sampling, The Delphi method was used to obtain the opinion of experts and their opinion was modified and implemented in the final model. In the open coding stage, 415 concepts were extracted which were classified into 10 categories and finally presented in 4 Propositions/themes. The trustworthiness and authenticity did base on the four-stage model of Lincoln and Guba and also its complementary step. We finally suggested that the catastrophe bond instrument could be issued in the form of a cat takaful (CT) sukuk contract template, as a solution for transferring catastrophic risks to the Islamic financial market.

Introduction: Individual characteristics are closely related to performance and job efficiency of individuals. The aim of present study was evaluation of the relationship between communication skills and individual characteristics with job performance among clients and auditors. Methods: This study was a descriptive-survey. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study included all auditors and clients at the level of the Iranian Society of Certified Public Accountants who have directly or indirectly contact with each other. Through a survey, 42 certified public accountants and experts in this field in Iran were selected. Data from statistical population were collected using the Delphi method. In this analysis, To test the research hypotheses, t-test, binomial, Friedman ranking, and Kendall tests were used. Results: Based on the results, the effect of all items related to the auditor's individual characteristics was confirmed at a significance level of

Objective: According to the prospectus of Iran's Capital Market, this market can be turned into an Islamic finance center in the Middle East. This requires to protect investors’ right through organizing, maintaining and developing a transparent, fair and efficient market for a variety of different types of securities. Transparency and reduction of asymmetry reduce risk in the capital market and increase investor attraction to this market. For this purpose, present research investigates the information asymmetry generated by companies bad news withholding and its role in shareholders’ satisfaction. Methods: In this research, abnormal stock return rate before and after the general meeting date has been used to examine the Information Asymmetry. Trading value and open trading days have also been used as indicators to measure the shareholders’ satisfaction. To achieve the research goal, 123 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2011 to 2016 were selected and a panel data approach was used to test the research of hypotheses. Results: Findings do not show a significant relationship between withholding strategy of bad news and the trading value, but there is a significant negative relationship between the withholding strategy of bad news and the open trading days. Conclusion: Therefore, it is predicted that due to the use of this strategy by the companies, stockholders satisfaction level decreased and in the long run, it causes serious damage to the interests of all involved groups.

Countries need short, medium, and long-term investment plans for production growth and development. Different sources for these investments can be supplied through retained profit, stock issuance, and bank loans, or a combination them. Institutions and firms need huge amount of capitals for their survival, production, and also development of activities. In addition, these institutions and firms rely heavily on financial markets for self-financing. The role of financial markets is to provide the required capitals for institutions and firms. Financing strategy is considered as one of the main areas of financial management decisions in companies seeking to increase shareholders’wealth. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to discuss conventional methods of external financing through debt and stock issuance and explain their associated advantages and disadvantages.

The aim of this paper was investigating the effects of organic knowledge, perceived consequences, subjective norms, price, and green trust, perceived consumer effectiveness, availability, relative advantage, and organic purchase intention on organic purchase behavior among Iranian consumers as the consumers in a developing country.The survey questionnaire was administered to the customers of large chain stores and organic food stores in five provinces of Iran that had branches for producing and selling organic food products. Given the very few number of organic food consumers in Iran, only 192 out of 240 questionnaires were filled and then used as samples of study. In order to analysis the data and test the hypotheses, multiple regression analysis method was used using by SPSS software. Results showed strong support (R2=0.51) for the impact of price, consumer effectiveness, and perceived consequences on intention to purchase organic food products. Organic knowledge, green trust, price, consumer effectiveness, and intention were found to have influenced purchase behavior. This paper will discuss the implications of these results for agricultural practitioners and marketers.

In speedy and competitive world of today, having talented human resources guarantees the priority of firms and institutions. Investigating and evaluation of talent management, organizational performance and being aware of capabilities and defects are very important. The research method was descriptive –survey with an emaphsis on correlation. The inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation and regression) were used. The statistical population included 52 municipalities in 16 towns in Gilan province. The sampling method was multistage stratified cluster sampling. To gather the data researcher made questionnaire with 23 questions was used. The reliability of the questionnaire, using cronbach's alpha were 0.88 and 0.83 for talent management and organizational performance respectively. The results showed that the correlation between talent management and organizational performance was 0.82. The highest correlation coefficient related to the retaining talent on the organizational performance.

One of the important factors in stock exchanges is investors' personality. The aim of this study is to identify the common perceptual errors among investors and its relation with their personality considering moderating role of their age and gender. For this purpose, a sample of 200 investors in Tehran's stock market was determined. The data of study were collected using a questionnaire. Then, according to the model, we tried to test hypotheses applying Pearson's linear correlation coefficient. Results show that there is a meaningful relation between perceptual errors and investors' personality. However, considering moderating variables, there is only significant relation between the two dimensions of conscientiousness and openness of personality given investors' gender and perceptual errors. I. Introduction: Most financial theories are based on the assumption that investors are logically concerned about increasing their investment and compare investment risk and return. Therefore, they tend to invest in areas which contain high expected returns and lower risks. It seems the assumption of investors' bounded rationality, i.e., they are always seeking to maximize the utility, is not enough to justify the investment behavior and market reaction. There is evidence that show a lot of behavioral finance patterns are rooted in human existential dimensions and are effective on individual decisions. The level of investment risk that investors are willing to tolerate depends on the psychological characteristics. Besides, investors' decisions may be affected by behavioral factors and perceptual allusions. Financial behavioral sciences are mainly concerned with how investors normally behave and how they should behave. They attempt to explain what happens in the capital markets and provide justifiable explanations for investors' as well as financial market behaviors. For this purpose, these sciences use psychology and introduce psychological factors into the financial theories and models. The present article follows these lines of thinking. II. The statement of problem: For a relatively long time, most researchers in financial field mainly supposed that investors possess

Entrepreneurship be seen in a wide range of tasks. These tasks can be included from pure innovation to ordinary activities. Entrepreneurship can be found not only independently and individually, rather in all organizations be taken courageous decision and effect on resources composition and allocation. Entrepreneur within the organization is as basis of management. Entrepreneurship is a behavior not a specific attribute in entrepreneur personality. Entrepreneurship is into two forms entrepreneurship free and independent within the organization. Requisite creation entrepreneurship in every organization is consists the rapid rise of new competitors, create a feeling of distrust than traditional methods in companies, exiting the best work force from companies and their action to independent entrepreneurship. In this article it deals to entrepreneurial state and its concept, entrepreneurship environment and its benefits.

Today, each country’s entity is originated by production and in production; the product’s diversity has an important role. The increasing significance in explaining the changes in the form organizations and industries, has led to a significant advancement in different areas of social sciences. In this article, diversity is divided into two parts: “related diversity” and “unrelated diversity”.

In this article, models and functional levels of information technology (IT) has been concerned by studying its concept and features, and recently it has been considered as one of the production sources in the efficacy function and its role has been examined in the economic performance of institutions, countries and other industries. Today, the significance and necessity of information systems is understood, since most organizations need such systems for their success. Its purposes include: decrease of costs, competitive intelligence, and quick response to the environment and competitors we are dealing with.

In this research, we pay attention to concept and characteristics of Total Quality Management, models and their application. TQM is considered as one of the important and effective tools for productivity and facing environment rapid changes in national and global levels. The main focus in TQM is paying attention to customers and a successful company is one which knows customer and satisfy his needs.

According to role and importance of entrepreneurship and glorious background of entrepreneurs in development of many countries, also with respect to many economic problems that our country face with, distributing entrepreneurship concept and providing infrastructure for its culture in all societies, especially developing ones like Iran, has vital necessity. In this research, first we describe organizational entrepreneurship and its effective factors, then its necessity for current organizations and finally evaluating organizational entrepreneurship models which describe how companies expand entrepreneurship and innovation in their organization.

Today, effective customer relationship management (CRM) has become a critical challenge in business competition. CRM is dependent on process management completely that focus on CRM, Managers can Make sure the efficient development of human resources in desirable performance. Purpose of this paper is conceptualizes CRM Process consideration the different perspectives that exist in CRM process, we grouped the different perspectives on the CRM process implementation. Therefore, this paper first defines the concept of CRM processes and

Today, knowledge and strategic knowledge as a valuable resource for the company's first strategic resource in the 21st century. Knowledge is a key resource for creating, enhancing and maintaining the economic benefits. Therefore, this paper first defines the concept of marketing knowledge management theories and a model reviewed in this context, and finally, is also suggestions offered.

Brand strength is a variable with the wide scope of definition that can survey marketing strategy and customers' perceptions.In this article, the strength of 23 brands of household appliances in Guilan market have been evaluated by using BAV models and with receiving customers' opinion from questionnaire. The result indicated that as a whole,foreign brands are stronger than Iranian brands in the field of household appliances.Through four components of BAV model ,differentiation of foreign brands are much superior than Iranian brands.But about Iranian brands, knowledge is a component which has better position.According to this,we suggested that Iranian brands can use this competitive advantage in the field of knowledge to give identity to their brands and in the next steps for making strong brand,the concentration should be on relevance,esteem and differentiation respectively.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between leadership styles (transformational and transactional styles) and organizational performance by considering innovation (exploratory and exploitative) in manufacturing companies of Guilan province. The present research is a descriptive study with an emphasis on the causal model in terms of execution and it is an applied research in terms of purpose. It is also a field research in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research includes the manufacturing companies of Guilan province. The sample size was estimated to be 401 by using Cochran formula. Questionnaire was distributed among the managers of the manufacturing companies after confirming the validity and reliability of the research. In order to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses, the structural equation modeling was used by LISREL software. The test results show that there is a relationship between transformational leadership and exploratory innovation; but there is a negative relationship between transformational leadership and exploitative innovation. In addition, it was found that there is a negative relationship between transactional leadership and exploratory innovation and there is a relationship between transactional leadership and exploitative innovation.