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[EN] Teacher training and the acquisition of teaching skills are essential elements in the professional development of any teacher and especially of novice teachers. The University of Barcelona (UB) is the only Spanish university that offers a master s degree aimed at training its new teaching staff, thus being a pioneering initiative in the field of Higher Education (HE) teacher training. The commitment that the Institute of Professional Development (IDP-ICE) of the UB made in 2009 by offering the Master s Degree in University Teaching for Novice Teachers continues to retain its usefulness and relevance, both within the UB and in the Catalan university context. The master s degree contributes to the professional development of university teachers as a strategy for improving HE teaching quality. It is taught in a blended format and develops various teaching skills, including digital skills. Teachers and professional experts from different fields collaborate in the teaching program, providing a multidisciplinary perspective to teacher training. The distinctive feature of the master s degree is the comprehensive system for evaluating the training process and the assessment of learning as a permanent and systematic process. Monitoring and assessment are carried out at various levels: the mentoring process, the construction and content of the digital teaching portfolio, the innovation project and its implementation, and the impact of the training in the educational context of each trainee., [ES] La formación en docencia y la adquisición de competencias docentes son elementos primordiales en el desarrollo profesional de cualquier profesor y, por supuesto, del profesorado novel. La Universidad de Barcelona (UB) es la única universidad española que ofrece un máster destinado a la formación de su profesorado novel, por lo que puede considerarse una iniciativa pionera en el campo de la formación docente universitaria. La apuesta que el Instituto de Desarrollo Profesional (IDP-ICE) de la UB hizo por esta formación en 2009, ofreciendo el Máster en Docencia Universitaria para Profesorado Novel, sigue conservando su utilidad y relevancia, tanto dentro de la UB como en el contexto universitario catalán. El máster es un título propio de la UB que contribuye al desarrollo profesional del profesorado universitario como estrategia de mejora de la calidad docente. Se imparte en modalidad semipresencial, e introduce las competencias docentes, entre ellas la competencia digital. En su impartición colaboran profesorado y expertos profesionales de distintos ámbitos de conocimiento, que aportan una mirada multidisciplinar a la formación. El rasgo distintivo del máster es el sistema integral de valoración del proceso de formación y de la evaluación de los aprendizajes, como un proceso permanente y sistemático. Se realiza el seguimiento y valoración a varios niveles: del proceso de mentoría, de la construcción y contenido del portafolio digital docente, del proyecto de mejora o innovación y su proceso de implementación, y del impacto de la formación en el contexto educativo de cada formando.

The purpose of this project is to design a didactic proposal for the subject of Spanish Language and Literature in 4th year of the Spanish compulsory secondary education, focusing on the development of citizenship skills through the situated cognition approach. To achieve this, a theoretical framework has been elaborated that explains the relevance of citizenship competence within the competency-based approach of the current educational law, as well as the role of the Sustainable Development Goals in the curriculum of the Spanish Language and Literature subject. The proposed unit establishes a connection between these aspects through the study of journalistic texts, allowing students to explore current social, cultural, and political issues. The methodology employed in this work is situated cognition, which posits that learning is meaningful when it is contextualized and based on authentic situations. This project stands out for its innovative approach, in line with the principles of the current Spanish educational law (LOMLOE), and its ability to address the specific curriculum content of the Spanish Language and Literature. By integrating relevant themes and fostering critical thinking skills, this proposal offers students an active and relevant learning experience. El propósito de este trabajo es diseñar una propuesta de intervención para la asignatura de Lengua Castellana y Literatura en cuarto de ESO, centrándose en el desarrollo de la competencia ciudadana a través del enfoque de la cognición situada. Para lograrlo, se ha elaborado un marco teórico que explica la relevancia de la competencia ciudadana en el enfoque basado en competencias de la ley educativa actual, así como el papel de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en el currículum de dicha asignatura. La situación de aprendizaje que se propone establece una conexión entre estos aspectos mediante el estudio de los textos periodísticos, que permiten a los estudiantes explorar temas sociales, culturales y políticos actuales. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, se emplea la metodología de la cognición situada, la cual sostiene que el aprendizaje es significativo cuando se contextualiza y se basa en situaciones reales y cercanas. Este proyecto se distingue por su enfoque innovador, en línea con los principios establecidos en la LOMLOE, y por su capacidad para abordar los saberes básicos de la asignatura de Lengua Castellana y Literatura. Al integrar temas relevantes y fomentar habilidades de pensamiento crítico, esta propuesta de intervención ofrece a los estudiantes una experiencia de aprendizaje activa y pertinente.

We compare the intergovernmental health system responses to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain, two countries where healthcare is managed at the regional level and the impact of the first wave was highly localized. However, whereas in Italy the regional government allowed for a passively accepted central level of coordination without restricting autonomy (“descentralised coordinantion”), in Spain, the healthcare system was de facto centralized under a “single command” (“hierarchical centralization”). We argue that the latter strategy crowded out incentives for information sharing, experimentation and regional participation in decision-making. This article documents evidence of important differences in health outcomes (infected cases and deaths) and outputs (regular and emergency hospital admissions) between the two countries, both at the national and regional levels. We then discuss several potential mechanisms to account for these differences. We find that given the strong localized impact of the pandemic, allowing more autonomy in Italy (compared to centralized governance in Spain) can explain some cross-country differences in outcomes and outputs.

The internal state of an animal, including homeostatic requirements, modulates its behavior. Negative energy balance stimulates hunger, thus promoting a range of actions aimed at obtaining food. While these survival actions are well established, the influence of the energy status on prosocial behavior remains unexplored. We developed a paradigm to assess helping behavior in which a free mouse was faced with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer. We measured the willingness of the free mouse to liberate the confined mouse under diverse metabolic conditions. Around 42% of ad libitum–fed mice exhibited a helping behavior, as evidenced by the reduction in the latencies to release the trapped cagemate. This behavior was independent of subsequent social contact reward and was associated with changes in corticosterone indicative of emotional contagion. This decision-making process was coupled with reduced blood glucose excursions and higher Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratios in the forebrain of helper mice, suggesting that it was a highly energy-demanding process. Interestingly, chronic (food restriction and type 2 diabetes) and acute (chemogenetic activation of hunger-promoting AgRP neurons) situations mimicking organismal negative energy balance and enhanced appetite attenuated helping behavior toward a distressed conspecific. To investigate similar effects in humans, we estimated the influence of glycated hemoglobin (a surrogate of long-term glycemic control) on prosocial behavior (namely charity donation) using the Understanding Society dataset. Our results evidenced that organismal energy status markedly influences helping behavior and that hypothalamic AgRP neurons are at the interface of metabolism and prosocial behavior.

Supplemental Material for Does money strengthen our social ties? longitudinal evidence of lottery winners by Joan Costa Font and Nattavudh Powdthaveez in Rationality and Society

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psw-10.1177_14789299221148355 for Participatory Institutions and Political Ideologies: How and Why They Matter? by Joan Font and Carlos Rico Motos in Political Studies Review

We examine the extent to which exposure to higher relative COVID-19 mortality (RM), influences health system trust (HST), and whether changes in HST influence the perceived ease of compliance with pandemic restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on evidence from two representative surveys covering all regions of 28 European countries before and after the first COVID-19 wave and using a difference in differences strategy together with Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM), we document that living in a region with higher RM during the first wave of the pandemic increased HST. However, the effect is driven by individuals over 45 years of age, and the opposite is true among younger cohorts. We find that a higher HST reduces the costs of complying with COVID-19 restrictions, but only so long as excess mortality does not exceed the average by more than 20%, at which point the ease of complying with COVID-19 restrictions significantly declines, offsetting the positive effect of trust in the healthcare system. Our interpretation of the estimates is that RM is interpreted as a risk signal among those over 45, and as a signal of health-care system failure among younger age individuals.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psw-10.1177_14789299221148355 for Participatory Institutions and Political Ideologies: How and Why They Matter? by Joan Font and Carlos Rico Motos in Political Studies Review

The proportion of people sleeping less than the daily-recommended hours has increased. Yet, we know little about the labour market returns to sleep. We use longitudinal data from Germany and exploit exogenous variation in sleep duration induced by time and local variations in sunset time. We find that a 1-hour increase in weekly sleep increases employment by 1.6 percentage points and weekly earnings by 3.4%. Most of this earnings effect comes from productivity improvements, while the number of working hours decreases with sleep time. We identify one mechanism driving these effects, namely the better mental health workers experience from sleeping more hours.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its mobility restrictions have been an external shock, influencing wellbeing. However, does risk exposure affect the welfare effect of lockdowns? This paper examines the 'welcomed lockdown' hypothesis, namely the extent to which there is a level of risk where mobility restrictions are not a hindrance to wellbeing. We exploit the differential timing of the effect of the pandemic across European countries, and the different stringency of lockdown to examine the effects on two mental health conditions, namely anxiety and depression. We examine whether differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression are explained by mortality and stringency of lockdown measures using ad event study that draws on Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM), Difference-in-Difference (DiD) and Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). Our estimates suggest an average increase in depression (3.95%) and anxiety (10%) symptoms relative to the mean level on the day that the lockdown took effect. However, such effects are wiped out when a country exhibits high mortality ('pandemic category 5'). Hence, we conclude that in an environment of high mortality, lockdowns no longer give rise to a reduction in well-being consistent with the 'welcome lockdown' hypothesis.

Ideological spillovers refer to the modification of an individual's core beliefs after learning about other people's beliefs. We study one specific international ideological spillover, namely, the effect of the unexpected election of a United States (US) president (Donald Trump on the 9th of November 2016), who openly questioned the so-called 'core liberal consensuses, on European's core political beliefs. Using a regression discontinuity design (RDD) around the election event, we show that the Trump presidential election (TPE) gave rise to a 'backlash effect'. That is, it steered core European beliefs in two specific domains, making Europeans more favourable to globalisation and international mobility (about 10% change in the overall Likert scale range of the statement that immigrants contribute to a country). Contrasting with the hypotheses of 'belief contagion', we do not find evidence that TPE steered illiberal beliefs. Furthermore, TPE improved (deteriorated) the view Europeans have of their own country (the United States).

Balancing caregiving duties and work can be both financially and emotionally burdensome, especially when care is provided to a spouse at home. This paper documents that financial respite for caregivers can influence individuals' early retirement decisions. We examine the effect of a reform extending long-term care (LTC) benefits (in the form of subsidies and supports) in Spain after 2007 on caregiving spouse's early retirement intention. We subsequently examine the effect of austerity spending cuts in 2012 reducing such publicly funded benefits, and we compare the estimates to the effects of an early retirement reform among private sector workers in 2013. We document evidence of a 10pp reduction in the early retirement intentions after the LTC reform even though the effect is heterogeneous by type of benefit. Consistently, austerity spending cuts in benefits are found to weaken retirement intentions. Our estimates suggest that cuts in caregiving subsidies exert a much stronger effect on early retirement intentions than actual early retirement reforms.

Individual preferences for 'ageing in place' (AIP) in old age are not well understood. One way to test the strength of AIP preference is to investigate the effect of health shocks on residential mobility to smaller size or value dwellings, which we refer to as 'housing downsizing'. This paper exploits more than a decade worth of longitudinal data to study older people's housing decisions across a wide range of European countries. We estimate the effect of health shocks on the probability of different proxies for housing downsizing (residential mobility, differences in home value, home value to wealth ratio), considering the potential endogeneity of the health shock to examine the persistence of AIP preferences. Our findings suggest that consistently with the AIP hypothesis, every decade of life, the likelihood of downsizing decreases by two percentage points (pp). However, the experience of a health shock partially reverts such culturally embedded preference for AIP by a non- negligible magnitude on residential mobility (9pp increase after the onset of a degenerative illness, 9.3pp for other mental disorders and 6.5pp for ADL), home value to wealth ratio and the new dwelling's size (0.6 and 1.2 fewer rooms after the onset of a degenerative illness or a mental disorder). Such estimates are larger in northern and central European countries.

We study the effect of long-term care (LTC) subsidies and supports on the wellbeing of unpaid caregivers. We draw on evidence from a policy intervention, that universalized previously means-tested caregiving supports in Scotland, known as free personal care (FPC). We document causal evidence of an increase in the well-being (happiness) of unpaid carers after the introduction of FPC. Our estimates suggest economically relevant improvements in the happiness (12pp increase in subjective wellbeing) among caregivers exposed to FPC and that provide at least 35 hours of care per week. Consistently, these results are larger among women and non-actively employed caregivers (17pp increase in happiness). Estimates are not driven by selection into caregiving (we find similar wellbeing effects among caregivers at baseline and caregivers throughout the sample), and are driven by income effects of FPC among caregivers.

Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more than ever on such protective decisions. This paper examines the causal effect of LE on some protective health behaviors and a number of decisions regarding forgoing health care using individual differences in LE. We use data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and we draw on an instrumental variable strategy exploiting individual level information on parental age at death. Consistent with the

Are workplace smoking bans (WSBs) more than a ban on smoking? We study whether WSBs influence smoking cessation and exert behavioural spillover effects on (i) a number of health behaviours, and (ii) on individuals not directly affected by the bans. Drawing upon quasi-experimental evidence from Russia (a country where about half of the population smokes), which introduced a WBS (in addition to a smoking ban on public places), and adopting a difference-in-differences (DiD) strategy, which compares employed individuals (exposed to the work and public place ban) to those unemployed (exposed only to the ban in public places), we document three sets of findings. First, unlike previous studies (focusing on smoking bans in public places), we find robust evidence that WSBs increase smoking cessation in 2.9 percentage points (pp) among men. Second, we find that upon the WSB, quitters are less likely to use alcohol (6.7pp reduction among men and 3.5 pp among women), reduce their alcohol consumption (10 percent among men) and increase their physical activity (in 4.3 percentage points among men). WSBs are found to influence health behaviours of those not directly affected by the reform, such as never smokers. Our findings are consistent with a model of joint formation of health behaviours, and suggest of the needs to account for a wider set of spillover effects when estimating the welfare effect of WSBs.

Longevity expectations (LE) are subjective assessments of future health status that can influence a number of individual health protective decisions. This is especially true during a pandemic such as COVID-19, as the risk of ill health depends more than ever on such protective decisions. This paper exploits differences in LE to examine the causal effect of LE on protective health behaviours and a number of decisions around access to health care, using data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We draw on an instrumental variable strategy exploiting individual level information on parental age at death. Consistent with the too healthy to be sick hypothesis, we find that individuals with higher expected longevity are more likely to engage in protective behaviours, and are less likely to forgo medical treatment. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in expected longevity increases the probability to comply always with social distancing by 0.6%, to meet people less often by 0.4% and decreases the probability to forgo any medical treatment by 0.6%. Our estimates vary depending on the availability of health care, as well as individuals' gender and pre-existing health conditions.

The proportion of people sleeping less than the daily-recommended hours has increased. Yet, we know little about the labour market returns to sleep. We use longitudinal data from Germany and exploit exogenous variation in sleep duration induced by time and local variations in sunset time. We find that a 1-hour increase in weekly sleep increases employment by 1.6 percentage points and weekly earnings by 3.4%. Most of this earnings effect comes from productivity improvements, while the number of working hours decreases with sleep time. We identify one mechanism driving these effects, namely the better mental health workers experience from sleeping more hours.

El objetivo concreto de nuestra investigación fue determinar qué parte del deterioro mental observado en el colectivo de personas mayores de 50 años en Europa había sido causado por las restricciones de movilidad implementadas por los gobiernos. Las conclusiones del trabajo ponen de maniesto que establecer connamientos selectivos, centrados sólo en los más mayores y/o en los grupos más vulnerables (como ha ocurrido en Turquía, Rusia o Filipinas), podría contrarrestar los efectos adversos, tanto en términos económicos como de salud mental, de confinar a toda la población. Además, se constata la necesidad de que los gobiernos tengan presente la salud mental de la población, haciendo las inversiones pertinentes. Sin duda, un confinamiento selectivo o total debería acompañarse del apoyo necesario para garantizar la salud mental de la población confinada.

We study the dynamic drivers of expenditure on long-term care (LTC) programs, and more specifically, the effects of labour market participation of traditional unpaid caregivers (women aged 40 and older) on LTC spending. Next, we examine the spillover effects of a rise in LTC expenditure on health care expenditures (HCE) and the economy (GDP). Our estimates draw from a panel of more than a decade worth of expenditure data from a sample of OECD countries. We use a panel Vector Auto-regressive (panel-VAR) system that considers the dynamics between the dependent variables. We find that LTC expenditure increases with the rise of the labour market participation of the traditional unpaid caregiver (women over 40 years of age), and that such expenditures rise exerts large spillover effects on health spending components. We find that a 1% increase in female labour participation gives rise to a 1.48% increase in LTC expenditure and a 0.88% reduction in HCE. The effect of LTC spending over HCE is mainly driven by a reduction in inpatient and medicine expenditures, exhibiting large country heterogeneity. Finally, we document significant spillover effects of LTC expenditures on per capita GDP.

El Palau Episcopal de Barcelona és una edificació que recull la història arquitectònica de la ciutat des de la seva fundació, el segle i aC, fins al present. Situat sobre la muralla imperial, al costat de la porta Decumana, ha incorporat en fases successives noves edificacions, des del segle xii fins al xviii, que s’analitzen en l’estudi que forma part del pla director de restauració i conservació del monument.

IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series N°14570; Daylight Saving Time (DST) is currently implemented by more than seventy countries, yet we do not have a clear knowledge of how it affects individuals’ welfare. Using a regression discontinuity design combined with a differences-in-differences approach, we find that the Spring DST causes a significant decline in life satisfaction. By inducing a reallocation of time, the transition into DST deteriorates sleep and increases time stress, which in turn affects physical and emotional health. After performing a simple cost-benefit analysis, we find evidence suggestive that ending DST would exert a positive effect on welfare, namely the wellbeing costs associated with DST exceed its benefits.

Aeronautics industry experienced its greatest expansion in terms of technological development in the Second World War and Cold War periods. Since then, progress has been made over the avionics, the aerodynamics, the airspace organization, management and infrastructure with the aim of optimizing them. This project wants to follow this line and to perfect the aerodynamic properties of an airfoil, to make it optimal not only in cruise conditions (the flight stage where the airfoil is going to be the majority of its useful life), but in each flight stage such as the take-off, landing, approach and ascension phases. So the project¿s investigation field will be the active control of the airfoil¿s boundary layer at high angles of attack and low Reynolds numbers, so as to emulate those critical flight stages that were mentioned before, using flux injection dispositives or sweeping jets placed at the wing¿s extrados. This aims to increase the aerodynamic efficiency of a three-dimensional wing by energizing the boundary layer in order to delay its separation while avoiding the use of movable parts. A sweeping jet consists of a fluidic actuator which emits a time and space oscillating jet without having any mechanical or electromagnetic part. The Reynolds numbers used are unrealistically low for actual aeronautical applications due to the interest in the physical mechanisms of actuation control, which are only feasible at very low Reynolds regimes. This study aims to expand the chord-wise positioning optimization studies, to the optimization in the span-wise direction of the positioning and self separation between actuators, taking advantage of the homogeneity in that direction, by using single modal and multi modal Fourier expansions of variable wave number in order to reduce computational complexity and time. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura

Although mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic were intended to change behaviours by influencing risk awareness, they might have prompted a rise in risk anxiety ('worry for one's health') both among individuals exposed to such restrictions and those living in border countries. This paper studies this question by examining survey data from 22 European countries in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 20th and April 6th 2020). Drawing on an event study analysis we show that COVID-19 mobility restrictions raised individuals COVID-19 risk awareness both in the exposed and border countries for almost a week after the announcement. The spillover effect on border countries accounts for about 67% of the effect in the exposed country. However, mobility restrictions gave rise to an increase in risk anxiety in low-risk countries (which is between 4 and 7 times higher than moderate and high-risk countries). These effects are heterogeneous across age, education and socioeconomic status.

Aquest treball té per objectiu analitzar el comportament a fatiga de l`arcbotant d`una embarcació. Consta de dues parts; la primera tracta, en el sentit teòric, dels conceptes utilitzats durant la realització pràctica de l`anàlisi de fatiga i la geometria del model, així com les condicions de contorn. i la segona part mostra els resultats de diverses simulacions de diferents estats de sol·licitació de la peça, obtinguts mitjançant un programa de cae, i llur interpretació. la modelització es realitza amb un programa de cad. El software de cae utilitza el mètode d’elements finits per trobar les tensions resultants, segons la teoria de Von Mises, i així comprovar l’estat de fatiga de la peça.

We study the effect of lottery wins on social ties and support network in the United Kingdom. On average, we find that winning more in the lottery increases the probability of meeting friends on most days, which is consistent with the complementary effect of income on social ties. The opposite is true with regards to social ties held for more instrumental reasons such as talking to neighbors. Winning more in the lottery also lessens an individual support network consistently with a substitution for instrumental social ties. However, further robustness checks reveal that the average lottery effects are driven by the few outliers of very large wins in the sample, thus suggesting that small to medium-sized wins (

Index de les obres ressenyades: D. SEAMON, A Geography of the Life-world

We study whether exposure to COVID-19 has affected individual aversion to health and income inequality in the UK, Italy, and Germany, as well as the effect of personal shocks on employment (redundancies, government replacement salary and unemployment), income and health directly linked to COVID-19. We find that conditioned on risk aversion and relevant covariates (income, education, demographics), individuals who have experienced either a health or an financial shock during the COVID-19 pandemic, exhibit lower inequality aversion in terms of health and income, compared to those who have not experienced these shocks. Comparing levels of health and income inequality aversion in the UK between the years 2016 and 2020 we find a significant increase in inequality aversion from 2016 to 2020 in both health (17.3%) and income domains (8.8%). However, our difference-in-differences (DiD) for treatment (risk) groups defined in terms of age, region and personal exposure to health and income shocks in 2020 compared to 2016, does not indicate any additional difference in inequality aversion. The exception being individuals who are both in a high-risk age group and at the same time also experienced a health shock in 2020 compared to 2016, which are significantly more inequality averse in both health and income domains.

Index de les obres ressenyades: Nicolás ORTEGA Cantero, Geografía y cultura

Can the expansion of Medicaid, a means-tested health and long-term care insurance, be slowed down by incentivising the purchase of private long-term care insurance (LTCI)? We study the implementation of the long-term care insurance partnership (LTCIP) program, a joint federal and state-level program that intended to promote LTCI coverage. Drawing on a difference-in-differences (DD) design we study the effect of the rollout of the LTCIP program between 2005 and 2016 on both LTCI uptake and Medicaid eligibility, and we estimate the effect on Medicaid savings. Drawing on a difference-in-differences (DD) design, we find that, unlike previous estimates, the introduction of the LTCIP does significantly increase LTCI coverage and reduce the uptake of Medicaid. The effects are driven by the introduction of LTCIP in states after 2010. We estimate that the adoption of LTCIP has given rise to an average Medicaid saving of $36 for every 65-year-old. This suggests scope for LTCI arrangements to reduce Medicaid spending.

Index de les obres ressenyades: Anne BUTTIMER, The Practice of Geography

Obra ressenyada: Yi-Fu TUAN, Escapismo. Formas de evasión en el mundo actual. Barcelona: Península, 2003.

Index de les obres ressenyades: Nicolás ORTEGA Cantero, Geografía y cultura

We study whether a democracy improves a measure of individual wellbeing; human heights. Drawing on individual-level datasets, we test the hypothesis using a battery of eight different measures of democracy and derived averages, and include models accounting for several confounders, regional and cohort fixed effects. We document that democracy - or its quality during early childhood - shows a strong and positive conditional correlation with male, but not female, adult stature. Our preferred estimates suggest that being born in a democracy increases average male stature from a minimum of 1.33 to a maximum of 2.4 cm. Together with the positive association with male stature and the increase in gender dimorphism, we also show an additional contribution when democracy increases furtherly during adolescent years, and when we adopt measures of existing democratic capital before birth and at the end of height plasticity in early adulthood. We also find that democracy is associated with a reduction in inequality of heights distribution. We find period-heterogeneity in our results, with early democratizations being more effective on heights than later ones. Results are robust to the inclusion/exclusion of countries exposed to communism.

Index de les obres ressenyades: F. DAGOGNET, Mort du paysage? Philosophie et esthétique du paysage

We compare health system responses to the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and Spain. In both countries, healthcare is managed at the regional level, but the central government behaved differently in the uncertainty surrounding the first wave, leaving more autonomy to regional governments in Italy than in Spain. Upon documenting national and regional health system responses, we show evidence of a significant gap in the number of infected cases, alongside regular and emergency hospital admissions, and mortality in the two countries, both at the national and at the regional level. We then discuss several potential mechanisms, such as policy stringency, the localization of the pandemic and mobility restrictions, measurement error, and especially the regional autonomy, enjoyed by Italian regions but not by Spanish regional governments amidst a state of alarm in both countries. We find that, given the strong localized effect of the pandemic, allowing more autonomy, and fostering experimentation and local solutions explains the gap between Italy and Spain in the first wave of the pandemic.

Index de les obres ressenyades: F. DAGOGNET, Mort du paysage? Philosophie et esthétique du paysage

Index de les obres ressenyades: LÉVY, Jacques. Géographies du politique (p. 163-165)

Index de les obres ressenyades: LÉVY, Jacques. Géographies du politique (p. 163-165)

This paper analyses the relationship between locus of control (LOC) and the demand for supplementary health insurance. Drawing on longitudinal data from Germany, we find robust evidence that individuals having an internal LOC are more likely to take up supplementary private health insurance (SUPP). The increase in the probability to have a SUPP due to one standard deviation increase in the measure of internal LOC is equivalent to an increase in household income by 14 percent. Second, we find that the positive association between self-reported health and SUPP becomes small and insignificant when we control for LOC, suggesting that LOC might be an unobserved individual trait that can explain advantageous selection into SUPP. Third, we find comparable results using data from Australia, which enhances the external validity of our results.

Index de les obres ressenyades: Anne BUTTIMER, The Practice of Geography

Index de les obres ressenyades: R. J. JOHNSTON ; D. KNIGHT ; E. KOFMAN, Nationalism, self-determination and political geography

We study biased survival expectations across two domains and examine whether such biased expectations influence health and financial behaviors. Combining individual-level longitudinal data, retrospective, and end of life data from several European countries for more than a decade, we estimate time-varying individual level bias in 'survival expectations' (BSE) at the individual level and compare it to biased 'meteorological expectations' (BME). We exploit variation in an individual's family history (parental age at death) to estimate the effect of BSE on health and financial behaviors and compare it to BME, and other tests to discuss whether the effect of BSE results from the effect of private information. We find that BSE increases the probability of adopting less risky behaviors and financial behaviors. We estimate that a one standard deviation increase in BSE reduces the average probability of smoking by 48% and holding retirement accounts by 69%. In contrast, BME barely affects healthy behaviors, and is only associated with a change in some financial behaviors.

Index de les obres ressenyades: Andrew KIRBY, Power/Resistance. Local Politics and the Chaotic State

Obra ressenyada: H. Graciela URIBE ORTEGA, Geografía Política. Verdades y falacias de fin de milenio. México: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo, 1996.