Search

Stevia rebaudiana is very famous as natural sweeteners and potentially for lowering blood sugar. The benefits of Stevia rebaudiana are numerous, and various pharmacological activities have been found, such as efforts to treat diseases such as diabetes, obesity, dental caries, hypoglycemia, and hypertension. The main sweet compounds in Stevia rebaudiana are rebaudioside A and stevioside, especially in the leaves. This review examines aspects of phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, micropropagation, and in-vitro culture modification of Stevia rebaudiana plants. Online and offline literature searches were conducted to compile the articles. PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, is used to retrieve online publications using the following search terms: Stevia rebaudiana, stevia herbs, traditional medicine, pharmacological activities, toxicity, secondary metabolite content, phytochemicals, and plant tissue culture of Stevia rebaudiana . This review is also a compilation of four previous reviews and is accompanied by the latest data from research journals on Stevia rebaudiana.

The cat's whiskers plant ( Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq) that grows in Indonesia has white flowers, purple flowers, and white flowers with purple patterns. The quality of the secondary metabolite content of each cat's whiskers plant is different because it depends on environmental influences such as rainfall or soil mineral content. Plant tissue culture methods such as callus culture or cell culture are used to overcome these obstacles because these methods do not depend on the environment and can produce secondary metabolites such as those produced by the original plant. Cat's whiskers contain the main secondary metabolite compounds: rosmarinic acid, eupatorin, and sinensetin. Rosmarinic acid belongs to the phenolic group, while sinensetin and eupatorin are flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the total levels of polyphenols and flavonoids in purple cat whiskers and determine the ratio of secondary metabolites of cat whiskers callus with wild-type plants—determination of polyphenol content using Folin Ciocalteau reagent. Determining flavonoid levels is based on colorimetry using AlCl 3 reagent, specific for flavone and flavonol compounds. The levels of polyphenols contained in the ethanolic extract of callus and cat whiskers of the purple variety were 16.056 ± 0.204 mgQE/g and 30.780 ± 0.425 mgQE/g, while the polyphenol content of the callus ethyl acetate extract and the purple variety of cat whiskers leaves was 15,489 ± 0.425 mgQE/g and 13,262 ± 0.044 mgQE/g. The levels of flavonoids contained in the ethanol extract of the cat whiskers leaf were 1.39±0.03 mgQE/g and callus 0.16±0.02 mgQE/g in the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of the cat whiskers 2.16±0.012 mgQE/g and callus 2.24±0.010 mgQE/g. The polyphenols and flavonoids in the callus ethyl acetate extract were more significant than the ethyl acetate extract of the purple variety ( wild type ) cat whiskers leaf.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional (3D) polymer networks that are water-absorbent, insoluble, flexible, and biocompatible. The freeze-thaw technique is a physical cross-linking method for hydrogel synthesis, which can form a stable structure and non-toxic materials. Biopolymer hydrogel is a solution to environmental pollution due to synthetic polymers, which have been widely used as hydrogel base materials. This paper uses starch composite as precursor solutions for the preparation of hydrogels. The precursor solution ratios (potato starch/gelatin) of 20:0, 20:1, 20:2, 20:3, and 0:20 were labeled as SCG1, SCG2, SCG3, SCG4, and SCG5, respectively. Morphological results showed a cross-linking between polymer chains (solid area) and porosity (liquid area). During the freeze-thaw process, gelatin interfered with a cross-linking process of the hydroxyl group so that the solid phase decreased and the pore size was irregular and enlarged. The swelling degree increased with the gelatin composition, while the weight loss showed the opposite result. SCG1 showed the highest swelling degree value of around 319.39 ± 35.05a % and lower weight loss of about 19.26 ± 9.91a %, which showed a higher degradability. SCG1 has good mechanical properties with Young Modulus, onset strain, and onset stress of about 1.4 ± 0.33a KPa, 145.11 ± 47.28b %, and 1.62 ± 0.08c KPa, although the highest compressive strength was shown by SCG5 of 25.63 ± 2.75a KPa. In general, we found that the physical properties of starch hydrogels showed a potential to be used as a functional food matrix: higher swelling degree, modulus elasticity, and degradability. For gelatin hydrogels, it is necessary to modify the process to become a potential matrix as a media delivery.

Fern is one of the groups of primitive plants rich in secondary metabolites that are commonly used to treat various diseases, including antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-inflammation, and respiratory disease but less investigated. Flavonoid is one of the secondary metabolites abundantly present in ferns. This study aims to isolate major compounds found in Blechnum orientale act as 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibitors. Inhibition of lipoxygenase decrease the production of leukotriene that induces bronchoconstriction in asthma. Isoquercitrin (Quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside) and trifolin (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactoside) have been successfully isolated from Blechnum orientale. Further in silico study was performed to explain the binding mode between flavonoid pyranoside or galactoside and flavonoid aglycone in the 15-LOX cavity and their amino acid residues interaction. Isoquercitrin binds with Ile663, Ile400, Leu408, Leu597, Ala404, and Arg403 in the 15-LOX cavity as a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Trifolin binds the same amino acids as isoquercetin with addition His366, Gln596, and Phe175. Both isoquercitrin and trifolin act as competitive inhibitors against lipoxygenase enzymes.

Background: Background: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a secondary bile acid, is an acidic steroid synthesized from cholesterol in hepatocytes. UDCA is widely used for the treatment of various diseases related to liver injury. The use of UDCA to treat non-liver diseases has also been developed recently, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and obesity. Due to the important role of UDCA on human health, numerous studies in understanding its chemical and pharmacological properties have been published. Methods: Literature sources were obtained from online databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed using keywords relating to the purpose of study. Critical analysis and review were performed for all literatures. Results: UDCA is a steroid compound with pharmacological properties. Seventeen enzymes are involved in its biosynthesis, which has been proposed in four pathways: classic, alternative, the Yamazaki, and 25-hydroxylation pathways. UDCA can be isolated from bovine bile, bear bile or all Ursidae, human, rabbit, cow, rat, hamster, sheep, pig, and plant. UDCA has been used in the treatment of several diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, hepatolithiasis associated with Caroli syndrome gallstones, cystic fibrosis, hepatitis C virus, chronic heart failure, neurodegenerative diseases, and obesity, as well as in the prevention of cancer. Conclusion: UDCA has a wide range of the pharmacological properties. Further investigations on its efficacy and safety on humans are required before it could be used for several indications. All genes which are responsible for UDCA biosynthesis have been elucidated. That said, further genetic engineering studies in order to find other prospective sources of UDCA could be a challenge for the future research.

Rambutan plant (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is a member of the Sapindaceae family. The rambutan plant is one of the natural ingredients that can be developed as traditional medicine. Rambutan peel has the potential for good antioxidant and anticancer activity. Rambutan fruit does not grow every time it needs efforts to produce the active substance in rambutan, using plant tissue culture techniques. The use of the correct variety of mediums and hormones at the right concentration is the key to thriving tissue culture. Explants derived from rambutan leaves were planted precisely on solid media Murashige and Skoog (MS) and WoddyPlant Medium (WPM) containing Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and Kinetin. After seven days, the callus was subcultured, then after 35 days, the subculture callus was collected and dried. Dry callus and rambutan leaves (Wild type) were macerated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The concentrated extract was then applied to a GF 254 silica gel plate with the mobile phase Toluene-Acetone (7: 3) and n-hexane-EthylAsetate (3: 7). The results showed that the concentration of IBA 2 ppm and kinetin three ppm was the best combination because it produced callus. TLC results of rambutan leave with plant tissue culture containing flavonoids and triterpenoids. This study provides new information regarding the induction of rambutan callus and can become the basis for producing active metabolites in rambutan with cell suspension culture development.

The research was carried out to isolate and characterize the methyl β-orsellinate of lichen Dirinaria sp. collected from the coastal areas of Teluk Nipah, Pulau Pangkor, Perak Malaysia. The sample was extracted in methanol for three times at room temperature. Subsequently, the crude extracts and further analysed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). To derive the pure compounds, the isolation step was performed using radial chromatography (RC). The chemical structure of the isolated compound was determined by several spectroscopies i.e. infra-red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR), and mass spectrometric (MS). The compound was identified as methyl β-orsellinate.

Talasemia merupakan penyakit genetik yang menyebabkan gangguan sintesis rantai globin, komponen utama molekul hemoglobin. dengan adanya sintesis rantai globin yang tidak seimbang maka akan menurunkan produksi sel darah merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui adanya mutasi pada ekson 3 gen beta globin pasien talasemia menggunakan metode PCR, dimana 5 sampel di isolasi DNA dan dilanjutkan amplifikasi PCR, hasil amplifikasi dielektroforesis region IV gen beta globin Region IV merupakan hasil amplifikasi dari primer forward 8 dan primer reverse 9 dengan target yaitu 214 bp, pada PCR terjadi amplifikasi atau penggandaan sekuen DNA yang diinginkan berdasarkan pemilihan primer untuk reaksi, produk PCR dari tiap region ini yang selanjutnya dilakukan SSCP. PCR-SSCP dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis terjadinya mutaai pada ekson 3 gen beta globin. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa metode PCR-SSCP tidak mendapatkan mutasi pada region IV dan pada ke lima sampel tidak terjadi mutasi gen pada daerah ekson 3 tapi dimungkinkan terjadi mutasi diregion lainya.

Talasemia merupakan kelainan akibat mutasi gen yang bersifat autosumal resesif yang disebabkan kekurangan sintesis rantai globin pembentuk hemoglobin darah dengan gejala mirip anemia maka akan menurunkan produksi sel darah merah, dan harus dilakukan penanganan dengan dilakukan transfusi darah secara teratur.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui adanya mutasi pada ekson 1 gen beta globin pasien talasemia menggunakan metode PCR, dimana 5 sampel di isolasi DNA dan dilanjutkan amplifikasi PCR, hasil amplifikasi dielektroforesis region 1 gen beta globin Region I merupakan hasil amplifikasi dari primer forward 4 dan primer reverse 5 dengan target yaitu 322 bp, pada PCR terjadi amplifikasi atau penggandaan sekuen DNA yang diinginkan berdasarkan pemilihan primer untuk reaksi, produk PCR dari tiap region ini yang selanjutnya dilakukan SSCP.Pada region I gen beta globin yang telah dilakukan analisis SSCP, satu sampel menunjukkan dua pita dengan pola yang berbeda dengan sampel N yaitu sampel 6 sedangkan pada empat sampel sisanya yaitu sampel 1,2,3,5 menampilkan tiga pita. Seluruh sampel menunjukkan pola yang berbeda dengan kontrol negatif (sampel N). Hal ini menunjukkan pada seluruh sampel ada indikasi mutasi

Ficus carica L. or Figs plants are plants originating from the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, which then spread to various parts of the world through explorers who try to plant in various countries. Figs plants can grow in various habitats, including infertile rocky soils, forests, shrubs, and even hot dry soils. Figs plants have several varieties that can be distinguished from the shape of the stem, the shape of the leaves, and the fruit's color. Figs plants are widely used as traditional medicine for both leaves and fruit. Noted in several countries have used the Figs plant as one of the plants used for traditional medicine. Figs plants are widely used for antioxidants, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antipyretic, antituberculosis, antispasmodic antiplatelet in several countries. Figs plants contain secondary metabolites of alkaloids, latexonins, phenols, and flavonoids. There is one method of multiplication of Figs plants that began to be widely used, namely plant tissue culture. Plant tissue culture is a method of propagation using tissue slices or parts of plants that are small and in aseptic conditions. Several studies have been obtained to trace figs plants by tissue culture methods using slices of leaves and shoots.

Faramayuda F, Mariani TS, Elfahmi, Sukrasno. 2020. Short Communication: Callus induction in purple and white-purple varieties of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. Biodiversitas 21: 4967-4972. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. are known to have many benefits, including stimulating urine expenditure (diuretics) and dissolving kidney stones. O. aristatus widely planted in Indonesia are purple and white-purple. The main secondary metabolite components of O. aristatus are sinensetin, rosmarinic acid, and eupatorin. One of the initial steps to increase secondary metabolites in O. aristatus is by induction of callus using plant tissue, which later can be developed into a culture suspension for secondary metabolites. The materials used are the leaf of two varieties of O. aristatus that have been sterilized and grown on Murashige and Skoog media with growth regulatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at a concentration of 0.4;1.0; 2.0 mg/L. The identification of secondary metabolites of callus was carried out by thin-layer chromatography. The best growth regulating agent for callus induction on the leaves of purple and white-purple varieties of O. aristatus is 2,4-D 0.4 mg/L on Murashige and Skoog media. These media can grow callus at a faster time, friable, and slightly white-yellow color. The identification of secondary metabolites in callus acetone extract showed the presence of sinensetin and rosmarinic acid.

Kelor (MoringaoleiferaLamk.) adalah tanaman termasuk dalam famili Moringaceae yang telah lama digunakan dalam pengobatan beberapa penyakit secara tradisional. Penggunaan secara empiris tersebut telah dibuktikan secara ilmiah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa marker dari ekstrak air daun kelor. Penelitian ini dimulai dari pembuatan ekstrak, karakterisasi simplisia, dan penapisan fitokimia. Pembuatan ekstrak dilakukan dengan cara daun diblender dengan penambahan aquades kemudian disaring. Filtrat yang diperoleh dikumpulkan, kemudian dikeringkan menggunakanalat freeze dryer sampai diperoleh ekstrak kering.Ekstrak air daun kelor difraksi nasi dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut etil asetat. Fraksi etil asetat disubfraksinasi dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom klasik. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif dan uji kemurnian dilakukan dengan menggunakan KLT pengembangan tunggal dan KLT dua dimensi. Isolat dikarakterisasi menggunakan KLT dengan penampak bercak spesifik dan pereaksi geser. Dari hasil pemurnian didapatkan senyawa murni dengan bentuk amorf. Berdasarkan data spektroskopi UV diduga isolat yang diperoleh merupakan flavonol, dimana terdapat OH pada posisi C3, C7, dan C4', serta tidak adanya orto di-OH pada cincin B.

A flavonoid, luteolin, was isolated from the leaves of Syzygium myrtifolium. The compound was purified using vacuum liquid chromatography with the help of a specific guidance for the flavonoid isolation. The chemical structure of this compound was determined based on measurements of UV, IR and NMR spectroscopic data. The occurrence of luteolin in S. myrtifolium is firstly reported from this study.

Javanese chili ( Piper retrofractum Vahl) is a traditional medicinal plant originating from Indonesia and has many pharmacological activities, one of which is often used as a base for aphrodisiac herbal medicine. The population of P. retrofractum is limited, so it is necessary to design secondary metabolite production and propagation efforts using plant tissue culture techniques. The materials used in this study were explants of P. retrofractum leaves that were induced in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and the ratio of growth regulators 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetis acid (2,4-D): Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 0.5: 0.5. The results showed that the callus of P. retrofractum was formed in the growth regulator 2.4D: BAP (0.5: 0.5). TLC and spectrophotometry identified the secondary metabolite content of callus. Secondary metabolite analysis using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method using the mobile phase ethyl acetate: n-hexane (7: 3) showed a terpenoid compound indicated by purple spots on the visual appearance after spraying 10% spotting vanillin. Identification using infrared spectrophotometry shows functional groups -CH, C = O, C = C, -CH 2 , and -CH 3 , characteristic of terpenoid compounds. Based on TLC data and spectrophotometry, callus P. retrofractum is thought to contain terpenoid compounds. This study's results are expected to be the basis for developing secondary metabolite production in P. retrofractum with cell suspension culture and P. retrofractum propagation by micropropagation. Abstrak: Cabai Jawa ( Piper retrofractum Vahl) merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang berasal dari Indonesia dan banyak memiliki aktivitas farmakologis salah satunya sering digunakan sebagai bahan dasar jamu afrodisiaka. Populasi tanaman cabai Jawa terbatas maka perlu dirancang upaya produksi metabolit sekunder dan upaya perbanyakan tanaman cabai Jawa salah satunya menggunakan teknik kultur jaringan tanaman. Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah eksplan daun tanaman cabai Jawa yang diinduksi pada media Murashige and Skoog (MS) dan perbandingan zat pengatur tumbuh 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetis acid (2,4-D) : Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 0,5 : 0,5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kalus cabai Jawa terbentuk dalam zat pengatur tumbuh 2,4D: BAP (0,5: 0,5). Kandungan metabolit sekunder dari kalus diidentifikasi dengan KLT dan spektrofotometri. Analisis metabolit sekunder menggunakan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) menggunakan fasa gerak etil asetat: n-heksana (7: 3) menunjukkan adanya senyawa terpenoid yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya bercak ungu pada penampakan visual setelah disemprotkan spotting vanilin 10%. Hasil Identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis menunjukkan isolat mempunyai panjang gelombang maksimum 272,6 nm. Identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometri inframerah menunjukkan adanya gugus fungsi -CH, C = O, C = C, -CH 2 , dan -CH 3 yang merupakan ciri khas senyawa terpenoid . Berdasarkan data KLT dan spektrofotometri kalus cabai Jawa diduga mengandung senyawa terpenoid. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar pemgembangan produksi metabolit sekunder dalam tanaman cabai Jawa dengan kultur suspensi sel dan perbanyakan tanaman cabai Jawa dengan mikropropagasi.

Kumis kucing mengandung metabolit sekunder sinensetin yang termasuk ke dalam golongan senyawa flavonoid. Sinensetin berpotensi sebagai agen antivirus dan imunomodulator. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah standardisasi tanaman kumis kucing varietas putih dan upaya produksi senyawa sinensetin. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metoda maserasi. Tahap pemisahan lanjutan dilakukan dengan metoda ekstraksi cair-cair, kromatografi kolom dan kromatografi cair vakum. Hasil ekstraksi cair-cair terpilih tiga fraksi yaitu fraksi air, etil asetat dan n-heksana. Sebanyak 2,08 gram fraksi etil asetat dilanjutkkan pada tahap pemisahan lanjutan menggunakan kromatografi cair vakum dengan fasa diam silika gel H60 dan fasa gerak n-heksana dan etil asetat. Hasil dari kromatografi cair vakum diperoleh sebanyak 11 subfraksi. Penggabungan dilakukan pada subfraksi 8-11 yang terdeteksi adanya senyawa sinensetin, selanjutnya terhadap subfraksi gabungan dilakukan pemisaahan lanjutan dengan kromatografi kolom. Hasil pemisahan dengan kromatografi kolom diperoleh subfraksi sebanyak 142 vial. Pada subfraksi hasil kromatografi kolom nomor 91-114 terdeteksi adanya isolat sinensetin. Kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif (KLTP) gabungan subfraksi kromatografi kolom 91-114 (SFK) menunjukkan adanya senyawa sinensetin. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan kemurnian dengan menggunakan KLT 2 dimensi dan analisis profil spektrum UV isolat diduga senyawa sinensetin.

Purpose: The low content of artemisinin related to the biosynthetic pathway is influenced by the role of certain enzymes in the formation of artemisinin. The regulation of genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis through genetic engineering is a choice to enhance the content. This research aims to transform ads and p19 gene as an antisilencing into Artemisia annua and to see their effects on artemisinin production. Methods: The presence of p19 and ads genes was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and sequencing analysis. The plasmids, which contain ads and/or p19 genes, were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and then inserted into leaves and hairy roots of A. annua by vacuum and syringe infiltration methods. The successful transformation was checked through the GUS histochemical test and the PCR analysis. Artemisinin levels were measured using HPLC. Results: The percentages of the blue area on leaves by using vacuum and syringe infiltration method and on hairy roots were up to 98, 92.55%, and 99.00% respectively. The ads-p19 sample contained a higher level of artemisinin (0.18%) compared to other samples. Transformed hairy root with co-transformation of ads-p19 contained 0.095% artemisinin, where no artemisinin was found in the control hairy root. The transformation of ads and p19 genes into A. annua plant has been successfully done and could enhance the artemisinin content on the transformed leaves with ads-p19 up to 2.57 folds compared to the untransformed leaves, while for p19, cotransformed and ads were up to 2.25, 1.29, and 1.14 folds respectively. Conclusion: Antisilencing p19 gene could enhance the transformation efficiency of ads and artemisinin level in A. annua.

Biosciences and biotechnology have become the interesting topics since long to be investigated in order to understand science and technology, develop many tools and instrumentation, discovery of new drugs including natural base drugs and biopharmaceutical, contribute in energy sources, interact with the environment as well as to improve the quality of human being. The researches of the field have dramatically contributed for many other field and for better life. Uncounted numbers publications in these field will be continuously rising. To contribute in dissemination of research output which have been done by researcher around the world, the Current Research on Biosciences and Biotechnology so called CRBB is published in this year. In the beginning this journal will publish 2 issue in the year and will be increased in the future. All researchers in the field of bioscience and biotechnology are invited to submit the manuscripts to CRBB. The manuscript will be peer reviewed prior to publish.

Global demand of antimalarial drug artemisinin has a gap with production capacity from existing sources since the low content of this compound from Artemia annua L. Genetic engineering-based strategy for A. annua plant on key enzymes in artemisinin biosynthetic pathway is needed. Artemisinic aldehyde ∆ 11 (13) double bond reductase (dbr2) is one of the key enzyme on artemisinin biosynthesis which was studied in this research. Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of A. annua using dbr2 was carried out. Synthetic dbr2 was ligated into pCAMBIA1303 and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. pCAMBIA1303- dbr2 plasmid was transformed to A. tumefaciens AGL1. Leaves of A. annua were infected by positive transformant of recombinant A. tumefaciens (OD600 ≈ 1) supplemented with acetosyringone 50 ppm, and Silwet S-408 0.02%. Samples were incubated in desiccators connected with vacuum pump, this method is called infiltration vacuum. Leaves were covered in dark for 45 min, and co-cultivated on MS co-cultivation media for 3 days. All leaves were washed in 300 ppm cefotaxime and divided into 2 parts; 3 leaves for GUS histochemical assay and 300 mg of leaves for HPLC analysis. Transient transformation was done in triplicate. In GUS histochemical assay, pCAMBIA1303 and pCAMBIA- dbr2 showed positive blue spot where coefficient of variance was less than 5%. PCR analysis for genomic DNA of transformed A. annua showed a positive result of inserted dbr2 recombinant indicated by migration profile and direct sequencing analysis. It could be concluded that pCAMBIA- dbr2 construct and transformation into A. annua have been successfully performed.

Berdasarkan data WHO pada tahun 2019 lebih dari 463 juta orang di dunia menderita diabetes, dan cenderung jumlahnya semakin meningkat. Dengan bertambahnya penderita diabetes menyebabkan penggunaan obat antidiabetes meningkat. Berbagai macam obat diabetes telah digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit ini, diantaranya penggunaan obat herbal. Salah satu tumbuhan obat yang berkhasiat sebagai penurun kadar gula darah adalah bratawali (Tinospora crispa). Tujuan penelitian adalah menguji aktivitas antidiabetes produk obat herbal kategori jamu yang diproduksi oleh usaha mikro obat tradisional (UMOT) yang mengandung bratawali. Aktivitas antiabetes diuji dengan menggunakan metode toleransi glukosa dan efek pada mencit diabetes imbasan aloksan. Hasil pengujian kualitas menunjukkan ekstrak mengandung senyawa golongan alkaloid, flavonoid, dan steroid/triterpenoid. Pengujian aktivitas antidiabetes menunjukkan ekstrak dapat menghambat kenaikan kadar glukosa pada uji toleransi glukosa sebesar 18,29; 51,17 dan 75,35 % (p

Perairan Indonesia merupakan habitat bagi berbagai spesies makro dan mikro alga. Selada laut (Ulva lactuca) adalah salah satu makroalga hijau yang secara empiris digunakan sebagai makanan oleh masyarakat Indonesia yang hidup dipesisir pantai. Pada perairan tawar, ganggang hijau (Spirogyra porticalis) merupakan mikroalga filamen yang berperan penting sebagai bioindikator dalam sistem akuatik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil fitokimia dari selada laut dan ganggang hijau yang tumbuh di perairan Indonesia. Hasil pengujian kualitatif pada selada laut (Ulva lactuca) menunjukkan kandungan metabolit primer dan sekunder berturut-turut adalah karbohidrat, alkaloid, flavonoid, mono dan seskuiterpenoid. Sementara itu ganggang hijau (Spirogyra porticalis) mengandung karbohidrat, protein, alkaloid, flavonoid, fenolik, tannin, kuinon, mono dan seskuiterpenoid. Pola kromatogram selada laut (Ulva lactuca) dan ganggang hijau (Spirogyra porticalis) mendeteksi aktivitas antioksidan yang dimiliki oleh senyawa- metabolit sekunder seperti fenol, tannin, flavonoid, mono dan seskuiterpenoid yang memiliki variasi kepolaran dari semi hingga polar. Hasil uji pendahuluan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode dinamolisis menunjukkan selada laut (Ulva lactuca) dan ganggang hijau (Spirogyra porticalis) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai obat, suplemen, eksipien farmasi dan makanan nutrisi. Kata kunci: selada laut (Ulva lactuca), ganggang hijau (Spyrogyra porticalis), antioksidan, bahari, Indonesia. AbstractIndonesian waters are habitat for various macro and micro algae species. Sea lettuce Ulva lactuca is one of the green macroalgae that is empirically used as food by Indonesian people. In freshwater, green algae Spirogyra porticalis is filament microalgae that play an important role as bioindicators in the aquatic system. The aim of this research was to profiling the chemical constituent from native Indonesian sources, Ulva lactuca and Spirogyra porticalis. The results of Ulva lactuca qualitative analysis showed the content of primary and secondary metabolites are carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, mono, and sesquiterpenoids, respectively. On the other hand, green algae Spirogyra porticalis carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, quinones, mono, and sesquiterpenoids, respectively. The chromatogram pattern of sea lettuce Ulva lactuca and Spirogyra porticalis showed the antioxidant activity caused by secondary metabolites such as phenol, tannin, flavonoids, mono and sesquiterpenoids which were various polarity. Preliminary test results of antioxidant activity with the dinamolysis method showed sea lettuce Ulva lactuca and and green algae Spirogyra porticalis have antioxidant activity. It potentially developed as drugs, supplements, pharmaceutical excipients and nutritional foods. Keywords: sea lettuce Ulva lactuca, green microalgae Spyrogyra porticalis, antioxidant, marine, Indonesia

Siklodekstrin (CD) merupakan oligosakarida yang terdiri atas enam sampai delapan glukosa yang dihubungkan dengan ikatan 1,4 glikosida (CD-α, -β dan -γ). Molekul ini memiliki kemampuan membentuk kompleks inklusi dengan suatu molekul ”tamu” (guest) yang bersifat hidrofobik. CD membentuk cincin yang rongganya bersifat hidrofob namun permukaan luarnya bersifat hidrofil sehingga memungkinkan molekul tamu yang tidak larut air untuk berkompleks di dalam rongganya. Senyawa ini diaplikasikan secara luas pada berbagai industri farmasi, bioteknologi, makanan, kimia, tekstil, pertanian dan juga untuk perlindungan lingkungan. CD dihasilkan melalui reaksi enzimatis siklodekstrin glikosiltransferase (CGTase) terhadap pati sebagai substrat. CGTase yang berasal dari Bacillus sp. A2-5a (BA2-5a) merupakan CGTase-β yang menghasilkan CD-β sebagai produk utamanya dengan sebagian kecil CD-α dan selebihnya CD-γ. Pada penelitian sebelumnya telah dihasilkan CGTase BA2-5a mutan melalui substitusi asam amino pada posisi 43, 84, 93, 188 dan 468 yang menghasilkan CGTase BA2-5a H43K, P84Y, Y93F, Y188L dan S468F. Pada penelitian ini ditentukan aktivitas siklisasi-β CGTase BA2-5a wild type dan CGTase mutan H43K, P84Y, Y93F, Y188L dan S468F. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas siklisasi-β CGTase wild type dan pengaruh substitusi asam amino pada posisi 43, 84, 93, 188 dan 468 terhadap aktivitas tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas siklisasi-β CGTase wild type, CGTase H43K, CGTase P84Y, CGTase Y93F, CGTase Y188L dan CGTase S468F adalah 5,01; 2,14; 2,78; 1,77; 0,62; dan 3,37 unit/ml. Pada penelitian ini juga ditentukan aktivitas spesifik CGTase wild type, CGTase H43K, CGTase P84Y, CGTase Y93F, CGTase Y188L dan CGTase S468F sebagai berikut : 65,6; 41,2; 53,8 29,1; 11,0; dan 57,6 (unit/mg). Substitusi asam amino pada CGTase BA2-5a menunjukkan penurunan aktivitas siklisasi-β.Kata kunci: BA2-5a, CGTase wild type, substitusi, CGTase mutan, aktivitas siklisasi-β

Produksi metabolit sekunder pada tanaman biasanya menghasilkan kadar yang rendah. Metode bioteknologi telah terbuktidapat meningkatkan produksi beberapa metabolit sekunder pada tanaman. Untuk meningkatkan perolehan metabolit sekunder telah digunakan teknik kultur jaringan dan transformasi genetik dengan induksi Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kandungan metabolit sekunder dari kultur kalus dan akar rambut dari tanaman Artemisia annua hasil transformasi genetik menggunakan A. rhizogenes. Kultur kalus dan akar rambut hasil transformasi genetika mengandung senyawa artemisinin lebih tinggi dibanding dengan kultur kalus dan akar tanpa transformasi.Kata Kunci : Artemisia annua, kultur kalus, akar rambut Agrobacterium rhizogenes, artemisinin. The production of secondary metabolites of plant is usually low. Biotechnological methods have been proved to enhance the production of some of plant's secondary metabolites. To enhance the production of secondary metabolites, cell cultures and genetically transformed plants which were induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been used. This research aimed to enhance the secondary metabolite content from A. rhizogenes transformed callus and hairy roots cultures of Artemisia annua. Genetically transformed callus and hairy root cultures of A. annua contained higher artemisinin content compared to untransformed callus and root cultures.Keywords : Artemisia annua, callus cultures, hairy roots, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, artemisinin.

Buah lada hitam (Piper nigrum L.) dan daun sirih (Piper betle L.) telah banyak digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengobati beberapa jenis penyakit. Beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung pada kedua tanaman tersebut diduga bertanggungjawab terhadap efek farmakologi, salah satu golongan metabolit sekunder tersebut adalah lignan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa lignan dari buah lada dan daun sirih. Serbuk simplisia dari daun sirih dan buah lada hitam diekstraksi dengan ekstraksi sinambung menggunakan pelarut metanol. Ekstrak difraksinasi dengan ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut air-diklorometan (1:1) dan kromatografi cair vakum. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif. Isolat dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektroskopi massa (KG-SM). Dari buah lada hitam telah berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dua senyawa lignan berupa hinokinin dan satu senyawa lignan lain yang memiliki ciri fragmen 135 dan 286 pada KG-SM. Sedangkan daun sirih memberikan data kromatografi untuk golongan lignan tetapi belum dapat dikonfirmasi dengan data KG-SM.Kata kunci : buah lada hitam, daun sirih, lignan, tanaman obat Indonesia Black pepper fruits and betel leaves are widely used traditionally to cure several illnesses. Secondary metabolites of both plants are believed to be responsible for their pharmacological effect; one of the secondary metabolites groups is lignan. The goal of this research is to isolate lignans from betel leaves and black pepper fruits. Crude drugs of betel leaves and pepper fruits were extracted with Soxhlet apparatus, using methanol. The extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane-water (1:1) and vacuum liquid chromatography. Purification was conducted by preparative thin layer chromatography. Isolated compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS). Two lignans were isolated from black pepper fruits and identified with GCMS. First known as hinokinin, and another has MS fragment 135 and 268, which are specific for lignan compounds. Betel leaves showed chromatography data to lignan groups but cannot confirm yet by GC-MS.Keywords: black pepper fruits, betel leaves, lignan, Indonesian Medicinal Plant

Nasal foreign body is common case that often seen in children. Button battery is one of nasal foreign body that rarelyseen and most commonly occur in children 2-5 year-old. A nasal button battery is one of otorhinolaryngologicalemergency because it can lead to severe damage, necrosis, and perforation of nasal septum. Therefore, early diagnosisand prompttreatment was needed. A case of button battery in nasal cavity in a 3 year-old boy was reported, which hadbeen performed an extraction of foreign body and irrigation under general anesthesia.

Jatropha curcas seed contains viscous oil that can be used for soap making, cosmetic and as biofuel. It contains phorbol ester that was toxic. Biofuel production of Jatropha curcas seed left seedcake from mechanical press process. For safety evaluation, mutagenicity test was carried out. The seedcake was extracted by maceration method at room temperature with methanol and the mutagenic effect was evaluated by Ames test against Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 with or without S9 metabolic activator. Methanolic extract of Jatropha curcas seedcake had no mutagenicity effect against S. typhimurium TA 1535., Biji jarak (Jatropha curcas L) mengandung minyak yang dapat dimanfaatkan pada pembuatan sabun, kosmetik dan juga sebagai bahan bakar nabati (biofuel). Biji jarak mengandung senyawa ester phorbol yang bersifat toksik. Pengolahan minyak biji jarak menjadi bahan bakar nabati menyisakan hasil samping berupa ampas biji yang jumlahnya cukup melimpah. Untuk meyakinkan keamanan penggunaan ampas biji jarak, dilakukan uji mutagenik. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi dengan pelarut metanol, uji mutagenik ekstrak dilakukan dengan metode Ames Test menggunakan bakteri Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535, baik dengan penambahan maupun tanpa penambahan homogenat hati (S9). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol ampas biji jarak tidak bersifat mutagenik terhadap bakteri S. typhimurium TA 1535.

  Objective: Centella asiatica Linn. is known and used as traditional antidiabetic drug especially in ayurvedic traditional system in some countries. The main objective of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract, saponin-rich fraction (SRF), nonsaponin fraction (NSF), and asiaticoside compound isolated from C. asiatica Linn. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic mice.Methods: Diabetes was induced in albino mice by administration of alloxan monohydrate (60 mg/kg i.v). Extract was administrated orally each in doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, the SRF and NSF were in doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg, while the asiaticoside was administrated in doses of 1.4, 2.8 and 5.6 mg/kg for 21 days. Blood fasting glucose level, insulin level, and glycosylated hemoglobin level were measured, and histopathology of pancreas was observed to determine antidiabetic activity of each sample.Results: Decreased blood fasting glucose level, increased insulin, and decreased glycosylated hemoglobin were observed in diabetic mice treated with extract, SRF and asiaticoside. On 21st day, extract at dose 500 mg/kg, SRF at dose 300 mg/kg, and asiaticoside at dose 5.6 mg/kg gave lowest blood glucose level in their each group which were 239±8.0, 254±10.4, and 217±8.1 mg/dl, respectively, compared to control group at 290±14.8 mg/dl. Insulin level of these three groups was 19.4±0.59, 24.8±0.99, and 27.8±0.77 I¼IU/ml, respectively, the highest value in their each group compared to 7.28±0.34 I¼IU/ml in control group. Meanwhile glycated hemoglobin level of these groups was 2.040±0.08, 2.010±0.04, and 2.11±0.07 ng/ml, respectively, lowest value in their each group compared to control group at 2.76±0.06 ng/ml. However, histopathology study in these groups did not show any improvements in regeneration of I²-cells of pancreas. In the other side, NSF treatment did not affect any the parameters mentioned above.Conclusions: It can be concluded that extract, SRF and asiaticoside isolated from C. asiatica Linn. possess significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic mice. Based on increased levels of insulin and histopathology studies of pancreatic tissue, antidiabetic activity of those samples was believed to occur through the mechanism of increasing secretion of healthy pancreatic I²-cells without any ability to regenerate I²-cells that were damaged by alloxan.

Objective: Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AVI) is a key enzyme involved in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway.In this research, sub-cloning gene encoding CYP71AVI into pETDUET1 vector in Escherichia coli has been done and then the expression products characterized with SDS-PAGE. Methods: Gene construction started with sub-cloning of cyp71avi gene from pJexpress401_ cyp into pETDUET1 through restriction site Nde I and Xho I to get pETDUET1_ cyp . Overproduction of CYP71AVI at temperature 37 °C has conducted by IPTG induction. Result s : Confirmation of the recombinant vector pETDUET1_ cyp was done by migration, restriction site and sequencing analysis. The result of pETDUET1_ cyp restriction analysis with Xho I restriction enzyme showed one DNA band with experimental size 6585 bp.The CYP71AVI protein has been produced and characterized with SDS-PAGE method. Based on experimental calculation from SDS-PAGE analysis obtained molecular weight of CYP71AVI band was 57.55 kDa. Conclusion: Construction of gene encoding CYP71AVI into pETDUET1 as the co-expression vector in Escherichia coli has been succesfully and confirmed by migration, restriction site and sequencing analysis. The result of overproduction showed protein bands on SDS-PAGE analysis indicated as CYP71AVI.