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s a new industry that promotes economic development, the exhibition industry can effectively drive the synergistic development of related industries in cities. As the main part of the exhibition industry, exhibition companies, like the exhibition industry, are also highly vulnerable to the impact of unexpected events. This study mainly took small and medium-sized exhibition companies as the research object and investigates how small and medium-sized local exhibition companies can cope with the business crisis exacerbated by unexpected events through transformation and upgrading using a case study. This study concluded that small and medium-sized local exhibition companies have not done enough in the four aspects of enterprise risk management, talent management, digital upgrading, and enterprise branding. Therefore, small and medium-sized local exhibition companies need to find or establish a risk management system suitable for their own conditions, a perfect talent management and cultivation system, a reasonable digital transformation and upgrading, and corporate branding. This study gave small and medium-sized exhibition companies some development suggestions to help them transform and upgrade to cope with the increasingly serious business crisis.

China's shale gas industry is developing rapidly, but the associated challenges of water resources shortage and water pollution are becoming more and more prominent. Hydraulic fracturing, the core process of shale gas extraction, consumes a large amount of water and produces refractory wastewater, closely linking shale gas fields with water resources. In this context, this article is to (1) summarize the characteristics of water consumption and wastewater production in typical shale gas fields; (2) introduce the current status of water intake and internal reuse and treatment of shale gas wastewater (SGW); and (3) analyse the challenges of water management in shale gas field. In order to promote the sustainable development of the shale gas industry, it is necessary to establish an efficient water management system according to local conditions. Making use of municipal reclaimed water in fracturing, promoting external reuse of SGW, strengthening the monitoring and safety guarantee of water use, and formulating national or regional water management guidelines can improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in shale gas fields.

Significant advancements in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on ITO glass substrates have been realized in recent years, yet the overall performance of flexible devices still lags far behind, mainly being ascribed to the high surface roughness and poor optoelectronic properties of flexible electrodes. Here, we report efficient and robust flexible PeLEDs based on a mixed-dimensional (0D-1D-2D-3D) composite electrode consisting of 0D Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs)/1D Ag nanowires (AgNWs)/2D MXene/3D poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Our designed MXene-based electrodes combine the advantages of facile formation of a film of low-dimensional materials and excellent optical and electrical properties of metal, inorganic, and organic semiconductors, which endow the electrodes with high electrical/thermal conductivity, flexibility, a smooth surface, and good transmittance. Consequently, the resulting flexible PeLEDs (without a light-coupling structure) demonstrate a record external quantum efficiency of 16.5%, a high luminance of close to 50000 cd/m

Detection of nucleoside derivatives has paramount importance because they are the essential biomolecular units for all life. Herein, we report a host-guest approach by using a fluorescent tetraphenylethene-based octacationic cage as host and 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) as guest and fluorescent indicator to form non-fluorescent 1:1:1 host-(endo-exo)guest complex in water. This new host-(endo-exo)guest complex can be successfully used for detecting nucleosides (e.g., ATP and GTP), DNA (e.g., sm-DNA), and antibiotics (e.g., Penicillin G) with off-on fluorescence response via a competitive host-guest exchange with HPTS as exo-guest in water. Furthermore, this on-off-on fluorescent host-guest complex is also used for cell imaging based on ATP concentration in HeLa cells. Therefore, this study not only provides insight into the construction of a supramolecular probe with on-off-on fluorescence via host-guest complexation and exchange in solution, but also realizes a universal method for detecting and monitoring biomolecules.

The passivation of zinc alloy coating was achieved through the utilization of both silicate and trivalent chromium passivation systems, employing a specific process formula consisting of Co(NO3)2 at a concentration of 2.5 g/L, C76H52O46 at 3 mL/L, Na2SiO3 at 25 g/L, C6H5Na3O7 at 15 g/L, and an appropriate amount of organic accelerator. The composite passivation of silicate and tannic acid was found to be more effective than the trivalent chromium passivation film, as it successfully eliminated the dendrite structure on the coating surface and reduced surface defects. The coordination between negatively charged SiO2− or SiO2 micelles and Zn2+ results in the formation of a passivation film that exhibits lower corrosion current and higher corrosion potential compared to the trivalent chromium passivation film. Additionally, the impedance test fitting results indicate that the silicate passivation film possesses a higher resistance value. Overall, the proposed silicate passivation system presents a viable alternative to the toxic chromate passivation system, offering non-toxicity and superior protective performance relative to the trivalent chromium passivation system.

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of adult activity limitation and a major cause of deformity in aging people, therefore gradually becomes a global public health issue. OBJECTIVE We here provide a comprehensive evaluation of the trends and cross-country inequalities of global OA burden over the last 30 years. METHODS The estimates and 95% uncertainty interval (UI) for incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of OA were extracted from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 as measures of OA burden. We described OA epidemiology at global, regional, and national levels, analyzed 1990-2019 trends in OA burden from overall, local, and multi-dimension scopes, decomposed OA DALYs, and quantified cross-country inequalities in OA DALYs. RESULTS GBD 2019 estimated 527,811,871 (95% UI: 478,667,549 to 584,793,491) prevalent cases, 41,467,542 (95% UI: 36,875,471 to 46,438,409) incident cases and 18,948,965 (95% UI:9,571,298 to 37,659,660) DALYs of OA occurred worldwide in 2019, with the highest cases in East Asia and highest age-standardized rate (ASR) in high-income North America. The global burden of OA increased overall from 1990 to 2019 with the fastest growth observed in the first decade of the 21st century, although there were variations in incidence, prevalence and DALYs of OA across countries. Decomposition analysis revealed that OA knee (62.78%), women (60.47%), and middle sociodemographic index (SDI) quintile region (32.35%) were responsible for the most significant DALYs, whose changes were primarily driven by population growth and aging. A significant increase in SDI-related inequalities was detected, and the gap in DALYs between the highest SDI countries and the lowest SDI countries increased from 179.5 (95% CI: 149.3 to 209.8) per 100,000 in 1990 to 341.9 (95% CI: 309.5 to 374.4) per 100,000 in 2019. CONCLUSIONS From 1990 to 2019, there was a significant increase in OA burden globally (particularly in OA knee burden), which was primarily driven by population growth and aging. Countries with high SDI shouldered disproportionately high OA burden, and the magnitude of the SDI-related inequalities across countries increased over time.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma(PACG)is an irreversible disease-causing blindness, the damage of optic nerve is caused by elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)as a result of angle-closure. Angle-closure is a fundamental pathologic process in PACG. In addition, PACG is characterized by elevated IOP as a result of mechanical obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by either apposition of the peripheral iris to the trabecular meshwork or by a synechial closed angle. In recent years, with the development of ophthalmic imaging technology, the iris has been recognized as necessary to complement anatomical risk factors in assessing the risk of PACG. In this review, we intend to describe the potential role of the iris in the pathogenesis of PACG, so as to provide new ideas and directions for prevention and treatment of such disease.

Neovascular eye disease, which is characterized by pathological neovascular formation, is a major disease threatening visual health. In recent years, neovascular eye disease has become a serious public health problem and attracted widespread attention, with the incidence increasing year by year. Pathological neovascularization is formed under the mutual inclusion and interaction of a variety of cellular components and pathological factors. It is often difficult to achieve ideal therapeutic effect if we intervene only one of the factors. Therefore, it is in an urgent need to conduct a more in-depth study in the pathological process of neovascularization and explore new factors that regulate neovascularization in order to find more effective treatments of neovascular eye diseases. In recent years, pericyte has been proved to play important roles in the occurrence and development of various neovascular eye diseases and interventions for pericytes will affect the pathological process of these diseases. This article will review the specific roles of pericytes in some common neovascular eye diseases and the factors regulating pericytes in these diseases, which would provide new ideas in the treatment of neovascular eye diseases.

We employed a multifunctional interlayer of phenylethylammonium bromide (PEABr): methylammonium bromine (MABr) to modulate the interfacial charge transfer in green InP QLEDs, which realizes an EQE of 7.8% and an operational lifetime of over 400 h.

PET (polyethylene terephthalate) has good transparency, corrosion resistance, gas barrier properties and mechanical properties, and is widely used in beverage bottles, fabrics, food packaging, tires, films, engineering plastics and other fields. With the rapid growth in demand and use of PET materials, the pollution of waste PET to the environment has become increasingly prominent. The recycling methods of waste PET mainly include primary recycling, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and energy recycling. The chemical recycling method is of great significance for solving environmental problems and reducing the plastic industry's dependence on petrochemical resources, and is an inevitable choice for realizing PET closed-loop recycling. In this paper, the chemical depolymerization methods of waste PET, the types of alcoholysis catalysts with the greatest possibility of industrialization, and the high-value application research of chemical recovery products are reviewed in order to have a good reference significance and promote the recycling and high-value utilization of waste PET.

A tetraphenylethene-based hexacationic molecular cage with an open cavity exhibited 1 : 2 or 1 : 1 host–guest recognition for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides with dual responses of CD and fluorescence in water.

Visual orthographic deficits have been reported as one of the core deficits in reading disability (RD), however, whether the deficits are orthographic-specific or domain general in all visual processing is still in debate. Hereby, we conducted an fMRI and an EEG study to examine visual orthographic deficits in Chinese adults with RD. In the fMRI study, we found that there was reduced brain activation in the left inferior temporal gyrus and right cuneus gyrus in orthographic processing (lexical minus perceptual), but not in visual perceptual processing (perceptual minus null) in adults with RD, suggesting orthographic-specific deficits. In the EEG study, adults with RD showed typical visual binding as indicated by intermodulation SSVEPs (steady-state visual-evoked potentials) for both real and pseudo characters, suggesting normal neural phase locking in the visual modality. These results consistently suggest orthographic specific deficits but normal visual perceptual processing in adults with RD, deepening our understanding of the underlying deficits associated with RD.

InP quantum dots (QDs)-based light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are considered as one of the most promising candidates for environmentally cadmium (Cd)-free electroluminescence devices. However, the performance of InP QLEDs still lags far behind that of Cd-containing QLEDs, which limits their practical applications in next-generation displays and lighting. Here, we report an all-solution processed green InP QLED, which is enabled by an electron transport layer (ETL) of In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanoparticles (NPs). The ETL of IZO NPs can not only suppress the exciton quenching of InP QDs emitting layer due to the reduced defect states, but also improve the charge balance by partially blocking the injection of electrons, and thus the device performance. The optimized InP QLED exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.42% corresponding to a current efficiency (CE) of 21.22 cd A-1, which is three times higher than that of the control device based on ZnO ETL, respectively. Our work suggests that IZO NPs can function as a good ETL material in QLEDs and other optoelectronic devices.

Pine wilt disease is caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and leads to wilting and death of pines. It is one of the most damaging diseases of pines worldwide. Therefore, accurate and rapid detection methods are of great importance for the control of B. xylophilus. Traditional detection methods have some problems, such as being time-consuming and requiring expensive instruments. In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) were used to establish a set of intelligent detection and analysis system for B. xylophilus, called LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a analysis, which integrated field sampling, rapid detection and intelligent control analysis. The process can be completed within 1 hour, from sample pretreatment and detection to data analysis. Compared with the single LAMP method, the LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a assay uses species-specific fluorescence cleavage to detect target amplicons. This process confirms the amplicon identity, thereby avoiding false-positive results from non-specific amplicons, and the large amounts of irrelevant background DNA do not interfere with the reaction. The LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was applied to 46 pine wood samples and the samples carrying B. xylophilus nematodes were successfully identified. To meet the needs of different environments, we designed three methods to interpret the data: 1) naked eye interpretation; 2) lateral flow biosensor assay; and 3) integrated molecular analysis system to standardize and intellectualize the detection process. Application of the B. xylophilus detection and analysis system will reduce the professional and technical requirements for the operating environment and operators and help to ensure the accuracy of the detection results, which is important in grass-root B. xylophilus detection institutions.

Chromatin interactions play important roles in regulating gene expression. However, the availability of genome-wide chromatin interaction data is limited. We develop a computational method, chromatin interaction neural network (ChINN), to predict chromatin interactions between open chromatin regions using only DNA sequences. ChINN predicts CTCF- and RNA polymerase II-associated and Hi-C chromatin interactions. ChINN shows good across-sample performances and captures various sequence features for chromatin interaction prediction. We apply ChINN to 6 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient samples and a published cohort of 84 CLL open chromatin samples. Our results demonstrate extensive heterogeneity in chromatin interactions among CLL patient samples. Ministry of Education (MOE) National Research Foundation (NRF) Published version This research is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore through an NRF Fellowship awarded to M.J.F (NRF-NRFF2012-054) and NTU start-up funds awarded to M.J.F. This research is supported by the RNA Biology Center at the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, NUS, as part of funding under the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 3 awarded to Daniel Tenen as lead PI with M.J.F as co-investigator (MOE2014-T3-1-006). This research is supported by a National Research Foundation Competitive Research Programme grant awarded to V.T. as lead PI and M.J.F. as co-PI (NRF-CRP17-2017-02). This research is supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under its Research Centres of Excellence initiative. This research is supported by a Ministry of Education Tier II grant awarded to M.J.F (T2EP30120-0020).

Growing evidence suggests that parasite-infected prey is more vulnerable to predation. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is obscure. In small mammals, analgesia induced by environmental stressors is a fundamental component of the defensive repertoire, promoting defensive responses. Thus, the reduced analgesia may impair the defensive ability of prey and increase their predation risk. This study aimed to determine whether coccidia infection increases the vulnerability to predation in root voles, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), by decreased analgesia. Herein, a predator stimulus and parasitic infection were simulated in the laboratory via a two-level factorial experiment, then, the vole nociceptive responses to an aversive thermal stimulus were evaluated. Further, a field experiment was performed to determine the overwinter survival of voles with different nociceptive responses via repeated live trapping. The coccidia-infected voles demonstrated reduced predator-induced analgesia following exposure to predator odor. Meanwhile, pain-sensitive voles had lower overwinter survival than pain-inhibited voles in enclosed populations throughout the duration of the experiment. Our findings suggest that coccidia infection attenuates predator-induced analgesia, resulting in an increased vulnerability to predation.

Numerous studies have indicated that high myopiais associated with a higher risk for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. However, structural and functional changes induced by glaucoma can be confounded by high myopia because the latter itself can cause a series of retinal and nerve fiber layer damage. In order to find glaucomatous changes in high myopia and reduce the potential of missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, a deep understanding of clinical features of high myopia with glaucoma was needed. This artical summarizes the functional roles and potential difficulties of classical stuctural and functional investigations in diagnosis of high myopia with glaucoma. This review is also introduced some possible solutions to navigate this diagnostic dilemma.

In the study, a conductive polypyrrole (PPy) is deposited on the lamellar sericite powder (SCP) surfaces by an in situ oxidization growth method and the prepared PPy/SCP conductive additive is successfully applied on the zinc-rich primer (ZRP) coating. The equal mass substitution and the equal volume substitution methods of the conductive additives to zinc dusts are discussed, as well as the optimal replacing ratio to achieve the best corrosion protection effect of the ZRP coatings. The results indicate that the equal volume substitution method is in favor of corrosion resistance of coating film. The salt spray test and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves show that the prepared ZRP coating with a 66% zinc content and replacing ratio of 1:3 possesses the best corrosion-resistant performance and an optimal adhesion strength. The replacement of PPy/SCP particles to zinc dusts using the equal volume substitution method is feasible to achieve the improvement in anticorrosion ability through a synergic function of the cathodic protection effect and barrier effect.

Integrating metal halide perovskites onto plasmonic nanostructures has recently become a trending method of enabling superior emissive performance of perovskite nanophotonic devices. In this work, we present an in-depth study on the spontaneous emission properties of hybrid systems comprising CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and silver nanostructures. Specifically, a 5.7-fold increment of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and a 1.65-fold enhancement of the PL relaxation rate is attained when the transition energy of CsPbBr3 is spectrally resonant with the oscillational frequency of Ag nanodisks (NDs), which is attributed to the intense exciton–plasmon coupling-induced Purcell effect. Furthermore, a 540-fs ultrafast energy transfer from the CsPbBr3 excitons to Ag plasmons is revealed by femtosecond pump-probe experiments, suggesting the key mechanism responsible for the Purcell-enhanced radiative emission. Our finding offers a unique understanding of the enhanced emissive behavior in the plasmon-coupled perovskite system and paves the way for further applications.

Metal halide perovskites combine excellent electronic and optical properties, such as defect tolerance and high photoluminescence efficiency, with the benefits of low-cost, large-area, solution-based processing. Composition- and dimension-tunable properties of perovskites have already been utilized in bright and efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At the same time, there are still great challenges ahead to achieving operational and spectral stability of these devices. In this review, the origins of instability of perovskite materials, and reasons for their degradation in LEDs are considered. Then, strategies for improving the stability of perovskite materials are reviewed, such as compositional engineering, dimensionality control, defect passivation, suitable encapsulation matrices, and fabrication of core/shell perovskite nanocrystals. For improvement of the operational stability of perovskite LEDs, the use of inorganic charge-transport layers, optimization of charge balance, and proper thermal management are considered. The review is concluded with a detailed account of the current challenges and a perspective on the key approaches and opportunities on how to reach the goal of stable, bright, and efficient perovskite LEDs.

This paper considers the problem of high-speed maneuvering target detection, which involves the processing of complex range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) within the coherent processing interval (CPI). By exploiting the coupling relationship between the range frequency and the Doppler frequency, a detection algorithm is proposed for high-speed maneuvering targets. After the range compression, approximate 2-D range-frequency and Doppler-frequency expressions are derived according to the principle of stationary phase (POSP) and series inversion extension. The mathematical range-Doppler frequency relationships are then exploited to search the target's first-order motion parameters and Doppler ambiguity numbers within a predetermined parameter range, and formulate the corresponding new data from the original 2-D data matrix. Finally, Fourier transform and constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detector are further applied to detect the targets. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has low complexity requirements and is suitable for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios. Moreover, it is not sensitive to the motion order of targets.

Environment-friendly high color purity blue zinc selenide (ZnSe) quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are promising candidates in next-generation display applications. However, due to the large bandgap of ZnSe (2.7 eV), the reported electroluminescence (EL) wavelengths of ZnSe QLEDs are mainly located within the range from purple to violet blue, and preparing blue emitting (>445 nm) ZnSe QLEDs remains challenging. Herein, we report a seed-mediated and double shell strategy to synthesize large-sized blue ZnSe/ZnS/ZnS core/shell/shell quantum dots (QDs). The as-prepared QDs possess excellent features including narrow full widths at half-maximum (11-19 nm), tunable emission wavelengths (410-451 nm), and high photoluminescence quantum yields (≥50%). Using ZnSe/ZnS/ZnS QDs as emitters in an inverted device, a color saturated blue QLED with an EL wavelength of 446 nm, a maximum luminance of 106 cd m-2, a current efficiency of 0.94 cd A-1, and an EQE of 2.62% is successfully fabricated. These results indicate that blue ZnSe QLEDs have great potential for future display technologies.

A new strategy toward constructing a bifunctional catalyst for CO2 cycloaddition has been developed based on post-synthetic modification of CUS-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with ionic porous organic frameworks (POFs) to form MOF@iPOF core–shell hybrid materials. Based on this strategy, two new MOF@iPOF core–shell hybrid materials, Cu3(BTC)2@iPOF-TB-Br− and Cu3(BTC)2@iPOF-TM-Br−, are synthesized for the first time by feasible encapsulation of a Cu3(BTC)2 core within an ionic POF shell. Because of the synergetic role of dual functional sites including CUS as a Lewis acid in the MOFs and the Br− anion as the nucleophile in the ionic POFs, Cu3(BTC)2@iPOF-TB-Br− and Cu3(BTC)2@iPOF-TM-Br− demonstrate excellent catalytic performance for the CO2 cycloaddition under co-catalyst free mild conditions (60 °C, 0.5 MPa CO2, 24 h). Moreover, these core–shell bifunctional catalysts can not only realize the synergy of two functional sites, but also maintain the porosity of hybrid materials for improving the mass transfer rate and catalytic efficiency.

Thyroid stimulating hormone deficiency is the cornerstone of treatment for metastatic thyroid cancer. Due to the loss of follicular epithelial cells in thyroid cancer, the thyroid gland degenerates to 85% of its original size. When thyroid stimulating hormone is restored, follicular epithelial cells in thyroid cancer regenerate, which is postulated to be related to stem-like cells. By single cell RNA seq, we found a group of rare thyroid follicular epithelial cells in mouse metastatic thyroid cancer, which expressed stem-like genes (CD44V6+ and CD133+) and a large number of differentiated cells (CD44V6+ and CD24+). In mouse and in organoids, the two subsets contribute equally to metastatic thyroid cancer regeneration. The analysis of human metastatic thyroid cancer revealed that the differentiated thyroid follicular epithelial cell subpopulation was similar to that of the stem like epithelial cell subpopulation, and the regeneration potential was also enhanced after thyroid stimulating hormone ablation. Accordingly, we propose that the regeneration of metastatic thyroid cancer is driven by almost all persistent thyroid follicular epithelial cells, not only by few stem-like cells.

Nursing is a high-risk occupation with high exposure to stress. The physical and mental health of nurses is directly related to the quality of medical services. Therefore, the sleep quality of nurses should not be ignored. In this study, the method of cluster random sampling was adopted from May to September 2019, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among 521 surgical nurses from five affiliated hospitals of Xinjiang Medical University. The relationship between mental health and sleep quality was analyzed, and 20% of the participants with sleep disorders were randomly selected. The sleep disorders used 1 : 1 matching, finally providing a sample with 60 cases and 60 controls for measurement of the CLOCK gene (rs1801260, rs6850524), to analyze the effect of the interaction between mental health and the CLOCK gene on sleep. The mental health and sleep quality of the surgical nurses were evaluated using the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The study found that surgical nurses had poor sleep, and there were differences associated with age, years working, frequency of night shifts, and incidence of sleep disorders under marital status (p<0.05). The PSQI scores of the positive psychological symptoms were higher than those of the negative psychological symptoms. The rank sum test was used to compare the sleep quality scores of different genotypes in CLOCK rs1801260 and rs6850524; the results indicated that the PSQI scores were different among different genotypes at the rs1801260 and rs6850524 loci. The logistic regression results suggested that CLOCK gene rs1801260 (TC) and positive psychological symptoms were influential factors for sleep disorders, and the interaction of positive psychological symptoms∗rs1801260 (TT) was a risk factor for sleep disorders (OR=10.833, 95% CI: 2.987–39.288). The sleep quality of nurses is not only affected by demographic characteristics but also affected by mental health status and the CLOCK gene.

Despite substantial research on the brain mechanisms of L1 and L2 processing in bilinguals, it is still unknown whether language modality (i.e., visual vs. auditory) plays a role in determining whether L1 and L2 are processed similarly. Therefore, we examined the neural representational similarity in neural networks between L1 and L2 in spoken and written word processing in Korean–English–Chinese trilinguals. Participants performed both visual and auditory rhyming judgments in the three languages: Korean, English, and Chinese. The results showed greater similarity among the three languages in the auditory modality than in the visual modality, suggesting more differentiated networks for written word processing in the three languages than spoken word processing. In addition, there was less similarity between spoken and written word processing in L1 than the L2s, suggesting a more specialized network for each modality in L1 than L2s. Finally, the similarity between the two L2s (i.e., Chinese and English) was greater than that between each L2 and L1 after task performance was regressed out, especially in the visual modality, suggesting that L2s are processed similarly. These findings provide important insights about spoken and written language processing in the bilingual brain., Korean–Chinese–English trilinguals showed more differentiated brain network for written word processing than spoken word processing. A more specialized network for auditory and visual modalities in L1 than in L2s. L2s are processed more similarly than L1 and each of L2s, especially in the visual modality.

Semiconductor nanorods (NRs) with strong fluorescence anisotropy are considered promising polarized light sources for liquid crystal displays. Here, we achieved a high fluorescence anisotropy value...

Disinfection is essential for the microbial safety of reclaimed water. Traditional chlorine disinfection leads to secondary problems such as disinfection by-products and chlorine-resistant bacteria. Ferrate (Fe(VI)) is a novel green disinfectant. However, research on the disinfection characteristics of Fe(VI) remains insufficient. This study compared the disinfection efficacy between Fe(VI) and chlorine in secondary effluent, including the inactivation efficiency of coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria and the control effect on typical chlorine-resistant bacteria. The results showed that Fe(VI) was more effective than chlorine in inactivating Escherichia coli and total coliforms at low doses, whereas chlorine was more effective than Fe(VI) in inactivating heterotrophic bacteria. A severe trailing phenomenon was observed in Fe(VI) disinfection. Based on bacterial community structure analysis, Fe(VI) was also found to be capable of controlling the relative abundance of some chlorine-resistant bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Mycobacterium and Legionella except for Pseudomonas. The results of this study could have implications in evaluating Fe(VI) disinfection ability and optimizing Fe(VI) dosing for disinfection.

Reading disability (RD) can manifest itself as a word decoding problem or a reading comprehension problem. In the current study, we identified 3 subtypes of RD: poor decoders (PD), poor comprehenders (PC), and poor-in-both (PB). We found that PD had greater deficits in meta-linguistic skills such as phonological awareness, orthographic skills, and morphological skills than PC, whereas PC had greater deficits in listening comprehension than PD. In the brain, we also found different patterns of deficits during an auditory rhyming judgment task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. PD showed less activation than PC and age controls in the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and pre-supplementary motor area (SMA), brain activation of which was correlated with phonological awareness and working memory. In contrast, PC showed less activation in the left fusiform gyrus than PD and age controls, which was correlated with reading comprehension fluency and morphological skill. Last, PB showed both PD’s and PC’s deficits, as well as additional deficits in the bilateral lingual gyri. Our findings contribute to revealing different neural signatures of poor decoding and poor comprehension, which are distinct disorders but co-occur very often. These findings implicate possibility and necessity of precise diagnosis and individualized intervention.

Indium phosphide (InP) based quantum dots (QDs) have been known as an ideal alternative to heavy metals including QDs light emitters, such as cadmium selenium (CdSe) QDs, and show great promise in the next-generation solid-state lighting and displays. However, the electroluminescence performance of green InP QDs is still inferior to their red counterparts, due to the higher density of surface defects and the wider particle size distribution. Here, a quasi-shell-growth strategy for the growth of highly luminescent green InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs is reported, in which the zinc and selenium monomers are added at the initial nucleation of InP stage to adsorb on the surface of InP cores that create a quasi-ZnSe shell rather than a bulk ZnSe shell. The quasi-ZnSe shell reduces the surface defects of InP core by passivating In-terminated vacancies, and suppresses the Ostwald ripening of InP core at high temperatures, leading to a photoluminescence quantum yield of 91% with a narrow emission linewidth of 36 nm for the synthesized InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs. Consequently, the light-emitting diodes based on the green QDs realize a maximum luminance of 15606 cd m

Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) have demonstrated great potential for light-emitting diode (LED) application because of their excellent optical properties and nontoxicity. However, the over performance of InP QDs still lags behind that of CdSe QDs, and one of main reasons is that the Zn traps in InP lattices can be formed through the cation exchange in the ZnSe shell growth process. Herein, we realized highly luminescent InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs by constructing Se-rich shielding layers on the surfaces of InP cores, which simultaneously protect the InP cores from the invasion of Zn

An efficient, cheap and green protocol for the highly regioselective 1,6-hydroarylation of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) with indoles at the C-3 position has been established by phosphoric acid catalysis in water under transition-metal-free reaction conditions. A wide range of indole derivatives and para-quinone methides (p-QMs) are compatible for the reaction, affording the corresponding 1,6-hydroarylation products with good to excellent yields. The possible mechanism of the reaction has been explored through step-by-step control experiments. The protocol is convenient for practical applications, leading to a safe, green and feasible way for the formation of C-3 diarylmethyl functionalized indole derivatives.

We present the results of novel, time-resolved, in situ HRTEM observations, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and disconnection theory that elucidate the mechanism by which the motion of grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline materials are coupled through disconnection motion/reactions at/adjacent to GB triple junctions (TJs). We focus on TJs composed of a pair of coherent twin boundaries (CTBs) and a {\Sigma}9 GB. As for all GBs, disconnection theory implies that multiple modes/local mechanisms for CTB migration are possible and that the mode selection is affected by the nature of the driving force for migration. While we observe (HRTEM and MD) CTB migration through the motion of pure steps driven by chemical potential jump, other experimental observations (and our simulations) show that stress-driven CTB migration occurs through the motion of disconnections with a non-zero Burgers vector; these are pure-step and twinning-partial CTB migration mechanisms. Our experimental observations and simulations demonstrate that the motion of a GB drags its delimiting TJ and may force the motion of the other GBs meeting at the TJ. Our experiments and simulations focus on two types of TJs composed of a pair of CTBs and a {\Sigma}9 GB; a 107{\deg} TJ readily migrates while a 70{\deg} TJ is immobile (experiment, simulation) in agreement with our disconnection theory even though the intrinsic mobilities of the constituent GBs do not depend on TJ-type. We also demonstrate that disconnections may be formed at TJs (chemical potential jump/stress driven) and at GB/free surface junctions (stress-driven).