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〔目的〕 簡便に測定できるレーザー距離計を用いた Functional reach test（ 以下，レーザー距離計法） の信頼性・妥当性を検討すること。〔方法〕 健常成人67名を対象とした。レーザー距離計法は，直立位で肩関節を90°屈曲した開始肢位にて壁までの距離を測定したのち，前方に手を伸ばした終了肢位にて再度距離を測定し，前者から後者を差し引いて測定値とした。壁までの距離を 2 m，3 m，4 m とし，各3 回ずつ測定した。基準尺度として，最初にFunctional reach test が提唱された方法に近い計測機器法，既存の方法として指示棒を用いた指示棒法を各2 回ずつ測定した。3 方法の信頼性は級内相関係数を用いて検討した。レーザー距離計法と基準尺度との関連の強さを示す基準関連妥当性をPearson の積率相関係数を用いて検討した。3 方法の測定値の差は反復測定の分散分析および事後検定としてShaffer 法を用いて検討した。〔結果〕 レーザー距離計法の級内相関係数は0.86であり，計測機器法の0.89に比べやや低かったが，指示棒法の0.79と比べて高かった。レーザー距離計法と計測機器法とは0.71と有意な強い正の相関があり，基準関連妥当性が高かった。レーザー距離計法は計測機器法および指示棒法に比べ有意に短かった。〔結語〕 レーザー距離計法は，信頼性および妥当性が高く，姿勢の安定化に寄与する要因を排除して測定できる尺度であった。また，レーザー距離計法は場所を選ばずに測定できることから病棟や訪問業務での再現が可能であると考えられた。, [Objective] The functional reach test has been developed to evaluate dynamic balance in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a new measuring method using laser range finder for functional reach test.[Methods] The functional reach distance was measured in three ways, namely, the laser range finder method (LRF), the measuring instrument method (MI), and the telescoping rod method (TR) for 67 subjects. When the LRF method was performed, subjects were asked to stand for 2 m, 3 m, or 4 m from a wall. The association between the LRF, MI, and TR methods was tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Inter-observer reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA) was used to analyze the averages of the reach distances from each measurement method.[Results] The intraclass correlation for the LRF method was 0.86, that of the MI method was 0.89, and that of the TR method was 0.79. The LRF method and TR method were both strongly associated with the MI method, in wherein the reach distance using the MI method strongly correlated with the distances measured using the LRF and TR methods ( r=0.71, r=0.75 respectively). The reach distance using the LRF method was significantly shorter than those of two methods, and that of the TR method was longest of the three methods.[Conclusions] The LRF method has good validity and reliability; thus, the LRF method could be performed for rehabilitation in the wards or during home visits.

Study aim: Evaluation of dynamic balance is inferred to be compulsory for fall prevention in the elderly. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor for balance assessment and to test validity and reliability of the newly developed tool to qualify psychometric properties. Material and methods: This study was a cross-sectional study of a convenient sample including 50 participants both males and females. Mean age of the participants was 51.20 ± 19.30 years. Reliability of the newly developed device was analysed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). The criterion validity was also investigated using a yardstick mounted on the wall at a level of shoulder together with the MaxTraq® 2D motion analysis software. The modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor was correlated with the conventional FRT and the MaxTraq® 2D motion analysis. Results: The results presented that test-retest reliability of the modified digital functional reach test device was good reliability (ICC = 0.76) and low standard error of measurement (1.41) was found for test-retest reliability. The degree of agreement between the modified device, the conventional FRT, and the MaxTraq® 2D motion analysis was high (r = 0.71 and 0.77 respectively). Conclusions: The findings suggested that the modified digital functional reach test device using an ultrasonic sensor was a valid and reliable instrument for fall risk screening towards functional reach distance.

Introduction: Many elderly people experience a decrease in dynamic balance, a condition which increases the risk of falling. Tai chi is a renowned exercise that can improve the dynamic balance in elderly people. Purpose of the study: In order to prove the effect of Tai chi on the increase of dynamic balance in the elderly. Methods of the study: One group pretest posttest design with 23 subjects of elderly people aged 60-75 years old and given Tai chi twice a week for 30 minutes within one month (8 times). Measurement: Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Time Up and Go Test (TUG). Analysis: Normality test by Saphiro Wilk as well as pretest-posttest different test with paired T-test. Result: Based on the analysis of normality test by Saphiro Wilk on the pretest and posttest, the obtained result is p>0.05 which means the data is normally distributed. In the meantime, the analysis of pretest-posttest difference test with paired T-test results in dynamic balance value before and after Tai chi as much as p

Background Locomotive syndrome (LS) is a predictive factor of future motor dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate the change in the total LS grade and, its the association with the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip score after total hip arthroplasty (THA) among patients with hip osteoarthritis. Methods This was a prospective case-control study of 72 patients who underwent primary THA. The functional outcomes were measured before, and at 6 and 12 months after THA. LS was evaluated using the following tests: stand-up test, 2-step test, and 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25). In addition, factors affecting the improvement of LS grade were examined. Results Prior to THA, 7% and 93% of patients were classified as LS grades 1 and 2. At 6 months after THA, an improvement in the total LS grade was observed in 57% of patients, with this percentage further increasing to 65% at 1 year. Only the preoperative GLFS-25 was correlated with the preoperative JOA hip scores. The postoperative GLFS-25 and the two-step test were correlated with the postoperative JOA hip scores. The preoperative functional reach test (FRT) was significantly correlated with the total LS grade improvement. Conclusions THA can improve the total LS grade in 65% of patients at 1 year postoperatively. Improvement was largely achieved in the first 6 months after THA, with a change from LS grade 2 to grade 1. FRT could be used an indicator of the total LS grade improvement.

Objective: To systematically review the research studies that reported reliability of modified functional reach test for the assessment of sitting balance function in people with spinal cord injury. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Research studies published in English language from the earliest record to October 2019 that reported any type of reliability of modified functional reach test in assessing balance function in adult SCI population were included. Those studies were excluded which reported correlation of modified functional reach test with other outcome measures and not explicitly reported reliability of the modified functional reach test. Reviews, commentaries, letter to editors, conference papers and short communications were also excluded. Results: Initially, 108 research articles were retrieved from different databases, however after duplicate removal and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, only 6 research studies were included in current systematic review. All 6 studies reported only test-retest reliability of modified functional reach test. Four studies measured only forward reach while remaining 2 studies measured reach in different directions. All 6 studies reported good to excellent reliability of modified functional reach test with interclass coefficient values ranging from 0.78 to 0.99. Conclusion: Modified functional reach test is a reliable tool for assessing sitting balance function in individuals with SCI. Continuous...

幼児の安定支持基底面(LoS)を測定するテストはほとんど実施されていない。本研究では、新規に開発された幼児が楽しみながらLoSを測定できる魚釣りFunctional Reach(FR)テストにおいて、机の高さがテスト結果に及ぼす影響を検討した。7名の成人男女が本研究に参加し、机の高さの異なる3条件で魚釣りFRを実施した。各種体格項目に加え、テスト中の手伸ばし距離が測定された。解析の結果、机の高さの違いによる手伸ばし距離の違いは認められず、各条件間に有意な関係が認められた。ただし、机の高さの違いによる個人内の誤差は大きかった。結論として、魚釣りFRにおける机の高さの影響は限定的であるが、個人内の誤差の影響を考慮する必要があることが明らかになった。

幼児の安定支持基底面(LoS)を測定するテストはほとんど実施されていない。本研究では、新規に開発された幼児が楽しみながらLoSを測定できる魚釣りFunctional Reach(FR)テストにおいて、机の高さがテスト結果に及ぼす影響を検討した。7名の成人男女が本研究に参加し、机の高さの異なる3条件で魚釣りFRを実施した。各種体格項目に加え、テスト中の手伸ばし距離が測定された。解析の結果、机の高さの違いによる手伸ばし距離の違いは認められず、各条件間に有意な関係が認められた。ただし、机の高さの違いによる個人内の誤差は大きかった。結論として、魚釣りFRにおける机の高さの影響は限定的であるが、個人内の誤差の影響を考慮する必要があることが明らかになった。

幼児の安定支持基底面(LoS)を測定するテストはほとんど実施されていない。本研究では、新規に開発された幼児が楽しみながらLoSを測定できる魚釣りFunctional Reach(FR)テストにおいて、机の高さがテスト結果に及ぼす影響を検討した。7名の成人男女が本研究に参加し、机の高さの異なる3条件で魚釣りFRを実施した。各種体格項目に加え、テスト中の手伸ばし距離が測定された。解析の結果、机の高さの違いによる手伸ばし距離の違いは認められず、各条件間に有意な関係が認められた。ただし、机の高さの違いによる個人内の誤差は大きかった。結論として、魚釣りFRにおける机の高さの影響は限定的であるが、個人内の誤差の影響を考慮する必要があることが明らかになった。

Aim: This study aimed to determine the main risk factors for falls in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) by comparing balance, cognition, and visuospatial ability between those who have experienced a fall and those who have not. Methods: Forty-seven AD patients were admitted to a ward for patients with dementia (22 men and 25 women). The balance of patients was evaluated using the Functional Reach Test (FRT), the one-leg standing duration, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese (MMSE-J) was used to evaluate cognition. For visuospatial ability assessment, the Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) as well as overlapping figure identification and shape discrimination in the Visual Perception Test for Agnosia (VPTA) were used. The patients were allocated to either the fall group or the nonfall group based on their history of falls in the past year. The relationships between patients’ characteristics and evaluation outcomes were compared and examined. Logistic regression analysis was performed using a fall as the objective variable. The area under the curve (AUC) and the cutoff value were calculated. Results: Of the 47 participants, 22 had experienced falls within the past year (46.8%). The results of the FRT, one-leg standing duration, the TUG, the CDT, and the VPTA were significantly lower in the fall group. No significant difference between the MMSE-J scores of the fall group and those of the nonfall group was observed. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicated that falls in AD patients were significantly associated with the FRT. It was found that a shorter FRT distance (cm) had a significant impact on falls. For the FRT, the fall-related AUC was 0.755. At a cutoff value of 24.5 cm, the level of sensitivity was 68.0%, and the level of specificity was 77.3%. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that balance and visuospatial abilities are risks factors for falls in AD patients. In contrast, cognitive impairment was not a risk factor for falls. It was demonstrated that the FRT could be an appropriate risk predictor for falls in AD patients. In particular, falls in AD patients were strongly affected by a reduced dynamic balance.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of reach distance and movement angle analyses using Image J. [Participants and Methods] Thirty-eight healthy young males performed the functional reach test (FRT) twice, and their reach movements were recorded using a digital video camera. Image J was used to combine the digital photographs taken at the start position and maximum reach and to measure each movement. The measurements recorded were the movement distance of the third metacarpal bone (reach distance), anterior-superior iliac spine, and trochanter major, and the angles recorded were the acromion-malleolus lateralis, acromion-trochanter major, and trochanter major-malleolus lateralis. The reliability of all the measurements was analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland-Altman plots, and MDCs. [Results] The ICCs (1, 1) were >0.80 for all the outcomes. The Bland-Altman analysis revealed no systematic bias in any outcome. The MDC of reach distance was 18.3 mm. [Conclusion] Measurement using Image J for reach distance and movement angles in the FRT showed acceptable high test-retest reliability. Measurement of the FRT and the MDC calculated in this study could be used as a reference for further research.

Modified functional reach test is valid and reliable tool to assess sitting balance in children in forward and lateral direction. Normative data of modified functional reach test for school going children has not been established yet in central India, as well correlation of anthropometric data with reach distance values not studied, hence this study was undertaken. Total 280 children (6 to 12 years), 140 Boys and 140 Girls, were selected by stratified random sampling method, subdivided into 7 subgroups (10B, 10G in each group) from two schools. Height was measured using stature meter, trunk length and leg length were measured using measuring tape, weight was measured using weighing machine, spinal flexibility was tested with the help of sit and reach test, hamstring angle was measured using goniometer by 90-90 test. Child reached with dominant shoulder at 90 degree of flexion and abduction in forward and lateral direction respectively while sitting on height adjustable stool with hip and knee at 90 degrees and feet placed neutral on ground. The reach distance was measured using a yard stick mounted on the wall, at the height of child’s shoulder. The mean of three successive trials was calculated. Karl Pearson correlation moment product was used to determine correlation between age, gender and anthropometric measurements with modified forward and lateral reach. Normal values of modified forward and lateral reach were observed as 19.53 to 26.48cm and 17.68 to 22.50cm respectively. Height and weight correlated significantly with modified functional reach values. Keywords: Sitting balance assessment, School children, Modified functional reach, Modified lateral reach, Height, Weight.

幼児を対象としたバランス能力テストは片脚立位、平均台歩行などが実施されているが、Functional Reach( FR) テストのような安定支持基底面(LoS)を測定するテストはほとんど実施されていない。本研究では、幼児が楽し みながらLoSを測定できるよう新規に魚釣りFRテストを開発し、その信頼性および従来のFRテストとの関係を検 討することを目的とした。25名の男女幼児が本研究に参加し、FRおよび魚釣りFRテストを実施した。両テスト中 の手伸ばし距離が測定された。魚釣りFRテストの信頼性は高く、両テスト間には中程度の相関が認められた。結 論として、魚釣りFRテストは十分な信頼性を有しており、従来のテストとも一定の関係を有している。

幼児を対象としたバランス能力テストは片脚立位、平均台歩行などが実施されているが、Functional Reach( FR) テストのような安定支持基底面(LoS)を測定するテストはほとんど実施されていない。本研究では、幼児が楽し みながらLoSを測定できるよう新規に魚釣りFRテストを開発し、その信頼性および従来のFRテストとの関係を検 討することを目的とした。25名の男女幼児が本研究に参加し、FRおよび魚釣りFRテストを実施した。両テスト中 の手伸ばし距離が測定された。魚釣りFRテストの信頼性は高く、両テスト間には中程度の相関が認められた。結 論として、魚釣りFRテストは十分な信頼性を有しており、従来のテストとも一定の関係を有している。

幼児を対象としたバランス能力テストは片脚立位、平均台歩行などが実施されているが、Functional Reach( FR) テストのような安定支持基底面(LoS)を測定するテストはほとんど実施されていない。本研究では、幼児が楽し みながらLoSを測定できるよう新規に魚釣りFRテストを開発し、その信頼性および従来のFRテストとの関係を検 討することを目的とした。25名の男女幼児が本研究に参加し、FRおよび魚釣りFRテストを実施した。両テスト中 の手伸ばし距離が測定された。魚釣りFRテストの信頼性は高く、両テスト間には中程度の相関が認められた。結 論として、魚釣りFRテストは十分な信頼性を有しており、従来のテストとも一定の関係を有している。

Title: Evaluation of the effect of circuit training with the use of labile surfaces on the postural stability in the general population Objectives: The main aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of circuit training using unstable surfaces on the static and dynamic postural stability in the general population. Methods: This study is among quantitative experimental studies. The research was done from June 2021 to January 2022. The research involved 40 probands of the general population. The probands were randomly divided into two groups of twenty. The intervention group practiced during circuit traings for 2 months with unstable surfaces, the control group practiced circular training without any unstable surfaces. Dynamic and static postural stability was measured by functional tests: Star Excursion Balance test, Unipedal Stance test, Timed Up and Go test, Sit to Stand test and Functional Reach test. These tests were used before and after the intervention. The following statistical methods were used in both of their groups: Shapiro-Wilk test, paired T- test, Mann-Whitney U test. The level of statistical significance was determined using α = 0.05. Clinical significance was calculated by using Cohen's d. Results: The results of the study showed that unstable surfaces have some...

Purpose: It has been reported that young people may be able to modulate simultaneous contraction depending on the task. The functional reach test (FRT) is widely used as a method to assess dynamic balance. Although there are several reports on the center of pressure (COP), there are few reports on muscle activity and no studies focus on muscle co-contraction during FRT at different distances. We aimed to clarify how the differences in reach distance affect the activity of the lower limb muscles by measuring COP and muscle activity during FRT at different distances. Methods: Eighteen healthy young adults performed FRT at different distances (maximum, 75%, and 50%) and measured COP and muscle activity of tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL). Postural control variables were calculated from the COP, and mean muscle activity and muscle co-contraction index (CI) were calculated from muscle activity. Each variable was compared between the reach distance conditions and the correlation between the variable was examined. Results: Most COP variables were significantly higher as the reach distance increased. A significant increase in muscle activity and CI was similarly observed with increasing distance. There was no consistent correlation between COP variables and CI, but there was a positive correlation between TA muscle activity and CI. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the young people used task-specific strategies by modulating lower limb muscle contraction and varying the degree of simultaneous muscle contraction during reaching movements at different distances.

Background Evaluating balance in a functional context that integrates challenging tasks frequently performed in the community is essential to identify community-dwelling individuals who are at risk of falls in early Parkinson Disease (PD) than a simple balance measure. Community Balance and Mobility (CB&M) scale is one such measure that evaluates severe deficits in gait, balance, and mobility. The risk of falling and fear of fall is common among PD individuals and this affects the day to day functioning as well as the quality of life. Early identification of individuals who may be at risk to fall will lead to intervention strategies that can help to with balance issues. The aim of this study was to correlate between Community Balance and Mobility with a battery of outcome measures commonly used to assess balance in Parkinson’s disease. Methods A cross sectional study design; with individuals referred to Outpatient physiotherapy department, diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, independently mobile and on a stable drug regimen referred by the neurologist; were screened and recruited by convenience sampling. With written informed consent, demographic data gathered and scales such as Berg Balance scale, Community balance & mobility scale, Functional Reach test and Timed up and go test were administered with an ample amount of rest. Results The results obtained were documented and analysed using Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Significant correlation between CB&M and BBS (r = 0.795) was found, CB&M and TUG (r = − 0.755), CB&M and FRT (r = 0.772). Conclusion CB&M is a useful measure which integrates items that challenge balance in the community context. It has been used to assess high functioning community dwelling individuals and hence may be apt for individuals with early Parkinson’s, since the tasks to be performed in CB&M are challenging and these simulate community level activities where the risk of falls is higher. It may well be a good tool to assess early Parkinson’s; their level of balance, community level activity and without need for sophisticated & expensive equipment.

In the present superaged society that has limited financial resources for efficient health care for the elderly population, fall prevention is an urgent issue. The present study examined the relationship between exercise habit and fall risks among elderly people living in an urban area. A total of 1,014 elderly people (age: 65–89 years) living in Osaka City were enrolled in this study and assigned to 5 different age groups. The motor abilities of the participants were evaluated by the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, with the cutoff value for fall risk set at 25 cm and 13.5 s, respectively. Exercise habit (≤1 h, 1–2 h, or ≥2 h per week), history of recent falls, and anxiety about falling were also assessed using a questionnaire modified from the checklist by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. The results of the FRT and TUG tests were increasingly poorer in higher age groups. History of recent falls and anxiety about falling were also more frequent in higher age groups (all p < .05). The prevalence of exercise habits was similar among the age groups. In the age groups >75 years, there was an association between exercise habit and a decrease in fall risks, based on the FRT results (all p < .05). The mean FRT value of the participants with the greatest exercise habit was equivalent to that of the generation 10 years younger with the lowest exercise habit. There was an association between exercise habit and decreased anxiety about falling (p = .003), but not with a history of recent falls. Our results suggest that exercise should be promoted among elderly people living in urban areas to contribute to fall prevention.

Objectives This study aims to compare the effect of static and dynamic core exercises in terms of dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility in female office workers. Patients and methods Between May 2018 and June 2018, a total of 34 women (mean age 36.4±6.5 years; range, 28 to 54 years) who worked for a bank and exercised in the fitness center of the work place were recruited. The women were divided into two groups including 17 women in each as static and dynamic core groups and administered sessions of 20 to 30 min twice a week for six weeks. Both groups were tested for dynamic balance (Y-balance test), spinal stability (functional reach test), and hip mobility (active flexion and extension) before and after six weeks of exercise. Results A statistically significant improvement was found in both groups between the pre- and post-test results in terms of spinal stability, hip mobility, and dynamic balance (p0.05). Conclusion Our study results indicate that both types of exercises are effective in improving dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility in female office workers. Therefore, the expected benefits from core exercises are to enhance dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility. Female workers can perform both types of exercises safely and effectively.

Background The Functional Reach Test is used to assess balance of Special Olympic athletes as part of the FUNfitness screens held at Special Olympics games. However, it is unknown if the Functional Reach Test is an accurate assessment of balance in this population. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympic athletes. Methods Data were collected as a part of the FUNfitness screens during Arizona Special Olympics games. The Functional Reach Test scores of 272 Special Olympic athletes were recorded. Athletes were asked to report the number of falls they experienced in the last 12 months. Results A two-tailed Kendall tau test revealed little to no relationship between number of falls and Functional Reach Test scores of either the left upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.063, P = 0.202) or the right upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.107, P = 0.030). Sensitivity of the Functional Reach Test to identify fallers was 28.8%, and specificity was 83.5%. Conclusions Scores of the Functional Reach Test did not correlate with actual falls. The relatively high specificity indicates the assessment is good at identifying non-fallers, while the low sensitivity results in a high number of fallers not being recognised as such. Therefore, the cut-off scores used for the Functional Reach Test in FUNfitness screenings may need to be altered to more accurately identify balance deficits in this population. FUNfitness screens need to be quick, efficient and accurate. As such, selection of the most appropriate assessment tools is essential. Consideration should be given on how to make the Functional Reach Test the most beneficial as a FUNfitness screen.

Background:The Functional Reach Test (FRT), which uses a ruler fixed to a wall, has been shown to be a reliable and valid method of evaluating fall risk in seniors and persons with various neurological conditions. However, because of various logistical reasons, the FRT may be underused by therapists

Objective To determine the usefulness of an un-stable board balance test in identifying a fall history among high-functioning community-dwelling elderly individuals. Design Case-control study. Subjects Sixty-one community-dwelling elderly aged ≥ 65 years and having the capacity to walk independently without an assistive device. Methods Subjects completed 3 balance performance tests: the Unstable Board Balance Test, Functional Reach Test, and Timed Up and Go. For analysis, subjects were classified as fallers or non-fallers based on the history of falls over the previous year, and performance outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. Subjects classified as fallers were then matched 1:1 with non-fallers (for sex, age, body weight and height), and the optimal cut-off score and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for each test were calculated. Results Functional reach test and Timed Up and Go did not reliably discriminate between fallers and non-fallers. In contrast, the score on the unstable board balance test was significantly different between the 2 groups (p = 0.040). Among all 3 tests, AUC was largest for the unstable board balance test (0.78), with superior sensitivity (0.67) and specificity (0.87). Conclusion For high-functioning elderly subjects, the unstable board balance test was useful in discriminating between fallers and non-fallers.

To prevent falls, it is important to measure periodically the balance ability of an individual using reliable clinical tests. As Red Green Blue Depth (RGBD) devices have been increasingly used for balance rehabilitation at home, they may also be used to assess objectively the balance ability and determine the effectiveness of a therapy. For this, we developed a system based on the Microsoft Kinect v2 for measuring the Functional Reach Test (FRT), one of the most used balance clinical tools to predict falls. Two experiments were conducted to compare the FRT measures computed by our system using the Microsoft Kinect v2 with those obtained by the standard method, i.e., manually. In terms of validity, we found a very strong correlation between the two methods (r = 0.97 and r = 0.99 (p &lt, 0.05), for experiments 1 and 2, respectively). However, we needed to correct the measurements using a linear model to fit the data obtained by the Kinect system. Consequently, a linear regression model has been applied and examining the regression assumptions showed that the model works well for the data. Applying the paired t-test to the data after correction indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between the measurements obtained by both methods. As for the reliability of the test, we obtained good to excellent within repeatability of the FRT measurements tracked by Kinect (ICC = 0.86 and ICC = 0.99, for experiments 1 and 2, respectively). These results suggested that the Microsoft Kinect v2 device is reliable and adequate to calculate the standard FRT.

Background: Limits of stability (LOS) is a major component of balance dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The functional reach test (FRT) is a clinical LOS assessment; however, its psychometric properties have not been investigated in people with MS yet. Objectives: To investigate: (1) the intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of the FRT in people with MS; (2) the minimum detectable change (MDC) in the FRT distances; (3) the concurrent and discriminant validity of the FRT; and (4) the cutoff distance that best discriminates people with MS from healthy people and fallers from non-fallers with MS. Methods: Forty-three people with MS and 36 healthy people participated in this study. The FRT was administered along with the instrumented LOS test, Berg Balance Scale, Four Square Step Test, Timed Up and Go Test, and Expanded Disability Status Scale. The FRT was repeated by the same rater after 2 min from the first test session to determine the intrarater reliability and was simultaneously conducted by two independent raters to determine the interrater reliability. The FRT was also repeated after 7-10 days to determine the test-retest reliability. The reliability was quantified using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and the MDC. The validity was assessed by correlating the FRT distances with the scores of other measures and by comparing the FRT distances between the MS group and healthy people, and between the fallers and non-fallers in the MS group. Results: The FRT demonstrated good to excellent intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability with an ICC (3,1) of 0.80-0.88 (p < .001), an ICC (3,2) of 0.94-0.97 (p < .001), an ICC (2,3) of 0.84-0.86 (p < .001), respectively. Bland-Altman analyses showed no systematic bias between the assessments. The MDC was 8.28 centimeters. The FRT was correlated with the other outcome measures (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.31 to 0.79, p < .05 for all). Significant differences in the FRT distances were found between people with MS and healthy people; however, no significant difference was found between the fallers and non-fallers with MS (p p = .09, respectively). The cutoff distance of 35.5 centimeters best discriminates healthy people from people with MS while of 28.5 centimeters did not discriminate between the fallers and non-fallers with MS. Conclusions: The FRT is a reliable, valid, and easy-to-administer tool for assessing LOS in people with MS.

Background Falls remain the leading cause of injury-related death for 65 years and older. Matter of Balance is a well-documented community-based program designed to reduce participants' fear of falling. However, Matter of Balance classes' effect on physical measures remains less well studied. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Matter of Balance program on balance, strength, and fall risk. Methods This is a single-group pretest-posttest evaluation of balance and strength in community participants enrolled in 8-week Matter of Balance classes. Physical therapist assessments of the Functional Reach Test and five times sit-to-stand test at week 1 and week 8 were compared. Results A total of 33 class participants were studied. The average improvement in the Functional Reach Test was M = 1.33 (SD = 1.6) inches and the five times sit-to-stand test was M = -3.24 (SD = 3.42) seconds; p Conclusions Matter of Balance classes resulted in improvement in both balance and strength. This study's findings support Matter of Balance classes' efficacy as a community-based program that can reduce a participant's physical risk for falls.

Im Rahmen des zunehmenden demographischen Wandels unserer Gesellschaft und des damit steigenden Alters der Menschen nehmen die chronischen Erkrankungen und, damit verbunden, die Belastungen für das Gesundheitssystem stark zu. Umso mehr sind Früherkennung und Risikoeinschätzungen mit anschließend gezielten therapeutischen Maßnahmen wichtige Strategien der medizinischen Forschung. Der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte FRT stellt eine einfache Messmethode dar, der aufgrund stabiler Gütekriterien und einem etablierten Einsatzbereich einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann. In dieser Arbeit wurden an einer großen Kohorte bereits in der Literatur berichtete Einflussfaktoren des Testes nochmals evaluiert, und neue, potentiell interessante Faktoren mitberücksichtigt. Zusätzlich wurde überprüft, ob eine Sturzrisikoeinschätzung entsprechend der Einteilung durch die Testbegründerin auch auf jüngere Probanden angewendet werden kann. Es konnten zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren bestätigt und zudem weitere, besonders das muskuloskelettale System betreffende, Faktoren, die die Varianz des FRT erklären können, gefunden werden. Eine Differenzierung zwischen primär die Kognition betreffenden Faktoren und primär muskuloskelettale Einflüssen konnte jedoch in dieser Arbeit aufgrund des Studiendesigns nicht detailliert herausgearbeitet werden. Die hier betrachteten Faktoren beeinflussen sich mutmaßlich untereinander und zudem bleibt, bei etwa 30% aufgeklärter Varianz, ein großer Anteil, der durch in dieser Arbeit offensichtlich nicht berücksichtigte Parameter erklärt werden kann. Im Hinblick auf den Nutzen des FRT für die Früherkennung von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen kann damit keine abschließende Antwort gegeben werden. Aufgrund der bereits evaluierten zahlreichen Einflussfaktoren muss nach jeder Änderungen der funktionellen Reichweite zunächst jeder einzelne Einflussfaktor hinsichtlich Progress und Stabilität evaluiert werden, um im Anschluss Rückschlüsse auf die mögliche Abnahme der funktionellen Reichweite ziehen zu können. Weitere Modifikationen des FRT könnten die Sensitivität und Spezifität für Erkennung von Gleichgewichtsstörungen, neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen und Prädiktion von Stürzen möglicherweise verbessern. Somit sollte ein zielgerichteter FRT etabliert werden, um die wirkliche funktionelle Reichweite am „limit of stabilitiy“ zu messen. Weiterhin ist die Evaluation der angewendeten Bewegungsstrategie und deren Änderung bei gleichbleibender funktioneller Reichweite mutmaßlich eine viel früher zu erkennende Veränderung, die bereits mögliche krankheitsbedingte körperliche Beeinträchtigungen aufzeigt. Die Bewegungsstrategie, die während des FRT angewendet wird, sollte daher erkannt und dokumentiert werden. Hinsichtlich der Sturzrisikostratifizierung konnte in dieser Arbeit bei retrospektiver Betrachtung gezeigt werden, dass bei Probanden mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 65 Jahren bei einer funktionellen Reichweite von 25,4 cm und weniger die Wahrscheinlichkeit, in den vergangenen 24 Monaten zwei oder mehrmals gestürzt zu sein, um den Faktor 1,84 erhöht war. Damit weisen auch unsere Daten auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen verminderter FR und erhöhtem Sturzrisiko hin. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die von Duncan 1992 erhobenen Daten und zeigen, dass eine Anwendung der Cut-off-Werte auch bei im Mittel zehn Jahre jüngeren Probanden sinnvoll ist. Wichtig ist zu betonen, dass ein einzelner Sturz in 24 Monaten keinen Einfluss auf die funktionelle Reichweite hat und damit eine Evaluation des weiteren Risikos erst bei wiederholten Stürzen möglich ist. Hier könnte eine Analyse der Bewegungsstrategien hinsichtlich vorteilhafter versus risikobehafteter Bewegung ebenfalls hilfreich sein um ggf. eine verbesserte Sturzvorhersage treffen zu können. Schlussendlich kann mit dieser Arbeit eine umfassende Aussage über die möglichen Einflussfaktoren des FRT nicht getroffen werden, jedoch zeigt sie eindeutig das Potenzial des FRT und die möglichen Ansatzpunkte für weitere Untersuchungen. Die Daten zur Evaluation der Bewegungsstrategien liegen bereits vor und sollten hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf den Test geprüft werden.

This study aimed to determine the absolute and relative test-retest reliability of the functional reach test (FRT) and the handgrip strength test (HGST) in older adults using nursing homes. Participants (≥ 65 years old), living in nursing homes or using their day care services, were distributed into a group without cognitive impairment (GWCI, n = 43) and a group with mild cognitive impairment (GCI; n = 22). A 1-week test-retest was performed for the FRT and the HGST. Relative reliability was measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3.1), and absolute reliability by the standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC95), and Bland-Altman plots. The ICC showed high reliability for the FRT (GWCI, ICC = 0.83; GCI, ICC = 0.87) and the HGST (ICC ≥ 0.95 in both hands and participant groups). The absolute reliability was good: FRT, SEM = 2.96/2.29, MDC95 = 8.20/6.35 for the GWCI and the GCI, respectively; HGST dominant hand SEM = 1.26/0.82, MDC95 = 3.50/2.29, and HGST non-dominant hand SEM = 1.05/0.80, MDC95 = 2.90/2.21, for the GWCI and the GCI, respectively. Bland-Altman showed that there was not a systematic bias for the tests in both groups. Findings show that the FRT and the HGST are reliable, have acceptable measurement error, and may be used for research and clinical purposes to assess functional balance and strength of the hands in older adults using nursing homes.

Background In patients who have suffered a stroke, the measurement of center of pressure excursion in all directions including oblique direction, anterior-medial, anterior-lateral, posterior-medial, and posterior-lateral side is important for determining balance instability but no research has been reported. Objectives This study investigated weight shift in all directions to determine balance instability in stroke patients, including the oblique direction, using the multi-directional functional reach test. Methods Eleven subjects participated. Multi-directional functional reach test consisted of moving the unaffected arm as far as possible in 8 directions. The directions were as follows; anterior, middle of anterior and lateral in unaffected side, lateral in unaffected side, and middle of the posterior and lateral in unaffected side, posterior, middle of posterior and lateral in affected side, lateral in affected side, middle of anterior and lateral in affected side. Results Movement was the lowest in the affected posterior-lateral side, followed by affected posterior, affected anterior-lateral, non-affected posterior lateral, affected lateral, non-affected lateral, non-affected anterior-lateral and anterior side (p Conclusion Center of pressure excursion of the affected posterior-lateral side was the most challenging for stroke patients and their reach was lowest from posterior, to lateral, and anterior directions, whilst patients could move less on the affected side compared with the non-affected side.

To provide normative reference values for the standing functional reach test for older adults.Observational study and meta-analysis of data from published studies.Clinical Research Center.Older adults: 199 hypertensive from INFINITY study and 7535 from consolidation of INFINITY and 20 other studies.Functional reach.The mean (standard deviation) for functional reach for the hypertensive older adults was 27.5 (7.2) cm. For the consolidated sample of older adults, a random effects model determined a weighted mean (standard error) functional reach of 27.2 (0.9) cm with a 95% confidence interval of 25.5 to 28.9cm.Pending the availability of data from a large population-based study, the summary data presented herein can serve as a reasonable estimate of normal functional reach for older adults.

Objective:To investigate the influence of vestibular function on dynamic postural stability assessed by the functional reach test (FRT) and the timed up and go test (TUG).Study design:Retrospective study.Setting:Tertiary referral center.Subjects and Methods:The FRT and TUG were performed in 399 patients with dizziness. The effects of peripheral vestibular dysfunction assessed by the caloric test and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) to air-conducted sound (500 Hz, tone burst) on the results of FRT and TUG were analyzed.Results:Neither FRT nor TUG scores showed significant differences in relation to the results of the caloric test ( P > .3). The FRT scores in patients who showed abnormal cVEMP responses on both sides were significantly smaller than those in patients who showed normal cVEMP responses ( P < .01). The TUG scores in patients who showed abnormal cVEMP responses on both sides were significantly greater than those in patients who showed normal cVEMP responses ( P < .05).Conclusion:The vestibulo-spinal reflex mediated by the saccule and its afferents is one of the factors that influence the maintenance of dynamic postural stability as measured by FRT and TUG.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study looked into physical therapists’ perception and use of balance measures for stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Three hundred eighty two physical therapists who understood the purpose of this study, agreed on their participation in this study, were treating or treated stroke patients. A Cross-sectional study based on self-administered questionnaire that had a total of 41 questions was performed in South Korea. 382 questionnaires were used for analysis. [Results] Regarding the questions about their perception and of personal measures, 287 persons (75.1%) replied that Single Leg Stance test was the most useful. According to the data analysis on their use of balance measures, Single Leg Stance Test was used by 254 persons (66.5%, the highest percentage), Functional Reach Test by 199 (52.1%). Also, stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a result, the most influential factor was physical therapists’ perception of personal measures, and their use was also influenced by their comprehensive perception of measurement and their perception of balance factors. [Conclusion] This study revealed physical therapists’ perception and use of balance measures for stroke patients and showed that their perception of balance measures for stroke patients affected their use of personal measures.

Background: Subjects who are suffering from osteoarthritis of the knee will have problems including progressive loss of function, depending on walking, climbing stairs, and it may affect lower extremity functions. Balance is a major component required for the activities of daily living and functions. The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of perturbation training and conventional physiotherapy in improving balance and function in the rehabilitation of knee osteoarthritis. Method: Study design was an experimental study. Thirty subjects (16 males and 14 females) suffering from knee osteoarthritis were randomized into a control group and experimental group. Fifteen subjects in the control group were treated with traditional methods like ultrasound, stretching and strengthening, and fifteen subjects in the experimental group were given perturbation training along with the conventional method. Outcome measures used were Timed get up and go test score (TUG) and Functional reach test score (FRT) scales, pre-assessed on Day 1. Each group received 14 sessions of treatment, after which post-assessment of outcome measures was done. Results: Timed get up and go test score was reduced in both groups after training, which was statistically significant (p

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of classifying the movement strategy in the functional reach test (FRT) using a markerless motion capture system (MLS) on the basis of values acquired with a marker-based motion capture system (MBS). Sixty young, injury-free individuals participated in this study. The task action involved reaching forward in the standing position. Using the Microsoft Kinect v2 as an MLS and Vicon as a MBS, the coordinates of the hip joints, knee joints and ankle joints were measured. The hip and ankle joint angles during the task were calculated from the coordinate data. These angles between MLS and MBS were compared using a paired

The Nintendo Wii Balance Board (NWBB) is a commercial low cost device that can be used to measure the force exchanged with the ground and, in such a way, it constitute a valid alternative to expensive laboratory force plates (FP). Because of the lack of horizontal forces measure, the NWBB data resulted affected by inaccuracies when Center of Pressure-(COP) parameters are evaluated. The latter drawback affects in particular dynamic motor tasks, where greater forces are involved. Thus, this paper aimed to compare the NWBB and a FP to assess the error in the vertical force measure in two different highly dynamic tasks such as squatting (SQ) and functional reach test (FR). The findings confirmed the general agreement between the devices when used to measure force and related peaks during SQ and FR test. In particular it appears that the percentage errors are in line with those obtained for COP-parameters when evaluated without horizontal forces from FP, suggesting that this source of inaccuracy is device dependent and does not constitute a limitation of NWBB use in the case of sinale-device study.

Introduction: It is important to assess the integrity of the balance system in order to estimate individual balance capabilities. Various static, dynamic and functional balance tests have been developed to evaluate performance. Aim: To assess the validity and responsiveness of Centre Of Pressure (COP) range and COP sway taken from Pedalo®- Sensomove balance device with clinical balance tests in diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty subjects (age: 60.45±8.79) with DPN were recruited to participate in an outpatient balance training program. Validity was assessed by correlating COP range and COP sway measured using Pedalo®-Sensomove balance system with Functional Reach Test (FRT), One Leg Stance (OLS) and Time Up and Go test (TUG). Responsiveness was assessed by comparing the COP range and COP sway, before and after the completion of balance training. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21. The construct validity was established by evaluating the relationship of COP range and COP sway with FRT distance (using pearson correlation coeffecient) and OLS (using spearman correlation coefficient). The concurrent validity was examined by assessing the correlation of COP range and COP sway with TUG scores (using pearson correlation coefficent). Effect Size (ES) and Standardised Response Mean (SRM) were used to assess responsiveness. Results: There was a significant correlation between COP range front (p=0.001) and COP sway (Antero-Posterior (AP): p=0.022; Medio-Lateral (ML): p=0.047). OLS eyes open was also associated with COP range (front: p=0.029; right: p=0.025) and COP sway (AP: p≤0.001; ML: p≤0.001). OLS eyes closed and COP sway (AP: p=0.02; ML: p=0.038) were found to be negatively correlated. TUG score showed positive correlation with COP ranges (p≤0.039), and negatively correlated with COP sway (p≤0.023) in all directions. Following balance training, the change in the COP range and COP sway showed moderate to high ES (0.73 to 0.93) and SRM (0.827 to 1.38). Conclusion: The COP range and COP sway measured by Pedalo®-Sensomove balance device are valid measures of balance assessment in patients with DPN.

This blind randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of CIMT on the functionality and quality of life (QOL) of chronic hemiparetics. Thirty volunteers were divided into two groups: Control (CG) and CIMT (CIMTG); evaluated before and after 12 and 24 intervention sessions. The scales used were: adapted Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth, Stroke Specific Quality Of Life (SS-QOL) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). The scores for all FMA variables in the CIMTG increased until the 24th session, differing from the pre-treatment. In the CG, the scores increased for pain, coordination/ speed and sensitivity. In the FRT there was an increase in the scores in both groups; after the 12th and 24th sessions, the result of the CIMTG was superior to the CG. For the SS-QOL in the CIMTG, the general score and most of the variables increased, as well as in the CG. Muscle tone in CIMTG was lower compared to CG after 24 sessions. Both protocols used in the study were effective, the CIMT protocol showed benefits in recovering the functionality of the paretic upper limb, in the functional range and in reducing muscle tone, with a consequent improvement in quality of life.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of therapeutic Tai chi (TTC) on the functional fitness status and activities of daily living (ADL) of patients with Parkinson disease (PD). The participants were clinically stable PDs in Hoehn and Yahr stage 1–2. These patients were randomly assigned to either the TTC group (n=11) or the control (CON) group (n=9). The TTC exercised at the clinic 2 times a week and performed home-based activity 1 time per week for 12 weeks. All the PDs were evaluated for functional fitness test and ADL screen before and after the 12-week trial. There was a significant Time × group interaction effect on the arm curl (P

The study aim was to analyse the relationships between the results of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Functional Reach Test (FRT), and the temporal and spatial gait parameters determined with the GAITRite system.The study included 60 healthy, physically active elderly people aged 70.4 ± 5.1 years. The participants’ functional fitness was evaluated with the TUG and FRT, and their temporal and spatial gait parameters – with the GAITRite system.The TUG results correlated inversely with the step length (Basic temporal and spatial parameters of gait at the preferred speed, i.e. velocity, step length, stance time, single support time, swing time, and double support time, explain up to 43% of the TUG outcome variance and 26% of the FRT results variance.

Background: The ability to maintain static and dynamic balance is a prerequisite for safe walking and for obtaining functional mobility. For this reason, a reliable and valid means of screening for risk of falls is needed. The functional reach test (FRT) is used in many countries, yet it does not provide some kinematic parameters such as shoulder or pelvic girdles translation. The purpose was to analyze video records measuring of distance, velocity, time length, arm direction and girdles translation while doing FRT. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted where the above variables were correlated to the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for mental status and the Tinetti balance assessment test, which have been validated, in order to computerize the FRT (cFRT) for elderly patients with neurological disorders. Eighty patients were tested and 54 were eligible to serve as experimental group. The patients underwent the MMSE, the Tinetti test and the FRT. LAB view software was used to record the FRT performances and to process the videos. The control group consisted of 51 healthy subjects who had been previously tested. Results: The experimental group was not able to perform the tests as well as the healthy control subjects. The video camera provided valuable kinematic results such as bending down while performing the forward reach test. Conclusions: Instead of manual measurement, we proposed to use a cheap with fair resolution web camera to accurately estimate the FRT. The kinematic parameters were correlated with Tinetti and MMSE scores. The performance values established in this study indicate that the cFRT is a reliable and valid assessment, which provides more accurate data than “manual” test about functional reach. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(10):715-720 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2652w

This study was designed to assess, in healthy elderly, non-neuropathic and neuropathic diabetic subjects, the activation patterns of the main muscles involved in the Functional Reach Test, a well-recognized method to identify elderly subjects at risk of balance impairments.Surface electromyographic analysis of Sternocleidomastoideus, Rectus Abdominis, Erectores Spinae at L4 level, Rectus Femoris, Hamstrings, Tibialis Anterior and Soleus was performed in 10 healthy, 10 diabetic non-neuropathic and 10 diabetic neuropathic subjects.Results showed that in every group the first motor is Tibialis Anterior, that is recruited before the start of the test. An earlier activation of Tibialis Anterior (P0.05) was detected in diabetic neuropathic (ON at -24% of the test period), compared with healthy (-11%) and diabetic non-neuropathic (-13%) groups. A significant earlier activation of Sternocleidomastoideus and Rectus Abdominis was found in diabetic neuropathic group, only with respect to healthy subjects. No significant difference was found in Rectus Femoris, Soleus, Hamstrings an Erectores Spinae onset among the three groups.Results suggest a trend of diabetic neuropathic patients in earlier anticipation of the activation of the anterior body-muscles. In particular, the earlier onset of Tibialis Anterior is likely to be performed to adjust the movement timing and to compensate for the delay in the recruitment of the motor units. This anticipation might be involved in the altered postural control with increased balance impairment detected in diabetic neuropathic patients, and thereby it might also be proposed as an index of neuropathy, evidenced in a simple and non-invasive manner.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of aquatic dual-task training on balance and gait in stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty stroke patients were divided into the experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Both groups underwent neurodevelopmental treatment. The experimental group additionally underwent aquatic dual-task training for 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks. Balance was measured using the Berg balance scale, Five Times Sit-to Stand Test, and Functional Reach Test. Gait was measured using the 10-Meter Walk Test, Timed Up and Go Test, and Functional Gait Assessment. [Results] For intragroup comparison, the experimental group showed a significant change after the experiment in all balance and gait assessment tests. For intergroup comparison, the experimental group showed relatively more significant change after the experiment in all balance and gait assessment tests. [Conclusion] Our results showed that aquatic dual-task training has a positive effect on balance and gait in stroke patients.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of static and dynamic balance by using Medicine-ball and Swiss-ball exercises. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty-six normal adults who agreed to participate were included in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to the Medicine-ball (n=18) and Swiss-ball groups (n=18). The participants performed the exercise for 6 weeks. Balance error scoring system and one leg standing test were performed to determine static balance, and functional reach test and timed up and go test were performed to determine dynamic balance. [Results] A significant improvement was observed from the Medicine-ball and Swiss-ball exercises, but no difference was found between the groups. In addition, a significant difference was found between balance error scoring system, one leg standing test and functional reach test after pre- and post-exercise of the Medicine-ball and Swiss-ball. [Conclusion] The findings of this study showed that the Medicine-ball and Swiss-balls were effective in improving static and dynamic balance.