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The ever increasing growth of infrastructure and technology has made our lives much comfortable and easy. The advent of technology has also increased the number of road accidents. And because of poor emergency facilities the accidents frequently cause huge loss of life and property. Majority of sources say accidents are occurring because of violation of the speed protocols set by government. In this project, an attempt is made to address such societal problems to help in providing emergency first aid services. This project makes use of a GPS module. The GPS module continuously takes input from the GPS satellite constellation and stores the location information in the microcontroller buffer. If the Accident occurred the vibrator sensor sends the signal to the microcontroller where it deactivates the GPS and sends the last coordinate values stored in the buffer to GSM module. The GSM module helps in communicating with respective traffic control stations and network of hospitals. Also this project identifies the vehicles that are violating the speed protocols set by the government. If the driver increases the speed above the standard speed the respective traffic control stations are going to get the message as the vehicle is moving with high speed.

Chemical burns can cause deep injury and subsequently significant scarring to the skin. The mechanism and pathophysiology of chemical burns is distinct to thermal burns, and recommended first aid approaches are consequently different. Twenty minutes of cool running water is an effective first aid measure to improve outcomes after thermal burn. For chemical burns to the skin, the recommendations are immediate water lavage for 60 min, removal of contaminated clothing if not stuck to the skin and then covering the wound with a sterile dressing. This review assesses the peer-reviewed literature to find the evidence behind the efficacy of cutaneous chemical burn first aid on short term outcomes such as length of hospital stay, depth of burn and longer-term outcomes such as scarring; in particular, the effect of immediate or early water lavage, and the effect of the duration of water lavage. Ocular chemical burns were not included in this review. The review suggests some evidence to support that the early application of cool water irrigation may reduce length of hospital stay and the extent of scarring. Community education should emphasize that water irrigation is recommended and that the earlier this happens, the better.

Uvod: Poznavanje prve pomoči je ključnega pomena za prepoznavo in ukrepanje pri nujnih in ne nujnih travmatoloških stanjih, zato je pomembno, da so javnosti dostopne zanesljive informacije. Zdravstveni delavci in tudi laiki morajo poznati ukrepe ob dogodkih, ki zahtevajo takojšnjo prvo pomoč, saj s tem pripomorejo k zmanjšanju negativnih posledic za zdravje poškodovanca. Namen in cilj: Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti prisotnost zmotnih prepričanj o prvi pomoči pri izbranih travmatoloških stanjih med laiki in študenti zdravstvenih smeri. Cilj diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, ali obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike med laiki in študenti zdravstvenih smeri glede poznavanja mitov in dejstev o prvi pomoči pri izbranih travmatoloških stanjih. Metode dela: V teoretičnem delu je bil narejen kritičen pregled znanstvene in strokovne literature. Za pripravo teoretičnih izhodišč je bila literatura iskana v mednarodnih bazah, kot so: Medline (v iskalniku PubMed), Cinahl, DiKul ter s pomočjo spletnega brskalnika Google. V empiričnem delu je bila uporabljena kvantitativno neeksperimentalna metoda dela. Podatki so bili zbrani s pomočjo odprtokodne aplikacije za izdelavo anket 1KA. Rezultati: Podatke, pridobljene z anketnim vprašalnikom, smo uredili s pomočjo Microsoftovega Excela 2019 in Microsoftovega Worda. Statistična obdelava podatkov pa je potekala s pomočjo programa SPSS verzija 26. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 466 oseb, od tega 281 študentov zdravstvene fakultete ter 185 laikov. Razprava in zaključek: Izkazalo se je, da so v večini pravilneje odgovorili študentje, razen pri treh trditvah: Če bom pomagal, me bodo tožili, če bom naredil kaj narobe Če bom poškodovanemu motoristu snel čelado, mu glava lahko pade na pol Utapljajočega moramo najprej udariti po glavi, da se onesvesti, šele potem ga rešujemo, kjer med laiki in študenti nismo ugotovili statistično pomembnih razlik. Ugotovili smo, da so v večini pravilneje odgovarjali študentje, pri čemer lahko sklepamo, da so dobro ločili med identificiranimi miti in dejstvi o prvi pomoči pri travmatoloških stanjih. Vsi, ki so kakorkoli povezani z usposabljanjem laične in strokovne javnosti o prvi pomoči, si morajo prizadevati, da ovržejo govorice in mite o ukrepih prve pomoči, ki so v nasprotju z doktrinarnimi napotki. Udeleženci usposabljanj morajo dobiti nedvoumne in jasne napotke v zvezi z nudenjem prve pomoči, saj lahko le tako odpravimo zmote in dileme oz. prispevamo k preprečitvi njihovega širjenja in nastanka novih. Introduction: Since knowledge of first aid is essential for recognising and responding to emergency and non-emergency trauma conditions, it is critical that reliable information is available to the public. Healthcare professionals and laypeople alike must be familiar with the actions to be taken in the event of an incident requiring immediate first aid, as this helps to minimise the negative consequences for the injured person's health.. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to find out if there are any misconceptions about first aid in specific trauma situations among laypeople and medical students. The aim of this thesis is to determine if there are statistically significant differences in laypeople's and medical students' knowledge of myths and facts about first aid for particular trauma conditions. Methods: The theoretical section of the paper conducts a critical review of the scientific and professional literature. To prepare the theoretical background, the literature was searched in international databases such as Medline (PubMed), Cinahl, DiKul, and Google. In the empirical section, a quantitative, non-experimental method of work was used. The data were collected using the open-source survey application 1KA. Results: The data collected from the survey questionnaire was edited in 2019 Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. The data was statistically processed using SPSS version 26. The study included 466 subjects, 281 of whom were medical students and 185 were laypeople. Discussion and conclusion: Except for three statements: if I help, I will be sued if I do something wrong if I remove an injured motorcyclist's helmet, his skull might break in half we must first hit the drowning person on the head to knock him unconscious, then we rescue him there were no statistically significant differences between laypeople and students. We found that students were more likely to answer correctly, implying that they were adept at distinguishing between the identified myths and facts about trauma first aid. All those involved in training the lay and professional public in first aid should make every effort to dispel rumours and myths about first aid measures that contradict doctrinal guidance. Participants in training sessions must be given unambiguous and clear guidance on first aid since this is the only way to eliminate or help prevent the spread and creation of new fallacies and dilemmas.

V magistrskem delu smo se osredotočili na znanje o klicu na številko 112 in stabilnem bočnem položaju v prvem ter tretjem razredu osnovne šole. Učenci tega znanja ne pridobivajo v sklopu vsebin s področja spoznavanje okolja, saj v učnih načrtih ni ciljev, ki bi usmerjali v to snov. Učenci se z vsebinami prve pomoči v šoli lahko srečajo na interesni dejavnosti, dnevih dejavnosti, šoli v naravi ali delavnicah, ki jih izvajajo zunanji sodelavci. Pomembno je, da otroke seznanjamo s prvo pomočjo že od malih nog, saj je to veščina, ki je pomembna v vsakdanjem življenju in sodi v splošno izobrazbo. V uvodnem delu magistrskega dela smo pregledali literaturo s področja prve pomoči in vpetosti le-te v šolski prostor, predvsem pa nas je zanimalo, kje vse lahko učenec prve triade pridobi znanje prve pomoči. Na podlagi priročnika Prva pomoč za najmlajše (Priročnik za mentorje prve pomoči v 2. in 3. razredu osnovne šole) smo pripravili učno uro in jo izvedli v petih prvih ter petih tretjih razredih osnovnih šol. Pripravili smo tudi test, ki je zajemal šest vprašanj zaprtega tipa in eno vprašanje, pri katerem so učenci razvrstili sličice v pravilni vrstni red. Testirali smo 177 učencev treh slovenskih osnovnih šol. Vsak učenec je test reševal trikrat. Želeli smo ugotoviti, kakšno je znanje pred učno uro, znanje takoj po izvedbi učne ure, iz katerega smo sklepali na učinkovitost učne ure, in znanje šest tednov po učni uri, iz katerega smi sklepali na trajnost usvojenega znanja. Zanimalo nas je, ali imajo učenci prvega in tretjega razreda osnovne šole zadovoljivo znanje o klicu na številko 112 ter stabilnem bočnem položaju in kako se njihovo znanje nadgrajuje ter ohranja po učni uri o tej temi. Preučili smo tudi, ali je to znanje o prvi pomoči povezano s starostjo in spolom. Ugotovili smo, da je znanje učencev prvega in tretjega razreda osnovne šole o klicu na številko 112 ter stabilnem bočnem položaju zadovoljivo, česar nismo pričakovali. Znanje takoj po učni uri je statistično pomembno boljše, hkrati pa se to znanje ohrani tudi po šestih tednih, ko so rezultati še malenkost boljši. V sklopu raziskave smo ugotovili, da so učenci tretjega razreda osnovne šole pokazali statistično pomembno boljše znanje kot učenci prvega razreda, saj je bilo v povprečju njihovo znanje na testu zadovoljivo, medtem ko znanje mlajših v povprečju ni bilo zadovoljivo. Med znanjem učenk in učencev pa je bilo zanemarljivo število statistično pomembnih razlik. Ugotovili smo, da je velik manko znanja pri praktičnem delu tako pri učencih prvega kot učencih tretjega razreda osnovne šole. In the master's thesis, we focused on the knowledge of the 112 call and the stable lateral position in the first and third grade of primary school. Students do not acquire this knowledge in the context of environmental awareness, as there are no objectives in the curricula to address this material. Pupils may be exposed to first aid in school through extra-curricular activities, activity days, school-in nature, or external workshops. It is important to introduce children to first aid from an early age, as it is a skill that is important for everyday use and is part of general education. In the introductory part of the master's thesis, we reviewed the literature on first aid and its integration into the school environment, and we were particularly interested in where all first aid skills can be acquired by a pupil in the first year of school. Based on the manual First Aid for the youngest: A guide for first aid trainers in the 2nd and 3rd years of primary school, we prepared and implemented a lesson in five first and five third years of primary school. We also prepared a test consisting of six closed-ended questions and one question where the pupils sorted the thumbnails into the correct order. 177 pupils from three Slovenian primary schools were tested. Each pupil took the test three times. We wanted to find out what the knowledge was before the lesson, immediately after the lesson, and six weeks after the lesson to check the sustainability of the knowledge. We were interested in whether pupils in the first and third years of primary school have a satisfactory knowledge of calling 112 and the stable lateral position, and how their knowledge is built on and maintained after the lesson on this topic. We also examined whether this first-aid knowledge is related to age and gender. We found that the knowledge of pupils in the first and third year of primary school about calling 112 and the stable lateral position is satisfactory, which we did not expect. The knowledge immediately after the lesson is statistically significant much better, but at the same time, the knowledge is maintained after six weeks, where the results were even slightly better. As part of the study, we found that pupils in the third year of primary school showed statistically significant clearly better knowledge than pupils in the first year, as their knowledge was on average satisfactory on the test, while the younger pupils' knowledge was on average not satisfactory. However, there were a negligible number of statistically significant differences between the pupils' knowledge. However, the test showed that there is a significant lack of knowledge in practical work for both first and third-year pupils in primary school.

Opekline kože predstavljaju opasne ozljede u dječjoj dobi. U radu će se pojasniti anatomija kože, etiologija dječjih opeklina, klasifikacija opeklina prema dubini, metode koje se koriste za određivanje površine opeklinske ozljede, prva pomoć kod opeklina u dječjoj dobi i važnost komunikacije sa ozlijeđenim djetetom. Istraživanjem se stekao uvid u znanja studenata sestrinstva o opeklinama i postupcima prvoj pomoći kod opeklina u dječjoj dobi. Odabrana tema može predstavljati opasno kliničko stanje, ovisno o kojem se stupnju opekline radi, stoga zahtjeva stručno i brzo zbrinjavanje. Tijekom mjeseca svibnja 2023. godine provelo se istraživanje kojem su pristupila 105 ispitanika. Prvim ciljem istraživanja nastojalo se utvrditi je li postoji razlika u znanju između studenata sestrinstva redovnog i izvanrednog studija. Drugim ciljem istraživanja nastojalo se utvrditi postoji li razlika u opsegu znanja studenata koji su završili srednju medicinsku školu i studenata koji su završili neku drugu srednju školu. Temeljem toga, postavljene su dvije hipoteze. Po završetku istraživanja, provela se statistička obrada podataka te su obje hipoteze prihvaćene. Ovakva istraživanja korisna su kako bi dobili uvid u znanja koja studenti stječu tokom sestrinskog obrazovanja, stoga bi bilo dobro provesti još ovakvih istraživanja kao izvor informacija kako bi se sestrinsko znanje moglo unaprijediti i usavršiti., Skin burns are dangerous injuries in childhood. The paper will explain the anatomy of the skin, etiology of children's burns, classification of burns according to depth, methods used to determine the surface of a burn injury, first aid for burns in children and the importance of communication with an injured child. The research gained insight into the knowledge of nursing students about burns and first aid procedures for burns in children. The chosen topic can represent a dangerous clinical condition, depending on the degree of the burn, therefore it requires professional and quick treatment. During the month of May 2023, a survey was conducted in which 105 respondents participated. The first goal of the research was to determine whether there is a difference in knowledge between full-time and part-time nursing students. The second goal of the research was to determine if there is a difference in the scope of knowledge of students who graduated from medical high school and students who graduated from another high school. Based on that, two hypotheses were put forward. At the end of the research, statistical processing of the data was carried out and both hypotheses were accepted. Research like this is useful in order to get an insight into the knowledge that students acquire during nursing education, therefore it would be good to conduct more research like this as a source of information so that nursing knowledge can be improved and perfected.

Uvod: Obraz sodi med najbolj izpostavljene in slabo zaščitene dele telesa, zato so obrazne poškodbe zelo pogoste. Največkrat so posledica prometnih nesreč, fizičnega nasilja, padcev, poškodb pri delu, športu itd. Obrazne poškodbe delimo na skeletne poškodbe, poškodbe zob in poškodbe mehkih tkiv obraza. Te vrste poškodb največkrat ne predstavljajo življenjsko ogrožajočih stanj, če pa do njih pride, je takojšnja in pravilna izvedba prve pomoči zelo pomembna. Zavedati se moramo, da je vsak posameznik dolžan nuditi prvo pomoč s ciljem, da ohrani življenje in prepreči nadaljnje poškodbe ter omogoči boljše nadaljnje okrevanje. Namen: Namen diplomske naloge je predstaviti različne obrazne poškodbe in ukrepe prve pomoči pri poškodovancu z obraznimi poškodbami s poudarkom na pravilnih ukrepih izvajanja prve pomoči pri poškodovancu z življenjsko ogrožajočimi stanji. Metode dela: V diplomski nalogi smo pregledali strokovno in znanstveno slovensko ter tujo literaturo. Iskanje literature je potekalo v različnih podatkovnih bazah: Sciencedirect, Springer, PubMed, Medline, Europe PMC, CINAHL, COBISS ter s pomočjo svetovnega spleta Google Učenjak. Iskanje ustrezne literature je potekalo v obdobju med novembrom 2022 in marcem 2023. Rezultati: Pojasnili smo ukrepe prve pomoči pri različnih obraznih poškodbah ter pomembnost nudenja ustrezne prve pomoči pri življenjsko ogrožajočih stanjih poškodovanca z obraznimi poškodbami. Razprava in zaključek: Z ustreznimi ukrepi prve pomoči lahko poškodovancu, ki je utrpel obrazne poškodbe, zaradi morebitnih obilnih krvavitev in zapore dihalnih poti rešimo življenje, zato je hiter in pravilen pristop nudenja prve pomoči ključen za preživetje, preprečevanje poslabšanja zdravstvenega stanja in boljše nadaljnje okrevanje. Introduction: The face is one of the most exposed and poorly protected parts of the human body, and therefore facial injuries are very common. They are most often caused by traffic accidents, physical violence, falls, injuries at work, sports, etc. Facial injuries are divided into skeletal injuries, dental injuries, and injuries to the soft tissues of the face. These types of injuries are usually non-life-threatening, but if they do occur, immediate and correct first-aid is very important. We must be aware that every individual has a duty to provide first-aid to preserve life, prevent further injuries and ensure a better recovery. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis is to present various facial injuries and first-aid measures for an injured person with facial injuries, with an emphasis on the correct first aid measures for an injured person with life-threatening conditions. Work methods: In the diploma thesis, we reviewed professional and scientific Slovenian and foreign literature. The literature research was conducted in various databases: Sciencedirect, Springer, PubMed, Medline, Europe PMC, CINAHL, COBISS and with the help of Google Scholar. The search for relevant literature took place in the period between November 2022 and March 2023. Results: We have explained the first-aid measures for various facial injuries and the importance of providing adequate first aid in life-threatening conditions of an injured person with facial injuries. Discussion and conclusion: With the appropriate first aid procedures, we can save the life of an injued person who has suffered facial injuries due to possible profuse bleeding and airway obstruction. Therefore, a quick and correct approach to providing first aid is crucial for survival, prevention of deterioration of the health condition, and better further recovery.

Despite high rates of mental health challenges, Asian Americans are less likely to seek out and receive school-based mental health services (SBMHSs) than their non-Asian peers. The Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA) training is an 8-hr manualized public education program designed to educate adults on recognizing common mental health challenges among adolescents and intervening. However, no published research has evaluated YMHFA among Asian Americans. We culturally adapted YMHFA for Asian Americans (Asian American parents and youth workers) and used a pretest/posttest design to evaluate its effectiveness. Specifically, we (a) added one 2-hr session before the YMHFA to augment engagement with the curriculum and (b) contextualized the YMHFA curriculum content to ensure cultural sensitivity for Asian American participants. Thirty-one Asian immigrant parents (Mage = 45.55, SD = 3.6) and 24 Asian American youth workers (Mage = 23.17, SD = 3.67) participated in YMHFA. Participants' mental health literacy (MHL) and their confidence in using MHFA skills significantly increased after the training. Participants also participated in four focus groups after the training to share their experiences. Participants stated that they benefited from this training and suggested additional cultural adaptations to make the program more appropriate for Asian Americans. Culturally adapted YMHFA may be an effective way to promote MHL and engage Asian Americans in mental health services. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Thousands of people die or become disabled every year due to illness, disaster, traffic accidents, work and home accidents. According to the researches, 50% of the deaths occur within the first half an hour. In order to prevent the increase in these deaths, first aid knowledge is required. Therefore, evidence-based practices should be included in whole process, from the basic principles and practices of first aid to hospital care of the patient/injured. In the guide published by American Heart Association (AHA) and Red Cross in 2020, the stroke recognizes and cures, the management of hypoglycaemia, anti-coagulant treatment for non-traumatic chest pain, life-threatening bleeding, the use of compressions to be applied in trauma, hyperthermia or heatstroke treatments are emphasized. Including evidence-based practices in first aid possibly reduce mortality and morbidity rates with conscious, quality first aid as soon as possible. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of harm, to mobilize the society within the scope of disaster preparedness, to contribute to the development of health awareness, to ensure that people are competent in saving their lives and standardizing first aid practices. The recommendations of the guides should be taken into consideration in this process.

The drowning emergency is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Increasing public knowledge to provide first aid needs to be implemented. This study aimed to improve the ability of coastal communities to provide essential life support through participant modeling. The research design used was a quasi-experiment with a one-group pre-post test design approach. The number of samples in this study was 34 respondents. The research was conducted by determining the five models given. Then the model provides education and basic life support training to the respondents. The variables of this study were participant modeling and the ability to provide essential life support. The instrument used was the standard operating procedure for basic life support and observation sheets, and the research analysis used was the paired t-test.This study's results indicate that giving the participant modeling action has an effect and increases the average value of the respondents' knowledge and skills after being given these actions. Participant modeling can improve cognitive, self-confidence, and skills to form new behaviors, such as providing essential life support.

Background: Many Sub-Saharan African countries lack effective emergency medical services. In response, Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies, amongst other organizations implement first responder training programs across Africa. The current paper describes the development of an advanced manual for first responders (FAFR) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This FAFR manual was developed according to the principles of Evidence-Based Practice accounting for scientific evidence, expert opinion, and preferences of the target audience (i.e., Sub-Saharan African first responders). The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. A geographically balanced expert panel of African field and academic experts set the scope and defined the research questions. The best available evidence was systematically collected and presented to independent and dedicated content writers, drafting the manual. The expert panel discussed these draft recommendations during a two-day meeting and validated the final version of the manual. Results: The systematic literature addressed 87 research questions. Of these, 52 could be supported by scientific evidence, in thirteen cases by a Cochrane systematic review. We determined the GRADE certainty of the evidence as low (38%) or very low (53%). Where no evidence was found, good practice points were formulated based on expert opinion. Conclusions: The FAFR manual is used by Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies across Africa and will be updated every five years by the Belgian Red Cross. The manual is freely available to anyone interested (https://www.rodekruis.be/en/what-do-we-do/first-aid-and-support/first-aid-for-first-responders/)., International Journal of First Aid Education, Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023)

Resumo: Este ebook, editado pelo Centro de Edições do ISPA, procura testemunhar a importância da prática em Literacia em Saúde (LS). É constituído por duas partes. A primeira composta por um conjunto de textos que visam apresentar as novas perspetivas da LS em contexto nacional e internacional. A segunda parte apresenta um conjunto de projetos aplicados que focam diferentes competências a desenvolver em LS na prática, nomeadamente: (a) Adquirir, desenvolver e consolidar competências nas metodologias e técnicas de avaliação em LS; (b) Implementação nas organizações de programas de LS, através de metodologias que permitam a conceção, elaboração, monitorização e avaliação de planos de ação; (c) Desenvolver técnicas de linguagem assertiva e comportamento positivo para mudar comportamentos e atitudes; (d) Potenciar o empowerment do cidadão, nomeadamente nas competências digitais e contribuir para melhorar a educação para a saúde; (e) Desenvolver estratégias de comunicação e informação em saúde para conseguir maior adesão terapêutica com doentes; (f) Desenvolver técnicas para melhorar o relacionamento entre profissionais de saúde e; (g) Desenvolver competências para tornar exequíveis as orientações do Programa Nacional de Saúde, em particular o reforço do papel do cidadão e as estratégias de ativação do cuidador informal. Abstract: This ebook, published by the ISPA Publishing Centre, thus seeks once again, to testify to the importance of health literacy (HL) practice. Organized in two parts. The first consists of a set of texts which aim to present new perspectives of HL in a national and international national and international context. The second part presents a set of applied projects which focus on different competences to develop in HL practice, namely: (a) Acquiring, developing and consolidating skills in methodologies and assessment techniques in HL; (b) Implementation of HL programmes in organisations, through methodologies which enable the conception, development, monitoring and evaluation of action plans; (c) Developing assertive language and positive behaviour techniques to change behaviours and attitudes; (d) To boost citizen empowerment, namely in digital skills and contribute to improve health education and contribute to improve education for health; (e) To develop communication and health information strategies in order to Develop communication and health information strategies to achieve greater therapeutic adherence with patients; (f) To develop techniques to improve the relationship between health professionals and ; (g) Develop skills to make feasible the guidelines of the Portugal National Health Program, in particular the strengthening of the role of citizen and activation strategies of the informal caregiver. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background: In Germany, current school-based first aid training recommendations do not include children under 13 years. Our aim was therefore to evaluate a primary school-based first aid course for children aged 6–13 years. Methods: Our 2-day course (4 hours per day) for primary schools in the German rural state Brandenburg included basic elements of scene safety, compression bandages, recovery position, and resuscitation. The evaluation of specific knowledge and skills took place 1-day post-course. Results: Among the 1,268 included children (median age 9y, 49% girls) from six primary schools, 25% had previously attended first aid courses. Most children knew emergency phone number(s) pre-course. Afterward, this knowledge improved by 15% in the 6–7-year age group (reaching 80%) whereas it remained at 90% in children aged 8–13 years. After the course, about 80% of the 8–13-year-old children (40% in 6–7-year age group) answered at least one resuscitation question correctly. In the practical skill assessments, about 80% of the 8–13-year-old children (60% in the 6–7-year age group) chose a correct or almost-correct chest compression rate during resuscitation. The correct depth of compression was achieved by about 80% (10–13 years), 60% (8–9 years), and 40% (6–7 years). Three-quarters successfully put another child in the recovery position; more than two-thirds applied a compression bandage appropriately. Conclusions: A 2-day course in a primary school setting showed considerable improvement in first aid and resuscitation skills of children aged 6–13 years. Future studies should examine these effects’ sustainability and the appropriate timing for refresher courses. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: In Deutschland umfassen die aktuellen schulbasierten Erste-Hilfe-Schulungsempfehlungen keine Kinder unter 13 Jahren. Unser Ziel war es daher, einen Erste-Hilfe-Kurs für Grundschulen zu evaluieren. Material und Methode: Unser zweitägiger Kurs (4 Stunden pro Tag) für Grundschulen im Bundesland Brandenburg umfasste Basiselemente der eigenen Sicherheit am Unfallort, Kompressionsverbände, stabile Seitenlage und Wiederbelebung. Nach der Basiserhebung kurz vor Schulungsbeginn fand die Evaluation spezifischer Kenntnisse (mit Fragebogen) und Fertigkeiten einen Tag nach dem Kurs statt. Ergebnisse Unter den 1.268 eingeschlossenen Kindern (Altersmedian 9 Jahre, 49% Mädchen) von sechs Grundschulen hatten 25% bereits früher an einem Erste-Hilfe-Kurs teilgenommen. Die meisten Kinder kannten vor dem Kurs bereits die Notrufnummer(n). Danach verbesserte sich dieses Wissen um 15% und erreichte 80% in der Altersgruppe der 6-7-Jährigen, während es bei älteren Kindern (8-13 Jahre) bei 90% blieb. Nach dem Kurs beantworteten 40% der 6-7-Jährigen und etwa 80% der 8-13-jährigen Kinder mindestens eine Frage zur Reanimation richtig. Bei den Bewertungen der praktischen Fertigkeiten wählten 60% der 6-7-Jährigen und etwa 80% der 8-13-jährigen Kinder während der Wiederbelebung die korrekte oder nahezu korrekte Rate der Kompression des Brustkorbs aus. Die richtige Kompressionstiefe wurde von 40% (6-7 Jahre), 60% (8-9 Jahre) und etwa 80% (10-13 Jahre) erreicht. Drei Viertel der Teilnehmenden setzten erfolgreich ein anderes Kind in die Stabile Seitenlage; mehr als zwei Drittel legten einen Kompressionsverband angemessen an. Schlussfolgerungen Ein zweitägiger Kurs in der Grundschule führte in allen Altersgruppen von 6-13 Jahren zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung ihrer Kenntnisse in Erster-Hilfe und Fähigkeiten bei der Wiederbelebung. Zukünftige Studien sollten die Nachhaltigkeit dieser Effekte und den geeigneten Zeitpunkt für Auffrischungskurse untersuchen. Schlüsselwörter: Grundschule, Erste Hilfe, Wiederbelebung, Laienschulung, Schulkinder, Schüler, Basisreanimation, Klassenzimmer, Blutungsstillung, Kompressionsverband, Stabile Seitenlage, Wiederbelebung, Laien-Wiederbelebung Streszczenie Tło Obecne zalecenia dotyczące szkolenia z pierwszej pomocy w niemieckich szkołach nie obejmują dzieci poniżej 13 roku życia. Naszym celem było zatem ocenienie kursu pierwszej pomocy dla dzieci w wieku od 6 do 13 lat prowadzonego w szkole podstawowej. Metody Nasz dwudniowy kurs (4 godziny dziennie) dla szkół podstawowych na obszarach wiejskich w niemieckim kraju związkowym Brandenburgia obejmował podstawowe elementy bezpieczeństwa w miejscu zdarzenia, bandażowanie uciskowe, pozycję bezpieczną i resuscytację. Ocena konkretnych umiejętności i wiedzy odbyła się dzień po zakończeniu kursu. Wyniki Wśród 1268 uwzględnionych dzieci (średni wiek 9 lat, 49% dziewczyn) z sześciu szkół podstawowych, 25% uczestniczyło wcześniej w kursach pierwszej pomocy. Większość dzieci przed kursem znała już numer(y) alarmowy. Po kursie wiedza ta poprawiła się o 15% w grupie wiekowej 6-7 lat (osiągając 80%), podczas gdy w grupie wiekowej 8-13 lat pozostała na poziomie 90%. Po kursie około 80% dzieci w wieku od 8 do 13 lat (40% w grupie wiekowej 6-7 lat) poprawnie odpowiedziało na co najmniej jedno pytanie dotyczące resuscytacji. W ocenach praktycznych umiejętności, około 80% dzieci w wieku od 8 do 13 lat (60% w grupie wiekowej 6-7 lat) wybrało właściwe lub prawie właściwe tempo ucisków klatki piersiowej podczas resuscytacji. Prawidłowa głębokość ucisków była osiągana przez około 80% (w wieku od 10 do 13 lat), 60% (w wieku od 8 do 9 lat) i 40% (w wieku od 6 do 7 lat). Trzy czwarte dzieci skutecznie ułożyło inne dziecko w pozycji bezpiecznej, a ponad dwie trzecie odpowiednio zastosowało bandaż uciskowy. Wnioski Dwudniowy kurs przeprowadzony w szkole podstawowej wykazał znaczną poprawę umiejętności pierwszej pomocy i resuscytacji u dzieci w wieku od 6 do 13 lat. W przyszłych badaniach należy zbadać trwałość tych efektów oraz odpowiedni czas na odświeżenie wiedzy pozyskanej na kursach. Słowa kluczowe: szkoła podstawowa, pierwsza pomoc, resuscytacja, szkolenie dla laików, dzieci szkolne, uczniowie, International Journal of First Aid Education, Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023)

First Aid in Accidents is an effort to help and temporary care for accident victims before getting more perfect help from a doctor or paramedic. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the use of child-friendly first aid manuals on students' skills in dealing with injuries in realizing healthy schools. The book's effectiveness will determine the success of using the first aid book in creating a healthy school. The higher the level of effectiveness, the more functionality and usefulness the module. From the results of the study, it was found that the student's skills improved after using this first-aid manual. Thus, this child-friendly first aid book is very suitable as a supporting book for sports education teachers in order to realize healthy schools. This study's results can motivate teachers always to practice student skills in first aid so students can help those around them., Pertolongan Pertama Pada Kecelakaan Merupakan suatu upaya pertolongan dan perawatan sementara terhadap korban kecelakaan sebelum mendapat pertolongan yang lebih sempurna dari dokter atau paramedic. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas penggunaan buku panduan pertolongan pertama ramah anak terhadap keterampilan siswa menangani luka dalam mewujudkan sekolah sehat. Tingkat efektivitas dari buku tersebut akan menentukan keberhasilan penggunaan buku pertolongan pertama dalam mewujudkan sekolah sehat. Semakin tinggi tingkat efektivitas, maka semakin meningkat fungsionalitas dan kegunaan modul tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa keterampilan siswa meningkat setelah menggunakan buku panduan pertolongan pertama ini. Dengan demikian, buku pertolongan pertama ramah anak ini sangat layak dijadikan buku pendukung bagi guru Pendidikan olahraga dalam rangka mewujjudkan sekolah sehat. Hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan motivasi kepada guru untuk selalu melatih keterampilan siswa dalam pertolongan pertama sehingga siswa dapat menolong orang-orang di sekitarnya.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil raziskati mnenja vzgojiteljev o pomembnosti vključevanja aktivnosti prve pomoči v vrtce in preučiti njihove izkušnje z izvajanjem teh dejavnosti v predšolskem obdobju. Podatke smo pridobili s spletnim anketnim vprašalnikom, ki ga je izpolnilo 155 diplomiranih vzgojiteljev in vzgojiteljic v Sloveniji. Vprašanja so se nanašala na njihova mnenja o seznanjanju predšolskih otrok s prvo pomočjo in vključevanju tovrstnih aktivnosti v dejavnosti vrtca. Zanimalo nas je tudi, katere cilje želijo s tem doseči. Prav tako smo ugotavljali, kako vzgojitelji ocenjujejo svoje znanje na področju prve pomoči in ali so pripravljeni na morebitna izobraževanja. Ugotovili smo, da je večina anketiranih naklonjena vključevanju aktivnosti prve pomoči v vrtce in imajo do zgodnjega učenja prve pomoči pozitivna stališča. Več kot polovica jih aktivnosti prve pomoči v delo z otroki v vrtcu vključuje nekajkrat letno, največkrat z oblikovanjem kotička prve pomoči ali nenačrtovano ob morebitnih poškodbah v vrtcu. Otrokom največkrat ponudijo prosto igro z materialom za prvo pomoč ali jim temo predstavijo s knjižnim gradivom. Najpogostejša namena sta seznanjanje s skrbjo za zdravje in zdrav način življenja ter zmanjševanje strahu pred poškodbami. Teme, primerne za vključevanje v aktivnosti vrtca, ki so jim anketiranci v največji meri naklonjeni, so ukrepi ob udarninah, ukrepi ob pikih žuželk in klic na 112. Pri teh vsebinah so tudi najbolje ocenili svoje znanje. Svojo usposobljenost za predajanje znanja prve pomoči otrokom ocenjujejo z zelo visoko oceno, večina se je pripravljena udeležiti dodatnih izobraževanj na tem področju. Vključevanje aktivnosti prve pomoči v vrtce je smiselno in vzgojitelji so temu naklonjeni. Potrebno in pomembno je, da imajo vzgojitelji dovolj znanja o prvi pomoči kot tudi o pomenu in možnostih zgodnjega učenja prve pomoči, o vsebinah, primernih za obravnavo v predšolskem obdobju, ter o primernih metodah in načinih posredovanja znanja. Na področju zgodnjega učenja prve pomoči bi bile potrebne nadaljnje raziskave. Zanimivo bi bilo raziskati tudi odzive otrok ob teh dejavnostih. The aim of this diploma work was to investigate kindergarten teachers' attitudes toward the importance of integrating first aid activities into the kindergarten and the implementation of these activities in the preschool period. The data have been collected using an online questionnaire completed by 155 qualified preschool teachers in Slovenia. The questions were related to their views on the introduction of first aid activities for preschool children and the inclusion of such activities into a kindergarten programme. We were also interested what goals they were trying to achieve with it. Furthermore, we examined how kindergarten teachers rate their knowledge of first aid and if they are prepared to undertake further training. Our results indicate that our participants support the integrating of first aid activities in kindergarten and have positive attitude towards learning first aid early. More than half of our participants incorporate first aid activities into kindergarten activities several times a year, usually by setting up a first aid corner in the room or unplanned by accidental injuries to children in the kindergarten. Children are usually offered free play with first aid materials or topic is presented by book material. The most important purpose is familiarisation them with health care, healthy life style and reducing fear of injuries. The topics for inclusion activities in kindergarten are measures to take in the event of collision, insect bites and calling 112. They rate their competence in teaching first aid knowledge to children very highly and most of them are willing to participate in additional training in this area. The inclusion of first aid activities is useful and endorsed by kindergarten teachers. It is necessary and important that kindergarten teachers have sufficient knowledge about first aid, as well as about the importance and possibilities of early learning of first aid, about the content suitable for interventions at preschool age and about appropriate methods and ways of imparting knowledge. Further research is needed in the area of early first aid learning. It would also be interesting to study children's responses to these activities.

First aid is one of the most important life-saving skills a health provider specifically or anybody generally must have. It can be defined as the first treatment one provides at the site of the accident to the injured person until full medical treatment is available. In some emergency situations, simple first aid can make a life-or-death difference. Aim. This study is designed to evaluate the knowledge of first aid among medical students at KSAU-HS in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods. The cross-sectional study is conducted in KSAU-HS, Riyadh, about the knowledge of first aid among medical students. A self-administered structured questionnaire is used for the purpose of data collection. The main variables are as follows: to compare the knowledge of first aid between male and female medical students, among different years of study, and identify the percentage that have knowledge of first aid. Results. Out of 326 students, 10 students (3.1%) scored excellent, 99 (30.4%) good, 136 (41.7%) average, 75 (23%) poor, and 6 (1.8%) very poor. Conclusion. The level of knowledge improved with the advancement in years, but this was not sufficient, and more training should be given to all medical students on first aid.

The role of research in national development cannot be over-emphasized. Research is the act of proffering solution(s) for present and future problems through knowledge contribution, seeking, and organization. The ability for one to find old or new knowledge or generate new ones, as well as follow a set of knowledge organization rules towards answering the research question(s) makes him/her, a researcher. The process and set of activities followed by the researcher have in recent times, involve knowledge exchange, collaboration, and blending, mostly through digital media, with the cloud as the main storage and linked via several, wired, wireless, hardware, and software interfaces. The described system is prone to cyber-attack and must be protected, as most research is funded by interested bodies and their outcomes are highly evident in national development. This work christened “Cyber First-Aid” is geared toward creating situational awareness of the need for researchers to protect their finished or ongoing intellectual property from hackers. The methods proposed are not best practices in the cyber security domain but easily applicable checks and solutions with Graphical User Interface applications that any researcher with minimal computer knowledge can implement in order to increase cyber hygiene and minimize intellectual property loss. Applying cyber hygiene best practices, monitoring, analysis, and scanning of data packets with protocol analyzers, packet capturers, hash key generator, and Virus Total malware search engine, scanning e-mail, downloaded files, URLs, and executable files before opening or installing, clearing browsing cache, and blocking URLs discovered to have malicious content, are tools (procedures) that make up cyber first-aid. The result of implementing these tools proved effective in the detection, prevention, and removal of attack vectors and protection of researchers’ intellectual property.

bstract Objective With the rapid development of networks in China, the Internet has become an important source of first aid information for scalds. As a country with the largest population, there are a large number of scald cases every year in China. The content analysis of websites aimed to assess the accuracy and quality of the information on scalds available on Chinese websites. Methods Using keywords related to scald in the most popular Chinese search engines, 19 sites were eventually selected for evaluation based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These websites were assessed on quality and content accuracy by using HONcode, DISCERN, and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) evaluation scales, and a modified evaluation system based on the system developed by J.D. Burgess. The evaluation was completed by a 5-person evaluation team. The subjective items were reviewed by five independent reviewers. The objective items were recorded by one reviewer, then another checked the results. Results Using “scald first aid,” “scald treatment,” and “scald blister” to search on Baidu, Sougou, and Haosou, a total of 180 websites were recorded. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 websites were obtained for assessment. Among them, 17 websites (89%) were established by commercial companies. Of the remaining two websites, one was created by a government agency and the other was created by a non-profit organization. The mean total HONcode score, DISCERN score, PEMAT (understandability) score, PEMAT (actionability) score, content accuracy score, and website quality score were 5.19 ± 1.09 out of 8; 52.63 ± 3.69 out of 80; 68%; 56%; 5.05 ± 1.47 out of 8; and 6.11 out of 12, respectively. The scores of the government agency website are better than that of commercial websites. Conclusion The websites established by government agencies and non-profit organizations are few, and most of the websites are established by commercial companies. Compared with the government agency website, these commercial websites contain many advertisements, and their website quality and accuracy need to be further improved.

Background: Telehealth is delivering health care services remote from healthcare facilities using telecommunications and virtual technology. Egypt is aiming to reach Universal Health Coverage; this increases the demand of telehealth in routine health services. Telehealth benefits are increasing access to expertise in difficultly reached geographical areas with no available medical teams and may be used as fast first aid. It could also minimize costs of hospitals, as patients can be monitored remotely even from home. As for barriers, especially in developing countries, are the unavailable infrastructure and the resistance of patients. Objective: To measure the awareness of telehealth among attendees of primary health care units and their acceptance of application of telehealth. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study among attendees of primary health units. A sample size was calculated to be 162. A valid Arabic interview questionnaire was designed, and 170 questionnaires were filled by attendees. Ethical issues were considered. Results: Awareness percentage of telehealth among attendees was 64.7% while willingness to implement telehealth was 78%. Both awareness and willingness were significantly associated with age groups, residence, socioeconomic status and presence of computer with net access. Conclusion: It is concluded that a large percentage of attendees to primary health care centers are aware of telehealth and are willing to implement it. The major cause of refusal to implement telehealth was due ignorance of using telecommunication devices and the desire to be in close contact with the physicians.

When we fall sick, we seek professional medical assistance if situations warrant. Medical diagnostic processes are usually based on signs, symptoms and laboratory investigations. Some patients respond to treatment while others react (or are allergic) to treatment. Substances or drugs that cause allergies are called Allergens. Allergies, when not managed, can be chaotic to human health. Considering these scenarios and a lot of others, an expert system (ES) for differential symptoms-based diagnosis and drug allergy management comes in handy. This paper implements ‘Dr. Flynxz – A First Aid Mamdani-Sugeno-type Fuzzy Expert System for Differential Symptoms-Based Diagnosis’. It also introduced three novel algorithms that were used to implement Dr. Flynxz’s Ailment Prediction (Forward Chaining Approach and Backward Chaining Approach) and Allergy Management mechanisms. A comparison of the proposed FMI Ailments Prediction Algorithm with ada 2.37.2 (a rule based approach) and fuzzy logic both confirm Dr. Flynxz’s prediction. Experimental results indicate performance improvement in terms of prediction accuracy. The implemented system can be useful in the area of medical diagnosis and allergy management while the proposed algorithms will be useful in the development of Mamdani-Sugeno-type fuzzy inference systems.

Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is a globally disseminated course that trains members of the public to recognize and respond to mental health issues in their communities. Although substantial evidence suggests that MHFA training is associated with positive changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intent, little is known about how MHFA trainee-delivered aid supports mental health needs. This systematic review sought to summarize the extant research evaluating MHFA trainees' helping behaviors and the impacts of these behaviors on people experiencing a mental health problem (i.e., recipients).Electronic databases were searched for MHFA evaluations published before or on March 9, 2021. Studies that evaluated at least one outcome related to trainee helping behavior or recipient mental health were included in the synthesis. Outcomes were organized into three categories: trainee use of MHFA skills, helpfulness of trainees' actions, and recipients' mental health. Only studies that compared pre- and posttraining outcomes, included a control group, and directly evaluated MHFA were used to assess its efficacy.The search identified 31 studies, nine of which met criteria to assess MHFA efficacy. The findings of the nine studies indicated that MHFA had mixed effects on trainees using the skills taught in the course and no effects on the helpfulness of trainees' actions or on recipient mental health.The findings indicate that there is insufficient current evidence that MHFA improves the helping behaviors of trainees or the mental health of those receiving helping behaviors. They highlight a crucial research gap that should be prioritized as MHFA continues to grow in popularity.

Burn injuries contribute significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to document the pattern of presentation and outcome of pediatric burn injury in Enugu. Methods All children with burn injuries over a 7-year period (June 2011 to May 2018) and were managed at three tertiary health institutions, were studied. Information including their socio-demographics, clinical features and treatment outcome were obtained and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Results 198 out of 201 records were available for analysis. Most (186; 93.9%) burn injuries occurred at home. Hot liquid (112; 56.7%) was the commonest cause of burn injury. A lot of substances were\used topically for first aid, raw eggs (52; 31%) being the commonest. The outcome had significant association with cause of injury, depth of injury, total burn surface area (TBSA), and inhalation injury. Most were safely discharged home while a total of thirteen (6.6%) children died. LA50 was 54.87%, while the maximum TBSA salvaged was 65%. Conclusion Burn injuries in children in this environment remain a serious challenge in the face of widespread lack of awareness regarding safe practices in handling hot and flammable items at home.

Background Cooling thermal burns with running water is a recommended first aid intervention. However, guidance on the ideal duration of cooling remains controversial and inconsistent across organisations. Aim To perform a systematic review of the evidence for the question; Among adults and children with thermal burn, does active cooling using running water as an immediate first aid intervention for 20 minutes or more, compared with active cooling using running water for any other duration, change the outcomes of burn size, burn depth, pain, adverse outcome (hypothermia) or complications? Method We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and used ROBINS-I to assess for risk of bias. We used Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology for determining the certainty of evidence. We included all studies that compared the selected outcomes of the duration of cooling of thermal burns with water in all patient ages. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021180665). From 560 screened references, we included four observational studies. In these studies, 48% of burns were cooled for 20 minutes or more. We found no benefit for a duration of 20 minutes or more of cooling when compared with less than 20 minutes of cooling for the outcomes of size and depth of burn, re-epithelialization, or the need for skin grafting. The evidence is of very low certainty owing to limitations in study design, risk of bias and indirectness. Conclusion The optimal duration of cooling for thermal burns remains unknown and future prospective research is required to better define this treatment recommendation.

Introduction Road traffic accidents are among the leading causes of death in Uganda. Taxi operators are at a high risk of RTA and can potentially be first responders. This study, aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of first aid among taxi operators in the new taxi park, Kampala Uganda. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 among taxi drivers and conductors in the New Taxi Park, Kampala City, Uganda. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from taxi operators after informed consent. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were performed in STATA 16 to assess the association between first aid knowledge and demographics. P

BackgroundAmong all psychoactive substances, alcohol consumption presents the most significant public health problem and is a leading risk factor for overall disease burden in Latin America. However, most people who meet criteria for a substance use disorder do not receive treatment in primary or secondary care sources. Community members can play a role in helping people to seek help as they are likely to encounter people experiencing problem drinking and recognize the signs. However, many do not have adequate mental health first aid knowledge or skills to provide help. We aimed to culturally adapt the existing English-language mental health first aid guidelines for helping someone with problem drinking for Argentina and Chile.MethodsThe Delphi consensus method was used to determine the importance of helping actions translated from the English-language guidelines and to add new actions suggested by expert panellists. The importance of each statement was rated by two expert panels. Panel one included people with lived experience (either their own or as a support person, n = 23) recruited in Argentina and panel two included health professionals (n = 31) recruited in Argentina and Chile.ResultsOverall, 165 helping actions were endorsed by panellists across two consecutive survey rounds. Endorsed items included 132 of the 182 items translated into Spanish from the English-language guidelines and 33 of the 61 new items generated from panellists’ comments in the first survey round.ConclusionsWhile there were some similarities in recommended helping actions between English-speaking countries, and Argentina and Chile, key differences were seen in attitudes to low-risk drinking. While there was a relatively high level of agreement between health professionals and people with lived experience, some divergence of opinion was seen, particularly in the area of commitment to recovery as a condition for help. Future research should explore the implementation of the guidelines.

The article is devoted tourgent conditionsat diabetes mellitus.Describes the reasons for the developmentof coma, especially theirdiagnosis,clinical picture, classificationand principles of first aid at theprehospital care., Статья посвящена неотложным состояниям при сахарном диабете. Описаны причины развития коматозных состояний, особенности их диагностики, клиническая картина, классификация и принципы оказания неотложной помощи на догоспитальном этапе., Статтяприсвяченаневідкладним станамприцукровомудіабеті. Описаніпричинирозвиткукоматознихстанів, особливостіїхдіагностики, клінічнакартина, класифікаціята принципи наданняневідкладної допомогинадогоспітальномуетапі.

In the article, the authors present an analysis of published data on international scientific community thought about the issue of care for acute stroke and the need for stroke centers, suggest an approximate description of stroke centers that are recommended for introduction in Kyiv and Ukraine. Description consists of the general provisions, the main tasks of the center, functions, center management, recommendations for specialized centers for the treatment of stroke (emergency diagnostics, general examination and treatment of complications of a stroke).

Maxillofacial trauma is a common presentation in veterinary medical practice. Accurate assessment, diagnostics, pain management, and finally repair are tenants to treatment. In addition to typical tenants for fracture repair, the restoration of occlusion and return to function (eating, drinking, grooming) are unique to trauma management in these patients. Options for repair include conservative management (tape muzzles), noninvasive repair techniques (interdental wiring and composite splinting), and invasive repair techniques (interfragmentary wiring and plate and screw fixation).

Untreated mental illness as a result of trauma is a significant health concern leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Individuals in post-conflict countries, like Uganda, are at risk for poor mental health outcomes because of trauma as a result of decades of violent conflict coupled with a lack of access to quality psychological care. Community-based psychological service delivery programs, like Mental Health First Aid (MHFA), have been found to be effective in helping individuals with mental and emotional problems access care. However, little is known about the cultural adaptations needed and implementation considerations of these kinds of community programs for under-resourced nations. This case study describes key considerations for the implementation of the MHFA curriculum in various regions throughout the country of Uganda. Specifically, this case study gathered observations while implementing MHFA and highlights challenges, such as cultural adaptability and country infrastructure, that must be addressed when attempting to implement Western mental health curricula in non-Western nations, like Uganda. Recommendations for the use of psychological service delivery programs in developing countries are presented. If incorporated, these recommendations will serve to increase access to mental health services in the regions of the world that need them most. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Suicide is among the leading causes of death among people aged 15 to 29 worldwide. Healthcare professionals interact with people at risk of suicide regularly, yet mental health and crisis first aid training is lacking in curricula. Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training teaches crucial communication and crisis first aid skills and is increasingly recognised as integral to healthcare education. This study aimed to explore the extent of, as well as barriers and enablers to MHFA training delivery and assessment in Australian medical, nursing and pharmacy curricula. Methods All accredited Australian medical, nursing and pharmacy program providers were identified through Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency and National Boards websites and invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. A purpose-designed interview guide explored if and how MHFA training was delivered and assessed in curricula, as well as perceptions of and barriers and enablers to MHFA training. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim, allowing for deductive content analysis to compare MHFA training provision across programs. Results Of 75 invited program providers, 36 (48%; 13 medical, 13 nursing and 10 pharmacy) participated, of which 15 representatives (42%; six medical, two nursing and six pharmacy) reported providing MHFA training to students. Differences in mandating training, year level of students completing training, type of training delivered and source of MHFA instructors were identified. Barriers to MHFA implementation included perceived adequacy of existing curricula, lack of funding and time, while facilitators included perceived benefit and availability of funding. Conclusion MHFA training is provided to more than one third of medical, nursing and pharmacy students in Australia. Increased funding may facilitate the integration of MHFA as a minimum standard of mental health training for future healthcare professionals. Further research exploring the effectiveness of MHFA in improving behaviours and its impact on patient outcomes is warranted. Trial registration This study was approved by the University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee [Project number: 2020/087].

During the first year of the project, the smart uniform has been studied and designed. The prototype is composed of two layers: the external protective and performant uniform for first responders (FR), composed of a jacket and trousers, and then smart underwear with a T-shirt and leggings to be worn under the rescuer’s professional uniform. The model of the uniform is designed according to the anatomy of the body to be more comfortable and protective. In order to address gender-specific needs, the research project studied two different models according to the anatomy of the male and female body, even though this was not specified and requested in the DoA. The prototypes have been developed taking into account the Italian sample sizes: size L (50-52 IT) for the men’s uniform, size S (38-40 IT) for the women’s one. The design of the uniform is “user centered”, taking into account the human anatomy, functional and psycho-physical needs of the first responders and the characteristics of the disaster scenarios. In order to highly protect the FR during the rescue activity the uniform is made of different innovative, protective and performant materials. The fabric mainly used is the Jackal textile, produced by Textil Santanderina, chosen for its excellent mechanical and chemical properties combined with its sustainable characteristics. Moreover, in critical points of the body (elbows, shoulders, knees), the textile is improved with an additional custom fiberglass textile layer in order to give extra protection against abrasion. Also, removable flexible 3D printed protections are implemented in these critical points to ensure improved protection against shocks. Polymer-based, custom-designed sensors monitoring the health status of the first responder are embedded in the smart underwear, as they require tight contact of the sensors on the skin: Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes in the T-shirt, Electromyogram (EMG) electrodes and strain sensors for joint angles estimation in the leggings. Other sensors measuring environmental parameters, such as the concentration of both toxic and explosive gases (by a commercial multi-gas detector) and the X-radiation dose (by a polymeric sensor), are placed in different external pockets of the protective uniform.

Introductions:Pre-hospital care, especially for severe trauma which contributes to reduce the risk of morbidities and mortalities. We conducted a study for having an over view of the situation of pre-hospital emergency in Hanoi city through traumatic patients have been treated at Dong Da General Hospital, one of the second level hospitals in Hanoi. Materials and methods:All traumatic patients have been admitted at the emergency department of Dong Da General Hospital during the period from March 2022 to October 2022, regardless of gender, age, had complete medical records, and including severe cases were discharged to die or dead in hospital. Data were collected by Epidata 3.1 and processed using SPSS 20.0 software. Results: Characteristics of target population: A total of 236 cases of traumatic patients were enrolled, of them, the ISS scores in the mild range accounted for the majority of 97.0%; Lesion located in limbs and pelvis accounts for the largest proportion of 43.1%. Current situation of pre-hospital care: Patients who did not receive first aid before coming to the hospital accounted for 71.6%, the first aid people were mainly accompanied by the person next to patient at the scene (65.7%). Transportation by ambulance accounts for only 1.7%, the average waiting time was 4.54 7.68 minutes. Patients receiving first aid to step Disability (D) accounted for the largest proportion with 59.7%, 34.3% of patients received first aid to step Exposure (E). Wound washing and bandaging are the two most commonly used techniques, accounting for 28.6%, with 1 patient requiring CPR accounting for 1.0%. Conclusions and recommendations:Through the study of pre-hospital care for trauma showed that most patients were initially managed by the person accompanying the patient. A low percentage of ambulance transportation can be potentially high risk for the patient. We recommend strengthening the network of collaborators and communities for pre-hospital care in emergency.

The topic of this bachelor thesis is dedicated to the importance of first aid kits at home and automobile environment. The home first aid kits and car first aid kids are very important when first aid is needed and the general public should know about its content and use. Theoretical part of this thesis is focused on specific situations when first aid is needed and the content of first aid kits at home and in cars. Three goals were set for a research purposes: 1. To conduct a survey of content of first aid kits at home and in automobile non-professional environment. 2. To find out knowledge of non-professionals about ways how to use content of first aid kits at home or in cars. 3. To map possible shortage of content of first aid kits at home or in cars. To fulfil these goals, answers to research questions in quantitative research process, questioning method and technique of half-structured interview, were used. The representative sample is formed from people with different education, gender and ethnic group. The research discovered lack of some content in first aid kits at home and in car and also in its usage. The research has found that general public is not informed enough about this topic. Based on this research an informational leaflet for general public has been made, which contains a list of basic content of first aid kits and important recommendation. Also a concept has been created for the use of tourniquet, which is a main problem for general public in area of use first aid kits.

Στο παρόν σύγγραμμα θα αναπτυχθεί η τραυματολογία του άνω άκρου (ώμος, βραχίονας, αγκώνας, αντιβράχιο, καρπός, χέρι), συμπεριλαμβανομένων των κακώσεων οστών, αρθρώσεων, μυών, τενόντων, συνδέσμων, αγγείων, νεύρων & δερματικών ελλειμμάτων, σε ενήλικες & παιδιά. Μετά την παρουσίαση της ανατομίας του άνω άκρου (ΑΑ), των βασικών μηχανισμών του τραύματος (μαλακών μορίων & σκελετού) και της εμβιομηχανικής των καταγμάτων, θα παρατεθεί • η διαγνωστική προσέγγιση των κακώσεων του ΑΑ • τα κλινικά προβλήματα ανάλογα με τον τραυματισμένο ιστό και την ηλικία • οι θεραπευτικές επιλογές (πρώτες βοήθειες, τοποθέτηση ναρθήκων και συντηρητική θεραπεία, χειρουργικές θεραπεία & ελάχιστα παρεμβατικές τεχνικές) • οι επιπλοκές • η αποκατάσταση Το τραύμα του ΑΑ είναι ιδιαίτερα συχνό, με ποικίλη βαρύτητα -από απλές κακώσεις και διατομές στοιχείων μέχρι βαριές μικτές κακώσεις και ακρωτηριασμούς- και αποτελεί συχνή αιτία αναπηρίας. Η έγκαιρη & σωστή διάγνωση και αντιμετώπιση εξασφαλίζουν το βέλτιστο λειτουργικό αποτέλεσμα και την αποφυγή των επιπλοκών, ενώ η ενημέρωση σχετικά με τις νεότερες τεχνικές αποκατάστασης συντελεί στην καλύτερη δυνατή έκβαση. Επίσης, θα δοθεί έμφαση στην παρουσίαση κλινικών σειρών, καθώς και τεχνικών αποκατάστασης (μη χειρουργικών & χειρουργικών) με πλούσιο φωτογραφικό υλικό, με σκοπό την εκπαίδευση των φοιτητών ιατρικής (προπτυχιακό επίπεδο), ειδικευόμενων ιατρών (μεταπτυχιακό επίπεδο) αλλά και τη συνεχιζόμενη εκπαίδευση των ιατρών διαφορετικών ειδικοτήτων (ορθοπαιδικών, τραυματολόγων, επείγουσας ιατρικής, νευροχειρουργικής, φυσιατρικής, αθλητιατρικής), επαγγελματιών υγείας (νοσηλευτών, φυσικοθεραπευτών) & προπονητών στα πλαίσια δια βίου μάθησης. Τέλος, θα παρατεθούν εκπαιδευτικά video με επίδειξη τεχνικών τοποθέτησης ναρθήκων και πρώτων βοηθειών στην αντιμετώπιση του τραύματος ΑΑ και επειγουσών/απειλητικών για τη ζωή κακώσεων ΑΑ, τα οποία είναι απαραίτητα για την εξ αποστάσεως διδασκαλία διδασκαλία στις σημερινές συνθήκες της πανδημίας.

Vertaisarvioitu. • Terrorististen iskujen ja muiden joukkosurmien määrä on lisääntynyt Euroopassa ja Suomessa 2000-luvulla. • Poliisi ja muut turvallisuusviranomaiset ovat panostaneet merkittävästi ratkaisumallien kehittämiseen näitä tilanteita varten. • Terveydenhuollon pitää osallistua joukkosurmatilanteiden moniammatillisen vasteen kehittämiseen ja parantaa lääketieteellistä valmiutta. • Toimintavalmiutta parantavat esimerkiksi potilasluokittelujärjestelmät ja taktisen lääketieteen toimintamallit ensihoidossa ja päivystyksessä.

Māszinības Veselības aprūpe Nursing Studies Health Care Bakalaura darba nosaukums ir “Skolotāju pieredze un izpratne pirmās palīdzības sniegšanā traumu gadījumos skolas vidē”. Darba autore Monika Blumbaha. Bērni un pusaudži skolā pavada 25%-50% no sava dienas laika, kur daudzo grupu aktivitāšu dēļ ir vairāk pakļauti nejaušām traumām (Jaffe,2021). 2021.gadā reģistrēto traumu skaits kopā vecuma grupā no 5 līdz 19 gadiem bija 3358 gadījumi no kuriem 153 notikuši skolā vai izglītības zonā. Atskatoties uz 2010.g. reģistrēto traumu gadījumu skaits bija 3885, kur 444 norisinājās skolās (SPKC,2021). Pētījumā izvirzītais mērķis: noskaidrot skolotāju pieredzi un izpratni pirmās palīdzības sniegšanā traumu gadījumos skolas vidē atkarībā no darba stāža. Pētījuma metode: neeksperimentāls kvantitatīvs korelatīvs šķērsgriezuma pētījums. Kopumā pētījumā piedalījās 211 skolotājas no X vispārizglītojošu dienu skolām, kur skolotājas aizpildīja elektroniski izstrādātu aptauju. Instrumentārijs: anketa, kura sastāv no trijām daļām – sociāldemogrāfisko un vispārēju datu daļas, informācija par pieredzi un zināšanām pirmās palīdzības sniegšanā un testa jautājumi daļas par pirmās palīdzības sniegšanu. Rezultāti: Izvirzītā hipotēze par darba stāžu un izpratni neapstiprinājās, jo netika atrasta nozīmīga saistība , taču hipotēze par darba stāžu un pieredzi apstiprinājās, kur tika novērota vidēji spēcīga, statistiski nozīmīga, pozitīva saistība. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no 29 lappusēm (līdz pielikumam), 13 pielikumi un 20 attēli. Darbā izmantoti 28 literatūras avoti no kuriem seši ir latviešu valodā un 22 angļu valodā. The title of the bachelor thesis is "Teachers' experience and understanding in providing first aid in case of injuries in the school environment". The author of the work is Monika Blumbaha. Children and adolescents spend 25%-50% of their daily time at school, where they are more prone to accidental injuries due to the many group activities (Jaffe, 2021). In 2021, the total number of injuries registered in the age group from 5 to 19 years was 3358 cases, of which 153 occurred in a school or educational zone. Looking back on 2010. the number of registered injury cases was 3,885, where 444 took place in schools (SPKC, 2021). The aim of the study: to find out the experience and understanding of teachers in providing first aid in cases of injuries in the school environment, depending on their seniority. Research Method: Non-experimental quantitative correlational cross-sectional study. In total, 212 female teachers from X general education day schools participated in the study, where the teachers filled out an electronically developed survey. Instrumentation: questionnaire, which consists of three parts - part of socio-demographic and general data, information on experience and knowledge in providing first aid and part of test questions on first aid. Results: The formulated hypothesis regarding work experience and understanding was not confirmed, as no significant relationship was found. However, the hypothesis regarding work experience and expertise was confirmed, where a moderately strong, statistically significant, positive relationship was observed. The bachelor thesis consists of 29 pages (up to the appendix), 13 appendices and 20 tables. The work uses 28 literary sources, six of which are in Latvian and 22 in English.

The bachelor thesis on the topic of Care for a patient with burns in pre-hospital emergency care is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part deals with the anatomy of the skin, its function and subsequently focused on the burns themselves, their classification, the procedure for providing both lay and urgent care. There is also the inhalation trauma, its division and therapy. Three goals were set for the bachelor thesis. The first objective was to map the knowledge of paramedics regarding the care of burn patients. The second objective was to find out the material and technical equipment suitable for the treatment of a patient with burns in the EMS vehicle. The third objective was to identify current trends in the care of a patient with burns. To achieve the results, a method of qualitative research using the technique of a semi-structured interview containing 10 open questions was used. The interview was recorded through handwritten notes. These interviews were conducted with 14 paramedics of the Emergency Medical Service of the South Bohemian Region. From each regional centre - Strakonice, Tábor, Český Krumlov, Jindřichův Hradec, Písek, Jindřichův Hradec and České Budějovice - 2 paramedics were selected. The results of the work say that the interviewed paramedics have enough knowledge in the issue of burns in pre-hospital emergency care, in which they are well oriented. At the end of the bachelor thesis, in addition to summarizing the results of the research and evaluating the fulfillment of goals, my recommendations for the current practise of paramedics are also mentioned.

The thesis is focused on teaching first aid at the first level of primary school. I'm presenting the latest first aid methods in the theoretical part. Furthermore, the thesis deals with how first aid is thought of in the framework curriculum for primary education. There is also a mention of the skills of younger school age pupils from a developmental psychology perspective. It also discusses appropriate methods and form of teaching to help teachers in presenting first aid. The practical part of the thesis deals with the readiness and unreadiness of graduates of the Faculty of Education of Charles University to teach first aid. Through a questionnaire, I'm investigating whether students would welcome first aid teaching as a compulsory subject, and what they feel insecure about when teaching first aid. I also suggest a week-long thematic lecture and proven methods and forms of work. The results of research are presented, evaluating whether students who have received thematic first aid instruction are more likely to remember and be able to administer first aid than students who have not participated. The research shows that pupils who have received thematic teaching actually remember more, even after a year of receiving this lesson. The questionnaire also shows that students, graduates and teachers do...

Basic life support (BLS) is one of the most efficient ways to improve out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims’ outcomes. Resuscitation initiated by a random witness of OHCA is essential to increase the chances of survival. To assess the impact of BLS training in cardiac patients on knowledge about first aid for OHCA. The study group consisted of 68 participants who completed a questionnaire prior to BLS training. Forty-three of them then filled out the same questionnaire again after the BLS course. Participants’ knowledge was assessed with a self-designed questionnaire, which comprised 41 questions divided into six domains, namely legal aspects, resuscitation technique, resuscitation algorithm, knowledge about using an automated external defibrillator (AED), “calling for help” knowledge and identifying sudden cardiac arrest. The average score before the BLS course was lower compared with final results (43.8% ± 15.6% vs. 68.6% ± 22.7% [% of max. score], p = 0.001). The best scores, both before and after the BLS course, were gained in the “calling for help” knowledge (79.5% ± 33.5% vs. 80.4% ± 17.4% [% of max. score], p = 0.5) and “knowledge about using AEDs” domains (62.4% ± 35.2% vs. 74.7% ± 29.3% [% of max. score], p = 0.1). Patients who completed first aid courses gained better scores in the “knowledge about using an AED” domain (93.3% ± 14.9% vs. 58.6% ± 35.4% [% of max. score], p = 0.02). No differences between the other domains and overall scores were reported (total score: 48% ± 12% vs. 42% ± 17.5% [% of max. score], p = 0.5). General knowledge about BLS is poor. BLS training in cardiac patients improves knowledge about first aid for OHCA. Education and hands-on training are crucial to improve outcomes.

The Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, together with the Prague 10 Youth House organises science camps outside Prague and in Prague, at Faculty of Science, every year. All camp leaders must be trained in occupational health and safety (OSH) before the start of the camp to ensure maximum safety of all participants. So far, temporary material has been used for training, a presentation that did not fully meet the requirements of the camp management. Therefore, the aim of the work was to develop suitable didactic materials for OSH training for leaders at science camps. The theoretical part of the thesis compares presentations on OSH available on internet, which however proved to be unsuitable for the required purpose. The practical part describes the developer products, didactic materials, which can be found in the appendixes. These are a guideline that is primarily intended for the trainer and three presentations that are intended for face-to-face training. The guideline serves as a help for trainers who will offer the training in OSH.

Η παρούσα εργασία ασχολείται με το θεσμό της σχολικής νοσηλευτικής στη πρωτοβάθμια και δευτεροβάθμια εκπαίδευση αλλά και τις πρώτες βοήθειες που μπορεί να παρέχει ο σχολικός νοσηλευτής. Καθώς, η σχολική νοσηλευτική αποτελεί ένας πολύ σημαντικό κλάδο της νοσηλευτικής για το λόγο ότι αφορά την υγεία, που αποτελεί το υπέρτατο αγαθό στη ζωή ενός ανθρώπου. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναδεικνύεται ο σκοπός της σχολικής νοσηλευτικής αλλά και ο σημαντικός ρόλος του σχολικού νοσηλευτή, καθώς και τα καθήκοντα της θέσης που κατέχει. Ακολουθεί η ιστορική αναδρομή των υπηρεσιών υγείας που παρέχουν οι νοσηλευτές στα σχολεία και αναδεικνύεται η σημαντικότητά τους. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο θίγεται το ζήτημα των πρώτων βοηθειών που παρέχονται στους μαθητές των δύο βαθμίδων τη στιγμή που τις χρειάζονται ώστε να διασφαλιστεί η σωματική αλλά και η ψυχική τους ακεραιότητα. Συμπερασματικά ο ρόλος του σχολικού νοσηλευτή θεωρείται πολύ σημαντικός στην εκπαίδευση καθώς τα σχολεία επηρεάζουν σε μεγάλο βαθμό τα αποτελέσματα στην υγεία και στην εκπαίδευση, διότι καθορίζουν τόσο τη μελλοντική ευημερία όσο και την οικονομική παραγωγικότητα των πληθυσμών συμβάλλοντας στην βελτίωση τόσο της Δημόσιας Υγείας όσο και της εκπαίδευσης., This paper deals with the institution of school nursing in primary and secondary education, but also the first aid that the school nurse can provide. As, school nursing is a very important branch of nursing for the reason that it concerns health, which is the supreme good in a person's life. In the first chapter, the purpose of school nursing is highlighted, as well as the important role of the school nurse, as well as the duties of the position he holds. Following is the historical review of the health services provided by nurses in schools and their importance is highlighted. In the second chapter, the issue of first aid provided to the students of the two levels at the moment they need it is touched upon in order to ensure their physical and mental integrity. In conclusion, the role of the school nurse is considered very important in education as schools greatly influence the results in health and education, because they determine both the future well-being and the economic productivity of populations, contributing to the improvement of both Public Health and education., Σε συνεργασία με: Κοινωνικής Διοίκησης και Πολιτικής Επιστήμης (Δημοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θράκης)

The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge of students of 3rd and 4th year, the Medical Lyceum and the Practical Nurse, in pre-medical first aid. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the concept of first aid including its division and aims. The integrated rescue system of the Czech Republic is also mentioned here. Moreover, it describes the correct procedure of pre-medical first aid in selected situations. Its practical part is devoted to finding out the knowledge of the Secondary Medical School students in Pardubice about first aid. Data collection was carried out using an anonymous questionnaire survey, which included 17 questions and 3 model situations. The questionnaire was used to determine theoretical knowledge about first aid and knowledge in solving specific model situations. A total of 80 students were surveyed. Subsequent data were processed and evaluated. It was found that the 4th year students performed better overall in specific model situations. The Practical Nurse showed better results in specific model situations overall. According to the number of correct answers from the questionnaire, the 3rd year had a better result overall. Recommendations for practice were made according to the results of the survey. The results of my work showed that it is important for...

The theoretical part of this thesis first deals with the anatomy of an upper extremity, then it provides an introduction into traumatology, where a reader learns about amputation injuries, particularly about the types of amputation injury and the elementary first aid in such injuries. Further on it concentrates on the pre-surgery preparation for patients with indication to replantation, the course of the operation, post-surgery care and nursing care for patients after replantation in the upper extremity. The goal of this bachelor thesis was to examine the specifics of the nursing care for patients after replantation in the upper extremity. Nurses caring about such patients have numerous uneasy tasks, which they have to fulfil dutifully and with consideration. To be able to provide these patients with the care corresponding with the standards of nursing care, nurses have to have sufficient knowledge, which was the second goal examined within this thesis. Quantitative methodology was chosen for the achievement of these goals in the practical part. Semi-structured interviews related to the research questions were prepared. The survey sample set consisted of nurses working at the department where amputation injuries are sent most often, the trauma surgery department. We found out that if nurses are not sure how to proceed in the care and do not know the exact principles, they either turn to a physician or to a more experienced colleague. The school curriculum in terms of replantation seems insufficient. As summarization and revision of procedures have their importance, preparation of a seminar Nursing Care for Patients after Replantation in the Upper Extremity appears to be reasonable and helpful for nurses providing care to patients with these problems.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of first aid education at the second stage of elementary schools. The aim of the thesis was to create a set of tasks that the teacher can use as a part of the students' independent work during the time when the teacher is working with other students during practical training. The first part of the thesis contains a general overview of the importance of first aid, the integration of first aid in curricular documents at elementary schools and the possibilities of teaching first aid, including organizational forms, methods and didactic tools for teaching first aid in schools. The second part deals with the creation of worksheets with tasks and their evaluation. A total of 9 different types of tasks were created in 4 variants, which were then grouped into 4 worksheets. The assessment of the applicability of the tasks in practice was carried out in the form of an evaluation questionnaire, in terms of comprehensibility, difficulty and entertainment. The results show that the created tasks meet the above-mentioned characteristics at an appropriate level - the pupils rated them as comprehensible, reasonably challenging and entertaining. In addition to a set of worksheets, the work also includes solutions to individual tasks, including an indication of the average...

Back ground: Childhood injury is a significant public health problem in terms of morbidity, mortality and lifelong disability. Aim: to evaluate the effect of social media- based nursing intervention on enhancing mothers’ awareness of home accidents and first aids for children during COVID-19 lockdown. Design: A quasi-experimental design (pre-post) test used and conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire through using Google Form to mothers in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Sample: A purposive sample of 120 mothers obtained from social media such as Facebook and WhatsApp groups. Tools: A structured questionnaire for mothers; it includes four parts: Mothers' demographic data, mothers' general knowledge of home accidents predisposing factors and prevention methods, mothers' reported practice & attitude regarding home accidents first aids measures and social media based nursing intervention characteristics. Results: The study findings revealed that mothers had a higher mean score of knowledge and practical knowledge post intervention compared to pre-intervention for poisoning, wound/fracture, burn, and choking. There was positive correlation between mothers’ total knowledge scores and total practical knowledge scores at the 0.01 level of significance about home accidents prevention and first aid measures post intervention. Conclusion: the study concluded that implementation of social media-based nursing intervention achieved significant improvements in the mothers’ knowledge, practices, and attitude regarding home accidents prevention and first aid measures during covid-19 lockdown. Recommendations: A social media-based intervention should be carefully planned and implemented as a new teaching method for proving health issues to mothers.

Background People who experience traumatic events have an increased risk of developing a range of mental disorders. Appropriate early support from people in a person’s social network may help to prevent the onset of a mental disorder or minimize its severity. Mental health first aid guidelines for assisting people who have experienced traumatic events have been developed for high-income English-speaking countries. However, they may not be appropriate for use in China due to cultural and health care system differences. The aim of this study was to develop culturally appropriate guidelines for people providing mental health first aid to people affected by traumatic events in China. Methods A Delphi expert consensus study was conducted with two panels of experts in mainland China. Experts recruited to the panels included 32 professionals with expertise in the treatment of people affected by traumatic events and 31 people with lived experience of trauma or their carers. Panel members were sent a Chinese translation of the questionnaire used for developing English-language mental health first aid guidelines. This contained 168 items describing how to help people experiencing a potentially traumatic event. Panelists were asked to rate the importance of each statement for inclusion in the Chinese guidelines. They were also encouraged to suggest any additional statements that were not included in the original questionnaire. Statements were accepted for inclusion in the adapted guidelines if they were endorsed by at least 80% of each panel as very important or important. Results Consensus was achieved after three survey rounds on 134 statements for inclusion in the adapted guidelines for China, with 127 adopted from the guidelines for English-speaking countries and 7 new items from the comments of panelists. Conclusions While many of the statements are similar to the guidelines for English-speaking countries, the panelists adapted the guidelines to China’s context, including more detailed actions on how to discuss trauma and to help the person. These guidelines will be used to form the basis of a Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training course for China, aimed at educating the public in providing support and advice to a person who is experiencing a potentially traumatic event. Further research is needed to investigate the use of the guidelines by the Chinese public and the implementation of MHFA training in appropriate settings in China.

Introduction: Infant mortality is an important collective health data, as it is an indicator of the quality of care provided to mothers and children born alive in a certain territory. This study investigated the knowledge of puerperal women admitted to a public teaching hospital about sudden death syndrome in babies and its preventive measures, aiming to support the development of educational and preventive measures at hospital level. Material and methods: This was a quantitative-qualitative and descriptive study carried out in the context of a Multiprofessional Residency in Health program in urgency and emergency setting of a public teaching hospital in the countryside of Paraná, Brazil. The study sample consisted of all mediate puerperal women admitted to the maternity ward of the referred hospital from October to December 2019. Semi-structured interviews with an average duration of ten minutes were carried out using a semi-directed script based on the recommendations for prevention of sudden death of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Results/discussion: A total of 61 puerperal women were included in the study, who showed little knowledge about sudden infant death syndrome and risky behaviors involved, such as positioning the baby on the side, using pillows, and sharing the bed with the baby. Ease of care, easier supervision, and physical and emotional comfort were the main reasons pointed out for bed sharing with the baby. Conclusion: It is of utmost importance to educate parents and family members on sudden infant death and on the adoption of simple and effective preventive measures., Introdução: A mortalidade infantil é um importante dado de saúde pública, constituindo um indicador da qualidade dos cuidados prestados às mães e filhos nascidos vivos em determinado território. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o conhecimento de puérperas sobre morte súbita em lactentes e suas medidas preventivas, com o objetivo de informar o desenvolvimento de medidas educativas e preventivas a nível hospitalar.Material e métodos: Estudo qualitativo e descritivo da frequência de respostas realizado no âmbito de um programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde em contexto de urgência e emergência de um hospital de ensino público do interior do Paraná, Brasil. A amostra foi constituída por todas as puérperas mediatas que deram entrada na maternidade do referido hospital entre outubro e dezembro de 2019. Foram realizadas entrevistas com uma duração média de dez minutos utilizando um guia semiestruturado baseado nas recomendações de prevenção de morte súbita da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Resultados e discussão: Um total de 61 mulheres puérperas foram incluídas no estudo, que demonstraram um baixo nível de conhecimento sobre síndrome de morte súbita no lactente e comportamentos de risco, tais como posicionar o bebé de lado, usar almofadas, e partilhar a cama com o bebé. As principais razões apontadas para a partilha da cama com o bebé foram a maior facilidade do cuidado, maior supervisão e conforto físico e emocional.Conclusão: É fundamental educar pais e familiares sobre a morte súbita infantil e sobre a adoção de medidas simples e eficazes de prevenção da mesma.

his is the sixth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. This summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews include cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport; approach to resuscitation after drowning; passive ventilation; minimizing pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; temperature management after cardiac arrest; use of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest; use of vasopressin and corticosteroids during cardiac arrest; coronary angiography after cardiac arrest; public-access defibrillation devices for children; pediatric early warning systems; maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth; suctioning of amniotic fluid at birth; tactile stimulation for resuscitation immediately after birth; use of continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress at term birth; respiratory and heart rate monitoring in the delivery room; supraglottic airway use in neonates; prearrest prediction of in-hospital cardiac arrest mortality; basic life support training for likely rescuers of high-risk populations; effect of resuscitation team training; blended learning for life support training; training and recertification for resuscitation instructors; and recovery position for maintenance of breathing and prevention of cardiac arrest. Members from 6 task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and generated consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections, and priority knowledge gaps for future research are listed. This is the sixth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. This summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews include cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport; approach to resuscitation after drowning; passive ventilation; minimizing pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; temperature management after cardiac arrest; use of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest; use of vasopressin and corticosteroids during cardiac arrest; coronary angiography after cardiac arrest; public-access defibrillation devices for children; pediatric early warning systems; maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth; suctioning of amniotic fluid at birth; tactile stimulation for resuscitation immediately after birth; use of continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress at term birth; respiratory and heart rate monitoring in the delivery room; supraglottic airway use in neonates; prearrest prediction of in-hospital cardiac arrest mortality; basic life support training for likely rescuers of high-risk populations; effect of resuscitation team training; blended learning for life support training; training and recertification for resuscitation instructors; and recovery position for maintenance of breathing and prevention of cardiac arrest. Members from 6 task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and generated consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections, and priority knowledge gaps for future research are listed.