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A dermatofitose é uma dermatopatia caracterizada por uma infecção superficial da pele que comumente acomete cães, gatos e outros animais domésticos. Existem mais de 30 espécies de dermatófitos reconhecidas, sendo classificadas em 3 gêneros anamórficos: Microsporum, Trichophyton e Epidermophyton. Com base nessas informações, o objetivo nesta revisão foi caracterizar os principais agentes causadores de dermatofitoses em cães e gatos, bem como suas implicações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Assim, após a análise da literatura foi possível perceber que a dermatofitose é uma doença de pele infecciosa frequentemente detectada na clínica de pequenos animais e tem como principal agente causador o fungo Microsporum canis. Os sinais clínicos são variáveis e principalmente envolvem alopecia, descamação e crostas, que podem ser focais, multifocais ou generalizadas. O diagnóstico da dermatofitose pode ser feito clinicamente, mas é indicado realizar cultura micológica. Por fim, o tratamento mais indicado inclui o uso concomitante e associado de antifúngicos tópicos e sistêmicos.

Background: Dermatophytosis is the most prevalent fungal infection found in cats and one of the most serious infectious skin diseases that affect this species. Dermatophytosis can be endemic in cats, particularly in poor environments, and it is difficult to eradicate in such cases. Purpose: The aim of this research was to determine the macroscopic and microscopic identification of various types of dermatophytes present in stray cats. Methods: The research was designed as a laboratory-based study. The sample was determined through physical examination of stray cats infected with fungi and was selected based on the infection site (nail, hair, and skin) of infected cats. A total of 125 samples were collected from infected stray cats through skin scraping, haircutting, and nail clipping. The collected samples were then cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and incubated for two weeks at 26°C. Following incubation, fungi were stained using Lacto-phenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) for microscopic identification. Results: The identification showed that Trichophyton spp. is the most common isolated fungal species on the hair, nails, and skin of stray cats. This is followed by Aspergillus spp. and Microsporum spp. The least common dermatophytes include Curvularia spp., Absidia spp., Epidermophyton spp., Neosytallidium spp., Alternaria spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Mucor spp., and Penicillium spp . Conclusion: The research focussed exclusively on stray cats with clinical evidence of mycotic lesions and confirmed the role of stray cats in transmitting dermatophytosis through their hair, nails, and skin. The prevalence of dermatophytes on stray cats was identified in the Selangor region.

Dermatophytes are a group of parasitic fungi that live at the expense of the keratin in the skin, nails and hair. They are generally confined to the stratum corneum of the epidermis and skin appendages, particularly in the tropics, where heat and humidity provide the ideal conditions for the growth of fungi that cause cutaneous infections. The dermatophytes that usually cause only superficial infections of the skin are grouped into three genera: Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. They can be classified into three groups according to their normal habitats: anthropophilic species, zoophilic species and geophilic species. Dermatophyte infections are subclassified in Latin names according to the sites of skin involved, e.g. Tinea faciei, Tinea manuum, Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Tinea pedis, Tinea capitis, Tinea unguium. Trichophyton rubrum is the most common cause worldwide for superficial dermatophytosis. By their metabolic activity they produce inflammatory responses in the form of erythema, scaling, postulation and micro-abscess formation giving rise to itching and discomfort. The high prevalence rate of superficial dermatophytic infection has shown that 20-25% of the world’s population. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of clinical presentation, KOH examination of skin and would light examination. The article also discusses the main treatments for superficial dermatophytosis, with a practical approach to the most commonly used topical and systemic drugs, referring also to their dosage and duration of use in different types of the dermatophytic infection. Keywords: Dermatophytosis; Trichophyton rubrum; Tinea; KOH examination.

Dermatofitoze, gljivične infekcije rožnatog sloja kože, noktiju i kose, jedan su od najčešćih kožnih oboljenja. Najčešće infekcije izazivaju vrste Epidermophyton, Microsporum i Trichophyton. Dijagnoza se postavlja na osnovi kliničke slike i analizom strugotina tkiva zahvaćenog infekcijom (obrada s kalijevim hidroksidom, uzgoj na hranjivoj podlozi, PCR, dermoskopija). Terapija ovisi o mjestu infekcije i stupnju raširenosti, a standardna terapija su lokalni ili sistemski antimikotici. Na razvoj dermatofitoza mogu utjecati različiti čimbenici, životne prilike i navike. Provođenje ankete među pacijentima kod kojih se sumnja na infekciju dermatofitima može značajno pomoći u postavljanju dijagnoze i liječenju. Stoga je provedeno pilot-istraživanje na 151 ispitaniku kako bi se vidio utjecaj raznih čimbenika na povećanu učestalost dermatofitoza kod ljudi i koji su to točno čimbenici. Rezultati ovog rada su temelj za provođenje šireg epidemiološkog istraživanja raznolikosti vrsta dermatofita u onihomikozama u različitim županijama Hrvatske. Dermatophytoses, fungal infections of the stratum corneum of the skin, nails and hair, are one of the most common skin diseases. The most common infections are caused by Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical picture and the analysis of tissue scraps affected by the infection (treatment with potassium hydroxide, growth on a nutrient medium, PCR, dermoscopy). Therapy depends on the site of infection and the degree of spread. Standard therapy is local or systemic antimycotics. The development of dermatophytosis can be influenced by various factors, life circumstances and habits. Conducting a survey of patients with suspected dermatophyte infection can significantly aid in diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted on 151 subjects in order to see the influence of various factors on the increased frequency of dermatophytoses in humans and what exactly these factors are. The results of this work are the basis for conducting a wider epidemiological study of the diversity of dermatophyte species in onychomycosis in different counties of Croatia.

Epidermophyton floccosum is one of the most common agents of human superficial fungal infections, compared with genus Trichophyton and Microsporum, it possesses uniqueness in ecology traits and rarely causing hair infections. E. floccosum is so far the only representative species of genera Epidermophyton, and it is known as anthropophilic dermatophytes. To further reveal the genome sequences and clues of virulence factors, thus in this study, we sequenced the genome of E. floccosum (CGMCC (F) E1d), and performed comparative genomic analysis with other dermatophytes. It is revealed that E. floccosum owns the largest genome size and similar GC content compared with other dermatophytes. A total of 7565 genes are predicted. By comparing with the closest species N. gypseum, our study reveals that number and structure of adhesion factors, secreted proteases and LysM domain might contribute to the pathogenic and ecological traits of E. floccosum. Mating genes is also detected in genome data. Furthermore, we performed AFLP analysis trying to discuss intraspecific differences of E. floccosum, but no significant relationship is found between genotype and geographical distribution. Upon above, our study provides a deeper understanding and strong foundation for future researches about E. floccosum.

Background: Dermatophytosis is a globally distributed fungal infection. Treatment failure and relapse is common in this disease. Silver nanoparticle are known for their promising antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of these nanoparticles against common dermatophyte species. Methods: A set of 30 molecularly identified dermatophytes including Trichophyton interdigitale (n=10), Trichophyton rubrum (n=10), and Epidermophyton floccosum (n=10) were used in this study. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using chicory (Cichorium intybus) were tested for their antifungal activity in comparison to fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine. Interspecies differences in minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal drugs and silver nanoparticles were tested using Kruskal–Wallis test in SPSS software version 21. Results: The highest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) among antifungal drugs were observed for fluconazole [range: 4–64 μg/mL, geometric mean (GM) =17.959 μg/mL], followed by itraconazole (range: 0.008–0.5, GM= 0.066) and terbinafine (range: 0.004–0.25 μg/mL, GM=0.027 μg/mL). Silver nanoparticles showed potent antifungal activity against all dermatophyte isolates with MICs (range: 0.25–32 μg/mL, GM=4.812 μg/mL) higher than those of itraconazole and terbinafine, but lower than fluconazole. : MIC values of silver nanoparticles demonstrated significant differences between species (P=0.044), with E. floccosum having the highest MICs (GM=9.849 μg/mL) compared to T. interdigitale (GM=3.732 μg/mL) and T. rubrum (GM=3.031 μg/mL). Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles demonstrated promising anti-dermatophyte activity against the studied dermatophytes. Due to their wide-spectrum activity against other fungal and bacterial pathogens, they could be a potential choice, at least in the case of cutaneous and superficial infections.

Skin is the outermost covering of body and the largest organ of the integumentary system. Skin diseases are major health problem with emotional and psychological burden on patients. In Ayurvedic classics, almost all the skin diseases come under the broad heading of Kushtha. Dadru is a type of Kushtha which can be correlated with Tinea infection (fungal infection) in modern science. Three genera of dermatophytes infect skin i.e. Trichophyton spp, Epidermophyton spp and Microsporum spp. Ayurveda describes a multitude of treatment modalities for skin diseases in relation with various types of kushtha. One of them is the topical use of medicaments over the skin for topical absorption which allows faster absorption and better management of skin diseases. Lepa kalpana is a herbal or herbo-mineral drug for topical use. Although lepa is an important therapy in various diseases but it is highly useful specifically in dermatological diseases. This review describes different lepas which are especially mentioned for Dadru in doctrines of Ayurveda. Key words: Dadru, Kushtha, Lepa kalpana , Skin diseases.

Dermatophytosis is a common self limiting zoonotic fungal disease which coused by infection of certain types of dermatophyte (1,2).that fungi of 3 fundamental genera specifically, Microsporum, Trichophyton and epidermophyton. We wont wait its self limiting cause it Causes economic losses. That disease spread fastly amoung all existing dogs and may be owners. And take an extended time in treatment. Dermatophytosis is generally called as ringworm. And that is visibly portrayed by multi-focal alopecia and hulls on the skin with a selected formation (3,4). This infection has gained specific attention publicly health, because it distributed all over the world. After touching the contaminated items or specimens, similar to hair, soil or outside on the epidermal layer of diseased animals, infection of dermatophytosis in human happen –(5). We have noted a big increase in annual cases od dermatophytosis in all species humans and animals particularly dogs&cats (6). Scientists noted that dermatophytosis's cases are more predominant in little and female cat than male cat. In Indonesia, much researches has been done on dogs shows that : in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (34%) of dogs were positive of dermatophytosis (7). While that number ranges from 20%to30% in Europe (8). The results of different investigations recognized that main species causing dermatophytosis in small animals is microsporum-canis in 81.8%to97% of total cases (1,2,6). The occurrence of zoonotic dermatophytes, in dogs&cats and human compared with different species, m. Canis was the most awesome (60%) (9). We can modulate the immune-response by giving significant level of cortisol throughout along period.

Background:Squalene epoxidase gene is an azole antifungal target enzyme in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in fungi—the inhibition of enzyme aggregate squalene, a type of ergosterol derivative depletion that leads to fungal growth inhibition. Squalene epoxidase widely diverges in three fungal groups of dermatophytes Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Methodology:The study has demonstrated a variety of squalene epoxidase genes in the dermatophyte genome. Squalene epoxidase gene was also studied for possible single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the Trichophyton group's homologs and found multiple SNP positions that induce non-synonymous mutation and change the sequence of amino acid into protein structure that can change phenylalanine to leucine. Results:Squalene epoxidase is widely present in dermatophytes. Mutation in the squalene epoxidase gene can mislead normal sterol formation in the fungal cell membrane that induces fungal resistance against several drugs, including azoles and polyenes. Squalene epoxidase gene carries 2 - 3 transcripts and 2 - 3 number of exons. Squalene epoxidase gene has FAD-dependent oxidoreductases and NADP binding domain conserved domains in fungal groups of dermatophytes. Conclusion:This study analyzed the abundance of the squalene epoxidase gene, suggesting that squalene epoxidase gene-resistant mutants can occur naturally. Thus squalene epoxidase gene should be extensively studied in order to increase the potential of available antifungals. Link:http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/IJEHSR/article/view/574/651

Shambel Araya, Million Abuye, Abebe Edao Negesso Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Shambel Araya Tel +251939459529Email shambelaraya8@gmail.comBackground: Superficial mycosis is common worldwide and their epidemiological characteristics are different in different geographical areas and have shown variations in the last decades. The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize the epidemiology of dermatomycosis and their causative fungi species in Ethiopia between 2015 and 2019.Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of mycological examination and culture findings from all patients who visited the Dermatology Department of Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The direct wet mount microscopy and culture data of the isolates were collected from the database of the dermatology unit from 2015 to 2019 after permission was obtained from the laboratory head. The data were double-entered into Microsoft Excel, exported and analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: The total prevalence of fungi causing dermatomycosis was 67.7% (760/1122 cases) using direct wet mount microscopy and from these 489/1122 (43.5%) were culture positive. Dermatomycosis was found to be higher among females 694/1122 (61.9%) than male participants. Age group 25– 44 years was the most affected 442/1122 (39.4%) followed by 1– 14 years old 291/1122 (25.94%). Tinea unguium (50.8%) is the most common type of dermatomycosis followed by tinea capitis (24.1%) and tinea corporis (13.9%). Trichophyton spp. (32%) was the most highly distributed causative agent, followed by Epidermophyton spp. (20.2%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (8.3%).Conclusion: The retrospective analysis of epidemiological data collected at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory since 2015 showed a gradual increase in the frequency of tinea unguium and tinea pedis. However, during the past years, there was a gradual decline in the frequency of tinea corporis. In parallel with this variable pattern, the rate of isolation of non-dermatophytes especially Aspergillus fumigates and Candida species has shown a gradual increment during the past five years.Keywords: dermatomycosis, dermatophytes, tinea, fungi, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Objective: The present study aimed to identify the epidemiological factors, determinants and diagnostic methods of onychomycosis which helps in preventing morbidity. Materials and Methods: An epidemiological and diagnostic study of patients with clinically diagnosed onychomycosis attending the DVL was undertaken and Samples were collected from the diseased nails for microscopy, culture and histopathological staining. Results: The prevalence of onychomycosis was 1.06% of total outpatient attendance, mostly in men than women, with ratio 1.12:1 with age group 51-60 years. Housewives and agriculturists constituted 32% and 16% respectively. 48% of the patients had ?1 year disease duration. Moisture (42%), tight footwear (6%), trauma (15%), excessive sweating (4%) and warmth (2%) predisposed to onychomycosis. Concurrent superficial fungal infection of skin was noted in 17% cases, in particular tinea corporis predisposing to the development of onychomycosis. Out of 100 patients, 10 were found to have diabetes. Distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (65%) was the most common pattern of onychomycosis followed by total dystrophic onychomycosis (15%), Mixed onychomycosis (12%), Proximal subungual onychomycosis (6%), Endonyx (1%) and Superficial Onychomycosis (1%). Among 100 cases, 86 showed positivity to any one of the three diagnostic methods. KOH mount demonstrated fungal elements in 55% of patients. The culture positivity rate was 41%. Histopathological PAS staining showed positivity in 71% patients. The sensitivity of KOH mount, culture and HP/PAS was 63.22%, 47.13% and 81.61% respectively. There was a very significant difference between culture and PAS staining (p=0.0001). Among the 41 culture positive cases, 15 cases (36.59%) positivity with trichophyton rubrum, followed by 19.51% positivity with Candida albicans, 17.07% positivity with Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 12.19% positivity with Aspergillus niger, 4.87% each positivity with Aspergillus flavus and Epidermophyton

This work researched the inhibitory properties of the extract of Phlomis rigida Labill plant including chloroform on gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and dermatophyta; the related plant is used for therapeutic purpose in public. For the disk diffusion method, this extract is effective on Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is one of the negative bacterias by 11.33 ± 0.57 mm inhibition areas. Regarding other bacterias, the effect of the related extract is so low in avoiding the improvement of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium by 8.33 ± 0.57 mm inhibition area. It has highly effective on Trichopyton sp. and Candida albicans that are from dermatophytes fungis and yeast by 16.33 ± 0.57 mm inhibition area. About yeast and dermatophytes fungi it has a remarkable impact on Candida glabrata (14.33 ± 0.57 mm inhibition area), Epidermophyton sp. (12.33 ± 0.57 mm inhibition area). Antimicrobial activity of this natural extract against all the microorganisms that were tested by MIC method by concentrations vary by 100 uL and 6.25 uL. Acording to this; the results showed good inhibitory effect with 6.25 μL for C. albicans, Trichophyton sp. with 12.25 μL for C. glabrata. In the other hand it is effective with 25 μL for P. aeruginosa, Epidermophyton sp. with 50 μL for E. coli, S. aureus, B. megaterium. Being used plants for medical purposes as from since the early ages show that these plants can be used as alternatives of available antibiotics; including important medical components is the other reason for being an alternative at the same time. Concerning results, P. rigida can be utilized as a therapeutic drug for the healing of infections caused by microorganisms. In this study, we believe that the P. rigida is important in the search for new antibiotics and will contribute to the literatüre and the world of drug as it affects different types of microorganisms at the lowest level for the first time.

The aim of the study was to identify and identify the causative agents of dermatomycosis in dogs and cats and to determine their sensitivity to solutions of ketonazole and chlorhexidine digluconate, which are part of the drug Skinhard. This is a spray for external use, manufactured by PJSC “Halychpharm”. For laboratory diagnosis of dermatomycoses, samples from the affected parts of the skin and fur of domestic animals were used. To isolate a pure culture of fungi were sown on selective media: wort agar, agar Saburo, Chapek. The optimal cultivation regime for pathogenic fungi was 20–25 °С. Isolated fungal cultures were identified by the appearance and shape of colonies, their consistency, color, ability to grow at 37 °C, microscopic structure, in particular - the nature of mycelial branching and the presence of septa, location of conidiophores, spores and other signs. A microbiological examination of the affected areas of the skin of dogs and cats was performed to detect microscopic fungi. The following fungi were isolated from dogs affected by mycoses: Candida spp., Aspergillus niger, Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Mucor spp., Trichophyton spp., Mallasseria spp., Sporotrich spp, Candida albicans, and from cats: Microspor Candida spp., Spototrich spp., Rhizorus spp., Fusarium spp. Trichophyton spp. Isolated microscopic fungi of the genus Malassezia spp. belong to superficial mycoses (keratomycoses) and affect the superficial layers of skin and hair. Epidermatophytes: Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp. affect the epidermis, skin and coat. In addition, opportunistic fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp. and Fusarium spp. Chlorhexidine digluconate was found to be highly active against dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp.), Less active against fungi of the genus Candida and less active against Aspergillus spp, Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp, Fusarium spp. Ketonazole is highly active against dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp.), Yeast (Malassezia spp., Candida spp.,) And opportunistic fungi (Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Rhizorus spp.).

Indonesia sits in the heart of the largest biodiversity hotspot -Indo-Pacific region. Indonesia has access to endless resources of bioactive compounds from marine animals and plants. Marine sponges have been extensively studied over the years due to their nature of being exposed to various microorganisms. Xestospongia sp. establishes a symbiotic relationship with diverse microorganisms, leading to the synthesis of abundant bioactive resources which capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Publications from the last ten years were retrieved from PubMed and included in this review article. Bioactive compounds produced by Xestospongia sp. were effective in inhibiting gram-negative bacteria- P. aeruginosa, A. baumanii, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermis, S. typhi- and gram-positive bacteria -M. Intracellulare, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, B. subtilis, V. anguaillarum. In addition, extracts were able to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistance P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. neofarmans, A. niger, Epidermophyton sp., M. gypseum, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes were susceptible to Xestospongia sp. extracts. The growth of chloroquine-resistant and susceptible strains of P. falciparum were inhibited by Xestospongia sp. with similar zones of inhibitions. The antimicrobial properties were contributed by the composition of chemically complex compounds such as phenolics, steroids and alkaloids; each of which exhibits a unique mechanism of action. The vast range of antimicrobial activity exhibited by Xestospongia sp. extracts implies their promising role in clinical settings for the treatment of infectious diseases including tuberculosis and malaria.

Background: Dermatophytes are group of fungi that infect keratinized tissue. The group consist of three different genera i.e. Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton, which are distributed around the world. Therefore, the infection of Tinea (dermatophytosis) are one of the most common superficial infections worldwide. Dermatophytes may lead to acute or chronic diseases with high morbidity but not mortality. Aim & Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of dermatophytosis, isolate and identify the dermatophyte from samples of clinically suspected cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 220 patients showing lesions typical of dermatophytes infection from outpatient Department of Dermatology were send to Mycology Unit , Department of Microbiology for the period of December 2018 to September 2019 were studied. Diagnosis was confirmed by conventional methods like microscopic, macroscopic examination and culture. Result: Out of 220 KOH mount 61 (27.72%) were found positive. Culture on SDA there were SDA 61 (27.72%) culture positive, 59 (26.81%) DTM culture positive and isolated spp were T. rubrum 39 (17.72%) and T. mentagrophytes 20 (9.06%). Conclusion : Dermatophytosis are distributed worldwide with the increased incidence especially in a tropical country like India. Several factors such as age, sex, illiteracy, poor hygiene, and social economy influence the dermatophyte infection. This study shows that the epidemiological status of the dermatophytes. Tinea corporis (48.65%) was predominant fungal infection in which dermatophytes were isolated. T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes have been major etiological agents. Keywords: Dermatophytes, Tinea, Superficial mycoses.

Background: Dermatophytes are a group of closely related fungi that have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and other animals to produce an infection. Infection by this fungi are restricted to the non-living cornified layers as they lack the ability to penetrate the deeper tissues of immuno competent hosts. The great variation in clinical presentation is related to the involved species of fungus, size of the inoculum, involved site and immune status of the host. There are three genera of dermatophyte fungi: Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton based on microscopic features. Each genus is characterized by a specific pattern of growth in culture and by the production of macroconidia or microconidia. The Trichophyton species usually infect the skin, hair and nails. Microsporum species infect the skin and hair but not the nails. Epidermophyton species infect the skin as well as nails but not hair. This study was carried out to determine the etiological agents in different forms of dermatophytosis and to compare the various laboratory techniques in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Materials and method: The study was conducted at the department of Microbiology, Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangalore, India. 270 specimens obtained from clinically suspected cases of dermatophytoses between December 2017 to December 2019 were included in the study. The samples included skin scraping, nail clipping and plucked hair. The specimen was then subjected to Microscopic examinations like KOH, PAS, and Calcofluor white stain and Culture on SDA, SDA with Chloramphenicol and DTM. Results: Male patients infected were found to be 48.88% and female patients were 51.11%. The most common affected age group was 21-30 years (25.1%). More than 92.59% of samples were from Tinea unguium. Fungi was demonstrated in 31.85% of cases, by KOH wet mount, 41.48% by calcofluor white stain and 49.62% by PAS. Out of 135 specimens, 48 specimen yielded growth giving 35.55% culture positivity on SDA with chloramphenicol. Conclusion: A success rate of 41.48% was achieved for detecting fungal elements by microscopy as compared to culture. PAS Stain shows high reliability and sensitivity for detecting onychomycosis compared to KOH and mycological culture. PAS and the culture combination is superior to combined KOH and culture for detection of dermatophyte infection. Ninety six isolates were obtained from 270 patients which shows the prevalence of the isolate in and around Mangalore

Background Dermatophytes are fungi parasitizing structures rich in keratin such as skin, hair, and nail, which leads to a dermal inflammatory response with intense itching and cosmetic disfigurement. The climatic condition of eastern India is predominantly hot and humid with severe rainfalls promoting fungal infection. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of dermatophytosis and to isolate and identify the dermatophyte from clinically suspected cases attending tertiary care center.Methodology This study was conducted from April 2018 to March 2019 and a total of 1,200 samples were included. Skin scrapings were collected and examined microscopically using 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount. Culture was performed using Sabouraud dextrose agar and dermatophyte test medium. Speciation was done based on macroscopic and microscopic findings using lactophenol cotton blue staining and some special tests like urease test and slide culture.Results Of 1,200 cases, tinea corporis was the most common clinical presentation. Direct KOH positivity was 89.4% and culture positivity was 61.75%. Trichophyton mentagrophyte (77.5%) was the most common dermatophyte isolated followed by Trichophyton rubrum (13.3%).Conclusion Dermatophytic infections are not serious but their propensity to persist leading to chronicity and disfigurement may have personal and social implications.

The Arthrodermataceae, or dermatophytes, are a major family in the Onygenales and important from a public health safety perspective. Here, based on sequenced and downloaded from GenBank sequences, the evolutionary relationships of Arthrodermataceae were comprehensively studied via phylogenetic reconstruction, divergence time estimation, phylogenetic split network, and phylogeography analysis. These results showed the clades Ctenomyces, Epidermophyton, Guarromyces, Lophophyton, Microsporum, Paraphyton, and Trichophyton were all monophyletic groups, whereas Arthroderma and Nannizzia were polyphyletic. Among them, Arthroderma includes at least four different clades, Arthroderma I, III and IV are new clades in Arthrodermataceae. Nannizzia contains at least two different clades, Nannizzia I and Nannizzia II, but Nannizzia II was a new clade in Arthrodermataceae. The unclassified group, distributed in Japan and India, was incorrectly identified; it should be a new clade in Arthrodermataceae. The phylogenetic split network based on the ITS sequences provided strong support for the true relationships among the lineages in the reconstructed phylogenetic tree. A haplotype phylogenetic network based on the ITS sequences was used to visualize species evolution and geographic lineages relationships in all genera except Trichophyton. The new framework provided here for the phylogeny and taxonomy of Arthrodermataceae will facilitate the rapid identification of species in the family, which should useful for evaluating the results of preventive measures and interventions, as well as for conducting epidemiological studies.

Dermatophyte infections are widespread worldwide and are the most prevalent cause of fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Tinea corporis is most commonly caused by dermatophytes belonging to three genera: Trichophyton , Microsporum , and Epidermophyton. The disease may be acquired through person-to-person transmission, typically by direct communication with an infected individual. Since dermatophytes causing tinea corporis infection are restricted to superficial keratinized tissue, topical treatments are most effective in patients with naïve tinea corporis unless the disease is widespread. Dermatophyte adherence to a keratinized structure is an essential step in dermatophytosis pathogenesis, whereby proteolytic enzyme activity is converted into a particular keratolytic activity that encourages the dermatophyte to use keratin as the sole source of carbon. Despite increasing dermatophytosis worldwide, particularly in the tropics, this research has often been neglected, appears to predominate globally, and presents practitioners with a therapeutic challenge. However, experts supported the use of allylamines in the pleiotropic molecular exploration of azoles, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wide-spectrum antimycotic effects. Therefore, the current review aims to update and reform this essential subject and illustrate the recent advancement of the hidden pleiotropic activity of azoles at the molecular level on dermatophytes in human tinea corporis infection.

Dermal fungal infections seem to have increased over recent years. There is further a shift from anthropophilic dermatophytes to a growing prevalence of zoophilic species and the emergence of resistant strains. New antifungals are needed to combat these fungi and their resting spores. This study aimed to investigate the sporicidal effects of sertaconazole nitrate using microplate laser nephelometry against the microconidia of Trichophyton, chlamydospores of Epidermophyton, blastospores of Candida, and conidia of the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. The results obtained were compared with those from ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine. The sporicidal activity was further determined using infected three‐dimensional full skin models to determine the antifungal effects in the presence of human cells. Sertaconazole nitrate inhibited the growth of dermatophytes, molds, and yeasts. Ciclopirox olamine also had good antifungal activity, although higher concentrations were needed compared to sertaconazole nitrate. Terbinafine was highly effective against most dermatophytes, but higher concentrations were required to kill the resistant strain Trichophyton indotineae. Sertaconazole nitrate, ciclopirox olamine, and terbinafine had no negative effects on full skin models. Sertaconazole nitrate reduced the growth of fungal and yeast spores over 72 h. Ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine also inhibited the growth of dermatophytes and molds but had significantly lower effects on the yeast. Sertaconazole nitrate might have advantages over the commonly used antifungals ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine in combating resting spores, which persist in the tissues, and thus in the therapy of recurring dermatomycoses., Dermal fungal infections have increased over recent years. This study aimed to investigate the sporicidal effects of antimycotics using microplate laser nephelometry and infected three‐dimensional full skin models. Sertaconazole nitrate inhibited the growth of dermatophytes, molds, and yeasts. Ciclopirox olamine also had antifungal activity, although, higher concentrations were needed compared to sertaconazole nitrate. Terbinafine was highly effective against most dermatophytes, but higher concentrations were required to kill the resistant strain of Trichophyton indotineae.

Purpose of review. Inflammatory tinea is an uncommon group of dermatophyte entities that predominantly cause fungal infection of the skin and hair. This review intends to present all of the available evidence regarding its epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic methods as well as treatments recommended for various inflammatory tinea infections. This article provides a review of Majocchi’s granuloma and dermatophytic or Hadida’s disease. Recent findings. The new phylogenetic classification of dermatophytes includes nine genera, and those that affect humans are Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Nannizzia. Furthermore, molecular advancements have revealed impaired antifungal immune responses caused by inflammatory tinea, which are detailed in this article. Summary. The common denominator in these pathologies is the presence of impaired immune responses and, consequently, an impaired inflammatory response by the host. It is necessary to be familiar with these immunological characteristics in order to use the appropriate diagnostic methods and to provide adequate treatment.

Dermatophytosis is a major health problem all over the world including Pakistan. This is the first report of detection of dermatophytes and their antifungal drug resistance in the Northern and Western parts of Pakistan. A total of 154 samples were collected from different hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and out of them 136 samples were found positive. Tinea corporis (35%) was the most predominant type of infection followed by Tinea capitis (22%). The fungi identified in Tinea corporis infection types were identified as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum. The fungi identified in Tinea capitis included Trichophyton violaceum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum ferrugineum. The gender wise distribution showed both males (52%) and females (48%) were infected with the fungi. More cases belonged to the rural parts of the country. Age wise distribution showed that the infection was more prevalent in the children and the prevalence decreased with the increase in age. The positive samples were checked against two antifungal agents: fluconazole and nystatin. Among 136 positive samples, none of the isolates showed resistance to nystatin while 7% of the samples showed resistance to fluconazole. The resistant isolates were then identified by amplifying the 18S rRNA gene, using universal primers (ITS1, ITS4). Among the 9 resistant isolates, 5 isolates were identified as Trichophyton spp., 3 as Microsporum spp. and 1 as Epidermophyton spp.

IntroductionDermatophytes are a group of molds characterized by the ability to produce keratinases, thereby carving out for themselves specific ecological niches. Their traditional division into three genera, Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton has been expanded to nine and the species in each genus were modified. Dermatophytes are among the most prevalent causes of human and animal mycoses. Their epidemiology is influenced by various factors. These factors may be evolutive such as the predilected environment of the fungus, namely, humans (anthropophilic), animals (zoophilic), or environment (geophilic), is evolutionary and thus may require centuries to develop. Many other factors, however, result from a variety of causes, affecting the epidemiology of dermatophytoses within a shorter time frame.ObjectiveThis review aims at summarizing the factors that have modified the epidemiology of dermatophytoses during the last decades.ResultsGeographic and climatic conditions, demography such as age and gender, migration, socio-economic conditions, lifestyle, and the environment have had an impact on changes in the epidemiology of dermatophytoses, as have changes in the pattern of human interaction with animals, including pets, farm, and wild animals. A typical example of such changes is the increased prevalence of Trichophyton tonsurans, which spread from Latin America to the United States and subsequently becoming a frequent etiological agent of tinea capitis in Africa, Middle East, and other areas.ConclusionThe comprehension of the epidemiology of dermatophytoses has a major bearing on their prevention and treatment. Since it is undergoing continuous changes, periodic assessments of the most recent developments of this topic are required. This article aims at providing such an overview.

Until recently, superficial dermatophytosis, also known as tinea, was considered as a minor skin infection, which was easy to treat. There used to be rare outbreaks and epidemics of superficial dermatophytosis. Lately, there is a sweeping change in the clinical presentation due to extensive, atypical and recalcitrant dermatophytosis. Treating such infections poses a great challenge to the clinicians. Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissue (skin, hairs and nails) by dermatophytes (fungus). It is caused by the three genera of dermatophytes: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum. The conventional methods of laboratory diagnosis have now been substantiated by molecular characterization. Earlier epidemics were usually due to anthropophilic dermatophytes. Now, zoophilic dermatophytes are also responsible for many outbreaks and epidemics. We need to be equipped with the tools to face the current scenario, because this depends upon the competence of the staff working in the state-of-the-art laboratories, which is needed for the study of the epidemiology and appropriate treatment.

Dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair and nail caused by Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. These organisms are found in the environment, humans and animals in forms of yeast or mold. There are many factors that contribute to the growth of fungal infections in human body. But still majority of virulent factors and mechanisms of the diseases of fungi are not clear. This review paper describes types of fungal infections, their classification, epidemiology and new insights into pathogenesis with the focus on molecular mechanisms of the diseases. Furthermore, traditional and novel molecular diagnostic methods and the variety of drug treatment and the development of resistance against these drugs are discussed.

General purpose To provide information about the epidemiology, clinical features, and management of cutaneous tinea infections. Target audience This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. Learning objectives/outcomes After completing this continuing education activity, you should be better able to:1. Summarize the epidemiology related to cutaneous tinea infections.2. Describe the clinical features of cutaneous tinea infections.3. Identify features related to the diagnosis and management of cutaneous tinea infections. Abstract Dermatophyte or tinea infection refers to a group of superficial fungal infections of the hair, skin, and nails. Tinea infections are most commonly caused by fungi of the genus Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton. Cutaneous manifestations of tinea infections are seen worldwide and classified based on the affected body site. The diagnosis of these conditions is complicated by morphologic variations in presentation and overlap with other common infectious and noninfectious entities. As a result, diagnosis and appropriate management of these conditions are essential to avoid patient morbidity. This case-based review summarizes the epidemiology, relevant clinical features, microbiology, and management considerations for commonly encountered tinea infections.

Background: Dermatophytosis is a cutaneous disease caused by filamentous keratinophilic fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, which present a high prevalence in the general population, being among the most common mycoses affecting about 20% of the world's population. Objective: To carry out the epidemiological survey of cases of dermatophytosis in patients from the Sistema Único de Saúde in a regional Laboratory in the period of 5 years (2009 to 2013). Methods: A retrospective study (January 2009 to December 2013) was carried out with a qualitative and quantitative design, through the registry book of the laboratory, Mycology Sector, where cases of patients with suspected dermatomycosis were analyzed. Results: In a 5-year period, a total of 4467 cases were suspected of having a fungal infection. Of these, 68.74% (3071) cases were of dermatomycosis. In relation to cultures with fungal growth, 12.54% (385 cases) were dermatophyte fungi and 7.97% (245 cases) non-dermatophyte fungi were isolated. Among the species identified, there was a higher prevalence of T. rubrum complex (75%), T. mentagrophytes complex (11.68%) and M. canis (7.01%). Regarding the sites analyzed, nail involvement was the most frequent in 75% of the cases. Study Limitations: This work is representative in the studied region. Conclusions: Dermatomycosis samples are the most frequent among all samples of fungal infections from these patients, with the nail being the most affected area and the fungi T. rubrum complex and T. mentagrophytes complex the most frequent.

The growth rate inhibition of dermatophytes by compounds extracted by acetone, ethanol, methanol and water derived from representatives of several lichen genera (e.g. Caloplaca, Everniastrum, Heterodermia, Hypotrachyna, Platismatia and Ramalina) were compared on the basis of a worldwide review of published research. The examined dermatophytes included Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum audouinii, M. canis, M. gypseum, M. nanum, Trichophyton longifusus, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans and T. violaceum. The influence of selected secondary lichen compounds, for example, usnic acid, on the growth rates of these dermatophytes was also reviewed. The measurement of inhibition by lichen compounds was performed by several methods, but mostly those employing disc diffusion, broth dilution and agar dilution. The fungicidal activity of water-extracted compounds from Heterodermia leucomela and Hypotrachyna cirrhata and of methanol-extracted compounds from Evernia divaricata and Ramalina pollinaria, as well as protolichesterinic and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acids, are distinguished.

Introduction: Dermatophytes are fungi that can cause infections of the skin, hair & nails due to their ability to invade keratin. Dermatophytosis is the most common superficial fungal infection worldwide, more common in tropics and subtropical regions. It may present in epidemic proportions in areas of high humidity. Aims and Objectives: The present study is aimed to determine the distribution and to identify the clinical types of dermatophytosis that are prevalent in Malwa region. Materials and Methods: A total of 298 samples were collected from infected skin, hair and nails for a period of 1 year.Samples were collected under aseptic condition by skin scrapping, nails and hairs clipping by using scalpel or forceps and were then subjected to direct microscopy by potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount. Results: Dermatophytosis manifested more in the age group of 21-30 years, with male predominance. Among various clinical types, tinea cruris was the commonest type. Direct microscopy on KOH mount revealed the presence of dermatophytic fungi in 71.8% of the samples. Conclusions: Dermatophytosis is the commonest disease presenting in dermatology clinics and are responsible for myriad of clinical manifestations in human. Empirical use of steroid/mixed preprations, poor patient compliance due to high cost and changing dress sense are some important contributing factors for the real upsurge in incidence and prevalence of dermatophytosis in the last few years. Keywords: Dermatophytoses, Tinea cruris, Tinea corporis. Introduction Dermatophytes are a group of closely related filamentous fungi that can cause infections of the skin, hairs & nails due to their ability to utilize keratin.[1]They are classified into three genera: Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Trichophyton rubrum has been the most common isolates. These superficial cutaneous mycoses affect 20% to 25% of the world’s population.[2]In the present scenario of India, dermatophytoses

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of Kocuria marina (BMKo1) derived Lactic acid against Epidermophyton floccosum (MTCC-613) infections induced on male Swiss Albino mice model (Mus musculus). For this purpose, the isolated strain was subjected to ‘flask fermentation’ and the Lactic acid produced as fermentation product, was quantified and analysed. Prior to preclinical test, healthy mice models of approximately 8 weeks old and 25-30 gm (weight) were subjected to intra-dermal administration for a period of 15 days to test for toxicity. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes were continually monitored. Then the mouse models were inoculated with 100 µl/ml (V/V) of E. floccosum (MTCC-613) spore suspensions following ‘Excision model’. After induction of the infection, the symptomatic mice groups were subjected to topical application of Kocuria lactic acid cream based formulation at a concentration of 1µl/ml (V/V). The naked eye observations were made on the infected lesions till the absolute deduction of infection of excised skin surfaces. The degrees of deduction of infection were converted into scores and the percentages (%) of deduction of infection were calculated and the average value was derived. There were inclusion of positive control (Fluconazole) and negative control (group with infection induced excision, but without any drug application) mice groups for the sake of comparison. Further, with absolute deduction of infection score observed in mice group, applied with Kocuria derived Lactic acid was akin to Fluconazole activity. However, the infection induced mice group was found to be with substantial increase of degree of infection. This study have curtain raised about the anti Epidermophyton infection activity of a cream based Cell free Lactic acid derived from a non pathogenic strain of Kocuria marina on mouse models. Keywords: Kocuria marina, Epidermophyton floccosum, Lactic acid

Background: Mounting prevalence of end-stage renal disease is a major public health problem worldwide, resulting in millions of individuals affected. It is important to note that between 50% to 100% of such group have been found to have at least one or the other dermatological disorder. In the present study we have tried to analyze patients with end stage renal disease who had developed superficial fungal infections. Methods and Findings: In between January 2000 to June 2016, analysis have been made on 2112 patients with end stage renal disease, who were undergoing haemodialysis at least thrice a week for a minimum of three months at our centre. Out of the above 2112 patients, 1500 suspected cases of superficial fungal infections we identified, 1040 cultures tested positive. The macroscopic examination of the scalp, skin and the nails revealed 0.2% Tinea capitis, 28.8% Pityriasis versicolor, 16.7% Tinea corporis, 5.3% Tinea mannum, 32.4% Onychomycosis, 13.5% Tinea cruris and 3.1% Tinea pedis. Culture examination highlighted 29.1% Trichyopyton rubrum, 22.9% Trychophyton mentagrophyte, 5.1% Trychophyton violaceum, 0.9% Trichophyton verrucosum, 0.1% Microsporum canis, 3.1% Epidermophyton flucossum, 3.1% Trychophyton tonsurans, 6.9% Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and 28.8% Malassezia. The predominant clinical abnormality observed was Onychomycosis and the prevalent fungal isolate was Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusion: Superficial mycoses are prevalent worldwide. The current study illustrates that a notable number of patients with the end stage renal disease had a prevalence of superficial fungal infection; hence, a prompt recognition of skin lesion and identification of these superficial fungal infections alarm us to undertake early and judicious management in order to reduce the associated morbidity and thereby improve the quality of life in the said patients.

Septacidin is an adenine nucleoside antibiotic with antifungal and antitumor activities. During the efforts to construct a better septacidin producer, we obtained a high yield strain S. albus 1597 by putting the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of septacidin under the control of the constitutive strong promoter ermE*. S. albus 1597 could produce new septacidin congeners SEP-538 and SEP-552 with shorter fatty acyl chains. Moreover, SEP-624 with an unprecedented hydroxylated fatty acyl chain was also isolated from this titre improved strain, enriching the diversity of septacidins. SEP-552 showed moderate inhibitory effects against Epidermophyton floccosum 57312 with MIC value 62.5 μM, while SEP-538 and SEP-624 only exhibited weak antifungal activities. The structure-activity relationship investigation revealed that the antifungal activity of septacidins is significantly influenced by the length of and the decoration on their fatty acyl chains.

Introduction: Dermatophytes are a group of morphologically related keratinophilic fungi that invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and warm-blooded animals to produce clinical lesions (dermatophytosis). Clinical lesions are traditionally divided according to the site infected, namely, scalp (tinea capitis), feet (tinea pedis, commonly called “athletes’ foot”), groin, inner thighs, or buttocks (tinea cruris, commonly called “jock itch”), beard (tinea barbae), hands (tinea manuum, toe nails or finger nails (tinea unguium, also called onychomycosis), face, non-bearded area (tinea faciei) and other parts of the body, such as arms, abdomen, or legs (tinea corporis). Dermatophytosis is common world-wide and is caused by species of three genera of dermatophytes, namely Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. This study presents an update of ecology of different species of dermatophytes and epidemiology of infections caused by them in the Caribbean. Possibility of herbal therapy of these infections as an alternative treatment is also dealt with. Methods: A thorough search of literature was made using PubMed, MEDLINE, Biomed Lib, Med Facts, and different sets of key words, viz. dermatophytes, tineas in Caribbean, occurrence in animals, soil etc. Results: It was revealed that incidence of dermatophytic infections and their epidemiologic characteristics depend on social, geographic, and environmental factors and may change with passage of time. For instance, prior to year 2000, the major cause of tinea capitis in North America for 100 years was Microsporum canis followed by M. audouinii; Since 1950 Trichophyton tonsurans has advanced from Mexico and the Caribbean to be currently a major cause of tinea capitis in North America. The two dermatophytes Microsporum gypseum and M. fulvum, and several Chrysosporium species have been frequently isolated form soils in different countries in the Caribbean. Conclusions: There is almost complete lack of information on human infections due to dermatophytes in several Caribbean countries. The preponderant occurrence of M. fulvum in Anguilla soils with comparatively rare isolation of M. gypseum is a significant observation. The need for further epidemiological studies on dermatophyosis in the Caribbean countries cannot be overemphasized.

Background: Tinea corporis and cruris are dermatophytes that infect the skin, and they are caused by Trichophyton sp., Microsporum sp., and Epidermophyton sp. Dermatophyte fungal-infect keratin-containing skin classified by the body’s location, such as tinea corporis (skin besides haired area, body, hands, or feet) and tinea cruris (groin & perineal region). Purpose: To evaluate the clinical profiles and treatments of tinea corporis and cruris at Dermatology and Venereology (DV) outpatient clinic Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in 2018. Methods: A retrospective-descriptive study based on medical records of DV outpatient clinic Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya. Data collected from August to December 2019. Tinea corporis and cruris profiles evaluation based on age, sex, occupation, precipitating factors, complaints, illness duration, family history, lesion’s location and description, and therapy. Result: A total of 164 patients (35 tinea corporis, 76 tinea cruris, and 53 tinea corporis and cruris), predominantly female, age 46–55 years, came treatment less-than-a-month cases, excessive sweating, itching, tinea corporis lesion’s location on the face and body, tinea cruris in groin, tinea corporis and cruris on body and groin, erythematous macules, firm borders, active margins, scales, central healing, positive KOH 10–20% examination, miconazole cream therapy 2%, griseofulvin therapy, griseofulvin oral and ketoconazole cream 2% combination therapy. Discussion: Tinea corporis and cruris are common in females as their history and symptoms supported by the characteristics of laboratory examination, the presence of hyphae in potassium hydroxide (KOH) 10–20%. Most patients were prescribed with oral griseofulvin, especially in large lesions cases.

This paper aimed to investigate the potential antifungal influences of new alkaloids from Delphinium peregrinum L. var. eriocarpum Boiss. New Diterpenoid alkaloids Delcarpum (1), Hydrodavisine (4) and known alkaloids Peregrine (2), Delphitisine (3) were isolated by different chromatographic methods from the aerial parts of D. Peregrinum eriocarpum Boiss, which grows in Syria. The structures of alkaloids were proposed based on 1D NMR spectroscopy 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT-135, DEPT-90, 2D NMR spectroscopy DQF-COSY, HMQC, EI-Ms mass spectrum, and IR spectroscopic measurements. The antifungal activity of the isolated alkaloids was evaluated against different dermatophyte fungal isolates compared with fluconazole. In the case of Peregrine (2) the minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs) recorded 128–256, 32–64, and 32 for Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively, compared to 32–64, 16, and 32 μg/mL in the case of fluconazole, respectively. The MICs recorded on application of the four alkaloids mixture were 64, 32, and 16 in the case of E. floccosum, M. canis, and T. rubrum, respectively, which were significantly lower than that measured for each of the individual alkaloid and were compatible for fluconazole. In conclusion, MICs of the tested alkaloids showed a variable potential effect on the investigated fungal isolates. Peregrine (2) was the most effective alkaloid, however, the application of the mixture of alkaloids induced significant synergistic activity that was more pronounced than the application of individual ones.

Epidermophyton floccosum is one of the most common agents of human superficial fungal infections, compared with genus Trichophyton and Microsporum, it possesses uniqueness in ecology traits and rarely causing hair infections. E. floccosum is so far the only representative species of genera Epidermophyton, and it is known as anthropophilic dermatophytes. To further reveal the genome sequences and clues of virulence factors, thus in this study, we sequenced the genome of E. floccosum (CGMCC (F) E1d), and performed comparative genomic analysis with other dermatophytes. It is revealed that E. floccosum owns the largest genome size and similar GC content compared with other dermatophytes. A total of 7565 genes are predicted. By comparing with the closest species N. gypseum, our study reveals that number and structure of adhesion factors, secreted proteases and LysM domain might contribute to the pathogenic and ecological traits of E. floccosum. Mating genes is also detected in genome data. Furthermore, we performed AFLP analysis trying to discuss intraspecific differences of E. floccosum, but no significant relationship is found between genotype and geographical distribution. Upon above, our study provides a deeper understanding and strong foundation for future researches about E. floccosum.

Dermatophyte fungi include a wide range of filamentous fungi that are pathogenic to humans includingthree superficial cutaneous genera such as ; Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton. However,the aim of this study isolation and identification of fungi responsible of dermatophytosis and detection ofthe dermatophyte ability to produce mycotoxins. The results of this study showed that 49(69.01%) out of71 specimens were gave positive results , while 22 (30.98%) were gave negative results by examinationon 10%KOH and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with cyclohexmaide. Out of 49 culture positiveisolates, 31(63.3%) T. rubrum isolates was the most frequent etiological agent followed by 11( 22.4%)T.mentagrophytes ; 5(14.3%) M. canis and 2(4.1%) Epidermophyton floccosum isolates. The use of the TLC method to detect of mycotoxins in chloroformextracts for 49 dermatophyte mycelia. It was found all dermatophyte isolates are able to produce fluorescentstains with different colors under UV light at 365 nm , also these stains may be act as a non-enzymaticvirulence indicator ( mycotoxins).

In the past few decades, an increasing number of fungal infections in animals as well as in human have been observed. Of these, some severe diseases cause die-off and extinctions of animal species and are responsible for higher morbidity and mortality rate. Dermatophytosis is a superficial infection of skin caused by three genera of fungi including Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton collectively called as dermatophytes. It is the most frequent fungal infections of animals including pets and livestock and even in wild species. The chief causal fungal species included M. canis, M. nanum, M. gypseum, T. terrestre, T. equinum, T. verrucosum, and T. mentagrophytes. Dermatophytes are distributed globally with its specific species and clinical form. The fungi are found in soil (geophilic organisms), animals (zoophilic), and humans (anthropophilic). Dermatophyte spores can survive more than a year under humid and mild temperature conditions. The animals may infect by close contact with other infected animals or soil fungi during digging or rooting. Dermatophytes require keratin for growth so they infect in keratinized tissue only. While, fungal exposure to animals does not always cause infection. There are multiple factors involved in infection such as fungal species, surface and exposure of animal skin, immunocompetence, age, and animal nutritional behavior. The disease diagnosis is based on the history, physical examination, and much more microscopic study, histology, and cultural characteristics of fungi. For the treatment of disease itraconazole, fluconazole, terbinafine, ketoconazole, and griseofulvin have been effectively used in animals. But, in few years, these treatments have become ineffective which may be due to antifungal resistance or tolerance. Therefore, use of new antifungal compounds from natural/plant-derived products can be an alternative approach to combat such situation.

The fungi may be broadly divided into two basic forms: moulds and yeasts. Moulds are dermatophytes, (including Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton) and non-dermatophytes (e.g. Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., etc.). Yeasts are single-celled organisms that usually reproduce by budding, e.g. Candida, Malassezia, Cryptococcus. This chapter illustrates superficial fungal conditions with more than 80 clinical photos.

A new series of 5-arylhydrazonothiazole derivatives 5a–d has been synthesized, elucidated, and evaluated for their antidermatophytic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the newly synthesized products were investigated against 18 dermatophyte fungal isolates related to Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The morphological alterations induced by the synthesized derivatives singly or conjugated with the monoclonal antibody were examined on spores of T. rubrum using a scanning electron microscope. The efficacy of synthesized derivative 5a applied at its respective MFC alone or conjugated with anti-dermatophyte monoclonal antibody 0014 in skin infection treatment of guinea pigs due to inoculation with one of the examined dermatophytes, in comparison with fluconazole as standard reference drug was evaluated. In an in vivo experiment, the efficiency of 5a derivative conjugated with the antibody induced 100% healing after 45 days in the case of T. rubrum and M. canis-infected guinea pigs.

Fungal Infection is a hidden enemy for mammals because it is inhibiting commonly in nasal and oral mucosa, where it colonizes and starts unwanted growth and form infection. The differentiation between pathogenicity with colonization and regular colonization in upper respiratory system infection is difficult initially. Sometimes fungal infection rate becomes high due to the immune system weakening by the immunosuppressive drugs and old age because of a weak immune system unable to fight opportunistic fungi. The most common fungal infection is an endemic mycosis caused by dimorphic fungal species that are ubiquitously present in the soil and environment of particular geographic regions. Few most common fungal infections are listed Athlete’s foot is caused by a number of different fungi, including species of Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum, Tinea Versicolor, Onychomycosis, Tinea Capitis and Ringworm caused by Dermatophytes, Candidiasis by Candida sp.. In general, fungal skin infection is a more frequent and more recurrent pathogen that often goes hidden by the physician and persistent body. Fungal Infection becomes more serious when it occurred as a secondary infection after bacterial Infection. Frequently simple measures can prevent the hidden fungal Infection and therefore reduce the possibility of complications. This chapter presents information on mysterious diseases caused by different fungi besides some possible ways of protection and treatments.

Dermatophytoses are inflammatory cutaneous mycoses caused by dermatophyte fungi of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton that affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. With therapeutic failure, dermatophytoses can become chronic and recurrent. This is partly due to their ability to develop biofilms, microbial communities involved in a polymeric matrix attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces, contributing to fungal resistance. This review presents evidence accumulated in recent years on antidermatophyte biofilm activity. The following databases were used: Web of Science, Medline/PubMed (via the National Library of Medicine), Embase, and Scopus. Original articles published between 2011 and 2020, emphasizing the antifungal activity of conventional and new drugs against dermatophyte biofilms were eligible. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed – the studies used in vitro and ex vivo (fragments of nails and hair) experimental models. The articles focused on reports of antibiofilm activity for conventional antifungals, natural drugs, and new therapeutic tools. The strains reported on were T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, M. canis, and M. gypseum. Between the studies, the wide variability of experimental conditions in vitro and ex vivo was observed. The data suggest the need for methodological standardization (at some minimum). This review systematically presents current studies involving agents that present antibiofilm activity against dermatophytes; and an overview of the ideal in vitro and ex vivo experimental conditions to guarantee biofilm formation that may assist future research. Lay abstract This review presents the current studies on the antibiofilm activities of drugs against dermatophytes and ideal experimental conditions, which might guarantee in vitro and ex vivo biofilm formation. It can be useful to examine the efficacy of new antimicrobial drugs against dermatophytes.

4-Nitroso-3-trifluoromethyl-5-alkyl[(het)aryl]pyrazoles were synthesized via one-pot nitrosation of 1,3-diketones or their lithium salts followed by treatment of hydrazines. Reduction of nitroso-derivatives made it possible to obtain 4-amino-3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles chlorides. According to computer-aided calculations, all synthesized compounds are expected to have acceptable ADME profile for drug design. Tuberculostatic, antibacterial, antimycotic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro, while their analgesic and anti-inflammatory action was tested in vivo along with acute toxicity studies. N-Unsubstituted 4-nitrosopyrazoles were the most effective tuberculostatics (MIC to 0.36 μg/ml) and antibacterial agents against Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC to 7.8 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus MRSA and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC to 15.6 μg/ml). 4-Nitroso-1-methyl-5-phenylpyrazole had the pronounced antimycotic action against a wide range of fungi (Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, T. interdigitale, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis with MIC 0.38–12.5 μg/ml). N-Unsubstituted 4-aminopyrazoles shown high radical-scavenging activity in ABTS test, ORAC/AAPH and oxidative erythrocyte hemolysis assays. 1-Methyl-5-phenyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-4-aminium chloride revealed potential anticancer activity against HeLa cells (SI > 1351). The pronounced analgesic activity was found for 4-nitroso- and 4-aminopyrazoles having phenyl fragment at the position 5 in “hot plate” test. The most of the obtained pyrazoles had a moderate acute toxicity.

Background: Dermatophytosis are the most common types of cutaneous fungal infection seen in human and animals affecting skin, hair and nails caused by dermatophytes. The diagnosis of dermatophytes is based on the clinical observation and laboratory diagnosis by direct microscopic examination and fungal cultures. The present study is undertaken to isolate different type of dermatophytes causing fungal infection.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study design was used in a total of 90 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytic infection attending the out patient department of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching hospital (KMCTH). Skin scraping, hair and nail samples were collected from the patients and were processed by direct microscopy and culture using standard protocol. Dermatophytes were identified based on the microscopic arrangement of microconidia and macroconidia.Results: Dermatophytosis was more common in the age group of 21-40 years and was more predominant among male with male to female ratio of 1.7: 1. Among the total clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis, 53 were positive in direct microscopy and only a total of 20 were positive by culture. Most common clinical type observed in our study was Tinea corporis(25%) followed by Tinea cruris. Trichophyton rubrum(50%) was the commonest aetiological agent in majority of clinical types followed by Trychophyton mentagrophytes(35%). Conclusions: The study highlighted T. corporis followed by T. cruris and T. unguim as the most common clinical pattern of dermatophytosis with a male predominance and 21-40 years being the most affected age group. T. rubram was the most common aetiological agent causing dermatophytosis.Keywords: Dermatophytes; dermatophytosis; epidermophyton; tinea; trychophyton.

Dermatomycoses are a group of diseases worldwide distributed and affect skin, hair and nails. Several fungal species can be envolved and keratinophilic fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton are very common. These infections are globally distributed and their incidence has progressively increased. Despite their high incidence, few studies have been carried out in HIV-infected patients, regarding frequency, clinical presentations, and species identification. This study aimed to evaluate some epidemiological and clinical aspects of dermatophytosis in HIV-infected patients and to attempt phenotypical and molecular characteristics of their agents. Of 398 patients included, 306 were HIV-infected. Clinical data and samples of skin, hair and nail lesions were simultaneously obtained. The dermatophytes yielded in culture were phenotypically identified and evaluated by ITS-RFLP and ITS (Internal Transcribed Space) sequencing. Dermatophytes frequency in HIV-infected patients with cutaneous lesions was 11.76% similar to the 15.22% observed in non-HIV individuals. Trichophyton rubrum was the most common isolated species in both groups. Throught ITS-RFLP, 29/32 (90.63%) of dermatophytes isolates were identified at the species level. From the 10 isolates randomly selected for ITS sequencing, seven confirmed the ITS-RFLP results while three Trichophyton sp. were not identified as dermatophytes. The identification of these species in HIV-infected patients is highly desirable in order to improve the knowledge of their frequency, geographical distribution and relation to clinical presentation.

A total of, 162 Samples of those infects with dermatophytes at lmam Hussein Teaching Hospital in Nasiryah city for the purpose of diagnosing some samples in a sequential manner , The samples included skin skimmers, nail clippers, hair pieces, Isolation and diagnosis of samples was carried out by conventional methods and then confirmed the diagnosis in a way that follows the nitrogen bases, where 10 samples were diagnosed and recorded in the gene bank , Trichophyton was the more frequent , than Epidermophyton ,A number of Candidia yeasts were also diagnosed in the traditional methods of appearance , It was a ratio of T. rubrum (28%) than T. interdigitale (24%), than T. mentagrophytes (21%), and also E. floccosum in the rate of (25%) , There are also ratios for the emergence of types of yeasts as a proportion C. albicans (32%) , Than C. parapsilosis (25%) , Than C. kruzi (22%) , and also C. dubllirensis in the rate of (19%) , Thes samples were collected from different ages and from both sexes .

Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.

Existence of fungi and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in public swimming pools water are dangerous since it can seriously affect on health of swimmers. This data study aimed to determine the fungi contamination and DBPs concentration including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), halamines and cyanogen halides and haloacetonitriles (HANs) of swimming pools (chlorine based) in Gonabad County, Iran. So, the fungal load and DBPs concentration were investigated in two swimming pools in the middle of spring of 2017 by collecting a number of 9 water samples and 9 samples of lateral facilities of each pool by membrane filtration technique and sterile carpet. The DBPs concentrations were measured by gas chromatograph technique. The results showed that the pools were contaminated with Dermatophyte (trichophyton mentagrophytes and epidermophyton flucosomes), yeasts, and more with opportunistic saprophytic fungi. 24.8%, 22.7%, 16.9%, and 11.4% saprophytic fungi were separated from pool side, locker room, pool water, and shower positions, respectively. 7.4% and 3.2% of yeast fungi as well as 0.23% and 0.2% of dentofacies of causative agents of tinea were separated from the pools water and showers as well as locker room and shower positions, respectively. According to the data, halamines and cyanogen halides had the highest concentrations, followed by HAAs, THMs and HANs respectively. Among the halamines and cyanogen halides, HAAs, THMs and HANs, trichloramine acid was the most dominant species, followed by trichloroacetic acid and dichloramine, respectively. Keywords: Swimming pools, Disinfection, Fungi contamination, DBPs, HAAs, THMs, HANs

The current study is the identification and isolation dermatophyte species in clinical isolates by both Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) and on Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM). Clinical specimens of hair, nails and skin scales were collected from patients with dermatophytosis and submitted to direct microscopic examination after immersion in 20% of potassium hydroxide solution. The clinical specimens were cultured on SDA containing chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and on DTM. Tinea corporis showed the highest prevalent dermatophyte infection among patients (26.7%), followed by Tinea pedis (23.3%), whereas Tinea manuum exhibited the lowest fungal infection (6.7 %). Rural areas revealed the highest prevalence of dermatophyte infection (70.0 %) in comparison to 30.0% in urban areas. Based on the conventional laboratory methods, 30 clinical isolates of dermatophytes showed positive cultures which belong to three genera (Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton). Trichophyton mentagrophytes was the most common species (21.7%) isolated among 30 positive dermatophytes, followed by Epidermophyton flocosum (17.4%), then Trichophyton bullosum and Trichophyton tonsurans (13.0%).