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Abstract: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory demyelination disease with incomplete remyelination in the CNS. It would be more informative to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of MS. Molecular mechanisms involving epigenetic changes play a pivotal role in this disease. Epigenetic changes impact gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. The main epigenetic modifications that play a key role in the regulation of gene expression principally include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA- associated post-transcriptional gene silencing. In this review, we summarize the dynamics of epigenetic changes and their relation to environmental risk factors in MS pathogenesis. Studies suggest that epigenetic changes have a role in the development of MS and environmental risk factors, such as vitamin D, smoking, and Epstein-Barr virus infection seem to influence the development and susceptibility to MS. Investigating epigenetic and environmental factors can provide new opportunities for the molecular basis of the diseases, which shows complicated pathogenesis. Epigenetic research has the potential to complete our understanding of MS initiation and progression. Increased understanding of MS molecular pathways leads to new insights into potential MS therapies. However, there is a need for in vivo evaluation of the role of epigenetic factors in MS therapy. It would be more valuable to indicate the role of various epigenetic factors in MS.

This section reviews the emergency presentations of autoimmune blistering diseases, connective tissue and rheumatological disorders as well as common pitfalls associated with their diagnosis and management

The last part of this continual medical education series reviews the cutaneous manifestations of physical and sexual abuse and their differential diagnosis, dermatologic surgical emergencies and miscellaneous dermatologic emergencies such as acute graft-versus-host disease, hypereosinophilic syndromes and vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

This section covers the strategies for managing the dermatologic infectious diseases and how they present in emergency and acute settings. In order to keep the staff and patients safe, emergency physicians should be able to limit the nosocomial infection spread.

Early detection of erythroderma is essential in clinical practice since the related systemic implications might be fatal. it is characterized by widespread redness with a highly variable degree of scaling. Most of cases have an underlying skin problem or a systemic disorder that is known to be related to erythroderma. idiopathic erythroderma occurs in about 30% of cases. Generalized pustular psoriasis is a rare and life-threatening variant of psoriasis manifests with successive crops of pustules on a background of red and tender skin that covers most of the body. Erythroderma and generalized pustular psoriasis are typically managed with hospitalization, supportive measures, and specialist care.

This section reviews the triad of life-threatening drug reactions including Stevens-Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP).

Background: Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a common hair loss disorder seen in both males and females and continues by presenting thinning and miniaturization because of androgens, genetics, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein destruction, and micro-inflammation. The most common treatments for AGA used in males are minoxidil and finasteride. These drugs have an effective role in the recovery and retardation of hair loss; however, there are different side effects and limitations to their efficacy. Materials and Methods: In this research, we compared the effectiveness of the Trust tonic’s active complex, Capixyl, Procapil, and rosemary extract (CPR), and 2% minoxidil solution in reducing hair loss and stimulating hair growth. The study was conducted on two groups of male subjects with an average of 45 years for twenty-four weeks using 1 ml of each solution everyday in the morning and evening.

Investigating the global epidemiological patterns of Trichinella in pigs is required for accurate recognition and to establishing proper control programmes and preventive measures, as well as to decrease human exposure.To obtain a better understanding of the global prevalence of Trichinella in domestic pigs and factors that might influence the prevalence, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed.The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Multiple databases were used to identify literature published between January 2000 and December 2021, representing studies from 1985 to 2021, on Trichinella prevalence in domestic pigs. Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country Human Development Index (HDI), climate, pig management system, and diagnostic test.The global pooled prevalence based on 60 manuscripts representing 32 countries and 65 pig populations was 2.02% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88-3.62) and the estimated pooled prevalence in different continents ranged from 0.00% to 11.8%. Trichinella was highest in low HDI countries (21.6%; 95% CI: 4.3-47.2), tropical wet climates (20.9%; 95% CI: 10.3-34.1), and non-intensive pig farming systems (6.1%; 95% CI: 1.0-15.5).While there were regional differences in Trichinella prevalence in domestic pigs, these were likely driven by country HDI and pig farming systems versus climatic factors. Increased biosecurity in outdoor pig production systems, focused meat inspections and promoting awareness could potentially decrease risk of infection.

Pheochromocytomas are tumors producing catecholamines that arise from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. They are usually benign in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndrome, but they tend to present bilaterally in 50–80% of the patients. Few researchers have reported success with simultaneous laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy. Hence, we report a 48-year-old woman who presented with a panic attack, headache, and abdominal discomfort that had started 10 years ago. The computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large bilateral cystic lesion in both adrenal glands in favor of pheochromocytomas (30 × 22 mm and 18 × 15 mm on the right side and 40 × 33 mm and 35 × 28 mm on the left side). The patient underwent bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy without intraoperative or postoperative complications. The total blood loss was 50 cc, and the operative time was 4 h. The histopathology of the specimen revealed pheochromocytomas of adrenal masses. In conclusion, our case demonstrates that synchronized laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy can be a safe and feasible treatment option for pheochromocytomas in MEN2 patients.

Exposure to air pollutants may lead to various health effects and is a major public health issue. Concerns about these effects exist in both developed and developing countries. The Air Q software was developed to estimate the health impacts of air pollution based on reported levels of air pollutants in real world studies. In Iran several studies have been conducted to estimate human morbidity and mortality based on this software. We conducted this review to summarize articles which have predicted the effects of air pollution on human health in Iran using Air Q. We conducted a systematic search for relevant studies published until 24 April 2021 in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and SID (Scientific Information Database which includes articles in Farsi language). We applied no time or language restrictions.A total of 44 studies out of 525 identified articles met our inclusion criteria. The main air pollutants under investigation were particulate matter (PM), NO

FINCA syndrome [MIM: 618278] is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized by fibrosis, neurodegeneration and cerebral angiomatosis. To date, 13 patients from nine families with biallelic NHLRC2 variants have been published. In all of them, the recurrent missense variant p.(Asp148Tyr) was detected on at least one allele. Common manifestations included lung or muscle fibrosis, respiratory distress, developmental delay, neuromuscular symptoms and seizures often followed by early death due to rapid disease progression.Here, we present 15 individuals from 12 families with an overlapping phenotype associated with nine novel NHLRC2 variants identified by exome analysis. All patients described here presented with moderate to severe global developmental delay and variable disease progression. Seizures, truncal hypotonia and movement disorders were frequently observed. Notably, we also present the first eight cases in which the recurrent p.(Asp148Tyr) variant was not detected in either homozygous or compound heterozygous state.We cloned and expressed all novel and most previously published non-truncating variants in HEK293-cells. From the results of these functional studies, we propose a potential genotype-phenotype correlation, with a greater reduction in protein expression being associated with a more severe phenotype.Taken together, our findings broaden the known phenotypic and molecular spectrum and emphasize that NHLRC2-related disease should be considered in patients presenting with intellectual disability, movement disorders, neuroregression and epilepsy with or without pulmonary involvement.

Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases, the growth and prevalence of which depends on the environmental and climatic conditions of each region. The Pahlavi government took measures to prevent the spread of this disease in order to ensure public health in the society. In 1334 to 1347A.H, the seventh province of Fars, which included a large part of the coastal and post-coastal areas of the Persian Gulf, was considered one of the vulnerable areas to this disease due to its geographical location. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate and analyze the actions of the Pahlavi government to control and prevent the spread of malaria in Fars province during the years 1334 to 1347A.H. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done by referring to historical first-hand sources and unpublished local (Persian) documents. The findings of the research show that the Pahlavi government, within the framework of the second and third seven-year construction plans, has implemented solutions to treat and eradicate this disease, such as spraying operations, sending health teams, allocating special funds and implementing programs. He did training for this purpose. Statistical analysis shows that these measures were relatively successful and effective in preventing the spread and control of malaria in Fars. However, the implementation of this plan in Fars was not without challenges.

Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are a major cause of disease and production loss in livestock. Some have zoonotic potential, so production animals can be a source of human infections. We describe the prevalence of GIP in domestic mammals in Southeastern Iran. Fresh fecal samples (n = 200) collected from cattle (n = 88), sheep (n = 50), goats (n = 23), camels (n = 30), donkeys (n = 5), horse (n = 1), and dogs (n = 3) were subjected to conventional coprological examination for the detection of protozoan (oo)cysts and helminth ova. Overall, 83% (166/200) of the samples were positive for one or more GIP. Helminths were found in dogs, donkeys, sheep (42%), camels (37%), goats (30%), and cattle (19%), but not in the horse. Protozoa were found in cattle (82%), goats (78%), sheep (60%), and camels (13%), but not in donkeys, dogs, or the horse. Lambs were 3.5 times more likely to be infected by protozoa than sheep (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.05-11.66), whereas sheep were at higher odds of being infected by helminths than lambs (OR = 4.09, 95% CI: 1.06-16.59). This is the first study assessing the prevalence of GIP in domestic mammals in Southeastern Iran. This research was funded by the Office of Vice-chancellor for Research of Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 9900039) and within the scope of the project CICECOAveiro Institute of Materials, UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC (PIDDAC). Sí

Primary rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the kidney in an adult is rare, with only a few cases published in the literature. It is a mesenchymal tumor associated with an aggressive and rapid clinical progression course. We present a case of primary renal RMS in a 58-year-old female who presented with intermittent abdominal pain in the past year. The computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 20×25×8 cm heterogeneous solid mass in the middle pole extended to the lower pole of the right kidney. Therefore, the patient underwent a right radical nephroureterectomy. Histopathology examination and immunohistochemistry studies confirmed the diagnosis of RMS with pleomorphic components. Postoperatively, the patient was discharged without any complications and was referred to an oncologist for chemotherapy. However, a follow-up CT scan in 2 months showed widespread liver metastasis and local recurrence. The patient received Gemcitabine and Docetaxel, but her condition worsened, and she passed away 5 months later. Primary renal RMS is rare in adults. In addition, liver metastasis is uncommon and poorly understood. Hence, we describe the clinicopathologic characteristics, including clinical follow-up of our case, focusing on the disease progression, treatment, and outcome.

Nowadays, taking into account the intermittency of renewable energy resources such as wind farms and uncertainty of load demand seems helpful to obtain a more reliable strategy for the power systems. Nevertheless, Information Gap Decision Theory (IGDT) as a non-probabilistic method has been employed in numerous papers to address the uncertain behavior of input parameters, the simultaneous optimal values of main objective functions (OF) such as cost and radius of uncertainty cannot be guaranteed. To overcome this issue, Fuzzy- IGDT is used, on the other hand, this approach reports the same value for the radius of uncertainty related to the uncertain resources. To cope with this problem, the current paper presents an algorithm considering uncertainties of multiple wind farms and load demand by acquiring different uncertain bands based on the preferences of the decision-maker. Moreover, it is appropriate for uncertain resources with direct and inverse effects on the OF.

Trichuriasis is one of the most common soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, affecting populations globally. The condition is particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas with low levels of sanitation and poor living conditions. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection in Asia at the country and region level. Multiple databases/academic search engines (Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for literature on T. trichiura prevalence in Asia published through January 2021. Pooled prevalence was determined using the meta-package in R (version 3.6.1). Out of 13,836 articles, 226 studies (5,439,500 individuals) from 26 countries met the inclusion criteria. Of the 226 studies, 151 were community-based studies that included individuals across the age spectrum, while 75 studies focused on school children (typically in the 5-16 years age range). The overall T. trichiura pooled prevalence was 15.3% (95% CI: 12.4-19.1%), with a pooled prevalence of 13.3% (95% CI: 10.0-17.1%) for the community studies and 20.9% (95% CI: 14.7-27.9%) for the studies only including school children. For studies including all age groups, individuals in the 1-15 years age group had the highest pooled prevalence at 23.4% (95% CI: 1.7-49.4%). There was a significant difference found in overall pooled prevalence by sex (p 0.001) and community type (rural versus urban) (p 0.001). Although prevalence appears to be decreasing, study findings suggest that T. trichiura infection continues to be a public health problem in Asia. Therefore, control programs focused on at-risk individuals in endemic areas are needed.

In surface mines, bench blasting is a typical way of excavating hard rock mass. Although a significant development has taken place in explosive technology but still only a part of the energy is used to excavate and a large proportion of energy is wasted away and creates a number of nuisances. Backbreak, massive rock fragmentation, and high-intensity ground vibration are all symptoms of improper blasting. As a result, production costs increase significantly while productivity decreases. The blasting outcomes are affected by a variety of factors, which may be classified into three categories: rock properties, explosive properties, and blast geometry. Consequently, it is necessary to examine the effect of these parameters on bench blasting. So, in this study, a sensitivity analysis has been performed on various blast design parameters using the Taguchi method to study the influence of blast design parameters on blast vibration, backbreak, and rock fragmentation. A total of 32 experiments have been designed and numerical modeling was also carried out, using LS DYNA software to simulate the blast results. It was found that the blast hole diameter is the most important factor influencing the blasting outcomes. However, the number of rows in a blast affects backbreak almost slightly more than the hole diameter, but blast vibrations and the surrounding rock damage strongly depend on the hole diameter. Furthermore, rock blast geometry significantly affected rock blast vibration and damage compared to explosive properties. However, both blast geometry parameters and explosive properties play a significant role in backbreaking.

Abstract: The stem cells' ability to divide asymmetrically to produce differentiating and self-renewing daughter cells is crucial to maintain tissue homeostasis and development. Stem cell maintenance and differentiation rely on their regulatory microenvironment termed ‘niches’. The mechanisms of the signal transduction pathways initiated from the niche, regulation of stem cell maintenance and differentiation were quite challenging to study. The knowledge gained from the study of Drosophila melanogaster testis and ovary helped develop our understanding of stem cell/niche interactions and signal pathways related to the regulatory mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis of adult tissue. In this review, we discuss the role of signaling pathways in Drosophila gonadal stem cell regeneration, competition, differentiation, dedifferentiation, proliferation, and fate determination. Furthermore, we present the current knowledge on how these signaling pathways are implicated in cancer, and how they contribute as potential candidates for effective cancer treatment.

Background: Abnormality in metabolism of lipids and hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis which is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several herbal drugs are used for the treatment of dyslipidemia. The present study investigates the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Senna extract on serum lipid profile among hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Forty eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 animals, including group 1) normal pellet diet (control), group 2) high fat diet (HFD), group, 3) HFD with 100 mg/kg Senna extract treatment, group 4) HFD with 200 mg/kg Senna extract treatment, group 5) 100 mg/kg pure Senna extract, and group 6) 200 mg/kg pure Senna extract. All the dietary regimens and Senna extract treatments were continued for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples collected from heart of rats and the lipid profile levels were measured. Results: The results indicated that short-term treatment by hydroalcoholic of Senna extract produced a significant reduction in the level of cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in HDL-C. The body weight in the HFD group was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prescription of hydroalcoholic extracts of Senna is effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and can inhibit the weight gain induced by HFD in rats. Some of these effects could be attributed to antioxidants activities, biological and pharmaceutical properties and other protective properties of the Senna extract requiring further investigations.

Reservoir simulation is the main factor in decisions made by oil companies in reservoir management. However, the simulation of huge and complex oil reservoirs through a time-saving and high-accuracy method is the primary concern in reservoir simulation. In this study, a novel AI-Physics hybrid model was proposed for combining with the traditional reservoir simulation to overcome the time-intensive history matching challenges. A combination of classical numerical simulation and deep learning neural network was applied to train the hybrid model with historical data. As a result, a model was obtained with predictive capabilities to forecast the field's behavior. Then, we combined AI-Physics history training with blind test prediction calculation of remaining oil maps. Finally, forecast scenario definitions based on the remaining oil map were created by the AI-Physic model. The proposed novel simulation method can reduce the history matching and scenario assessment time by 90 to 95%. According to its capabilities, three improved forecast scenarios were created based on a predefined scenario. These improved scenarios can produce a significant million standard barrels more oil than the original development scenario within three years. This technology eliminates limitations for multiple scenario assessments. In our AI hybrid model, the power of dynamic reservoir simulation is combined with a modern machine learning approach to "Evergreen" forecasts in reservoir assets. Consequently, the simulation resulted in a sub-optimal shortcut between model updates and inconsistencies in production forecasting. Moreover, applying deep learning methods to focus on the critical reservoir properties intelligently leads to tremendous time-saving in the static model update life cycle. In fact, with this novel simulation that we implemented, the new production data could be incorporated within minutes to regenerate more reliable and up-to-date forecasts. This simulation generates ‘up-to-date’ remaining hydrocarbon maps interactively, so the operator can continuously optimize the infill drilling locations between Field Development Plan (FDP) cycles.

Reservoir simulation is widely applied to model and manage subsurface flow operations. However, due to the nonlinear nature of the governing equations and the multiscale character of the geological description, executing numerical simulations can be expensive and increasingly slow. In this study, we propose an innovative high-speed simulation method to build a model that is capable to predict the field's behavior. In this study, a novel AI-Physics hybrid model was proposed for reservoir simulation. Classical numerical simulation and deep learning neural networks are coupled together to create an AI-Physics hybrid reservoir simulation. As a result, a model was obtained with predictive capabilities to forecast the field's behavior. Then, we combined AI-Physics history training with blind test prediction calculation of remaining oil maps. Finally, forecast scenario definitions based on the remaining oil map were created by the AI-Physic model. The proposed high-speed simulation model can reduce the history matching and scenario assessment time by 90 to 95%. According to its capabilities, three improved forecast scenarios were created based on a predefined scenario. These improved scenarios can produce a significant million standard barrels more oil than the original development scenario within three years. This technology eliminates limitations for multiple scenario assessments. In our AI hybrid model, the power of dynamic reservoir simulation is combined with a modern machine learning approach to "Evergreen" forecasts in reservoir assets. Consequently, the simulation resulted in a sub-optimal shortcut between model updates and inconsistencies in production forecasting. Moreover, applying deep learning methods to focus on the critical reservoir properties intelligently leads to tremendous time-saving in the static model update life cycle. In fact, with this novel simulation that we implemented, the new production data could be incorporated within minutes to regenerate more reliable and up-to-date forecasts. This simulation generates ‘up-to-date remaining hydrocarbon maps interactively, so the operator can continuously optimize the infill drilling locations between Field Development Plan cycles.

Tracking progress and providing timely evidence is a fundamental step forward for countries to remain aligned with the targets set by WHO to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem (ie, to reduce the incidence of the disease below a threshold of 4 cases per 100 000 women-years). We aimed to assess the extent of global inequalities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality, based on The Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) 2020 estimates, including geographical and socioeconomic development, and temporal aspects.For this analysis, we used the GLOBOCAN 2020 database to estimate the age-specific and age-standardised incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer per 100 000 women-years for 185 countries or territories aggregated across the 20 UN-defined world regions, and by four-tier levels of the Human Development Index (HDI). Time trends (1988-2017) in incidence were extracted from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) plus database. Mortality estimates were obtained using the most recent national vital registration data from WHO.Globally in 2020, there were an estimated 604 127 cervical cancer cases and 341 831 deaths, with a corresponding age-standardised incidence of 13·3 cases per 100 000 women-years (95% CI 13·3-13·3) and mortality rate of 7·2 deaths per 100 000 women-years (95% CI 7·2-7·3). Cervical cancer incidence ranged from 2·2 (1·9-2·4) in Iraq to 84·6 (74·8-94·3) in Eswatini. Mortality rates ranged from 1·0 (0·8-1·2) in Switzerland to 55·7 (47·7-63·7) in Eswatini. Age-standardised incidence was highest in Malawi (67·9 [95% CI 65·7 -70·1]) and Zambia (65·5 [63·0-67·9]) in Africa, Bolivia (36·6 [35·0-38·2]) and Paraguay (34·1 [32·1-36·1]) in Latin America, Maldives (24·5 [17·0-32·0]) and Indonesia (24·4 [24·2-24·7]) in Asia, and Fiji (29·8 [24·7-35·0]) and Papua New Guinea (29·2 [27·3-31·0]) in Melanesia. A clear socioeconomic gradient exists in cervical cancer, with decreasing rates as HDI increased. Incidence was three times higher in countries with low HDI than countries with very high HDI, whereas mortality rates were six times higher in low HDI countries versus very high HDI countries. In 2020 estimates, a general decline in incidence was observed in most countries of the world with representative trend data, with incidence becoming stable at relatively low levels around 2005 in several high-income countries. By contrast, in the same period incidence increased in some countries in eastern Africa and eastern Europe. We observed different patterns of age-specific incidence between countries with well developed population-based screening and treatment services (eg, Sweden, Australia, and the UK) and countries with insufficient and opportunistic services (eg, Colombia, India, and Uganda).The burden of cervical cancer remains high in many parts of the world, and in most countries, the incidence and mortality of the disease remain much higher than the threshold set by the WHO initiative on cervical cancer elimination. We identified substantial geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in cervical cancer globally, with a clear gradient of increasing rates for countries with lower levels of human development. Our study provides timely evidence and impetus for future strategies that prioritise and accelerate progress towards the WHO elimination targets and, in so doing, address the marked variations in the global cervical cancer landscape today.French Institut National du Cancer, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation of the European Commission; and EU4Health Programme.

Objective(s): Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can differentiate into functional neurons and have the potential for cell therapy in neurological diseases. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein family shown neuroprotective effect in models of nerve damage.we evaluated the protective effects of G-CSF, conditioned media from DPSCs (DPSCs-CM) and conditioned media from transfected DPSCs with plasmid encoding G-CSF (DPSC-CMT) on SH-SY5Y exposed to CoCl2 as a model of hypoxia-induced neural damage.Materials and Methods: SH-SY5Y exposed to CoCl2 were treated with DPSCs-CM, G-CSF, simultaneous combination of DPSCs-CM and G-CSF and finally DPSC-CMT. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by resazurin (or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay alternatively) and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Western blot analysis was performed to detect changes in apoptotic protein levels. The interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 IL6/IL10 levels were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).Results: DPSCs-CM and G-CSF were able to significantly protect SH-SY5Y against neural cell damage caused by CoCl2 according to resazurin and LDH analysis. Also, the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased when SH-SY5Y were treated with DPSCs-CM and G-CSF simultaneously. After transfection of DPSCs with G-CSF plasmid, DPSC-CMT could significantly improve the protection. The amount of β-catenin, cleaved PARP and caspase-3 were significantly decreased and the expression of survivin was considerably increased when hypoxic SH-SY5Y treated with DPSCs-CM plus G-CSF according to Western blot. Decreased level of IL-6/IL-10, which exposed to CoCl2, after treatment with DPSCs-CM indicated the suppression of inflammatory mediators.Conclusion: Combination therapy of G-CSF and DPSCs-CM improved the protective activity.

Introduction: FAO agro-ecological model determines the production capacity, creating a logical relationship between the natural potential of the environment, the needs of communities, human activities, and sustainable adaptation. With the development of plant growth simulation models, researchers have begun a large-scale effort to agroecological zoning of various crops on a regional scale. In this method, an area was divided into homogeneous units with maximum similarity in terms of climate and land characteristics. Then, the potential yield map predicted by a simulation model is used for zoning. Pistachio is a subtropical plant that has long been cultivated in the central areas of Iran. With the occurrence of drought in the last two decades, farmers cultivated Pistachio in East Azerbaijan province without considering this crop requirement. This study aimed to use the AHP model to evaluate the suitability of East Azerbaijan lands for cultivating pistachio. Methods and Materials: East Azerbaijan province is located in the northwest of Iran, between the latitudes of 36˚ and 45' to 39˚ and 26' N and the longitudes of 45˚ and 5' to 48˚ and 22' E based on the geographic coordinate system. The area of the province is 45800 square kilometers. The climate is generally cold and semi-arid, but it has different climates due to its diverse and extensive topography. The area of agricultural lands is estimated to be 18,000 square kilometers, which is about 39% of the total area. In this research, climatic data were collected for 30 years from Tabriz, Jolfa, Mianeh, Sarab, Maraghe, and Malekan synoptic stations, and from four neighboring stations of Orumieh, Khoy, Miandoab, and Parsabad. Three criteria (i.e. climate, land, and soil) and 11 sub-criteria were studied. The sub-climatic criteria included the average temperature of the growing season, average temperature in the pollination stage, absolute minimum temperature in the coldest month of the year, and average percentage of relative humidity in the flowering stage. Land criteria were land use sub-criteria, land slope, and slope directions, and soil criteria were salinity (electrical conductivity of saturated extract), pH, soil texture, and soil lime content (CaCO3). The results of the analysis of about 9000 soil samples were prepared for zoning of soil factors from East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Land characteristics of slope map and aspects were prepared from the digital elevation map of the study area and land use map was obtained base on the map provided by the Forests and Rangelands Research Institute of Iran. The parameters were then weighted upon AHP by the parameter importance for each region. Data were transferred to Expert Choice software and clustered, rated, integrated for producing the final layer. Results and Discussion: According to the AHP model, there are no entirely suitable class areas for pistachio cultivation in East Azerbaijan province. Because one or more factors or sub-criteria created low restrictions for the cultivation of this crop. The results showed that 3887 square kilometers or 8.5% of the area was classified as a relatively suitable class. Although this area has low restrictions for pistachio planting, the profitability of this complex has increased the area of pistachio orchards rapidly. The suitable lands are mainly located by the agricultural lands and if water requirement could be met, they can be allocated for planting. The low water requirement and tolerance to salinity compared to other crops can be considered as the advantages of cultivating pistachio. Since 1998, droughts have occurred in different areas of the province. It caused a decrease in agricultural products by up to 35%. The declining water level of Lake Urmia is one of the consequences of the recent droughts, deteriorating the groundwater quantity and quality. The 6250 square kilometers (13.6%) of the province's lands was classified as the critically suitable class. Some of the sub-criteria studied in these lands such as the average temperature of pollination period, the average temperature of the growth period, amount and direction of slope, and soil texture were in the critical classes. The 35663 square kilometers (77.9%) of the studied lands were found to be unsuitable (N). The main reason for the unsuitability was the very high salinity of lands, as seen in the soil salinity map. Although it is a modifiable factor, the lack of quality for leaching, heavy soil texture, and the impossibility of draining drainage due to flatness, render the reclamation of these lands impossible. Under the current situation, East Azerbaijan province is much more capable of planting this crop. However, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies to avoid pistachio cultivation in marginal suitable lands.

Scientific research has shown that there is a direct relationship between global warming and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. As far as European countries are concerned, the development of renewable electricity production and the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) are two main tools for reducing CO2 emissions and dealing with climate change. The main objective of this doctoral research project is to identify the explanatory factors for CO2 emissions and to explore how the main tools mentioned above can help reduce emissions at French and European level. The central research question of the dissertation consists of four sub-questions, each addressed in one scientific article.The first article evaluates the effectiveness of the first three phases (2005-2019) of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) in reducing fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 248 socio-economic regions from 25 EU ETS Member States. Considering the beginning of each phase as an intervention, the paper adopts an advanced predictive modeling framework to build counterfactual fossil fuel CO2 emissions for each post-intervention period, and analyzes, in time and space, the intervention effect by comparing actual emissions with counterfactual estimates.The second article examines the predictive impact of climate conditions and electricity demand on hourly spot prices of emissions allowances during the first three phases of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) (2005-2019). An original methodology is proposed for constructing European-scale electricity demand and climate indices, and the relationship between those indices and emissions allowances prices is characterized by means of an advanced predictive modeling technique (Extreme Gradient Boosting). The paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the structural determinants of carbon prices in the EU ETS and enhances our understanding of the impact of climate variability-in the provision of renewable energy production-on the most prominent market-based measure to reduce CO2 emissions in Europe.By means of a cutting-edge machine learning-based modeling technique, the third article characterizes the predictive impact of electricity generation from climate-related renewable energy (CRE) sources (wind, solar photovoltaics, and small-scale run-of-river hydroelectricity) on CO2 emissions in the French electric power sector over the 2013-2021 period. The study also identifies the optimal mix of CRE sources for minimizing predicted emissions under four counterfactual scenarios of increased CRE production. The findings of this paper have two major implications for renewable energy development and management in France. First, they provide fresh quantifiable evidence on the conceptual premise that replacing carbon-intensive energy sources with renewable ones reduces CO2 emissions from electricity generation. Second, they cast a new light on the relative importance of each CRE source with regard to emissions reduction in the electricity sector.The fourth article sets out a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary machine learning-based framework for characterizing the impact of climate conditions on hourly CO2 emissions in the French electric power system from January 2013 to December 2020. The findings of this research should make an important contribution to the literature on driving factors for CO2 emissions in the electricity sector, and can provide insight into the sensitivity of power-related emissions to climate change.Overall, this doctoral project contributes to the literature on the environmental effectiveness of two main tools to reduce CO2 emissions and cope with climate change in Europe, namely electricity generation from renewable sources and the European Union Emissions Trading System, as well as the literature on explicative factors behind such emissions.; La recherche scientifique a montré qu'il existe une relation directe entre le réchauffement climatique et l'émission de carbone et d'autres gaz à effet de serre. En ce qui concerne les pays européens, le développement de la production d'énergie électrique à partir des sources renouvelables et le système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne (EU ETS pour son abréviation en anglais) sont deux outils importants pour réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et faire face au changement climatique. L'objectif principal de ce projet de recherche doctoral est d'identifier les facteurs explicatifs des émissions de CO2 et d'explorer comment les principaux outils cités ci-dessus peuvent aider à réduire les émissions au niveau français et européen. La problématique centrale de la thèse consiste en quatre sous-questions de recherche, chacune abordée dans un article scientifique.Le premier article évalue l'efficacité environnementale des trois premières phases (2005-2019) de l'EU ETS pour réduire les émissions de CO2 dans 248 régions socio-économiques des États membres de ce système. Considérant le début de chaque phase comme une intervention, cet article adopte une approche de modélisation prédictive avancée pour construire des émissions de CO2 contrefactuelles pour chaque période post-intervention, et analyse, dans le temps et dans l'espace, l'effet de l'intervention en comparant les émissions réalisées avec des estimations contrefactuelles.Le deuxième article examine l'impact prédictif des conditions climatiques et de la demande d'électricité sur les prix spot horaires des quotas d'émission au cours des trois premières phases du système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne (2005-2019). Cette étude propose une méthodologie originale pour construire des indices de demande d'électricité et de climat à l'échelle européenne, et caractérise la relation entre ces indices et les prix des quotas d'émission. Cet article contribue à la littérature croissante sur les déterminants structurels des prix du carbone dans l'EU ETS et améliore notre compréhension de l'impact de la variabilité climatique sur la mesure de marché la plus importante pour réduire les émissions de CO2 en Europe.Le troisième article répond à la question : « Compte tenu d'une augmentation ou d'une diminution de la production d'énergie renouvelable en France, quelle serait l'évolution prévue des émissions dans le secteur de l'électricité ? » et identifie la part optimale de chaque source dans le mix énergétique renouvelable pour minimiser les émissions prévues dans le secteur de l'électricité dans un scénario de production d'électricité renouvelable plus élevée en France sur la période 2013-2021.Le quatrième article adopte une approche interdisciplinaire de pointe basée sur l'apprentissage automatique pour caractériser l'impact des conditions climatiques sur les émissions horaires de CO2 dans le système électrique français de janvier 2013 à décembre 2020. Les résultats de cet article devraient apporter une contribution importante à la littérature sur les facteurs déterminants des émissions de CO2 dans le secteur de l'électricité et peuvent donner un aperçu de la sensibilité des émissions liées à l'énergie au changement climatique.Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur l'efficacité environnementale de deux principaux outils pour réduire les émissions de CO2 et faire face au changement climatique, c'est-à-dire la production d'énergie électrique à partir des sources renouvelables et le système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne, ainsi que les facteurs explicatifs de ces émissions en Europe.

La recherche scientifique a montré qu'il existe une relation directe entre le réchauffement climatique et l'émission de carbone et d'autres gaz à effet de serre. En ce qui concerne les pays européens, le développement de la production d'énergie électrique à partir des sources renouvelables et le système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne (EU ETS pour son abréviation en anglais) sont deux outils importants pour réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et faire face au changement climatique. L'objectif principal de ce projet de recherche doctoral est d'identifier les facteurs explicatifs des émissions de CO2 et d'explorer comment les principaux outils cités ci-dessus peuvent aider à réduire les émissions au niveau français et européen. La problématique centrale de la thèse consiste en quatre sous-questions de recherche, chacune abordée dans un article scientifique.Le premier article évalue l'efficacité environnementale des trois premières phases (2005-2019) de l'EU ETS pour réduire les émissions de CO2 dans 248 régions socio-économiques des États membres de ce système. Considérant le début de chaque phase comme une intervention, cet article adopte une approche de modélisation prédictive avancée pour construire des émissions de CO2 contrefactuelles pour chaque période post-intervention, et analyse, dans le temps et dans l'espace, l'effet de l'intervention en comparant les émissions réalisées avec des estimations contrefactuelles.Le deuxième article examine l'impact prédictif des conditions climatiques et de la demande d'électricité sur les prix spot horaires des quotas d'émission au cours des trois premières phases du système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne (2005-2019). Cette étude propose une méthodologie originale pour construire des indices de demande d'électricité et de climat à l'échelle européenne, et caractérise la relation entre ces indices et les prix des quotas d'émission. Cet article contribue à la littérature croissante sur les déterminants structurels des prix du carbone dans l'EU ETS et améliore notre compréhension de l'impact de la variabilité climatique sur la mesure de marché la plus importante pour réduire les émissions de CO2 en Europe.Le troisième article répond à la question : « Compte tenu d'une augmentation ou d'une diminution de la production d'énergie renouvelable en France, quelle serait l'évolution prévue des émissions dans le secteur de l'électricité ? » et identifie la part optimale de chaque source dans le mix énergétique renouvelable pour minimiser les émissions prévues dans le secteur de l'électricité dans un scénario de production d'électricité renouvelable plus élevée en France sur la période 2013-2021.Le quatrième article adopte une approche interdisciplinaire de pointe basée sur l'apprentissage automatique pour caractériser l'impact des conditions climatiques sur les émissions horaires de CO2 dans le système électrique français de janvier 2013 à décembre 2020. Les résultats de cet article devraient apporter une contribution importante à la littérature sur les facteurs déterminants des émissions de CO2 dans le secteur de l'électricité et peuvent donner un aperçu de la sensibilité des émissions liées à l'énergie au changement climatique.Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur l'efficacité environnementale de deux principaux outils pour réduire les émissions de CO2 et faire face au changement climatique, c'est-à-dire la production d'énergie électrique à partir des sources renouvelables et le système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne, ainsi que les facteurs explicatifs de ces émissions en Europe. Scientific research has shown that there is a direct relationship between global warming and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. As far as European countries are concerned, the development of renewable electricity production and the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) are two main tools for reducing CO2 emissions and dealing with climate change. The main objective of this doctoral research project is to identify the explanatory factors for CO2 emissions and to explore how the main tools mentioned above can help reduce emissions at French and European level. The central research question of the dissertation consists of four sub-questions, each addressed in one scientific article.The first article evaluates the effectiveness of the first three phases (2005-2019) of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) in reducing fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 248 socio-economic regions from 25 EU ETS Member States. Considering the beginning of each phase as an intervention, the paper adopts an advanced predictive modeling framework to build counterfactual fossil fuel CO2 emissions for each post-intervention period, and analyzes, in time and space, the intervention effect by comparing actual emissions with counterfactual estimates.The second article examines the predictive impact of climate conditions and electricity demand on hourly spot prices of emissions allowances during the first three phases of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) (2005-2019). An original methodology is proposed for constructing European-scale electricity demand and climate indices, and the relationship between those indices and emissions allowances prices is characterized by means of an advanced predictive modeling technique (Extreme Gradient Boosting). The paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the structural determinants of carbon prices in the EU ETS and enhances our understanding of the impact of climate variability-in the provision of renewable energy production-on the most prominent market-based measure to reduce CO2 emissions in Europe.By means of a cutting-edge machine learning-based modeling technique, the third article characterizes the predictive impact of electricity generation from climate-related renewable energy (CRE) sources (wind, solar photovoltaics, and small-scale run-of-river hydroelectricity) on CO2 emissions in the French electric power sector over the 2013-2021 period. The study also identifies the optimal mix of CRE sources for minimizing predicted emissions under four counterfactual scenarios of increased CRE production. The findings of this paper have two major implications for renewable energy development and management in France. First, they provide fresh quantifiable evidence on the conceptual premise that replacing carbon-intensive energy sources with renewable ones reduces CO2 emissions from electricity generation. Second, they cast a new light on the relative importance of each CRE source with regard to emissions reduction in the electricity sector.The fourth article sets out a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary machine learning-based framework for characterizing the impact of climate conditions on hourly CO2 emissions in the French electric power system from January 2013 to December 2020. The findings of this research should make an important contribution to the literature on driving factors for CO2 emissions in the electricity sector, and can provide insight into the sensitivity of power-related emissions to climate change.Overall, this doctoral project contributes to the literature on the environmental effectiveness of two main tools to reduce CO2 emissions and cope with climate change in Europe, namely electricity generation from renewable sources and the European Union Emissions Trading System, as well as the literature on explicative factors behind such emissions.

Background: The genus Abbreviata (Spirurida: Physalopteridea) currently contains 47 species. Physalopteridae nematodes infect a large number of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. The current study is a report of the first morphological and molecular identification of A. kazakhstanica (Spirurida: Physalopteridea) in Pseudopus apodus in Iran. Methods: Eleven road-killed P. apodus, were collected from, Iran during 2016-2018. The nematodes were isolated from stomach. After morphological study, the genomic DNA of the parasites was extracted using CTAB method. The DNA was used for PCR amplification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1). The PCR products were sequenced, the sequence data were analyzed and multiple alignments were conducted using the Clustal Omega. Results: After detailed microscopic examination, the A. kazakhstanica was identified. The cox1 sequences confirmed the species of helminth. The new sequences of A. kazakhstanica were submitted to GenBank under the accession number MK578751-2. Conclusion: Regarding the limited data on parasitological status of Iranian reptiles, more specific and comprehensive investigations are needed to identify the parasitic fauna.

Circumcision is one of the important public surgeries performed globally. It is a popular non-therapeutic procedure that can be performed by people of various abilities and skills, ranging from trained medical practitioners to non-specialists, depending on their cultural and social backgrounds. Consequently, this surgery may cause varying types and frequencies of complications. Glans amputation and death due to severe bleeding, as a complication of this procedure, are rare, and the patients are left with morbidity and life-long complications. Here, we describe two cases of catastrophic complications due to ritual circumcision (one penile glans amputation and one death).

Faisal Ahmed,1 Saleh Al-wageeh,2 Saif Ghabisha,2 Ebrahim Al-shami,1 Khalil Al-naggar,1 Ghamdan Obaid,3 Ali Eslahi,4,5 Mohammed Alfaragi6 1Urology Research Center, Al-Thora General Hospital, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Science, Ibb, Yemen; 2Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Science, Ibb, Yemen; 3Department of Orthopedy, School of Medicine, Ibb University of Medical Science, Ibb, Yemen; 4Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 5Shiraz Geriatric Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 6Department of Dermatology, Skin Soft Clinic, Unaizah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Faisal AhmedUrology Research Center, Al-Thora General Hospital, Department of Urology, Ibb University of Medical Science, Ibb, YemenTel +967776089579Email fmaaa2006@yahoo.comAbstract: Circumcision is one of the important public surgeries performed globally. It is a popular non-therapeutic procedure that can be performed by people of various abilities and skills, ranging from trained medical practitioners to non-specialists, depending on their cultural and social backgrounds. Consequently, this surgery may cause varying types and frequencies of complications. Glans amputation and death due to severe bleeding, as a complication of this procedure, are rare, and the patients are left with morbidity and life-long complications. Here, we describe two cases of catastrophic complications due to ritual circumcision (one penile glans amputation and one death).Keywords: complications, death, penile injury, ritual circumcision

Background: Since its inception, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has undergone extensive modification to reduce post-operative complication rates and provide easier renal access to the surgeon. One of the recent advances in minimally invasive procedures is the advent of ultra-mini PCNL (UM-PCNL) which provides miniaturized access to the upper urinary tract. However, the specific instruments applied in UM-PCNL may not be found in centers with limited resources. In this single-center study, we evaluated the feasibility and short-term complication rates of performing UM-PCNL using a semirigid ureteroscope with a 4Fr tip instead of an ultra-mini nephroscope in preschool children aged less than seven years old. Results: A total of 68 patient records (42 M:26 F) with a mean age of 3.2±2.4 years were retrospectively evaluated in this study. Short-term complications were defined as those occurring within three weeks after surgery. The early stone-free rate (SFR) was 91% and the short-term total SFR stood at 97%. No statistically significant difference in preoperative and postoperative Hb, Bun, Cr, Na, and K was found. Fever (11 patients) and ileus (5 patients) constituted the majority of complications and only one patient required a blood transfusion. None of the cases undergoing UM-PCNL with this method required a re-do PCNL. Conclusion: Our experience shows that with sufficient experience in maneuvering the semi-rigid ureteroscope, urologists practicing in centers with limited resources could perform UM-PCNL with relatively favorable outcomes.

FINCA syndrome is an autosomal recessive inherited multisystemic disorder characterized by pulmonary fibrosis, neurodegeneration and cerebral angiomatosis. So far, 13 patients from nine families with biallelic NHLRC2 variants have been published. In all of them, the recurrent missense variant p.(Asp148Tyr) was detected at least on one allele. Common manifestations comprised pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory distress, developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, dystonia, seizures and brain atrophy, followed mostly by early demise due to progression of disease. Here, we present ten individuals from eight families with an overlapping but static phenotype with much longer survival, associated with seven novel NHLRC2 variants identified by exome analysis. All of the here described patients presented with severe global developmental delay. While seizures and EEG abnormalities were observed as frequent manifestations, eight individuals did not show any signs of pulmonary involvement or distinct MRI abnormalities. Notably, we also present the first seven cases in which the recurrent p.(Asp148Tyr) variant was not detected, neither in homozygous nor in compound heterozygous state. Interestingly, none of these cases presented with the classic FINCA phenotype. However, bioinformatic modeling and analyses could not establish a distinct genotype phenotype correlation. Taken together, our findings broaden the known phenotypic and molecular spectrum and propose that NHLRC2 related disease should also be considered in patients presenting with intellectual disability, movement disorders, neuroregression and epilepsy without pulmonary findings.

acceptedVersion

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Penile Girth Enhancement (PGE) using Amniotic Membrane (AM) as a graft in a rabbit model. Additionally, stereological studies were used to obtain quantitative histological data regarding the structure of the penis. Methods: In this study, 20 adult male rabbits of similar age and weight were allocated to two sham and surgery+AM groups. Both groups underwent surgery by longitudinal Ishape midline incision of the tunica albuginea on the dorsal surface of the penis. The surgery +AM group underwent PGE by AM graft. The penile length and mid circumference were measured using a Vernier caliper before and two months after the surgery. Stereological studies were used to obtain quantitative histological data regarding the structure of the penis. Results: The mean total volume and diameter of the penis increased in the surgery +AM group (p

Spirometra infection is aneglected food- and waterborne disease with worldwide distribution.The present study aims to estimate the global prevalence of Spirometra species in snakes, frogs, dogs and cats.Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant literatures published up to March 2022.Among 131 data sets (including 113 articles) that met the inclusion, 15 investigations reported Spirometra infection in snakes, 23 in frogs, 41 in dogs and 52 in cats. The pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) in intermediate hosts and definitive hosts was found to be 0.313% and 0.089%, respectively. Based on continent, the infection was most prevalent in Asia for studies on snakes (0.696%) and frogs (0.181%), while Africa (0.224%) and Oceania (0.203%) were the regions with the highest pooled prevalence rates of the infection in dogs and cats, respectively. Among different diagnostic methods, the highest pooled prevalence was related to morphological method for studies on snakes, frog and cats with rate of 0.665%, 0.189% and 0.104%, respectively. Regarding studies on dogs, the highest pooled prevalence was observed for molecular technique (0.101%).The results presented here revealed the importance of establishing a prevention and control measure focused on protection of aquaculture systems from being contaminated with faeces of dogs and cats, and raising awareness of parasitic zoonotic diseases to decrease the transmission risk.

It has been a while since the disease of cancer was discovered in 16th and 17th century but still, this disease is one of the most lethal diseases in the world, which is taking a great number of lives every year. Cancer statistics suggest that there are still a lot of improvements that we have to make in the field of cancer treatment in order to overcome this deadly disease. Currently, nanotechnology has provided some more effective methods in this field, which has gained a lot of attention. Novel drug delivery systems that work using nanoparticles might be the answer to many unsolved questions in treating cancer. Chitosan is a natural glucose polymer which has the potential to be utilized as a proper drug carrier due to its advantageous features. Chitosan-based delivery systems are able to affect cancerous cells in many pathways. Wnt signaling pathways, which are one of the most essential ingredients of cancer pathogenesis, can be the target of chitosan nanoformulations. In this paper, we discussed the specific impacts of chitosan and its nanoformulations on each component of the Wnt/catenin pathway. Our conclusions might give novel insights for designing more efficient therapeutic approaches for several kinds of cancer.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to translate the Postpartum Partner Support Scale (PPSS) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties among postpar-tum women.\ud \ud Design: A total of 248 women aged 18-39 years participated in this psychometric study. The PPSS was translated into Persian using a forward-backward method. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch model analysis were used to assess the psychometric properties of the PPSS. In addition, the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was completed simultaneously to assess the construct validity. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and corrected item-total correlation.\ud \ud Results: The unidimensionality of the PPSS was supported in both CFA and Rasch analysis. The PPSS had a significant negative association with EPDS (r = −0.39 p < .001). The scale had excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94) and the correlation between items and total score was satisfactory.\ud \ud Conclusion: The Persian version of PPSS with 20 items is a valid and reliable scale to assess postpartum support.

The One-Health approach highlights that the health of human populations is closely connected to the health of animals and their shared environment. Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic zoonotic disease considering as global public health concern. Cats are considered as one of potential host for transmitting the Cryptosporidium spp. infection to humans. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the overall and the subgroup-pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. across studies, and the variance between studies (heterogeneity) were quantified by I2 index. Eighty articles (including 92 datasets), from 29 countries met eligibility criteria for analysis. The pooled global prevalence (95% CI) of Cryptosporidium spp. in cats was 6% (4–8%), being highest in Africa 14% (0–91%) and lowest in South and Central America 4% (3–7%) countries. Considering the detection methods, the pooled prevalence was estimated to be 26% (1–67%) using serological detection methods, 6% (3–10%) using coproantigen detection methods, 5% (3–7%) using molecular detection methods, and 4% (3–7%) using microscopic detection methods. The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found in stray cats 10% (5–17%), while pet (domestic) cats 4% (3–7%) had the lowest prevalence. These results emphasize the role of cats as reservoir hosts for human-infecting Cryptosporidium spp. Prevention and control of this zoonosis in cats should receive greater attention by health officials and health policymakers, especially in countries where prevalence are highest.

Background and Aim: Oliveria decumbens Vent is a medicinal plant used in Iranian traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disorders such as abdominal pain ,indigestion and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Oliveria decumbens Vent hydroalcoholic extract on morphine withdrawal symptoms and diarrhea in mice. Materials and Methods: 40 Mice weighing 20-30g were divided into 5 groups of eight. Negative control and positive control groups received normal saline and loperamide respectively. Treatment groups received 5, 50, and 500mg/kg of O.decumbens extract. Morphine dependency was induced by intraperitoneal injection of morphine for seven consecutive days. On the eighth day, one hour after the last dose of morphine, different doses of the extract; normal saline, and loperamide were administered intraperitoneally and 30 minutes later naloxone was injected into all groups to accelerate the onset of withdrawal symptoms. After 10 minutes withdrawal symptoms including jumps, standing, and wet dog shakes started. Frequency and water content of stools and quality of stools (normal, loose, watery) were recorded for 60 minutes. Results: The result of this study showed that the extract of O. decumbens significantly and dose-dependently decreased the frequency of excretion, jumping, standing on feet, wet dog shakes and the amount of fecal water in the treatment groups compared to those in the control group. (P

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI), caused by the protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. Female sex workers are intensely affected by the infection, since they have frequent direct physical contact. The current systematic review and meta-analysis represents the global prevalence of T. vaginalis in female sex workers. Five databases (Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were explored for literatures that published from July 1985 to June 2020. Totally, 85 studies (54,515 participants) from 46 countries met the inclusion criteria. The global pooled prevalence of T. vaginalis was 16% (95% CI 13-19%). The estimated pooled prevalence based on methods including wet mount, culture, and molecular techniques was 15% (95% CI 12-19%), 16% (95% CI 10-24%), and 22% (95% CI 13-32%), respectively. Moreover, the infection was most prevalent at the mean age of 30-36 (20%, 95% CI 11-30%). Regarding the World Health Organization (WHO) regions, the highest pooled prevalence was estimated to be in the African region (23%, 95% CI 7-46%). In addition, we indicated that countries with low-income level have the highest pooled prevalence (23%, 95% CI 14-34%). Our results revealed that the worldwide prevalence of T. vaginalis was significant in female sex workers. Therefore, considering a precise strategy such as a health education program with regard to safe intercourse is needed to increase knowledge and prevent T. vaginalis infection in sex workers.

The genus of Trichoderma are mostly found in soil. Trichoderma species are known as probiotic with biocontrol and biofertilizer activity. They are producers of secondary metabolites like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal, antibacterial, and growth promoter properties. Trichoderma VOCs can induce resistance to plant pathogens leading to improved plant growth and health. In this study, we compared the performance of Trichoderma harzianum recombinant strains (T13 and T15), containing chimeric chit42 with Chitin Binding Domain (ChBD) and wild-type (Tw) strain on plant growth promotion. To achieve this goal, the ability of strains in plant growth-promoting (production of IAA and siderophore) and fungal gene expression involved in biocontrol and biofertilizer activity, as well as, VOCs from T. harzianum strains (wild-type and recombinants) by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-SPME) have been investigated. In addition, bean seeds were exposed to the T. harzianum strains in a shared atmosphere. In addition to growth indices (root fresh and dry weight, root length, and lateral root number), expression of root growth-related genes was measured by qTR-PCR. The results showed that recombinant strains had increased ability to produce IAA and siderophore. In addition, T. harzianum genes expression analysis demonstrated an upregulation in biocontrol and biofertilizer-associated genes in T13 and T15 strains. VOCs profile of strains revealed a total of 11, 57, and 29 metabolites from the Tw, T15, and T13, respectively. Most of the VOCs produced from T13 and T15 had growth enhancement and biocontrol activity, respectively, on the plant. The diversity of VOCs from T. harzianum recombinant strains (T13 and T15) involved in growth-promoting and biocontrol activity, was higher than the Tw strain. These compounds might work synergistically to promote growth, and enhance biocontrol and antifungal activity, and thus, recombinant strains with higher diversity of VOCs might be more effective than Tw. Plant phenotypic characterization and root genes expression showed that the recombinant strains, T13 particularly, were effective in growth-promoting compared to the Tw strain. In this study, we observed a positive correlation among the production of secondary metabolite and molecular pathways of recombinant strains on plant growth activity. This finding can create a link between basic and applied studies in agriculture.