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Altres ajuts: Fundació La Caixa (LCF/PR/PR16/11110004), Institut Guttmann i Fundació Abertis, ICREA Academia 2019 award research grants i INNOBRAIN (COMRDI15-1-0017) Age-related cognitive impairment (ARCI) has a profound impact on individuals, families, health care systems, and societies at large. Evidence suggests that ARCI is the consequence of underlying brain pathology. Therefore, efforts to minimize the impact of ARCI and thus closing the gap between health span and life span, which has widened in recent years, requires early detection and timely deployment of targeted, personalized interventions. Access to clinical experts is limited and technology screening and assessment methods are thus appealing. However, as traditionally implemented patients were deprived of the benefit of personalized connection with a clinician, which is particularly critical for the prescription and to ensure the adherence to and ultimate success of therapeutic interventions. We present the concept of Intelligent Technology Therapy Assistant (ITA) as a scalable solution that increases the reach of clinical experts while sustaining the personal connection between each patient and their clinician. We illustrate ITA with the "Guttman Neuro Personal Trainer" ®, a tele-rehabilitation platform that provides neuropsychological evaluation and care, and the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative (BBHI) multimodal intervention coaching app, a mobile-based platform that provides lifestyle coaching support in domains related to brain health. In addition, we discuss the translation of these models to a large-scale enterprise with Linus Health. To this end, we conclude with a discussion of challenges and opportunities to move the field forward.

19 páginas.- 5 figuras. 2 tablas.- 50 referencias.- Supplemental information for this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10994#supplemental-information., oils are highly heterogeneous and support highly diverse microbial communities. Microbial extracellular enzymes breakdown complex polymers into small assimilable molecules representing the limiting step of soil organic matter mineralization. This process occurs on to soil particles although currently it is typically estimated in laboratory aqueous solutions. Herein, estimates of microbial extracellular enzyme activity were obtained over a broad range of temperatures and water availabilities frequently observed at soil upper layers. A Pseudomonas strain presented optimum extracellular enzyme activities at high water activity whereas a desiccation resistant bacterium (Deinococcus) and a soil thermophilic isolate (Parageobacillus) showed optimum extracellular enzyme activity under dried (i.e., water activities ranging 0.5-0.8) rather that wet conditions. Different unamended soils presented a distinctive response of extracellular enzyme activity as a function of temperature and water availability. This study presents a procedure to obtain realistic estimates of microbial extracellular enzyme activity under natural soil conditions of extreme water availability and temperature. Improving estimates of microbial extracellular enzyme activity contribute to better understand the role of microorganisms in soils., This study was supported by funding through projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-58762-P) and the Regional Government of Andalusia (RNM2529 and BIO288). These projects have been cofunded by FEDER funds. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

10 páginas.- 3 figuras.- 1 tabla.- 36 referencias, Microbial extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) is critical for the decomposition of organic matter in soils. Generally, EEA represents the limiting step governing soil organic matter mineralization. The high complexity of soil microbial communities and the heterogeneity of soils suggest potentially complex interactions between microorganisms (and their extracellular enzymes), organic matter and physicochemical factors. Previous studies have reported the existence of maximum soil EEA at high temperatures although microorganisms thriving at high temperature represent a minority of soil microbial communities. To solve this paradox, we attempt to evaluate if soil extracellular enzymes from thermophiles could accumulate in soils. Methodology at this respect is scarce and an adapted protocol is proposed. Herein, the approach is to analyze the persistence of soil microbial extracellular enzymes at different temperatures and under a broad range of water availability. Results suggest that soil high temperature EEA presented longer persistence than enzymes with optimum activity at moderate temperature. Water availability influenced enzyme persistence, generally preserving for longer time the extracellular enzymes. These results suggests that hightemperature extracellular enzymes could be naturally accumulated in soils. Thus, soils could contain a reservoir of enzymes allowing a quick response by soil microorganisms to changing conditions. This study suggests the existence of novel mechanisms of interaction among microorganisms, their enzymes and the soil environment with relevance at local and global levels., This study was supported by funding through projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-58762-P) and the Regional Government of Andalusia (RNM2529).

10 figuras.- 6 figuras.- 1 tabla.- 52 referencias, Microorganisms govern soil carbon cycling with critical effects at local and global scales. The activity of microbial extracellular enzymes is generally the limiting step for soil organic matter mineralization. Nevertheless, the influence of soil characteristics and climate parameters on microbial extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) performance at different water availabilities and temperatures remains to be detailed. Different soils from the Iberian Peninsula presenting distinctive climatic scenarios were sampled for these analyses. Results showed that microbial EEA in the mesophilic temperature range present optimal rates under wet conditions (high water availability) while activity at the thermophilic temperature range (60ºC) could present maximum EEA rates under dry conditions if the soil is frequently exposed to high temperatures. Optimum water availability conditions for maximum soil microbial EEA were influenced mainly by soil texture. Soil properties and climatic parameters are major environmental components ruling soil water availability and temperature which were decisive factors regulating soil microbial EEA. This study contributes decisively to the understanding of environmental factors on the microbial EEA in soils, specifically on the decisive influence of water availability and temperature on EEA. Unlike previous belief, optimum EEA in high temperature exposed soil upper layers can occur at low water availability (i.e., dryness) and high temperatures. This study shows the potential for a significant response by soil microbial EEA under conditions of high temperature and dryness due to a progressive environmental warming which will influence organic carbon decomposition at local and global scenarios., This study was supported by funding through projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-58762-P) and the Regional Government of Andalusia (RNM2529). These projects have been cofunded by FEDER funds.

5 páginas.- 2 figuras.- 18 referencias, Halogenated compounds are environmental pollutants toxic to humans and wildlife. Certain microorganisms degrade these halogenated compounds. However, little is known about the potential of microorganisms in bioremediation under extreme conditions, specifically in arid and semi-arid soils frequently exposed to high temperatures and desiccation periods. Arid and semi-arid environments and deserts make up vast areas of Earth's landmass. To investigate the degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in soils as a function of temperature and water availability, three bacterial species were tested, two soil mesophiles of the genus Rhodococcus, R. opacus and R. erythropolis, and a soil thermophilic isolate, Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius. Degradation trials in soil samples with these species were performed over a range of water activity from 1 to 0.4. At their optimum growth temperature, R. opacus showed maximum 2-CP degradation at water activity 0.9 sharply decreasing when lowering water activity. Nevertheless, the Parageobacillus isolate (optimum growth temperature 60°C) showed maximum 2-CP degradation rates at water activity 0.5 which represented highly desiccating conditions. Parageobacillus degradation of 2-CP was very low at water activity above 0.9. Thus, biodegradation of 2-CP in soils is possible even under arid conditions although different microbial species might be involved in this task depending on the interactions of abiotic factors and the diversity of microbial communities in soils. These results contribute to understand the potential biodegradation of specific halogenated compounds in the environment which is of great relevance to comprehend the fate of halogenated pollutants (i.e., 2-CP) in deserts, arid and semi-arid soils., This study was supported through funding from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-58762-P; PCIN2016-129) and the Regional Government of Andalusia (RNM2529). These projects have been cofunded by FEDER funds. EM acknowledges funding through a Fullbright fellowship. We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

VIHrtual Hospital is a telemedicine web system for improving home integral care of chronic HIV patients through the Internet. Using the videoconference, chat or messaging tools included in the system, patients can visit their healthcare providers (physician, psychologist, nurse, psychiatrist, pharmacist, and social worker), having these access to the Electronic Patient Record. The system also provides a telepharmacy service that controls treatment adherence and side effects, sending the medication to the patient's home by courier. A virtual community has been created, facilitating communication between patients and improving the collaboration between professionals, creating a care plan for each patient. As a complement, there is a virtual library where users can find validated HIV/AIDS information helping to enhance prevention. This system has been developed using low cost technologies in order to extend the number of patients involved in its trial. Thus, VIHrtual Hospital is now on trial in the Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain) involving a hundred patients and twenty healthcare professionals during two years.Although we are still waiting for the final results of the trial, we can already say that the use of telemedicine systems developed ad hoc for a chronic disease, like HIV/AIDS, improve the quality of care of the patients and their care team. The system described is a good example of the possibilities that technologies are offering to create new chronic patient care models based on telemedicine.