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Flourishing is when an individual perceives that their life is going smoothly. It encompasses the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being: feeling good and functioning well (Huppert & So, 2013; Keyes & Annas, 2009). The correlation of the construct with indicators of adjustment and positive development makes it an attractive concept to assess well-being (Huta & Ryan, 2010; Keyes, 2007; Keyes et al., 2012). Emerging adulthood is a developmental stage that has arisen in western countries as a result of social and economic changes in recent decades. It describes a period that begins in late adolescence and lasts well into the third decade of life (Arnett, 2000). Studies focused on this stage, considered crucial in the determination of people's health and well-being pathways (Chen et al., 2019), have found an association between the adjustment of emerging adults and positive family relationships. It seems that family continues to have a major influence on young people's development (Fingerman & Yahirun, 2016) during emerging adulthood as well. Specifically, positive family relationships are associated with high levels of psychological well-being during the third decade of life (Zupančič et al, 2014). The main objective of this study is to examine the association between flourishing and family variables during emerging adulthood from a gender perspective and using longitudinal analysis. Therefore, this work has two specific goals: first, to examine the stability of the flourishing of emerging adults throughout the initial years (Wave 1) and intermediate years (Wave 2) of emerging adulthood, and second, to analyze whether family relationships were associated with the flourishing of emerging adults. A longitudinal study was carried out at two time points: wave 1 (Mean: 20.31; SD: 2.04) and (three years later) wave 2 (Mean: 23.66; SD: 2.08). The sample comprised 400 emerging adults (268 women) from the Transition to Adulthood in Spain research project (TAE) who completed a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the quality of their family relationships (parental social support, parental involvement, parental warmth, parental autonomy support, and behavioral and psychological control) and their level of flourishing. The results show the stability of the flourishing between W1 and W2. They also show a statistically significant relationship between flourishing and family variables and interesting gender differences. The crucial role that family also has during emerging adulthood is highly reflected in the results.

Esta tesis doctoral se ha realizado dentro del proyecto La Transición a la Adultez en España: Estudio Sobre las Claves del Ajuste Psicosocial y Fundamentos para su Intervención Preventiva (TAE) (EDU2013-45687-R) financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y el Estudio Longitudinal Secuencial Sobre la Transición a la Adultez en España (TAE II) (RTI2018-097405-B- I00) financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). El proyecto TAE es el primer proyecto de investigación sobre el periodo de la adultez emergente desde el ámbito de la Psicología sobre una muestra de estudio española. El objetivo central de esta tesis es el estudio del florecimiento en una muestra de estudiantes de dos universidades españolas, Universidad de Sevilla y UPV/EHU (nombre completo) durante su desarrollo a lo largo de la adultez emergente. Se analizan las variables de distintos contextos (socio económico, educativo y relacional) y variables particulares de esta etapa del desarrollo que se asocian con el florecimiento de hombres y mujeres. El análisis contempla, además, las diferencias de género, así como el seguimiento longitudinal de los jóvenes durante su transición a la edad adulta. Aspectos todos ellos fundamentales para comprender como se configura y afectan al florecimiento y al desarrollo positivo de los adultos emergentes. Para lograr dichos objetivos, en este trabajo se analizaron dos muestras, una primera muestra de 1502 personas adultas emergentes, estudiantes universitarias, de edad comprendida entre 18 y 29 años, y una segunda muestra de 400 participantes que supuso el seguimiento longitudinal de parte de los que participaron en la primera recogida. Esta tesis doctoral comprende tres artículos de investigación publicados en revistas de impacto internacional indexadas en JCR que, a través de diferentes análisis estadísticos, tanto transversales como longitudinales, permitieron alcanzar los objetivos del estudio. La Escala de Florecimiento de Diener (2010) es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el florecimiento de los adultos emergentes españoles, mostrando entre buena y excelente consistencia interna, fiabilidad, validez convergente y discriminante, puesto de manifiesto a través del análisis de invarianza. Los resultados mostraron que las puntuaciones medias de florecimiento de los jóvenes españoles son semejantes a las encontradas en otros países occidentales. Los datos también revelaron diferencias de género en el florecimiento, siendo el de las mujeres significativamente superior al de los hombres, aunque las variables analizadas explicaron un porcentaje de la varianza de florecimiento mayor en ellos que en ellas. Los predictores del florecimiento en los años intermedios son completar con éxito alguna de las tareas evolutivas propias de la etapa y el apoyo social que los jóvenes perciben de su entorno cercano, familia, amigos y pareja. Nuestros resultados también han señalado que el florecimiento permanece estable a lo largo de la etapa de la adultez emergente, siendo el apoyo social la variable que contribuye a explicar el escaso cambio que se produce en el florecimiento de los y las jóvenes en esta etapa del ciclo vital. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento empírico sobre el florecimiento durante el periodo evolutivo de la adultez emergente. Entender mejor esta etapa permitirá el desarrollo de programas de intervención basados en la evidencia con el objetivo de mejorar el bienestar de nuestros jóvenes, facilitando así una adecuada transición a la vida adulta.

Introducción: Florecimento es una actual conceptualización del bienestar general, que hace referencia a la experiencia percibida por la persona de que su vida va bien y consecuentemente funciona con eficacia. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar longitudinalmente el florecimiento a lo largo de la etapa de la adultez emergente, y conocer cómo el apoyo social se relaciona con el florecimiento al inicio de la adultez emergente y en sus años intermedios. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 400 jóvenes españoles estudiantes de Universidad adultos emergentes (67% mujeres), a quienes entrevistamos en dos momentos temporales, cuando contaban con 20,31 años de media (DT=2,04) y tres años después con 23,66 años de media (DT= 2,08). Se recogieron datos sobre variables sociodemográficas; variables marcadoras de la adultez; florecimiento y apoyo social percibido. Resultados: El florecimiento mostró una elevada estabilidad tanto a niveles absolutos como relativos. La mayoría de los y las jóvenes describen unos niveles semejantes de florecimiento en los distintos momentos evaluados a lo largo de la transición a la adultez. Los análisis de regresión jerárquicos efectuados dieron cuenta de la capacidad predictiva del apoyo social sobre el florecimiento. Resultaron significativos para explicar el florecimiento de los y las jóvenes el apoyo social de sus amistades, de la familia y de la pareja. Discusión: Se demostró que el apoyo social percibido de la familia en los primeros años de la adultez emergente predice los niveles de florecimiento de los y las jóvenes tres años después. Estudios como el que presentamos permitirá el desarrollo de programas de intervención para mejorar el bienestar de nuestros y de nuestras jóvenes y facilitar una adecuada transición a la vida adulta. Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad EDU2013-45687-R Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades RTI2018-097405-B-I00

Flourishing is defined as a combination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The objective of this work was to analyze with a longitudinal design and from a gender perspective, which variables are related to flourishing in a sample of emerging adults. The sample was comprised of 400 emerging adults (67% women) who were interviewed at two different points in time: when they were 20.3 years old on average (DT=2.04), and three years later, at the average age of 23.7 (DT= 2,08). The variables studied were: perceived family income; resolution of core developmental tasks (having a job and living independently); The Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood; educational variables (academic commitment and perceived University performance) and social support (from friends, family, and partner). Results showed the differences in the variables which predict flourishing in males and females. Flourishing in males in Wave 2 is related to two W1 variables: the perception of emerging adulthood as an experimentation stage and the priority which youngsters give to their studies. For females, flourishing in W2 is related to two W1 variables: the consideration of this stage as a self-focused stage, and family support. These results vouch for the importance of analyzing gender differences throughout emerging adulthood. Results also highlight the role that educational context and social support provide to well-being during emerging adulthood. More research is needed from a gender perspective to explains the variables related to well-being throughout emerging adulthood, to generate evidence-based intervention programs that facilitate the transition into adult life.

Emerging adulthood is characterized by changes in close relationships, education, and work. Regarding parent-child relationships, research shows the importance of positive family relationships during emerging adulthood and the role they play in preventing emerging adults’ psychological distress. However, there is a lack of studies focuses on family context using longitudinal analysis. This study examined the stability in emerging adults’ perceptions of parenting behaviors and whether these relationships were associated with emerging adults’ anxiety. A longitudinal study was carried out in Spain: wave 1 (Mean: 20.31; SD: 2.04), wave 2 (Mean: 23.66; SD: 2.08). A total of 400 emerging adults from the Transition to Adulthood in Spain research project completed a survey assessing their perceptions of the quality of their family relationships (parental social support, parental involvement, parental warmth, parental autonomy support and behavioral and psychological control) and their level of anxiety. Results showed that family social support, parental warmth, psychological and behavioral control decrease meanwhile parental involvement and parental autonomy support don’t change over time. Both psychological and behavioral control in W1 were positively associated with emerging adults’ anxiety in W2. The relationship between the rest of parenting behaviors in W1 and emerging adults' anxiety in W2 was negative. These findings suggest the need of developing intervention programs that help parents to adapt their parental behaviors to their children’s needs during this stage. Moreover, this work suggests that longitudinal studies on family functioning are needed to gain a more complete understanding of the impact of the quality of family relationships on emerging adults’ distress.

Florecimento es una medida de bienestar que combina el sentirse bien y funcionar con eficacia en la vida. El propósito del presente trabajo fue analizar longitudinalmente y en clave de género los cambios en florecimiento en una muestra de adultos emergentes universitarios españoles y conocer cómo se relaciona el florecimiento con otras variables relacionales. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 400 adultos emergentes (67% mujeres) a quienes entrevistamos en dos momentos temporales, cuando contaban con 20,3 años de media (DT=2,04) y tres años después con 23,7 años de media (DT= 2,08). Según nuestros resultados, el florecimiento muestra una importante estabilidad a lo largo del tiempo tanto en chicos como en las chicas. Las variables de apoyo social percibido de la familia, los amigos y la pareja, junto al sexo explican 12,2% de la varianza del florecimiento en tiempo 1 y el 33% en tiempo 2. Asímismo, los datos encuentran que la situación laboral (estar trabajando) no fue una variable importante para prececir el florecimiento en T1, pero sí ganó relevancia en T2, si bien la capacidad predictiva de la situación laboral sobre el florecimiento deja de ser importante cuando está presente el apoyo social. Estos resultados apoyan la estabilidad en el bienestar durante la adultez emergente y muestran el importante papel del apoyo social en la promoción del bienestar personal durante estos años.

The transition to adulthood in Mediterranean countries would be defined as the «Mediterranean model» characterized by a prolonged stay in the family home and giving great relevance to family. The aim of the paper is to analyze the link between family relationship patterns, psychological well-being and psychological distress of emerging adults. The present study involves 1,502 university students (903 women and 599 men) aged between 18 and 29 (Mean: 20.32; SD: 2.13) participating in the Transition to Adulthood in Spain research project (TAE). Participants fulfilled a questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables, Perception of Parents Scale, Psychological control, Behavioural Control, Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS) and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DAS-21). To identify and describe family relationships patterns during emerging adulthood we conducted a cluster analysis. The cluster analytic procedure identified three clusters based on the centrality of five family variables within the family system. The high quality family relationships is the largest group. Moreover, emerging adults who felt more implication, warmth and autonomy support from their parents and felt less control, both psychological and behavioural, were who reported more psychological well-being and less psychological distress. These results highlight how relevant and beneficial is for emerging adults’ emotional well-being the fact that parents promote their autonomy, emotional closeness and close relationship with them. Moreover, it is relevant to continue developing these findings in order to find what the best way to guide the daughters and sons’ behaviour is in this period.

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España EDU 2013-45687

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la relación entre Florecimiento y variables sociodemográficas y de apoyo social en una muestra de adultos emergentes españoles. Florecimiento es una conceptualización reciente de bienestar subjetivo, psicológico y social. La persona que florece tiene un alto estado de bienestar, se siente bien y funciona con eficacia. Por su parte, la adultez emergente (AE) es la conceptualización propia de sociedades industrializadas del período que transcurre desde el final de la adolescencia hasta bien entrada la tercera década de la vida. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1502 adultos emergentes (62.5% chicas) de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 29 años. Todos completaron un cuestionario autoadministrado que incluía medidas sociodemográficas, la escala de Florecimiento y un cuestionario de apoyo social de los progenitores, los amigos y la pareja. Los resultados mostraron que el florecimiento es mayor en las mujeres, en los AE que están trabajando y en los que el nivel de ingresos de sus familias es más alto. Igualmente, podemos afirmar que el florecimiento de los jóvenes adultos se relaciona positivamente con el apoyo social de la familia, los amigos y la pareja. Finalmente, la ecuación de regresión puso de manifiesto que una vez incluido el apoyo social, la influencia del sexo, el empleo y el nivel de ingresos familiar en el florecimiento desaparece. Así podemos concluir que el florecimiento de los jóvenes españoles está muy relacionado con su red social, en concreto, con sus relaciones familiares, de amistad y de pareja, lo que orienta la intervención práctica en ese sentido. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España EDU 2013-45687-R

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO). España EDU 2013-45687-R

Flourishing is a recent conceptualization standing for people’s general well-being. It refers to the perception experienced by anyone whose life is going on well. It is a combination of feeling well and working with efficiency (Huppert & So, 2013; Huppert, 2009a; Huppert, 2009b; Keyes, 2002; Ryff & Singer, 1998). An individual who “flourishes” notices his or her life is going on well, learns things with efficiency and works productively. There is a higher possibility he or she would contribute to his or her community. He or she is healthier, has a longer life expectancy, as well as better social relationships (Diener, 2009; Huppert, 2010). Flourishing is synonymous of having a high level of mental well-being; moreover, it accounts for mental health and positive development. The flourishing scale (FS) (Diener et al., 2010), binds the essential components of recent welfare theories together. It is an adequate measure of general well-being. In fact, its major advantages compared with previously existing measures are its briefness and reasonable comprehension, which makes the scale easier to use solitarily or together with other tools. The FS, which is composed by eight items, has good psychometric properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the FS. Spanish university students whose socio-cultural backgrounds differ are the subjects of the research. They come from Euskadi and Andalusia, two regions within Spain. Method The sample was composed by 1502 university students. This number was achieved through collecting two samples, one from the University of Basque Country (65.2% females, average age = 19.95, SD age = 1.97, age range 18-29, N = 747) and the other, from the University of Seville (55.1% females; average age = 20.69, SD age = 2.21, age range 18-29, N = 755). The participants agreed to voluntarily participate in the test session and fulfill the following questionnaires: Socio-demographic Questionnaire; Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2010), the Spanish version of the Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Well-Being, SPWB (Díaz et al., 2006) and the Spanish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales: DASS-21 (Bados, Solanas & Andrés, 2005 ). Results The reliability analysis and Multigroup Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (MCFA) revealed that the Flourishing Scale shows strong internal consistency. The one-factor structure was invariant across the two samples, according to the results from the original version of the Flourishing Scale (Diener et al. 2010) and other later validations. Results also demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity with PWBS and DASS scales. Discussion According to the results of the study, FS could be appropriate for its use in assessing general wellbeing among emerging adults in Spain. It may be recognised as an alternative instrument in the evaluation of the positive mental health, as well as a complementary tool to estimate young adults’s general health. FS may as well be recognised as a potential tool for prevention and community involvement in the future.

Archivo descargado de web de Inmaculada Sánchez-Queija http://personal.us.es/queija/index.php?page=actas-y-congresos Psychosocial flourishing is a recent conceptualization of social and psychological well being. Flourishing is a combination of feeling good and working effectively. The person who “flourishes” notices that her/his life is going well, works productively, contribute to the community, is healthier, has a longer life expectancy, and has better social relationships. Social relationships, and particularly perceived friends and family support, as well as romantic relationships, play an important role as predictor of positive development in emerging adulthood. In this way, these social relationships contribute to wellbeing and flourishing in this stage of development. Emerging Adulthood is a period of instability and exploration in which young people will probably have more distanced relationships with their parents than in previous years, and couples will burst into important figures for development. For this reason, it´s necessary to study the influence of family, peer and romantic relationships over the young people positive development. The main goal of this paper is to know if social relationships among emerging adults, in particular, the perceived social support from parents and friends and the quality of romantic relationship, have an effect on the psychological flourishing of a sample of Spanish emerging adults. Method The sample was composed by 278 young adults (197 female), aged range 18 to 29 years. They completed a self-administered questionnaire which included flourishing (Flourishing scale; Diener et al., 2010), family and peer support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; Zimet et al., 1988) and romantic relationship (Experience of Close Relationship; ECRR, short; Wei et al., 2007). Results Results showed that flourishing of young adults is positively related to the perceived social support of family and friends, and negatively related to the anxiety in romantic relationships. Flourishing was related to sex: women reached higher levels of flourishing than men. Nevertheless, the regression equations revealed that, once included family support, anxiety in romantic relationships and friends support, sex ceased being influential. Thus we may conclude that during emerging adulthood flourishing is closely linked to the social network, in particular, to the family, romantic and friends relationships, in that order. Discussion These first results point out the significance of social relationships for flourishing in emerging adulthood. It is especially important the family role. Family influence remains essential for these years, contributing to flourishing more than peer support and romantic relationships. However, more research with larger samples is necessary to explain the factors determining flourishing during the emerging adulthood in diverse cultural contexts. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España EDU2013-45687-R